All Class Solved Easy Notes Punjab, KPK, Sindh, Balochistan And Islamabad Federal Boards Website: www.easymegs.com , E-mail: [email protected] CHAPTER 16 ALTERNATING CURRENT a 1. The velocity of electromagnetic waves in ms" is = A3x 10 B.3x 10" C.3x 10" 0.3.x 10° —_— 2 Mathematical treatment for electromagnetic waves was given by 5) A Faroday B Maxwell oO C. Hertz D. Coulomb - 5) 3. The current which keeps on reversing direction with time is called: oO A, Orect current B, Alternating current id oa C Induced current D. None ® 4. The most common source of A.C. Is: Ld. A. Battery BAC. generator ©. Transformer D. Dynamos 5. IF Vo is the peak value of A.C. voltage its root mean square value is: A Vea = Vev2 a+ c= of 6. ‘The resonant frequency of series and parallel resonance circuit is given by A oe 8 ©. vinde 7. ‘The reactance of an inductor is A2nfl B2nAL C{U2x D2 wit 8. At resonance frequency the current in RLC series circuit is A Maximum 8, Minimum C. Infinite oz 9. Current flowing from battery or cell is example of: A Electronic current 8. Direct current + ©. Alternating current D. Induced current 10. The basic element in D.C. circuit which controls the current or voltageis: - A. Inductor B. Resistor © Capacitor DAN 41, | The device which allows only the continuous flow of A.C. through the circuit is: A. Capacitor 8. Inductor C. Battery DAM 12, The opposition offered by capacitor to the flow of A.C. is called capacitive reactance Xc denoted by: AX = 2a BxX=S. 2. None 13. ST unit of reactance is: A Farad 8 Volt ©. Ohm Visit www.easymcqs.com for Notes, Old Papers, PDF, Jobs, IT Courses & more. (Page 1 of 31)All Class Solved Easy Notes Punjab, KPK, Sindh, Balochistan And Islamabad Federal Boards Website: www.easymegs.com , E-mail: [email protected] 16. The rans value of emf in a circuit is given by a factor 07 A’at B.0.707 D. 0.637 = 17, The sum of pdsitive and negative peak values is taken as => A Pn value B.P-P values C. rms value D cycle value © 18, _ In case of capacitor the unit of reactance is ~ A farad B. ohm .mho 0. Henry © The peak value of an A.C. current Ip is given as * Aa oe CD bay D. V2 Ions ® 20. An ‘AC. continuously flows through the plates of a capacitor D. Charging and discharging both 21. Abasic circuit element in a D.C. circuit is A An inductor B A resistor C. A Capacitor D Abatiery 22. At low frequency the value of reactance. of a capacitor of A.C. circuits: A. Large B. Smail © Zero D. infinite 23. In an inductance of A.C. circuit the current: ‘A. Leads the voltage by 90° B. Lags the voltage by 90° ©. Leads the voltage by 180° D. Laps the voltage by 180° 24, When 100 V are applied in A.C. circuit, the current flowing in it is 100 mA, its impedance is: A 1000 8.10000 ©. 100 0.500 25. The resonance frequency of R-L-C series circuit is given by: Aw 8 fe oz ©, None 26. The impedance of R-L-C series circuit at resonance frequency is: A. Loss than R 8 Greater than R C. Equal to R D.None “ 27. The impedance of the series resonance circuit at resonance A Maximum B. Minimum C. Zero D One 28. High frequency radio wave is called A Fluctuative wave . 8. carrier wave C. matter wave D energetic wave 29, The total load in A.C. supply can be divided in:All Class Solved Easy Notes Punjab, KPK, Sindh, Balochistan And Islamabad Federal Boards Website: www.easymegs.com , E-mail: [email protected] A 2-garts 8 3-perts C.4-parts D. Many parts 30, The waves which do not require any material medium for their propagation are called: A Mechanica! wave B. Stationary waves © Complex waves D. Electromagnetic wave 31. Electromagnetic waves consist of: A Electric field B Magnetic field C Gravitational fold D. Magnetic figid and electric field 32. Which of the following has the smaiiest wavelength? A X-rays B. Radio-waves © prays ©. Unrd violet waves 33. The phase angle between the voltage and A.C. current through a resistor is ao B45" C180" © 270° 5.8 | 68 | 7A Cina 13.0 | 19.0 | 20.0 26.