University of Science and Technology

of Southern Philippines
College Department
Cagayan de Oro Campus,
C.M. Recto Avenue, Lapasan, Cagayan de Oro City

EE211

Versatile DC Voltage
Output Controller
Performance Innovative Task

Submitted by:

Howell Ivan Clyde P. Mayormita

Submitted to:

Ms. Rosalie Vertudes

EE211, ECE-2A Instructor

October, 2021
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

COVER PAGE……………………………………………………………………………………...

TITLE PAGE………………………………………………………………………………………..

CHAPTER

1. INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………………..

Background of the Study……………..…………………………………………...1

Statement of the Study……………..………………………………………….......2

Objectives of the Study………………..………………………………………......3

Theoretical Framework…..……………………………………………… ..……...3

Significance of the Study…………..……………………………………………...4

Methodology………………………………………………………………………4

REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………………………..13
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CHAPTER 1

Background of the Study

One of the students in the University of Science and Technology of Southern Philippines,

Howell Ivan Clyde P. Mayormita, has always been experiencing inconvenience in finding the

right batteries of a specific voltage to power his electronic devices, and projects ever since he

enrolled in the STEM(Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) strand in his junior

high school and up until this day. Whenever his instructors gave electronics related projects to

their class, most of his time is spent in finding these specific batteries just to proceed and

complete his task; going through each electronics store he could find and to no avail, these

specific batteries were not available and has cost him a lot of his grades. These bitter experiences

has deeply ingrained in his mind and keeps replaying these moments whenever he could not find

the right battery.

Now that Ivan is finally a 2nd year college student of the course of Electronics

Communication Engineering, he has been considering to buy a device that could potentially

control the output voltage of a battery, effectively enabling him to use any battery that he could

find and control its output voltage which can ultimately solve his issue making his life much

more bearable and easy. However, coincidentally, they were given a performance innovative task

to build a prototype to which can solve their issues in their homes or community, and now Ivan

wants to take this opportunity to take matters with his own hands and fix his own problems of

not finding the right batteries by building a prototype and apply what he has learned from his

university and build a versatile DC voltage output controller capable of controlling the output

voltage of any DC voltage source.

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Consumer electronics trends now need ever lower supply voltages, such as portable

gadgets that require extremely low-power circuitry to enable extended battery use. The key to

lowering power consumption while preserving computational throughput and service quality is

to operate such systems at the lowest feasible supply voltage. The terminal voltage of the battery

used in portable devices fluctuates greatly depending on the level of charge. As a result, systems

intended for a nominal supply voltage necessitate the use of a converter capable of stepping up

and stepping down the battery voltage (Sahu, B., 2004).

Statement of the Problem

The main objective of this research study is to determine the limits, performance,

and effectiveness of the DC voltage output controller in terms of the stability and the

consistency of the desired specific output voltage, and to answer the following questions:

• What is the limit or maximum intake of voltage can the prototype DC voltage

output controller take before it breaks and stop working?

• How long perhaps will the DC voltage output controller be used before it

overheats and cease functionality?

• Is the DC voltage output controller stable enough to keep a constant flow of a

desired specific output voltage?

• Is there a significant difference of performance in the DC voltage output

controller in different temperatures in terms of the stability and the constant flow

of the desired specific output voltage?

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Objectives of the Study

The following are the objectives of the study:

• To create a prototype DC voltage output controller for the convenience of using

any DC voltage sources and control its output voltage for projects, and or

sensitive/non-sensitive electronic devices.

• To determine the effectiveness, durability, and performance of the DC voltage

output controller of accepting varying amounts of input voltage, and the stability

to maintain a constant flow of output voltage.

Theoretical Framework

Both buck and boost converters are frequently utilized in power management

circuits, integrated buck-boost converters for portable applications have received little

attention. Batteries are highly variable in nature, systems frequently require supply

voltages that are both higher and lower than the battery voltage while delivering large

current, which is most effectively provided using an inverting buck-boost converter. The

inverting buck-boost converter and the Single-ended primary-inductance converter

(SEPIC) are two conceivable topologies for producing voltages higher and lower than the

supply. SEPIC utilizes two inductors and two capacitors to transfer energy from the

battery to the load, the single-inductor and capacitor, inverting buck-boost converter is

obviously the best topology for a portable, cost-effective, low-power environment,

regardless of its complexity, and its capacity to function across a wide range of input

voltages to create both greater and lower voltages while delivering high current makes

this topology more of an appealing choice.

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Significance of the Study

This research study will benefit the various sectors as follows:

Community. This research study will benefit the community since they will able to use

any DC batteries available to their own disposal to power up their electronic

devices/projects through the DC voltage output controller.

The Students. This research study will be beneficial to students especially those whose

course is related to electronics since they are more prone to be given electronic projects

by their instructors. The difficulty of finding a specific voltage source is almost null

because the device is capable of controlling the output voltage of any DC battery.

Future Researchers. The future researchers can benefit from this research study if they

chose to improve the prototype, or use the basic concepts, circuit, design, and etc. as a

reference for their own research study.

Methodology

In this section, the researcher designed circuit of a buck-boost converter that will control

the output voltage of a battery, in that there won't be any need to find a specific battery for

powering up electronics. There are three non-isolated types switch mode power supplies, these

are the Buck converter to step down voltage, the Boost converter to step up voltage, and the and

Buck-Boost converter to step up and step-down voltage.

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The researcher used the Buck-Boost converter to gain the advantage of both stepping up

and down of the voltage. As a result of it being an adaptable buck-boost, that anyone could

utilize any battery that are 5v and above, and control their output voltage.

The Innovated Design

In an ideal circuit diagram of a buck-boost converter, it lacks the element that drives the

transistor. The researcher used a 555 timer to generate PWM signals as the lacking element that

drives the MOSFET transistor. The astable mode, monostable mode, and bistable mode are the

three modes of a 555 timer.

