P.E.

03
FIRST AID AND WATER
SURVIVAL
AY 2021-2022

Instructor:

ROLAND D. URATE
Assistant Professor II
Module 3: Traumatic Injuries

First aid providers are often called to assist with traumatic injuries. Knowing how to respond to a
variety of situations is important for first aid providers. First aid responders are valuable in providing initial
care and assisting more skilled providers in delivering care to the seriously injured persons.

CONTROLLING BLEEDING

Blood loss often gets the most attention. Many times the amount of bleeding is overestimated and
draws attention to wounds when more serious injuries should be dealt with first. Whenever confronted with
bleeding, perform a quick overview of the person to make sure something more serious is not being
overlooked.

Always use personal protective equipment prior to caring for an injured and bleeding person. The
person can be instructed to perform some self-care while you put on your protective gear.

The most effective way to stop bleeding from a wound is to apply direct pressure. Use a dressing
and your gloved hand to apply firm and direct pressure to the injured area. Continue to hold the pressure
until the bleeding stops. If there are multiple wounds, apply pressure dressings to the worst injuries first, and
then to the lesser bleeding injuries. The person may temporarily be able to assist by holding pressure on
some areas.

Very small wounds such as scrapes can heal more rapidly by using an antibiotic salve. Ask the
person if they have any allergies before applying the antibiotic salve. Thoroughly wash minor scrapes and
abrasions with soap and water before bandaging.

Massive bleeding can occur due to extreme injuries such as open fractures or deep lacerations.
When direct pressure does not control bleeding, a tourniquet may be required. Tourniquets can consist of a
blood pressure cuff, belt, or premade versions. Although commercially prepared tourniquets are more
effective than improvised ones, if none is available, one can be made quickly using a piece of cloth and stick-
like object. Understand that application of a tourniquet is painful but may be necessary to prevent life-
threatening blood loss. Tourniquet use is difficult and can be dangerous if done incorrectly. Direct pressure
should be applied first.
To apply a tourniquet, do the following:

1. Put on personal protective gear.

2. Apply tourniquet approximately two inches above wound.
3. Tighten until the bleeding stops.
4. Record the time the tourniquet was applied.
5. Call 911.
6. Stay with the person and do not release tourniquet until advanced help assumes care.

Certain situations may produce massive internal bleeding that is not visible when examining the person.
This may occur from trauma, falls from a height, car accidents, or crush injuries. Penetrating injuries caused
by a knife or gunshot may produce devastating internal bleeding with very little external blood loss.
Immediately call 911 whenever these injuries are suspected. Help the person lie down and remain still. Check
for signs and symptoms of shock. You may need to cover the person to keep them from getting cold. Stay
with them until advanced help arrives.

NOSEBLEEDS

Nosebleeds can be quite dramatic and are often messy. Be sure to wear personal protective
equipment and eye protection when attending to nosebleeds. Persons with nosebleeds often swallow a fair
amount of blood, which may result in vomiting. Therefore, you should prepare for the worst.

After ensuring that the scene is safe and protective equipment is on, press both sides of the nostrils
just below the bony portion of the nose for a minimum of 5 to 10 minutes. If bleeding continues, try holding
pressure for an additional 10 minutes. If bleeding continues after this, seek further medical care. If the victim
has trouble breathing or show signs of severe distress, call 911.

Figure 7. nose-bleed-correct

PUNCTURES AND IMPALED OBJECTS

Puncture wounds and impaled objects pose special risk to the injured person. Puncture wounds may
penetrate deeper than is apparent and injure sensitive structures such as nerves, muscles, tendons, or blood
vessels. Control the bleeding from puncture wounds with direct pressure, and then seek further medical
attention. Puncture wounds may carry germs deep within a wound and may result in serious infections.
Therefore, any serious puncture wound should be evaluated by a professional as soon as possible.
 Impaled objects must be left in place. It is important to understand that the object may pinch off a
blood vessel, and removal of the object may result in massive blood loss from an injured blood vessel.
Stabilize impaled objects with gauze and dressings and transport the person to the emergency department.

HEAD INJURIES

Head injuries can accompany any traumatic event.