¢ | 27.8 33.4 Qi: Give the main reason for the use of A.C.? ‘Ans: The main reason for the world wide use of AC. is thal \ can be transmitted to fong distances easily and at a very low cost Q2: Define alternating current. Discuss waveform of alternating voltage? Ans: Alternating current: The current which reverses its direction many times dunng one second is known as alternating current Alternating current (A.C) is that which S produced by @ -voltage source whose polarity keeps on reversing with tme Case 1: Jn Fig. the terminal A of’ the source is postive with respect to terminal 8 and it remains so dunng a time interval 0 to T/2, Att = Ti, the terminais change thet polarity Case 2: Now A becomes negative with respect This state continues during the ting interval T/2 to Visit www.easymcgs.com for Notes, Old Papers, PDF, Jobs, IT Courses & more. (Page 3 of 31)All Class Solved Easy Notes Punjab, KPK, Sindh, Balochistan And Islamabad Federal Boards Website: www.easymegs.com , E-mail: usmanrafiqi1 [email protected] PHYSICS FOR 2"° YEAR / HSSC-II (CHAPTER # 16) after which terminal A again becomes positive with respect to B and the next cycle Starts As @ result of thes change of polarity, the directon of the current flow in the circuit aiso changes. Flow of current during the time 0 ~ T/2 and T: During the time 0 ~ 7/2, t flows in one cirection and during the interval T/2 — T mopposite direction. Period T of the alternating current or voltage: ‘This time interval T during which the votiage source changes ts polarity once is known as period T of the alternating current or voklage Thus an alternating quantity ts assooisted with a frequency f given by en Output voltage of A.C. generator: The most common soutce of attemating voltage is an AC. generator, The output V of this AC. generator at any instant is given by V = Vesin xe @) Where T i period of the rotation of the coil and is equal to the penod of A.C. ang 2! 21 = is angular frequency of rotation ofthe coll Thus x t=ast isthe angie @ through which the coil rotates in time t Eq.2 shows that the value of alternating voltage V is not constant. It changes with time t i Whent #0, @= ii, When t = 14,0 = anstant iii, At t= Ti2, d= n and V i zero. At this instant V changes its polarity and becomes negative henceforth iv. When t=#2, a=“ and V=-Vo : v. Finally at the end of the cycle when t= T, @ = 2rand V= 0. Variation of V with time t and 6: The variation of V with time t and @ 48 shown in Fig. Kt is 0and Vis zero and V attains its maximum value V2 at this Waveform of alternating voltage (sine curve): The gragh between voltage arid tine (6 known as waveform of alemating voltage it can be seen that t i$ @ sine curve. Thus the Output vokage of.an AC generator varies © cusoidal with time Visit www.easymcqs.com for Notes, Old Papers, PDF, Jobs, IT Courses & more. (Page 4 of 31)All Class Solved Easy Notes Punjab, KPK, Sindh, Balochistan And Islamabad Federal Beards Website: www.easymegs.com , E-mail: [email protected] PHYSICS FOR 2“? YEAR / HSSC-II (CHAPTER # 16) Q3: Discuss instantaneous value, peak value and peak to peak value? Ans: Instantaneous value: ‘The value of voltage or current that exists in 2 GrCUR at any instant Of time t measured from J ° eel | Ta 12 aa Fr ‘some reference point is known as its instantaneous. value. It can have any value between plus maximum value +V> and negative maximum value ~Me and is cencied by V The entre waveform Shown in Fig. is actualy a set of ail the instantaneous vaiues that exist during a period T Matnematcatly, itis given by V = Vosing = V = Vysinut Vo = Voain Sx 6 = Vy sin 2A. (1) 2. Peak value: It is the highest value reached by the voltage or current in one cycle For example, voltage shown in Fig. has a peak value ot V,, 3. Peak to peak value (p-p); It is the sum of the positive and negative peak values usually writien 8s p-p value. ‘The p-p value of the voltage waveform shown in Fig. is 2V,. Q4: Describe root mean squares (rms) value of voltage and current? Ans: Root mean squares (rms) value: - ‘The root mean square vaive is the square root of average value of V" or i° uring one complete cycle tis the effective value of alternating -oltage or current Explanation: i It can be seen in Fig. that the average value of current and voltage over a cle 1S Zero. but the power delivered during a cycle is not zéro because power is ‘Rand the values of |' are positive oven for negative values of | ‘Trus the average value of f is not zero ands called the mean square current Pome Pak ve wae sa = y \ se fae \ i T — YY cue aie? -- Vw “09M, fan OPK AG eww B. The aerating Curent or vonage 1s actually measured by square root ot as ‘mean square value known as root mean square (rms) valve , » ti, Calculation of the average value of V" over a cycie: Let-us compute the average value of V" over a cycle. Fig. shows an altematiny voltage and the way its Vv" values vary. Note tat the values of \" are positive on theAll Class Solved Easy Notes Punj i ¢ (jab, KPK, Sindh, Balochistan And Islat se as a ee PHYSICS FOR 2"° YEAR / HSSC-II (CHAPTER # 16) negative haif cycle aiso. As the graph of V is symmetncal about the line ; Ve, 80 for this figure the. mean or the average value of Vis : Vet root mean square value of V is oblained by taking the square root of Ww. The 1. Therefore, (2) Similarly Note: Most of the alternating current and voltage meters are calibrated to read rms values. QS: Whatis meant by phase of A.C.? Ans: Phase of A.C: The angie § which Specifies the instantaneous value of the alternating voltage oF current is known as its phase. Explanation: i In Fig. we can say that the phase at the A BC, D and.E 18 0, w/2m, Sx/2 and 2x y because these angles are the values nts. Thus each point on the A.C. ponds toa certain phase. i. The phase at the positive peak ts 7/2 = 90° and tt is 32/2 = 270° ai the negadve.peak ili. The points where the wavelorm crosses the ume axis catrespond to phase 0 and What do you meant by phase fag and phase lead? 6: Ans: Phase lag and phase fead; The angie @ which Specifies the instantaneous value of the alternating voltage and current gives phase lag and phase lead of one quantity over the other. Phase lag: A lagging altemating quantity value ater than the other quantity Phase lead: f veading alternating quantty ‘$ one which reaches ks maximum oF Zero value earlier than the other quantity Explanation: is one which reaches its maximum or zero Visit www.easymca: Mcqs.com for Notes, Old Papers, PDF, Jobs, IT Courses & more. (Page 6 of 31)All Class Solved Easy Notes Punjab, KPK, Sindh, Balochistan And Islamabad Federal Boards Website: www.easymegs.com , E-mail: usmanrafig111@gmail.. PHYSICS FOR 2"° YEAR / HSSC-II (CHAPTER # 16) 1. Fig. shows two waveforms 1 arid 2. The phase angies of the waveform 1 at the pomts A B.C. D and E have been shown above the axis and those of wave!srm * 2 below the axis Wi. Atthe point B. the phase of 1 is r/2 and that of 2 is 0 fii. —_Similarty 4 can be seen that al each point the phase of wavetorm 2 is ess than the phase of waveform 1 by an angie of a/ 2 We say thai AC 2 is lagging behind AC 1 by an angle of w/ 2 It means that at each instant. the phase of AC 2 ‘8 less than the phase of A.C. 1 by mi 2 wan Men iv. _Simitarty & can be seen in Fig. that the phase at each point of the wavatorrn of AG 2 is greater than that cf waveform 1 by an angle n/ 2. in this case. # is said that AC. 2 is leading the AC. 1 by a! 2 it means that at each instant of tine the phase of A.C.2is greater than that of 1 by x/2 Q7: Describe the vector representation of an alternating quantity? Ans: Vector representation of an alternating quantity: Phase lead and lag between two alternating quantities 1s converiontiy chown Dy fepresenting the wo AC cuartties ons A sinusoidal aiternating voltage of current can be graphically represamiod by Counter ciockmse rotating vector provided it eutisfias the following corsibens Conditions: 1, its length on a certain scale represents the peak or tmir value of tne aiternating quantity 2. Aris in the horizontal position at the ins! Zero and is increasing positvely cy of the rotating vector is 7 w of the alternating quantity 1 Fig shows @ sinuscidal vcitago wav oar wh nt waveform by 1/2. The same feet has been shown vect ; Hi. Here vector OF represents the peak or rms value of the cu taken 28 the reference quantity Wi, Simitarly OV rapresents the mms or peak valve of the sitemnatng vomage which leading the current by 3 Visit www.easymcgs.com for Notes, Old Papers, PDF, Jobs, IT Courses & more. (Page 7 of 31)All Class Solved Easy Notes Punjab, KPK, Sindh, Balochistan And Islamabad Federal Boards Website: www.easymegs.com , E-mail: [email protected] ; ¥ v 0} ‘ z OO owed. ‘ 0 iv. Both vectors are supposed to be rotating in the counter clockwise direction at the angular frequency w of the two alternating quantities. Fig. shows the position of voltage and current vector att = 0. Q8: How current and voltage in A.C. circuits controlied? Ans: A.C. circuits: i. The basic circuit element in 2 D:C. circuit