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Best Practices Every SQL Server

DBA Must Know

Brad M McGehee
SQL Server MVP
Director of DBA Education
Red Gate Software
www.bradmcgehee.com
 My Assumptions About You
• You may be a DBA Administrator or DBA Developer.
• You may be a part-time or full-time DBA.
• You probably have less than one year’s experience
as a SQL Server DBA, but you are familiar with SQL
Server basics.

• If you are an experienced DBA, then you probably are already

familiar with most of this content. On the other hand, maybe
you may pick up a tip or two, or may be reminded about
something you need to do, but have forgotten about.
What We are Going to Learn Today
• A brief explanation why following best practices are
beneficial to you as a DBA.
• Common best practices all DBAs should follow.

• Our focus today is on what to do, not how to do it.

• These best practices are just the basics, there is a lot more to do and
learn.
• These best practices are based on many of the common mistakes I see
novice DBAs make.
• There are always exceptions to every rule, and not every
recommendation discussed here may fit your environment.
 Benefits of Focusing on Best Practices
• By focusing on SQL Server best practices basics, it
helps you as a DBA to:
• Optimize SQL Server performance
• Maximize SQL Server availability
• Be proactive, reducing the amount of time you
spend being in “crisis mode”
 Everything Counts
• While many of the best practices I discuss today might
seem small in scope, the accumulative effect of following
each and every recommendation can be huge.
• By following best practices consistently, SQL Server
performance and availability can be boosted substantially.