Signs and symptoms of a head injury or traumatic brain injury include the following:

● Confusion
● Headache
● Nausea and vomiting
● Memory loss
● Loss of balance and coordination
● Seizure
● Loss of consciousness

A person demonstrating any of the above should be further evaluated by a physician. Head injuries can
be devastating and have lifelong consequences resulting in loss of function and decreased productivity.
Permanent disability can occur in more severe cases. Protect the person from further injury by stabilizing the
head and neck manually and prepare them for transport to advanced medical care. Observe closely for
changes in condition. Be prepared to start CPR if the person becomes unconscious.
SPINE INJURIES

BONE AND JOINT INJURIES

Bone and joint injuries are common occurrences in daily life. Physically active people such as those
participating in sports are more likely to suffer these types of injuries. The elderly and the infirm are also at
high risk for fall related sprains, strains, and breaks. Sprains occur when excessive force or abnormal motion
stretches a joint beyond a normal degree. The result of a sprain is pain, swelling, and even bruising. It is
impossible to rule out a fracture without an x-ray.

The first aid care for both sprains and broken bones includes the following:

1. Ensure the scene is safe and wear personal protective equipment.

2. Apply gauze to any open wounds.
3. Apply an ice pack to the injured area for up to 20 minutes.
4. Encourage further evaluation by a health care provider and avoid use of the injured part.

Call 911 if any of the following are present:

● Open wound over a joint

● Abnormal position or bent extremity
● Obvious joint dislocation

Consider the following as special circumstances that should be discussed:

An open or compound fracture occurs when the bone breaks through the skin. Do not attempt to
push the bone back in and/or straighten the extremity. Bones that are in an abnormal position or bent should
be splinted in place. Do not attempt to manipulate or correct an abnormally positioned bone or joint.

A splint can protect an injured extremity. A splint can be made by using magazines, wood, or rolled
up towels. Pad the injured extremity, if possible, by using a towel or cloth. Place splint material on either side
of the injured extremity and secure in place using tape or gauze. Make sure that the splint is not too tight.
The fingertips or toes in a splinted extremity should remain warm and pink. Seek immediate care in a medical
facility.
Amputations occur when part of the body is accidentally cut off. Because surgeons may be able to reattach
an amputated part, it should always be transported to the hospital with the person.
When dealing with an amputation, do the following:

1. Ensure scene safety, get the first aid kit, and put on personal protective equipment.
2. Activate the emergency response system by calling 911.
3. Apply direct pressure to the bleeding area using gauze.
4. Locate the amputated body part and care for it as instructed below.
5. Stay with the person until more advanced care arrives.

When dealing with an amputation, do the following:

1. Wear personal protective equipment.

2. Locate the amputated part.
3. Gently rinse the amputated part with clean water.
4. Wrap the amputated part in gauze and place it in a plastic bag. Seal the plastic bag.
5. Fill up another bag with ice, and place the first bag with the amputated part in the ice bag. Seal the
ice bag.
6. Write the person’s name on the bag.
7. The amputated part and the person should be transported together to the hospital.

BURNS AND ELECTRICAL INJURIES

Burns can occur from direct contact with any heat source, electricity, or certain chemicals. Burns can
vary from minor superficial burns to very deep burns that damage muscles, tendons, nerves, and even bones.
High-voltage electrical injuries can produce devastating injuries and can be fatal. Any person sustaining an
electrical injury requires an evaluation in the emergency department.

Small burns can be treated with first aid by doing the following:

1. Ensure that the source of the burn has been dealt with, and the scene is safe.
2. Wear personal protective equipment, and get the first aid kit.
3. Rinse the burn in cool or cold water.
4. Apply antibiotic or burn cream if no allergies exist.
5. Cover with a clean, dry non-stick dressing.
6. Have the person follow up with a health care provider.
Do not apply ice to a burn. This technique will result in a cold injury on top of a burn and cause further tissue
damage.

Call 911 when the following occur:

● A large burn
● Burns on face, hands, or genitals (Burns to skin over joints, such as the backs of the knees, also
require special treatment as constant motion will make healing more complicated.)
● Difficulty breathing
● A fire
● Possibility of carbon monoxide exposure

Stop, drop, and roll is the best way to put a fire out from the person. You can also smother the person
with a wet blanket to extinguish the flames. Remove the blanket after the fire is out.

When caring for a person with a large burn, do the following:

1. Ensure that the scene is safe.

2. Call 911.
3. Put on personal protective equipment and get the first aid kit.
4. Remove the person’s clothing and jewelry if possible.

https://nhcps.com/lesson/cpr-first-aid-first-aid-basics/
Module 4
Swimming and Water Survival

Swimming is a form of exercise that burns a lot of calories, that increase cardiovascular fitness levels,
improves muscular endurance and strength, does not impact the joints due to the water supporting the weight,
refreshes and cools swimmers in hot weather, and which can be done safely even in old age.