is a resistor (R) which controls the current or voltage and the relationship between them is given by Ohm's law that is V=IR ii, IN. AC. circuits, in’ addition. to resistor R, two new circuit elements namely INDUCTOR (L), and CAPACITOR (C) become relevant. The current and voltages in AC. circuits are controlled by three elements R, L and C Q9: Discuss the flow of current through resistor in AC, circuit? ‘ Ans: A.C. through a resistor: i, _ Fig. shows a resistor of resistance R connected with an altern: ting voltage source. ii. At any time t the potential difference across the terminals of the resistor is given by V = Vp Sinet cocci (1) Where Vp is the peak value of the aitermating voltage. The current | flowing through the circuit is given by Ohm's law ri © on Yess = = = “Bsineot tk Or = hsinot =... (2) ‘Where | is the instantaneous current and ly peak value of the current ili, tt follows from Eqs1 and 2 that the instantaneous values of both voltage and current are sine functions which vary with time iv. This figure shows that wnen voltage nses, the Gurrent also rises, Ifthe voltage falls, the current also does ¥ & is the is —-> so - both pass their maximum and minimum values at the game -instant Thus in a purely resistive AC. circuit, =) instantaneous values of voltage and current are in phase This behaviour is shown graphically in Fig, and vectorially in Fig. Visit www.easymcqs.com for Notes, Old Papers, PDF, Jobs, IT Courses & more. (Page 8 of 31)All Class Solved Easy Notes Punjab, KPK, Sindh, Balochistan And Islamabad Federal Beards Website: www.easymegs.com , E-mail: [email protected] PHYSICS FOR 2"° YEAR / HSSC-II (CHAPTER # 16) EAS “Capacitor to supply mains through a switch v Fig. shows Vand | vectors for resistance. They are drawn parallel because there is no phase difference between them. The opposition to AC. which the circuit presents is the resistance R= @ vi. The instantaneous power in the resistance is given by Pe FRe Vi~ vim (4) P is in watts, V is in volts, | is in amperes and R is in ohms. Note: 't 1S very important to note that the Eq. 4 holds only ees when the current and voltage are in phase, 5 Q10: Discuss the flow of current through capacitor in A.C. circuit? Discuss phase between current and voltage? Derive a reiation for reactance of a capacitor? Ans: A.C. through a capacitor: 4. __Akerating current can flow through @ resistor, but it 's not obvious that how it can flow through @ capacitor This, can be demonstrated by the cirouit shawn in Fig. fi, A. low power bulb is connected. in series with a 1 uf s leading the voltage by 90° of x2 = vy. Simitarly by comparing the phase at the © pair of points (B, R), (C, §). and (D, 7) it can be seen that at all these points the ~ Porrent toads the vokage by 90° of 7/2. This is vectorially fepresented in Fig © Reactance of a capacitor: . Reactance of a capacitor is a measure of the opposition *, -) offered by the capacitor to the flow of AC It is usually t YN represented by X. Its value 1s given by ; Gi Xe = 2) ‘rae ae? - Where Vinw is the rns value of the alternating voltage Oo gerose the capacitor and Im iS the ms value of current passing through the —— capacitor > Unit of reactance: — The unit of reactance is ohm > Relation between reactance (X-) and frequency: 7, >) In case of capacitor WY)! ° x, woe ae (3) L According to Eq.3, a certain capacitor wil have @ large reactance at tow frequency. So thé magnitude of the opposition offered by it will be latge and the current in the circuit wil De small On the other hand at high frequency, the reactance will be low and the high frequency current through the same capacitor will 2 large Qi1: Discuss the flow of current through an inductor in A.C. circuit? Discuss phase between current and voltage? Derive a relation for inductive reactance of an inductor? Ans: A.C. through an inductor: i. An inctuctor is usually in the a aolenoid, wound large value of se inductance resistance a Self inductance opposes changes of current So when an alternating source of voltage is agplied across an indi it must oppose the flow of AC which is contin nanging n of a coil OF 0 that thas a has a negligible visit www.easymegs. .eas! .com for Notes, Old Papers, PDF, Jobs, IT Courses & more. (Page 10 of 31)All Class Soived Easy Notes Punjab, KPK, Sindh, Balochistan And Islamabad