The researcher used the astable mode, which requires no input but automatically switches

from high to low. The necessary connections for the 555 timer to be in astable mode is as f ollows:

(1)pin 6 and 2 are linked together and are connected to the wiper of the potentiometer and are

connected to the ground through a capacitor including pin 5, (2)pin 7 is connected between

resistor 3 and diode 3, (3)pin 4 is connected to pin 8, and pin 3 is connected to the mosfet

transistor.

Overall Detailed Operation of the 555 timer in astable mode

When the circuit is connected to power and ground, the trigger and threshold take the

path of least resistance and are plugged low to the ground, which means the discharge transistor

is off, the voltage source begins charging up the capacitor, and when the capacitor charges 1/3 of

vcc, the trigger pulls comparator to low, the capacitor continues to charge, and when the

capacitor charges 1/3 of vcc, the trigger pulls comparator to high, the capacitor continues to

charge, and when the capacitor charges 1/3 of vcc, the trigger causes the comparator 1 to output
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high, which resets the flipflop, the pin 3 outputs low, and the discharge transistor turns on,

allowing the capacitor to discharge through it, which drops below 1/3 vcc, causing the

comparator 2 to output high, which resets the flipflop, changing the outputs, which turns off the

discharge transistor, and the cycle continues.

Circuit Diagram

Figure 1: Buck-Boost Converter Circuit Diagram

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PCB Board Design

Figure 2: Buck-Boost Converter PCB Board Design

(Note that wirings other than the color of red should be installed manually by hand, thus it is not
included in the printing process of the PCB board.)

Prototype Design

Figure 3: Buck-Boost Converter Outer Shell Design

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Components

50k Potentiometer 5V Battery 100 nF Capacitor

2200 µF Capacitor 40 uH Inductor 555 Timer IC

1N4007, 1N4148, and 1RFZ34N Mosfet Transistor Digital Voltmeter LED

1N5349 Diode Display

10k, and 1k 2 Pin Screw Terminal

Ohms Resistor
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Block Diagram

Output Voltage Trigger

(Potentiometer)

PWM Controller
DC Source
(Oscillator)
(5V Battery)
(555 timer)

Switching Mechanism
(MOSFET)

Energy storage
Element
(Inductor)

Output Filtering
Section LOAD
(Capacitor)

Figure 4: Block Diagram of an Inverting Buck-Boost Converter

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DC Source

A 5V Battery is used as the input power source in the circuit. The battery voltage itself is

the input voltage in the circuit.

PWM Controller (Oscillator) and Switching Mechanism

An Oscillator is used to generate a Pulse Width Modulated (PWM) signal of a desired

frequency. In this buck-boost converter, 555 timer is used to generate the PWM signal so, the

555 timer is acting like an oscillator. The PWM signal is a train of the pulse which is used to turn

ON and OFF the MOSFET. The MOSFET is used as the switching transistor in the circuit.

For switching purpose, a transistor and a diode are used as a switching component. For

the selection of the transistor, MOSFET is chosen as FETs are known for their fast switching

speed and low RDS (ON) (drain to source resistance in ON state).

Energy storage Element

An inductor is used for storing the electrical energy in the form of magnetic field. So, the

inductor acts like an Energy Storage Element. An inductor of (specific value) is used in the

circuit. For an inductor, a coil, relay coil or any standard inductor can be used which has the

desired inductance value.

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Output Filtering Section

As a filtering element, a capacitor is used at the output of the circuit. In normal operation

of Buck-Boost circuit, the transistor turns ON and OFF according to the frequency of the

oscillator circuit. This generates a train of the pulse at the inductor (L) and capacitor(C) as well

as transistor.

As the capacitor is connected with inductor only in the negative cycle of the PWM signal,

this makes an LC filter which filters the train of the pulse to produce a smooth DC at the output.

Output Voltage Adjustment

For varying the output voltage, a potentiometer is used at the output of the circuit (as

shown in the circuit diagram). The potentiometer gets powered by the battery and then the analog

pin of microcontroller senses the voltage of the potentiometer. After sensing the voltage, the

microcontroller adjusts the duty cycle as per the desired output voltage. So, by turning the knob

of the potentiometer, the output voltage can be varied as per the requirement.

Load

Where output voltage is connected used to power up another device.

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Flow Chart

Figure 5: Flow Chart of the Circuit

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References

Advantages of buck-boost converters. (n.d.). Www.power-And-Beyond.com.

https://www.power-and-beyond.com/advantages-of-buck-boost-converters-a-910595/
An Introduction to Buck, a., & An Introduction to Buck, a. (2021). An Introduction t o Buck,
Boost, and Buck/Boost Converters | RECOM. Retrieved 25 October 2021, from
https://recom-power.com/en/rec-n-an-introduction-to-buck,-boost,-and-buck!sboost-
converters-131.html?0

B. Sahu and G. A. Rincon-Mora, "A low voltage, dynamic, noninverting, synchronous buck-
boost converter for portable applications," in IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics,
vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 443-452, March 2004, doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2003.823196.
https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/12171328

Electronics, E., Electronics, P., Electronics, A., Things, I. of, Electronics, A., Vehicles, E.,

Events, Robotics, Circuits, 555, Projects, A., Projects, R. P., News, E., Forum, E., &

Calculators. (2021, September 16). A Simple DC-DC Boost Converter using 555 Timer

IC. Circuit Digest. https://circuitdigest.com/electronic-circuits/a-simple-boost-converter-

circuit-using-555-timer-ic

(2021). Retrieved 26 October 2021, from

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VurDwrtTF3g

(2021). Retrieved 27 October 2021, from

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zNfbbPobtus&t=104s