ABSTRACT

This report gives a background on the fundamental concepts of linear phased arrays, after which
the 2 different types of smart antennas: switched beam and adaptive array is presented. Due to
their numerous advantages and the current constraints in capacity that cellular network operators
faced as the industry continues to bloom, their employment in cellular systems is very much
eagerly awaited. The advantages and disadvantages of the Butler matrix is listed .Explained its
suitability as an orthogonal beam former in the design and implementation of a switched beam
smart antenna system. This switched beam system works based on the strength of received
power. The implementation incorporates the use of a linear phased array fed by a Butler matrix
as a beam forming network, Simulations are conducted to show how orthogonal beam forming
and beam steering can be achieved for the switched beam system. The reasons for using a Butler
matrix become justified once the simulations were conducted, with emphasis placed on
orthogonal beam forming.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS i

LIST OF SYMBOLS v

1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction 6

1.2 Problem Statement 7

1.3 The Objective 7

1.4 Scope of the Work 8

2 Microstrip Transmission Lines

2.1 Introduction 9

2.2 Advantages and Disadvantages 10

2.3 Microstrip Feed Techniques 10

4 Hybrid Coupler Design Considerations

4.1 Butler-Matrix 21
 4.1.1 Butler-Matrix 22

4.1.2 44 Butler-Matrix 22

4.1.3 3dB 90°Hybrid Coupler 24

4.1.4 Cross Coupler 25

4.1.5 Antenna array and 45°phase shifter 26

4.2 Advantages and Disadvantages Of Butler Matrix 26

5 DESIGN OF 44 BUTLER MATRIX 28

5.1 Simulation of Couplers 28

5.1.1 Simulation of Hybrid Coupler 29

5.1.2 Simulation of Cross Coupler 31

5.2 Simulation of 44 Butler Matrix Network 32

6 CONCLUSION 33

REFERENCES 34

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
RF - Radio Frequency
WLAN - Wireless Local Area Network
BFN - Beam Forming Network
DSP - Digital Signal Processing
SDMA - Spatial Division Multiple Access
FR4 - Flame Resistance 4
SNR - Signal to Noise Ratio
ADS - Advanced Design System
AF - Array factor

LIST OF SYMBOLS
fr Resonant Frequency
V0 Speed of light in free space
Tan Electric loss tangent
 Wavelength
Y0 Characteristic impedance
 Phase difference between two successive elements
d Space between antennas
 Observation angle of main beam
0 Wave lengths in space
CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Antenna is the main part of telecommunications system. Definition antenna from The
IEEE Standard Definitions is antenna or aerial as “a means for radiating or receiving radio
waves”. In other words the antenna is the transitional structure between free-space and a guiding
device [2]. Antennas radio is antennas couple electromagnetic energy from one medium (space)
to another (example; wire, coaxial cable, or waveguide). Physical designs of antenna can greatly
influence on the antenna system.

With the growing technology of Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN), the demand for
the wireless communication is increases. So, several studies have been proposed using smart
antenna system to reject interference and increase desired signal level, which will turn result in
enhanced capacity.

A smart antenna system is a combining of an antenna array with a digital signal-

processing capability to transmit and receive in an adaptive, spatially sensitive manner. In other
words, the system can automatically change the directionality of its radiation patterns in response
to its signal environment. This can dramatically increase the performance characteristics such as
capacity of a wireless system. Smart antenna solutions are required as the number of users,
interference, and propagation complexity grow. Their smarts reside in their digital signal
processing facilities.

The beam forming network (BFN) is a network that control phases and amplitudes of the
excitation for the smart antenna. Beam forming network is one of the application of Butler
Matrix network. It can be proved by BFN which can produce multi beam antenna array with
Butler Matrix which also provides switching on the fixed beams.
A N x N Butler Matrix is a multiport hybrid network with N inputs and N outputs whose
main operating characteristic is to subdivide an input signal, whatever the input port may be, into
N signals of equal amplitude and to provide a phase distribution across the outputs depending on
the order of the Matrix and on the input entered.

1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT

Since the early days of cellular communication, base stations have been using Omni
directional antennas that do not know the specific whereabouts of the mobile users. With the
need for increased capacity, this is seen as a waste of power as most of the power is transmitted
in all directions rather than directed at the user alone. As such, this power appears as interference
to the other unintended users.