Federal Boards Website: www.easymegs.com , E-mail: [email protected] PHYSICS FOR 2"° YEAR / HSSC-II (CHAPTER # 16) _ fi, —_Let_us assume that the resistince of the coll is negligible. Suppose the current ie |= sin 2rt. IHL is the inductance of the coil ‘the changing current sets up @ back emf in the oni of magnitude a* iv, To maintain the current (he appiiéd voltage must be equal to the back emt The applied voltage across the voi must. therefore, be equal to Since | is 8 constant. Vis proportionay to : Graphical variation of current (I) with time (t): 1, _ Fig. shows how the curren | vanes: with time. The value of al/At is given by the slope of the Ht curve at the various instants of ume 5 i. At O the vatue of the slope is Maximum, so the maxmum value of V equal to V, oceure at O and is represented by OP iii, From © to A the slope ef 1- t graph Gecreases to zero s0 thé voltage decreases form V, to zero. at Q iv, From A to 8, the slope of the 1» t graph is negative. so the vonage curve Qoes from Q to R In thig way the voltage is represented by the curve PORST Corresponding to cugent corve OABCD ¥. By comiparing the phases of the pair of points (0. fy P), (A, Q), (B, POAC, &) and (D. 1). t can be seen that the Phase of the current is always less than the phase of voltage by 90° or n/2 \e., current lags behind the applied voltage by 90° or:x/2 or the applied voltage leads the ' current by 90° or x /2 baa Inductive reactance: * Inductive reactance is 3 measure of the opposition offered by the inductance OK to the flow Of AC. It 6 usualy denoted by X, = Hee ” It Vee 15-18 value-of the alternating voltage across an inductance 8Fd Ina Relation between reactance of a coil and frequency: The rms value of the current passing through it. the value Of X, is given by X= = ae = ob (2) The reactance of & coil, therefore, depends upon the frequency of the AC and the inductanee ¢ \" #6 CWectly Proportional to beth 1 and L’ Lis expressed in henry, f in hertz and X, in ohms “ Note: i Its to be noted that inductance and capacitance behave oppositely as a function of frequency = Wi. IF tow X, ts small bot XK. 1s lige For high f X, is large but X, i small . Visit www.easymcgs.com for Notes, Old Papers, PDF, Jobs, IT Courses & more. (Page 11 of 31)All Class Solved Easy Notes Punjab, KPK, Sindh, Balochistan And Islamabad Federal Beards Website: www.easymegs.com , E-mail: [email protected] PHYSICS FOR 2"° YEAR / HSSC-II (CHAPTER # 16) frequency Qu2z: Explain why there is no net change of energy in a complete cycle of inductor coil © iii, Again in third quarter, it receives energy but retums the same amount in the fourth quarter. ‘Thus, there is no net change of energy in @ complete cycle “4 Choke: Mm Since ‘an inductor coll does not consume energy. the coil is often employed “x) for controling A.C. without consumption of energy. Such an inductance coll is © Q13: What is meant by impedance of a circuit? — ‘An AC. circuit may consist of 3 resistance Ran indutiance L. a capacitance => © or @ combination of these elements. The combined effect of resistance and = reactances in such a circuit is known as impedance and is Genoted by Z > it is measured by the ratio of the ims value of the applied voltage to the rms value of resulting A.C. Thus z = ‘ome It is expressed in ohms. Qi4: Explain R-C and R-L series circuits in detail? Ans: R-C series circuits: A circuit in which resistance R and capacitance C are connected in senes with the source of alternating voltage is known as R- C series ciroutt Explanation: 3 i. Consider @ series network of resistance R and @ capacitor C excited by an alternating voltage li. AS Rand C are in series, the same current would flow through each of them. Hil. If Ime is the value of current, the potential diftérence across the resistance R would be mw R ‘and it would be in phase with current Les. ‘The vector diagram of the voltage and current js shown in Fig, ve Taking the current as reference, the potential difference |..., R across the resistance Is represented by a line along the current ine because potential drop |... R is in phase with current Visit www.easymcqs.com for Notes, Old Papers, PDF, Jobs, IT Courses & more. (Page 12 of 31)All Class Solved Easy Notes Punjab, KPK, Sindh, Balochistan And Islamabad Federal Boards Website: www.easymegs.com , E-mail: [email