Swimming Defined:
- An action consists of repeating a specific body motion or stroke involving all major body
parts for parts for swimmers to move on the surface of water.
- Swimming became organized as an amateur sport in late 19th century in several countries.
The English are considered the first modern society to develop swimming as a sport. By
1837, when modern competitive swimming began in London, several indoor pools already
existed. Its popularity increases with the development, and improvement of the swimming
pool, and swimming was part of the first modern Olympic games (1896).

Although people have swum since ancient times, swimming strokes have greatly refined in the past
100 years.

The earliest form of swimming stroke is the “human crawl” or human stroke or known as the dog
paddle. From this stroke evolve other strokes namely:
1. Side stroke
2. Side over-arm
3. Trudgen

As swimming competition increase, the swimming stroke becomes more developed and that greater
distance could be covered in a shorter time.

Classification of Swimming Strokes:

1. Competitive strokes
2. Survival/ Resting strokes

Currently the strokes for competitive swimming are the American or Australian crawl known as:
1. Freestyle
2. Back stroke
3. Breast stroke
4. Butterfly
Survival/Resting Strokes:
1. Elementary Backstroke
2. Side Stroke
3. Trudgen Stroke

THE FOUR COMPETITIVE SWIMMING STROKES:

1. FREESTYLE
Of all the swimming strokes, the crawl/ freestyle is the most popular, the fastest, most efficient stroke
and beginners find it the easiest to learn. The technique involved in this swimming stroke is pretty simple.
Swimmer float on their belly in the water, and propel themselves by rotating the arms in a windmill motion,
and kicking the legs in a fluttering motion. The difficult part of this swimming technique is the coordination of
the breathing while performing the strokes, since the face remains in the water almost all the time.
In the freestyle (crawl), one of the swimmer’s arms moves through the air, the hand turning palm
downward ready to catch the water, elbow relaxed, as the other arm pulls under the water. The legs move in
what has evolved in recent years as the flutter kick, an alternating up-and-down movement from the hips,
legs relaxed, toes pointed, feet turned inward. Four to eight kick strokes per single are movement are used.
Proper breathing is very important in this stroke. One full breath can be taken in each arm cycle, with the
swimmer inhaling through the mouth by turning the head to the side as the arm passes, then exhaling
underwater as the arm comes forward again.

The Crawl/Freestyle Swimming Technique:

The Arm Strokes

● The arms should be moved alternatively, in a rotating windmill type of motion.
● In order to swim in a straight line, each arm should be extended to full reach and pulled with equal
force through the water.
● When under the water, the arms should be moved to form an 'S’ pattern.
● During recovery, while the hands should be cupped, the hand and the wrist should be relaxed.

The Leg Movements

● The legs are kicked alternatively, in a fluttering motion.
● the knees should be bent slightly
● The ankles and feet should be relaxed.
 ● For maximum propulsion, the downward kicking motion should be emphasized.

How to Breathe
● The stroke is begun by raising one arm, and as the shoulder is raised, the head should be turned to
the side to take a breath.
● The head should be turned just enough so that the nose comes off the water in order to breathe.
● The head should not be lifted off the water since that slow down the speed of the propulsion.
● Take a single deep breath, or several breaths, as required, and then turn the head back into the
water and exhale through the mouth and nose.
● Coordinating with the stroke of the other arm, turn the head to the opposite side, and repeat the
same process.

2. THE BREASTSTROKE
The breaststroke is the oldest known swimming stroke. It is one of the four strokes used in
competitive swimming, but it is also very popular for leisure swimming because the head can be kept up and
out of the water, making vision and breathing easy. The swimmer can rest momentarily between strokes.
In this stroke, the arms and legs move symmetrically. In the glide, the body is flat, prone and
streamlined, with legs together and extended. Arm are extended in the front of the head. Keep the palm down
6 to 8 inches below the surface of the water. The head is positioned with the water line near the hairline.
Keep the back straight and the body near horizontal, with hips and legs just below to the surface.
In the glide position, the hands are slightly angle downward at 45 degrees to the surface of the water.
With the arms straight, press the palms directly out until hands are spread wider than the shoulders. From
this position, bend elbows and sweep out the hands downward and outward until they pass under the elbows
with the forearms vertical. Note: The elbows should be higher than the hands and lower than the shoulder.
Elbows should also point outward not backward and should not pass back beyond shoulders.
Then brings hands together in a “praying” fashion and extend both hands up past chin to full
extension with palms facing down.