Number of
best practices
implemented

Increased performance and availability

Best Practices You Should be Following
• Installing & Upgrading SQL • Don’t Shrink Files
Server • Create Index
• General Server Configuration Rebuilding/Reorganize Job
• Security Basics • Create Data Corruption Detection
• SQL Server Property Settings Job
• Memory Configuration • Set Up Alerts for Critical Errors
• User Data and Log File • Implement a Backup/Restore
Strategy
Management
• Create a Disaster Recovery Plan
• Tempdb Management
• Document Everything
• Database Property Settings
• Test Everything
• Configuring Jobs—General
Guidelines
 Installing & Upgrading SQL Server
• Generally, when installing a new SQL Server instance:
• Use the newest hardware drivers.
• Use the newest OS version with latest SP.
• Use the newest SQL Server version with latest SP & Hot Fixes
• Test, and once stable, be wary of making changes.
• Generally, when upgrading an existing SQL Server
instance:
• Don’t upgrade unless you have a good reason to upgrade. If your
instance is working well, don’t mess with it.
• For example, upgrade if you need new features, or have problems
with an old installation, or need to upgrade hardware.
• It is always safer to upgrade to a new server with a fresh
installation of the OS and SQL Server than to upgrade in place. This
allows you to test more effectively, and also gives you a “back out”
option.
 Security Basics
• Don’t give users more permissions than they need to
perform their job. (Critical. Sounds simple, often hard.)
• Don’t use the SA account for anything. Assign it a
complex password, and keep it handy just in case. Use a
domain account that is a member of the sysadmin role.
• Don’t allow an application to use the SA or a sysadmin
account to access SQL Server.
• Use Windows Authentication security whenever
possible. (Applicable for in-house development).
• Don’t give vendors sysadmin access to your servers.
• Log off or lock your SQL Server (or workstation) when
done.
 General Server Configuration
• Ideally, SQL Server instances should run on a stand-alone
server (physical or virtual) with no other apps running on it.
• Avoid multiple instances unless you have a really good
reason to use them. Consider virtualization instead.
• Unnecessary SQL Server services should be uninstalled or
turned off.
• Ideally, don’t run antivirus/antispyware software locally.
• If your organization’s policy requires running antivirus/antispyware
software locally, exclude MDF, NDF, LDF, BAK, and TRN files.
 SQL Server Property Settings
• Don’t change any of the default SQL Server instance-wide
configuration property settings unless you thoroughly
understand the implication of making the change. Examples
of Server Property settings include:
• Memory
• Processors
• Security
• Connections
• Database Settings
• Advanced
• Permissions
 Memory Configuration
• Ideally, use 64-bit hardware and the 64-bit version
of the OS and SQL Server.
• Generally speaking, if using 64-bit memory, turn on
“Lock Pages in Memory,” and let the instance
dynamically manage its own memory (especially
2008).
• If using the 32-bit version of SQL Server, and if using
4 GB or more of RAM, ensure that /3GB switch and
AWE memory are correctly configured. Correct
settings depend on available RAM.
 Data and Log File Management
• Remove physical file fragmentation before creating
new MDF or LDF files.
• When creating new MDFs and LDFs, pre-size them
to minimize autogrowth events.
• MDF files should be located on their own disks.
• LDF files should be located on their own disks.
• BAK and TRN backup files should be located on
their own disks.
 Instant File Initialization
• Enable instant file initialization, which prevents MDF files from
being zeroed out when they are grown, which allows MDF files to
be created quickly. LDF files are not affected.
• Speeds up CREATE DATABASE, ALTER DATABASE, RESTORE
DATABASE, Autogrowth.
• Requires SQL Server 2005/2008, and Windows Server 2003/2008
(or higher version).
• Instant file initialization is turned on if the SQL Server
(MSSQLSERVER) service account has been granted the
SE_MANAGE_VOLUME_NAME permission by adding the account
to the Perform Volume Maintenance Tasks security policy.
Members of the local Windows Administrator group automatically
have this right.
 Tempdb Management
• Pre-size tempdb so autogrowth doesn’t have to
happen often (8MB is default, which is very low).
• Set autogrowth to avoid many growth spurts, use a
fixed amount that minimizes autogrowth use. (10%
is default, which causes lots of autogrowth).
• If tempdb is very active, locate it on its own disks.
• If very active, consider dividing the tempdb into
multiple physical files so that the number of files is
¼ to ½ the number of CPU cores, up to 8 files. Each
physical file must be the same size.
 Database Property Settings
• Don’t change database property settings unless you
have a very good reason.
• Auto Create Statistics: On
• Auto Update Statistics: On
• Auto Shrink: Off
• Autogrowth: Leave on. Use mainly for catching mistakes. File
growth should be managed manually. Use fixed amount that
minimizes autogrowth occurrences.
• Recovery Mode: Set to full for all production databases so
transaction log backups can be made.
• Page Verify: Use Checksum (2005/2008), don’t turn off.
• Compatibility Level: Should be set to match current server
version, unless there are compatibility problems.
 Configuring Jobs—General
• If your server doesn’t have any jobs, then there is a
problem, as all servers need jobs.
• Try to schedule jobs so they don’t interfere with
production.
• Try to prevent jobs from overlapping.
• Set alerts on jobs so you are notified if they fail.
• Check jobs daily to verify that they have run correctly
(not hung, not run abnormally long, etc).
• If you use the Maintenance Plan Wizard, be careful to
use it properly. If misused, it can create maintenance
jobs that hurt performance.
 Don’t Shrink Files
• If you properly size your MDFs and LDFs, then you should
never have to shrink a file.
• Don’t schedule database or file shrinking operations.
• If you must shrink a database:
– Do so manually
– Rebuild the indexes after the shrink is complete
– Schedule these steps during the slow time of the day
• Benefits of not automatically shrinking files:
– Eliminates grow and shrink syndrome
– Reduces physical file fragmentation
– Reduces resources used for these operations, allowing more important tasks
to use them
 Create Index Rebuilding/Reorganize Job
• Indexes need to be rebuilt or reorganized regularly to
minimize fragmentation and reduce wasted space.
• Consider rebuilding an index if it is heavily fragmented
(>30%). In Enterprise Edition, can perform online. If
Standard Edition, consider it an off-line job. This
automatically updates statistics, so you don’t need to do
this again.
• Consider reorganizing an index if it is not heavily
fragmented (>5% and <= 30%). This is an online operation
and doesn’t use a lot of resources. You must update
statistics afterwards, as this is not automatically done for
you.
• Ideally, you should only rebuild or reorganize indexes that
need it. Use sys.dm_db_index_physical_stats to identify
what tables/indexes need to be rebuilt/reorganized.
 Create Data Corruption Detection Job
• Ideally, run DBCC CHECKDB as frequently as practical.
• Create an appropriate job to run this (or similar)
command:
DBCC CHECKDB ('DATABASE_NAME') WITH
NO_INFOMSGS, ALL_ERRORMSGS;
Note: Consider using PHYSICAL_ONLY option for large or busy
production servers to reduce run time.