protected] W. The ‘potential difference across the CAPACIIOT Will DE Ln, Xe = Im/wC. AS this: voltage lags the current by-90", so the line representing the vector |,./wC is drawn at right angles to the + current line . Vi. The applied voltage Ving that will send the Current / in the circult is obtainegby the resultant Of the vectors Im R and lent ie., Mis Pe OF ; Vine = [UrmeR)? + (8)" * 2 Vu = Ins,|R? + (=) te ieee), impedance = 2 = ote Jae4(2) ay vil. It can be seen in Fig. that the current and the applied voltage are not in Phase. The current leads the applied voltage by an angle @ such that o=tan'() . (2) viii, We can find the impedance of a series A.C. circuit by vector addition. The resistance R is represented by a R horizontal line in the direction of current which is taken es reference. fx. The reactance X.= is shown by alline lagging the R- line by 90°,,The impedance Z of the circuit is ‘obtained by the vector summation of resistance and reactance Fig. is known as impedance diagram of the circuit, x, __The angle which the line representing the impedance Z makes with R line Gives the phase difference between the voltage and current. In'Fig,, the current is leading the voltage applied by an angle 4 (Ke 1 @ = tan" (72) = tan*(2) « R-L series circuit: A circuit in which resistance R and inductance L are connected in series with the source of alternating voltage is known as R-L series circuit Explanation: Now we will calculate the impedance: of an R-L Series circuit by drawing its impedance diagram i Fig. shows an R-L series circuit excited by an AC. source of frequency fi, The currant is taken as reference, so it is represented by a horizontal line. "fist werasceasyvmogs.com for Noves, Old Papers, POF, Jobs, 11 Gourses & more. (Page 13 of 32)All Class Solved Easy Notes Punjab, KPK, Si i ¢ , KPK, Sindh, Balochistan And Islamabad a ae eee PHYSICS FOR 2"° YEAR / HSSC-II (CHAPTER # 16) ili. Resistance R is drawn along this line because the potential drop ls in phase with current, fv. As the potential across the inductance Vi = law. 1%, = te (wh) leads the current by 90°, so the vector ine of reactance X, = wl is drawn at nght angie to R ine v. The impedance 2 of the circuit is obtained by ate ‘ the vector sum of Rand wh lines c ang ——. Thus R => zZ=\R FL | 5) vi The angle 6 = tan’ (=) which Z makes with R fine gves the R phase Oo Giterence between the applied voltage and curent, in tha case the vokape leads r )) the curren by 0° O Note: ad By comparing the impedance diagrams of R-G and L-R circuits, it can be ® seen that the vector lines of reactances X, and X, are directed opposite to each Ld. other with Fl as reference Q15: Discuss the power dissipation in A.C. circuits? - Ans: Power in A.C. circuits: © be The expression for power 1s P= Vivu time This expression 3 true in case of a AG. circuits, only when V and | are in phase as in case of a purely resistive circuit. > i. The power dissipation (loss) m a pure inductive oF IN 8 pure capacitance = vvcult i zero. in these coves the curent fags or ‘eads the sppiied votage by $0° > snd component of applied voltage vector V along the current vector is 26re 4 fi, In AC. circuit the phase difference betagen appied voltage V end the WY) current tne is @ Se" te. The component of V slong curert tiny, 8 Vw cos. Actually @ © this L Component of voltage Vector which is n phase with current So the power o ty NAC. circu Pp 1 Vona 008 @ Power factor: ‘The factor cosd is known as power factor cose = — — Trew Vrms Qis: Derive a relation for resonance frequency in R-L-C circuit. Also. describe the properties of the series resonance circuit? OR Explain series resonance circuit? Ans: Series resonance circuit: i. Consider an R-L-G series citcut which is excited by an altemating voltage source whose frequency could be varied i. ‘The impedance diagram of the circuit 's shown in Fig MW. The inductive reactance X, = wl and capacitor Visit www.easymegs.com t 33 .com for Notes, Old Papers, PDF, Jobs, IT Courses & more. (Page 14 of 31)All Class Solved Easy Notes Punjab, KPK, Sindh, Balochistan And Islamabad Federal Boards Website: www.easymegs.com , E-mail: [email protected] reactance X- = + are directed opposite to each other Kw iv. — When the frequency of AC source is very small X- = — is much greater than X. = wl. So the capacitance dominates