This problem is partly solved by using sectored antennas or cell sectorization; that is
splitting up a 360° area into 3 or even up to 6 individual sectors. Although increased frequency
reuse leading to increased gain is achieved by treating each sector as an individual cell, transmit
power is still not efficiently utilized because the antenna beams are still fixed in direction and do
not adapt to radio conditions and the environment.

In contrast, smart antenna systems know how to determine a user’s exact location and
attempts to focus and receive energy only in the desired direction. This can be visualized as the
antenna directing a beam towards the intended mobile user, at the same time creating nulls
towards undesired users that are causing interference.

1.3 THE OBJECTIVE

The main objective of this project is to make a smart antenna system using 4 x 4 Butler
Matrix in 2.4 GHz which is to produce narrow beam and broad beam output. Smart antenna
system uses switched beam antenna array to determine desire angle. Simple patch antenna will
be used to generate the signal.
 This project includes design the antenna based on general requirement for the Butler
Matrix network. The general requirements are microstrip technique, operating frequency,
number of ports, and maximum size of Butler Matrix. Then analyze the design to determine the
narrow beam and broad beam result, for Butler Matrix.

The important focus in this project is to study and understand the principal of smart
antenna system and the characteristic of Butler Matrix network.

1.4 SCOPE OF THE WORK

The main scope of the project is to design the Butler Matrix network which is the main
character in this project. The Butler Matrix is normally employed in beam forming and scanning
networks for linear and circular antenna arrays. So the beam forming will produce multi-beam of
signal in each input port, each corresponding to a beam with its peak at a different angle in
space?

For the Smart Antenna system, it refers to a group of antenna technologies that increase
the system capacity by reducing the co-channel interference and increase the quality by reducing
the fading effects.
WORK DONE IN CAPSTONE 1

MICROSTRIP ANTENNA

2.1 Introduction

A microstrip antenna fabricated by etching the antenna element pattern in metal trace bonded to
an insulating dielectric substrate with a continuous metal layer bonded to the opposite side of the
substrate which forms a ground plane as shown in Figure 2.1. The patch or top layer can be of
any shape, but common microstrip antenna radiator shapes are square, rectangular, circular and
elliptical. Ideally the dielectric constant r should be low, so as to enhance the fringe fields for
radiation.

Figure 2.1 Basic structure of microstrip antenna

MICROSTRIP ANTENNA DESIGN

3.1 Geometry of the patch antenna

a) First the substrate we have is ROGER4003, with
Thickness = 1.6mm
Dielectric constant, r = 4.6
Electric loss tangent, tan  = 0.019
The frequency for the antenna system is fr =2.4GHz
All ports are designed with characteristic impedance 50 ohm.
b) Since our antenna system is planar, we decide to design Inset-Fed Microstrip Patch Antenna,
as shown in figure 3.1

Figure 3.1 Inset-Fed Microstrip Patch Antennas

c) For an efficient radiator, a practical width that leads to good radiation

Efficiencies is [2]

W= = =37.350894mm
3.2 Simulation of the patch antenna

The software we use for simulation is Agilent Advanced Design System (ADS). We use
ADS Momentum, which is a 3-D planar electromagnetic (EM) simulator used for passive circuit
analysis. It accepts arbitrary design geometries (including multi-layer structures) and accurately
simulates complex EM effects including coupling and parasitizes, Accurate EM simulation
enables RF/MMIC designers to improve passive circuit performance and increases confidence
that the manufactured product will function as simulated.

3.2.1 The step of Simulation

a) First we open ADS, create a new project, and then create new Layout Design. We draw the
patch antenna (according as Figure 3.1), with W=37.350894mm, L=28.802435389mm, W f
=2.918820mm, Y0 =8.98mm, using the menu: Inset---Polygon (at the same time we can use the
“Inset---Coordinate Entry” in order to make the draw easy). Just as shown in Figure 3.2.