The Breaststroke Swimming Technique

The Arm Strokes

● The arms should kept overhead when starting the stroke.
● Then, the arm should be brought towards the chest pulling on the water.
 ● The hands should be kept cupped.
● Take the arms back to the starting position.

The Leg Movements

● The knees should be brought up to the chest.
● Then the legs should be trust straight and backwards.
● The legs should be snapped together in order to push the water as well as propelling you forward,
skin to a frog kick.

How to Breathe
● A breath should be taken each time an arm- stroke is made.

3. BUTTERFLY
In the variation of the breaststroke known as the butterfly, both arms are brought forward together
over the water and then brought backward simultaneously. The movement of the arms is continuous and is
accompanied by an undulating movement of the arm is continuous and is accompanied by the dolphin kick,
is a whip-like downward motion of the unseparated feet.
Similar to the breaststroke, the butterfly is also a difficult swimming technique, and not advocated for
beginning learners, since it involves a fair amount of strength as well as precise timing. While performing this
stroke, the legs should be moved together skin to the movements of a dolphin’s tail, the arms should also be
moved together, pushing the water downwards and then backward, while the torso moves forward in an
undulating manner.

The Butterfly Swimming Technique

The Arm Strokes

● The arms should be moved together, pulling through the water, while the hands are kept cupped.
● The palms should be faced outwards and pressed in a downward as well as outward movement.
● Stroke is completed by swinging the arms forward in a sweeping movement while they are above
the water.

The Leg Movements

● The knees should be kept together and slightly bent.
 ● Then the knees should be straightened, making a downward thrusting movement, while the feet are
whipped downwards.
● For each arm stroke two kicking movements should be performed.

How to Breathe
● A breath should be taken at the culmination of each stroke of the arms.

4. Backstroke
The backstroke is essentially the crawl stroke in its reverse form with swimmer’s head back turned
to the water. Alternately, one arm is lifted, palm facing upward, from the leg and is brought up behind the
head while the other arm pulls the body through the water. A flutter kick is used.
The backstroke is similar to the crawl, except that the swimmer floats on their back in the water. The
arms are moved in the similar alternative windmill motion, and the legs a kicked in a similarly fluttering motion.
The two basic technique of a correct backstroke are:
1. That the arms are moved with equal force, for swimmers swimming off towards one side;
2. That the body should be rolled from one side to the other and the arms should be extended to their
utmost reach, for swimmers to propel forward.

The Backstroke Swimming Technique

The Arm Strokes

● The arms should be moved alternatively, in a windmill pattern of movement, as they are rotated.
● The hands should be cupped, and when it comes out of the water, the thumb should come out first
● When under the water, the arms should be moved to form an ‘S’ pattern.

The Leg Movements

● Like in the crawl, the legs are kicked in a fluttering motion, alternatively.
● The knees are bent slightly.
● The ankles and feet should be relaxed.
● However, unlike the crawl, for maximum propulsion, the upward kicking motion should be
emphasized.

How to Breathe
● The head should be kept facing up.
 ● Since the head is out of the water all the time, the breathing need not be as coordinated with the
strokes of the arms or legs compared to other swimming strokes. Hence, you can devise a pattern
of breathing that you find most comfortable.

OTHER SWIMMING STROKES (Survival/Resting Strokes):

1. Side Stroke- the safety strokes all lifeguard must master but also offers recreational swimmers more
variety in underwater movement and for survival and rescue.
The sidestroke is a swimming stroke, where in the swimmer lies on one side. It is helpful in a
lifesaving technique and is often used for long distance swimming. The sidestroke allows the swimmer great
endurance. Instead of working both arms and legs simultaneously but differently. A swimmer tired of
exercising one side can just turn over and use the other, the change of action helping the limbs recover.

To start with, the swimmer may lie on the right side, stretching the right arm out as far as possible
away from the feet, keeping the fingers of the right hand quite straight and the hand itself held edgewise, so
as to cut the water like a dorsal fin. The left hand is placed across the chest, its back against the right breast.
The legs make a scissor kick, in which the legs are held straight out, knees unbent, and swung back
and forth in opposite directions (out of phase). The lower leg does the greater share of the work.
Before its impetus is quite expended, the right arm come round in a broad sweep, until the palm of
the right hand almost touches the right thigh. At the same moment, the left hand makes a similar sweep, but
is carried backwards as far as can go. This completes one cycle of the stroke, which is then repeated.