at low frequencies and the circuit behaves like an R - C circus. ¥. _Athigh frequencies X, = wt, is much greater than X = =. lo this case the inductance dominates * and the circuit behaves like R-L circuit vi. Resonance: In between these frequencies there will be @ frequency w, at which KX. = X., This condition 1s called resonance Thus at resonance the inductive reactance being diagram assumes the form as in Fig. wil, The value of the resonance frequency can be obtained by putting 4k ~~ o eed way —i> ne Se a) (The resonance trequency is given by 1 h™ ae (4) The impedance of the circuit at resonance 1s resistive so the current and voltage are in phase. The power factor is 1 cog = a an (ili) The impedance of the circuit is minimum at this frequency and it is equal to R (tv) if ne ampituge oftne source voltage Vo is * constant, the current is a maximum at the resonance | and ts value i V,/ R. The vanation of ‘ current with the frequency is shown in Fig ———> {¥) "At resonance Vj, the voltage drop across inductance and V. the voltage drop across capacitance may be much larger than the source voltage. Q17: Derive a relation for resonance frequency in parallel resonance irewit. Also describe the properties of the parallel resonance circuit? OR Explain paralte! resonance circuit? Ans: Parallel resonance circuit: 1, _ Fig. shows an L-C pavaiiel circuit It is excited by an alternating source of voltage whose frequency could be varied ‘i. The inductance coil | bas a resistance r which is negligtbly smell,All Cass Solved Easy Notes Punjab, KPK, Sindh, Balochistan And Islamabad Federal Beards Website: www.easymegs.com , E-mail: [email protected] PHYSICS FOR 2"° YEAR / HSSC-II (CHAPTER # 16) Wii, The capacitor draws @ leading current. Whereas the coil draws a lagging current Ww. The circu resonates at a frequency @ w = a, which makes X. = X,, $0 that the two branch currents ‘are equal but apposiie Hence, they cancel out with they i result that the current drawn from the supply is zero In actual practice. the current is not zero but has & minimum valve due to smail resistance r of the col Properties of paraliel resonant circuits: <= Properties ct paratiel resonant circuits are => (i) Resonance frequency is f, = ta © (li) At the resonance frequency. the circuit f impedance is maximum. it is resistive Hi \ © (Jil) At the resonance the current is minimum and it is SS in phase with ttre appied voltage. So the power factor it Bb, ‘one The vanation of current with the frequency of the ® source is shown in Fig. ‘ “ aoe (iv) At resonance, the brancn currents /, and 4, may ‘ — ‘each be larger than the source current /, Q18: What do you know about three phase A.C. supply? Gives its advantages also? Ans: Three phase A.C. supply: : i. Ima three phase AC. generator, instead of one colt; there are three coils indined at 120° to each other, each connected to its own pair of slip rings. phase is 120°. Such @ voltage is callea. three phase supply. Explanation: 1. Pair of slip fings: ‘When voltage across the first pair of ; , the voltage across the second pair of slip rings would not be zero but a will have phase of 120°. Simitarly at this instant the 5 A SF TOD s voltage génerated across the third par will have a phase 240°. This is shown inFig fi, Terminals: The machine, instead of having six terminals, two for each pax of sip rings. has Only four terminals because tne stating point of ail the three coils Has a common junction sh which is olten earthed 10 tne shaft ‘of theAll Class Solved Easy Notes Punjab, KPK, Sindh, Balochistan And Islamabad Federal Beards Website: www.easymegs.com , E-mail: [email protected] The voltage across each of lines connected to terminals A.B, C and the Neutral line is 230 V. Because of 120° phase shift, the voltage across any two ines ' about 400 V. Advantages of three phase A.C. supply (three phase supply is better than single phase supply): . L ‘The main advantage of having @ three phase supply is that the total load of the house or a factory is divided in three parts, so that none of the line is over Such detectors are extensively used not only for various security checks but ais0 to locate buried metal objects. Explanation: i, A coll and a capacitor are electrical components which together can produce oscillations of current li, Electrical oscillates: tna