Figure 3.2 Draw of the Patch Antenna in ADS

b) Click Menu: “Momentum---Substrate---Create/Modify” to define the Substrate.

c) Use “Port editor”, to insert Port 1, as shown in Figure 3.3

 Figure 3.3 Insert Port 1

d) Click “Momentum---Mesh---Setup” to define the mesh frequency 2.4 GHz.

e) Click “Momentum---Simulation---S-Parameter” to define the frequency 2GHz→2.6GHz, and

then click “Simulate”.

3.2.2 The result of Simulation

Then we have the result of simulation, as shown if Figure 3.7.

Figure 3.7Simulation result (S11) of the patch-antenna

In Momentum---Post-Processing we can see the E-Field of the antenna, as shown in Figure 3.8
Figure 3.8 2D Plot of E-Field with Phi=0 (Polar)

So finally we get the patch antenna with W=37.350894mm, L=28.802435389mm, W f

=2.918820mm,Y0 =8.98mm
 LINEAR ANTENNA ARRAY AND BUTLER-MATRIX

4.1 Linear antenna array theory

The pattern of antenna array is characterized by multiplication of their element factor and
array factor.

Figure 4.1 Linear antenna array positioned along the z-axis

As shown in Figure 3.1, for a N antenna array, the antennas positioned along the z-axis with the
same space between one another (d). is the difference of phase between any two successive
elements forming the array, and is the polar angle. According to 6.3[2],we have array factor

N
j ( n−1) ¿¿
AF=∑ e ¿ (4-1)
n =1

N
j ( n−1)
AF=∑ e (4-2)
n =1

2
With  = kd cos +, k¿
❑

(AF)e j =e j +e j 2 +e j 3 +…+ e j(N −1) +e jN (4-3)

Subtracting (4-2) from (4-3) reduces to

(AF)(e j −1¿=(−1+ e jN ) (4-4)

Which can also be written as

( N2 )
( ( ))
jN j ( N−1 ) sin
e −1
AF= =e 2
(4-5)
e j −1 sin ❑
2

If the reference point is the physical centre of the array, then

N
sin ⁡( )
2
AF= (4-6)
sin ⁡( ❑ )
2

And the normalized form of array factor

N
( )
( ( ))
sin
1 2
(AF)n = (4-7)
N
sin ❑
2

The array factor of (4-3) has only one maximum (main beam) and occurs when
=0.And at this time, we have

m=cos
−1
(−❑
kd )=cos ( −❑ )
2d
−1
(4-8)

which is the observation angle that makes =0.

From (4-8) we know that, if we want to change the observation angle of the main beam, we can
change 2 elements:
a) The difference of phase between any two successive elements ()
b) The space between antennas (d)

4.2 Butler-Matrix

Butler-Matrix has mostly used in radar, smart antenna, and satellite.

Butler-Matrix consists of: 3dB 90 0cos−1Hybrid Coupler, cross coupler, fixed phase shifter and
array antenna.

I. INTRODUCTION

The Butler matrix is a type of beam-forming network. Depending on which of N inputs is

accessed. The antenna beam is steered in a specific direction in one plane. It performs a similar
function to a Rotman lens, or a phased array antenna system.

The Butler matrix was first described by Jesse Butler and Ralph Lowe. This is a passive
reciprocal network, so it works the same when it transmits energy as when it receives energy.
The basic properties of a butler matrix are isolation between input and output, linearity in phase
with respect to the position of output and the increment in phase depending upon the selection of
input. Another capability of a Butler matrix is it can steer a beam with magnitude and fixed
phased. The ADS2009 is used to simulate the design. The material specification for FR4 board
with the dielectric constant 4.4, substrate thickness 1.57mm and tangent loss is 0.023.

APPLICATIONS:
1. The use of Butler matrix in systems where fixed beams are required is quite beneficial
not only in terms of lower cost but also due to the less complexity.
2. The proposed system can found its application in wireless and satellite communication
systems such as for point to point and multi-point communication. The same system can
be used for low cost radars with some necessary modifications.
3. WLAN applications.