2. The Trudge- A combination of side and free styles swimming stroke for survival swimming. A
swimming stroke sometimes known as a racing stroke, or the east Indian stroke. It is named after
the English swimmer John Trudgen (1852-1902).

One swims mostly upon one side, making an overhand movement, lifting the arms alternately out of
the water. When the left arm above the head, the leg spread apart of a kick; as the left arm comes down the
legs extend and are then brought together with sharp scissor kick. The right arm is now brought forward over
the water, an as it comes down the left arm extended again. The scissor kicks come very second stroke; it
involves spreading the legs, then bringing them together with a sudden “snap” movement.
The swimmer’s face is underwater most of the time; the only chance to breathe is when the hand is
coming back and just as the elbow passes the face. This stroke has been developing into the front crawl.

3. Elementary Backstroke- the elementary backstroke is a swim stroke that expends minimal energy
with simple arm and leg movements. This backstroke doesn’t require any complicated breathing
technique since the swimmer’s head never goes underwater. Sometimes used as a recovery or
rescue stroke, the elementary backstroke is often considered one of the most relaxing swimming
strokes.

While floating on your back, raise your arms and legs, and then squeeze them down for a relaxing
glide.

STEPS:
✔ Float on your back, with your arms and legs at your side.
✔ Draw your knees up toward your chest. At the same time, draw your arms up along your sides,
bending them at the elbow so that your hand is almost your armpit.
✔ Kick your legs out and apart, then quickly squeeze them together. They should end up straight, with
your toes pointed.
✔ Extended your arms like an airplane, and ten squeeze them down against your sides.
✔ Coordinate your arms and legs so that both go up, out and together at the same time. The result
should be a burst of motion through a water.
✔ Glide and repeat.

Besides swimming there are other related aquatic activities that are exciting to watch for. One of this is
diving.

Diving combines, the skills of tumbling and swing in the form of aerial acrobatics. It was in the year 1905
that diving was first held in England. To date, diving develops unto an exciting for millions of people. Diving
is an exciting skill; it should be developed along with swimming. Before learning diving, a student should learn
to jumping exercise or experience, the beginner or diver should push off from the side of the pool in a prone
glide and direct the body below surface and the arms are turned upward.
 Other related aquatic activities in which knowledge of swimming is very important:

1. Diving is the important of jumping or falling into water from a platform or springboard, sometimes
while performing acrobatics.

Fundamentals of Diving:

1. Kneeling Dive
2. Compact Dive
3. Stride Dive
4. Stand Dive

In adequate water depth, kneeling is safe and easy to learn; it’s the first step in learning standing dive.
The kneeling dive teaches individual on how to enter the water, how to emerge from a dive, and how to do
shallow dive to avoid injury. This dive should be done in swimming pool.

KNEELING DIVE:

Instructions
1. Take a child to a point in the pool where it is deep enough to dive safely. Explain carefully why you
are you are in the deep end. Emphasize that the child must “never, ever, dive in the shallow end”.
Children who are afraid to enter the deep end are not yet ready to learn to dive.
2. Teach the child to dive from one knee first. Tell the child to stand on the edge of the pool deck, have
him hoke the toes of one foot over the edge.
3. Have him kneel on one knee at the very edge of the pool. Tell the child to point his arm for the sky.
With his step, the inner part of the child’s arms should be against his/her ears, and push against their
ears to keep their arms in place. Their hand should be place one of top of other palms flat.
4. Put the chain to his/her chest and lean forward from the waist, trying to touch their fingertips to the
water. At this point, it is very important that the keeps their chin to their chest (with their teeth
clenched- not just mouth open with child at chest). Failure to do this will result in a painful belly-flop.
5. Tell the child to keep on learning until he/she is almost falling, and then pushing off with leg and
follow the fingertips into the water, diving in gently.
6. Demonstrate this first, and then help the child into the proper position.
7. Assist the child to dive head first into the water.
8. Practice several kneeling dives until the child is comfortable entering head first.
 9. Demonstrate the same steps from a standing position, bending at the waist and following your fingers
into the water. Keep your head between your arms and tuck your chin to your chest.
10. Assist the child with the standing dive, and repeat until the child is comfortable diving on his or her
own.