the absence of arty nearby metal object, the inductances La and Ly are the ‘Same and hence the resonance frequency of the two circuits is also same. Ve Se f F “sar | at ii. When ‘the inductor B. called the search col comes neat @ metal object ts ‘a beat note is heard in the attached speaxerAll Cass Solved Easy Notes Punjab, KPK, Sindh, Balochi: d KK, \chistan And Islamabad Fede vicbale uaiaeeeneabeah mall ManianaMiAApunae PHYSICS FOR 2"° YEAR / HSSC-II (CHAPTER # 16) Use of metal detectors: ‘i Such detectors are extensively used not only for various secunty checks but aiso to locate bungd metal objects Q20: Whatis and describe its functions? = * Ans: Choke: it i 8 Coll which consists of thick copper wite wound closely in # lerge number of tums over @ soft ron laminated cores. Function of choke: =~ Choke makes the inductance | of the coll quite large whereas is resistance => Riss very small, Thus it consumes extremely smait power = ii, tw used in AC. Gircuts to kmit current with extremely smiall wastage of © energy a8 compared to a resistance cr a theostat Q2i: Write a short note on the electromagnetic waves? oO Ans; Electromagnetic waves: The wave that consists of an electric field in conjunction with the magnetic ~~ field, oscillating with same frequancy is known as electromagnetic waves. *) Electromagnetic wave requires no medium for transmission and can rapkity it propagate through vacuum Explanation: 1 1m 1884 Grtish physicist James Clark Maxwell formulated @ set of equations ) known 2s Maxwell's equations which expiamnes the various electromagnet ae phenomena S> lh. According to these equations. a changing magnetic flux creates an electric = field and a changing electric flux creates @ magnetic field. > Production of electromagnetic waves: 4S 1. Consider a region of space AB as shown in Fig ‘ WY) Suppose a change of magnetic flux is taking piace Se" through it This changing magnetic flux will set up @ Lt changing electric flux in the surrounding region ty a The creation of electric field in the region CD will cause @ change of electnc flux through it due to which & of waves: 1. The electric field. magnetic field and the direction of their propagation are mutually orthogonal ii. It can be seen that the electromagnetic waves are periodic, hence they have a wavelength A which is given by the relation ¢ = fA where f w= the frgquency and ¢ is the speed of the wave i. Infree space the speed of electromagnetic waves is 3 * 10°ms Visit www.easymegs.com t 33 it WwW. .com for Notes, Old Papers, PDF, Jobs, IT Courses & more. (Page 18 of 31)All Class Solved Easy Notes Punjab, KPK, Sindh, Balochistan And Islamabad Federal Boards Website: www.easymegs.com , E-mail: [email protected] PHYSICS FOR 2"° YEAR / HSSC-II (CHAPTER # 16) Classification of electromagnetic waves: _ i rao waves, fi. microwaves, Iii. infrared rays, iv. visible light Electromagnetic waves trom the low radio waves to high frequency gamma rays Q22: Caer ths principle of generation, transmission snd reception of electromagnetic waves’ i. An electric cherge at rest gives nse to a Coulomb's field which does not radiate in space because no change of flux takes place in this type of field A charge moving with constant velocity is equivalent to a steady Current which generates @ constant magnetic field in Tenenny ‘the surrounding space, but such a field also does not bese radiate out because no changes of magnetic flux are imvolved. Thus.only chance to generate a wave of moving fieki is when we accelerate tne clectncal charges. ii, Shake an elecincally charged object to. and fro then electromagnetic waves mil be produced Transmission of electromagnetic waves: Radio transmitting antenna: A radio transmitting antenna provides 3 good ‘example of generating electromagnetic waves by | acceleration of charges. The piece of wire along which charges are made 10 accelerate is known a6 transmiting | Procedure: itis charged by an ater source of potential of frequency | and time period T. ae li, As the charging potential altemates, the charge on the antenna aiso constantly reverses, For example if the top has + q charges at any instant, then after time 1/2 the charge on @ wil be -. Such reguiar reversal of charges on the antenna gives rise to an electric flux that constantly changes with frequency This changing electnc flux