Design of 4x4 Butler matrix array

Now all the individual components are combined on a single substrate FR4 to implement the
butler matrix array .
Optimum design of butler matrix array is given below:
4.2.1 Butler-Matrix theory

For an N×N Butler-Matrix, We have [5]

( N2 )
( ( ))
sin
1
(AF)n = , with  = kd sin + (4-9)
N
sin ❑
2

And the observation angle of the main beam

−1 −❑
=sin ( ) =sin−1 −❑ ( ) (4-10)
kd 2d

And the difference of phase between any two successive elements () is
(2 i−1)
decided by Butler-Matrix. When we put signal into different input ports, we have i = ,
N
with i= 1, 2, 3...N/2. Then put i into (4-10),

we get ❑i=sin
−1
( Nd❑ (i− 12 )) (4-11)
4.2.2 4×4 Butler-Matrix
As shown in Figure 4.2, is a 4×4 Butler-Matrix. When signal input in different Ports, we
have different phase difference between ports. When signal input in ports y1、y2、y3 and y4,we
have the direction of the main beam 1R、2L、2R and 1L.

Figure 4.2 The sketch of 4×4 Butler-Matrix

In our design, we let the space between antennas d=/2. Then from (4-11)
We can calculate the observation angle of the main beam , as shown in table 4.2.
X1 X2 X3 X4 Phase Observation
Difference( Angle(i)
)
0 0 0 0
Y1 −45 −90 −135 −180 −450 14.50
Y2 −1350 00 −2250 −90 0 1350 −48.60
(1350 ¿
Y3 −90 0 −2250 00 −1350 −1350 48.6 0
(1350 ¿
Y4 −1800 −1350 −90 0 −450 45 0 −14.50
Table 4.2 Phase difference and the observation angle of the 4×4 Butler-Matrix

DIRECTIONAL COUPLER
Directional couplers are passive microwave devices used for power division or power
combining. Figure shows an arbitrary power division, where an input signal is divided by the
coupler into two signals of lesser power. When used as a combiner, the coupler takes two
signals to provide only one output. The coupler may be a three-port component as
illustrated in Figure , or maybe a four-port component.

With reference to Figure , which is a commonly used symbol for directional couplers, the ideal
directional coupler has the property that a wave incident in port 1 couples power into ports 2
and 3 but not into port 4. For the wave incident in port 4, the power is coupled into
ports 2 and 3 but not into port 1. Thus ports 1 and 4 are uncoupled. Similarly, ports 2 and 3 are
also uncoupled. However, port 4 is usually terminated with a matched load and not
accessible to the user. This results in a three-port component as shown in Figure below:

The performance of a directional coupler is characterized by two parameters, the coupling and
the directivity. The coupling factor indicates the fraction of the input power that is coupled to the
output port, and the directivity is a measure of how well the power is coupled in the
desired direction. Let P1 be the power supplied to port 1, P3 be the coupled power in the
forward direction in port 3 and P4 be the power coupled in the backward direction in port 4.
The coupling in decibels is then given by
The directivity is defined as

Ideally, the power P4 coupled in port 4 should be zero, and therefore the directivity of
the coupler would be infinite. The ideal directional coupler, is a lossless reciprocal four-port

network matched at all ports with

Thus the scattering matrix has the form

In practice, there are two particular choices:

1. The 90° coupler: The phase constants are chosen equal, . Then the
scattering matrix has the form
2. The 180° coupler: The phase constants are chosen to be 180° apart,
. Then the scattering matrix has the form

HYBRID COUPLER

The 90° hybrid coupler, also known as the quadrature hybrid coupler, is a 3dB
directional coupler with 90° phase difference in the two output ports. With
reference to a 90° hybrid symbol shown in Figure 1.7, a signal applied to port 1
 will be evenly split into two components with a 90° phase difference at ports 2 and 3,
and port 4 will be isolated.

HYBRID COUPLER AAPPLICATIONS

Hybrid couplers are used in many practical circuits such as power dividers, power
combiners, mixers and other microwave components and systems. An example of 90°
hybrid couplers being used in power splitter and power combiner networks to
produce a power amplifier is given in Figure below:

Figure : 90° hybrid couplers used in a power amplifier

Quadrature hybrid or 90 hybrid is a well known device used for its ability to generate signals 90
degree out of phase at its outputs. Through Even-Odd mode analysis it can be shown that the S
matrix will have the following form
 .

From the above figure it is evident that the quadrature hybrid has four port, port 1 is the input
port, port 2 is the output port, port 3 is the coupled port and port 4 is the isolated port. When
power is applied to the port 1 it is equally distributed in port 2 and port 3 and port 4 is isolated
since no power reaches it. There is a 900 phase difference between port 2 and port 3.