Compact Dive

Instruction
1. Follow the steps enumerated in the kneeling dive. Tell the child to bend on one knee at the very
edge of pool. Tell the child to point his arm for the sky with this step the inner part of the child’s
arms in place. Their hands should be placed one-on-top of other palms flat.
2. Tell the child to keep on learning until he/she is almost falling, and then pushing off with leg and
follow the fingertips into the water, diving gently.

Stride Dive

Instruction
1. Tell the child to stand and place one foot at the edge of the pool, the other foot should be placed
about 2 to 3 feet away behind the other foot.
2. Tell the child to point his arms for the sky with this step the inner part of the child arm should be
against his/her ears and push against their ears to keep their arm in place. Their hand should place
one-on-top another palms flat.
3. At this point tell the child to lean forward pointing his/her fingers towards the water, at the same time
raising the foot behind until he/she is almost falling and follow the fingertips into the water, diving
gently.
Progression from a Diving Board:
1. Approach- is the diver’s walk down the board where they press the board on the last step.
2. Hurdle- the hurdle occurs after the last step. It is when the diver’s leaps from one leg onto two legs
landing on the end of the board.
3. The “press” is an exaggerated step which, along with the walk, create an oscillation and rhythm in
the board.
4. The lift is the force of the board pushing a diver unto air.

Position of Dive
1. Pike- this position is when the body is bent only at the hips, with leg straight and arms and head by
their ankles. This position has a smaller radius than the straight position, making somersaulting
easier.
2. Tuck- the body is bent at the hips and the knees, creating a smallest radius possible. This position
has the largest possible angular acceleration and therefore the greatest number of somersaults is
possible in the tuck position.
3. Straight- this position is when a diver’s body is a fully extended and rigid possible. Because it has
the greatest possible radius, the fewest somersault is possible.
4. Free- this position is a combination of three above in position, used only in twisting where multiple
positions are required at different parts of the dive. While somersaulting, the dive may be tuck or
pike; while twisting the body must be straight.

2. Fishing is an act of catching fish either from freshwater or saltwater, -typically with the used of rod, line,
and hook for consumption. Fishing is as old as the human ability to use tools to capture prey.

3. Boating is the leisurely activity of travelling by boat, or the recreational use of a boat whether power boats,
sail boats, or yachts (large vessels), focused on the travel itself as well as sports activities, such as fishing or
waterskiing.
4. Water Skiing is a sport where an individual is pulled behind a boat or a cable ski installation on a body of
water, skimming the surface.

5. Scuba Diving “scuba” an acronym for self-contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus, is a form of
underwater diving in which a diver uses a scuba set to breathe under water for recreation, commercial or
industrial reasons.

6. Snorkeling is the practice of swimming on or through a body of water while equipped with a diving mask,
a shaped tube called a snorkel, and usually swim fins. Swimming on the breast using a snorkel usually in
combination with mask and fins. Any stroke on the breast can be used, and there is no need to lift or turn the
head for breathing.
FLOATING STROKES:
a. Survival Floating (also known as dead man float): lying on the prone (face down in water) position
with minimal leg movement, and staying afloat with a natural buoyancy. Lift the head to breathe only
then back to floating. This style is only to stay afloat and to rest.

b. Back Floating: similar to the survival floating, except on the back.

c. Treading Water: the swimmer is in the water head up and feet down. Different kicks and hand
movements to stay afloat. Any sort of movement that allow the swimmer to move around are remain
afloat in the water by moving efficiently the arms and legs in a specific fashion. Water treading is an
aspect of swimming that involves the swimmer staying a vertical position in the water whilst keeping
his or her head (at least) above the surface of the water.

The most common form of water treading is generally referred to as the ‘egg-beater’, named because
the circular movement of the legs resembles the motion of an egg-beater. The egg-beater action
allows the swimmer to maintain a constant position to the water-level.
d. Sculling: a back-and-forth movement of the hands and forearms that provides almost constant
propulsion. Sculling teaches the hands how to propel at every point in the pull cycle. This is a figure
 eight (8) movements of the hands for forward motion or upward lift. Used in surf lifesaving, water
polo, synchronized swimming and treading water.

e. Turtle float: the knees are raised to the chest and encircle by the arms. In waist-deep water, take a
deep breath. Reach down and wrap around knees. Hold the knees. Your body will bob to the surface
float.

f. Jelly float: holding the ankle with the hands. In waist deep water, take a deep breath, reach down
and grab ankles. Hold ankles. Your body will bob to the surface and float.