• If you have a problem, you want to find it as soon as

possible to reduce the risk of data loss. Don’t use the
DBCC CHECKDB repair option unless you fully
understand its implications.
 Implement a Backup/Restore Strategy
• Create a job to perform full backups daily on all system and
user production databases, plus log backups hourly (or similar
variation).
• If a database uses the bulk or full recovery model, you must
back up the transaction log to keep in from growing
uncontrollably.
• Backup using RESTORE WITH VERIFYONLY to help verify backup
integrity. (Does not guarantee good backups.)
• Periodically test backups to see if they can be restored.
• Set up an appropriate backup retention policy.
• Store backups securely and off-site (not on same disk array or
SAN).
• If you have a limited backup window, or have limited disk
space, use backup compression. Can be a big time saver.
 Sample Maintenance Scripts
• Sample database maintenance scripts to check out:

• http://ola.hallengren.com/
• http://sqlfool.com/2009/06/index-defrag-script-v30/
• http://www.grics.qc.ca/YourSqlDba/index_en.shtml
 Set Up Alerts for Critical Errors
• Create a SQL Server Event Alert for all events with a
severity of 19 [fatal] and higher.
• Have alerts sent to you or whoever is responsible
for day-to-day monitoring.
• Consider a third-party alerting tool if SQL Server
Alerts doesn’t meet all of your needs.
 Create a Disaster Recovery Plan
• You must create a document that outlines, step-by-step, in
great detail, how you will recover your SQL Servers in the
case of any problem, small or large.
• You need to practice using the plan so you are familiar with it
and can easily implement it.
• Keep Microsoft SQL Server’s Product Support phone number
handy. Paste it near your computer.
• Remember: Most “disasters” are small, such as a corrupted
database. Big “disasters” occur very rarely, if ever. But you
need to be prepared for both.
 Document Everything
• Yes, documentation is very boring, but it is very
critical to being a successful DBA. Be sure to
document:
• The installation and configuration of each instance.
• The installation and configuration of any application that uses SQL
Server as its back end (as related to SQL Server).
• Troubleshooting tasks, as the same problem may reoccur, and you
don’t want to reinvent the wheel.
• Any time any change is made to any instance for any reason.
• Be sure that documentation is easily available to
everyone who needs access to it.
 Test Everything
• Before you make any change on a production SQL
Server, be sure you test it first in a test environment.
– NO EXCEPTIONS!
– I mean it!
– Really!
– No kidding.
– I wouldn’t lie to you.
– You don’t want to loose your job.
– You’d be crazy not listening to this advice.
– Civilization as we know it may lie in your hands.

– Never forget, DBAs are the protectors of the organization’s

data. You took this oath when you accepted the job of
DBA.
 Take Homes for Today
• By focusing on best practices, you gain the following:
• Better SQL Server performance
• Higher SQL Server availability
• Being proactive helps to you prevent being in a “crisis” mode all the
time
• The total effect of following each and every
recommendation made today can be huge.
• What you learned today is only the tip of the iceberg,
you will need to take time to learn many other best
practices.
• When you get back to work, use this as a checklist to
give your SQL Servers a quick health check.
 Find Out More
• Free E-Books on SQL Server:
– www.sqlservercentral.com/Books

• Check these websites out:

– www.SQLServerCentral.com
– www.Simple-Talk.com

• Contact me at:
– [email protected]

• Blogs:
– www.bradmcgehee.com
– www.twitter.com/bradmcgehee

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