45 DEGREE PHASE SHIFTER:

In this paper -450 phase shifter is used. The phase shifter is implemented using the microstrip
lines and the length of the microstrip lines are calculated. Optimum design is given below:

4.2.4 Cross Coupler

These devices, also known as 0 dB couplers, are an efficient means of crossing two
transmission lines with a minimal coupling between them. Referring to Figure 4.4, it can be
observed that the planar implementation is made here as a cascade of two hybrid couplers (with
slight modifications on line widths). Once again, an even-odd mode analysis can be applied here,
and extending the approach given by [7] for the 90°hybrid yields the following S parameters:

00 j0
S=(-1/2)
[ ]
000 j
j 000
0 j 00

Figure 4.4 0dB Cross Coupler

4.2.5 Antenna array and 45°phase shifter

In this 4×4 Butler Matrix, we have 4 antennas with the space d=where is the wave length
in space, which is given by

3 108 m/s
/2= C0/2fr= =62.5mm
22.4 10 9 Hz

Using microstrip technique, we easily change the length of the microstrip line to get a fix phase
shifter.

4.3 Advantages and Disadvantages Of Butler Matrix

a) The popularity of the Butler matrix as a beam former is due to its numerous advantages:

 Simple network using few component types (hybrids and phase shifters only)
easily implemented in stripline or microstrip.

 Beams generated are of the Woodward-Lawson type with narrow beamwidth, high
directivity and are orthogonal.

 As the ideal Butler matrix is the analog equivalent of the discrete Fourier
Transform (see Appendix B), it has the minimum number of components and
minimum path length of all uniform excitation beamforming networks.

 Has a high and almost constant beam crossover level that does not change with
frequency. This allows a good coverage pattern (almost a perfect arc) and full system
gain at any point in the coverage area.

 Can achieve continuous beam scanning with antenna aperture remaining fixed in space
without any mechanical motion in the scanning process.

 Theoretically ‘lossless’ as minimum insertion loss in hybrids, phase shifters and

transmission lines used does not make the system impractical.

 Design of large matrices is easy as phase shifters are positioned symmetrical about the
centreline.
CHAPTER 5

DESIGN OF 44 BUTLER MATRIX

5.1 Simulation Of Couplers

Every width and length of transmission line of branch-line coupler was computed from
Agilent ADS Tools---Line Calculation, as shown in Figure 5.1(a) and 5.1(b), FR4 Board, which
is the effective dielectric constant = 4.6, dielectric thickness=1.6mm, metal thickness=0.035mm,
dielectric of copper, loss tangent=0.019, frequency operated=5.8GHz and impedance and
electrical length of every part of transmission line of branch-line coupler that have been
calculated.
Figure 5.1(a) Microstrip line calculation for Z0=50 Ohm

Figure 5.1(b) Microstrip line calculation for Z0=35.3553 Ohm

a)For Z0=50 , W=2.918820mm, L=16.736800mm(90 0 ¿
50
b)For Z0= , W=5.033730mm, L=16.275700mm(90 0 ¿
√2

5.1.1 Simulation of Hybrid Coupler

This coupler has been implemented in the layout environment of the Agilent ADS
software suite. Proper dimensioning has been made using the design steps enumerated earlier in
figure 4.3. The desired performance was achieved with the dimensions as shown in Figure 5.2.
The results are also given in Figure 5.3.

As expected, the phase difference between port 3 and port 2 is 90 degrees. And the
magnitudes S21、S31 are close to -3dB.

Figure 5.2 90°Hybrid Coupler Layout (mm)

 Figure 5.3 Simulation results of the 90°Hybrid Coupler

5.1.2 Simulation of cross coupler

In the same way, the cross-coupler has been simulated, as the dimensions in Figure 5.4
show, and the results are given in Figure 5.5. The insertion loss for the coupled port is S41=-
0.724 dB, while isolation ports are smaller than -20 dB for the frequency of interest.
 Figure 5.4 Cross Coupler Layout (mm)

Figure 5.5 Simulation results of the Cross Coupler

5.2 Simulation of 4×4 Butler Matrix Network

From Figure 4.2, we know the left and the right parts of the Butler Matrix are symmetric.
Then we can just consider the left side of the Butler Matrix. Now we divide the left side into 2
Parts: PART1 BOTTOM and PART2 TOP. (see figure 5.6)
 Figure 5.6 Two Parts of the Butler Matrix (Bottom and Top)

And in this Design, there are many of Microstrip bends. And all bends with width
W=2.918820mm as shown in Figure 5.7

And all microstrip line with W=2.918820mm.

Figure 5.7 Microstrip Bend with W=2.918820mm (mm)

5.2.1 Part1: Bottom of the Butler Matrix Network

First, the right side of this part is shown in Figure 5.8.

Figure 5.8 The right side of the Bottom

And the simulation result is S31=-95.236° just as shown if Figure 5.9

 Figure 5.9 Simulation of the Bottom (S31)
Now we consider the left side of the Bottom, as shown in Figure 5.10

Figure 5.10 The left side of the Bottom

From Figure 5.6 we know ΔS=S31-S21 should be -45°.We already have S31-321-45°and the
simulation result is given in Figure 5.11
 Figure 5.11 Simulation of the Bottom (S31,S21)

5.2.2 Part2: Top of the Butler Matrix

In the same way, first we consider the right side of the Top Network. As shown in Figure
5.12. From 4.2.5 we know the space between two antennas is 62.5mm, so we must let
L1=13.30062mm. Then we get the simulation result S31=-141.707°and S21=-174.859°, as
shown in Figure 5.13.

Figure 5.12 The right side of the Top

 Figure 5.13 Simulation result of the Top (S31,S21)

Then we consider the left side of the Top. As shown in Figure 5.14, in order to get the space
between antennas d=62.5mm, we must let L1=49.861mm. And we can also calculate
L2=20.721mm.

Figure 5.14 The left side of the Top

Then we get the simulation result S21=-59.869°,S31=-148.223°

Figure 5.15 Simulation result of the Top (S21,S31)

From Figure 5.6, we know ΔS should be -90°.Now we get S31=-148.223° and S21=-59.861°.
Then we have ΔS=S31-S2190°.
5.2.3 Simulation of the Butler Matrix

According to 5.2.1, 5.2.2 and symmetry of the Butler Matrix, we have the topology of
Butler Matrix as shown in Figure 5.16.And the simulation results are shown Figure 5.17 (a), (b),
(c), (d) .

Figure 5.16 Topology of the Butler Matrix

Figure 5.17 (a) The simulation results of the Butler Matrix (Port1)
Figure 5.17 (b) The simulation results of the Butler Matrix (Port2)

Figure 5.17 (c) The simulation results of the Butler Matrix (Port3)
 Figure 5.17 (d) The simulation results of the Butler Matrix (Port4)

According to the simulation results we know that,

1)The phase difference between input and output as shown in Table 5.1
P5 P6 P7 P8 Δ
P1 83.314 38.328 -13.222 -50.424 -45
P2 -8.838 128.602 -95.424 38.524 135
P3 36.713 -95.558 128.618 -7.296 -135
P4 -53.327 -14.207 37.112 83.738 45
Table 5.1 The phase difference between input and output (°)

We have
a) For input P1, we have 1 =38.328°-83.314°=-44.486°,
2=-13.222°-38.328°=-51.55°, 3=-50.424°-(-13.222°)=-37.202°
b) For input P2, we have 1 =137.44°, 2 =-224.026° (135.974°),
3=133.948°

c) For input P3, we have 1 =-132.271°, 2 =224.176° (-135.824°),

3=-135.914°
d) For input P4, we have 1=39.12°, 2=51.139°, 3=46.626°

5.2.4 Simulation of the Butler Matrix with antenna array

In 5.2.3 we have already the network of the Butler Matrix. Now we just add the 4 patch antennas
(see chapter 3), as shown in Figure 5.18.

Figure 5.18 Butler Matrix with antennas

And we get the simulation results as shown in Figure 5.22

Figure 5.19 Simulation results of the Butler Matrix with antenna array

Then using Momentum---Post Processing---Radiation Pattern Control, we set all input ports
impedance 50 Ohm. And we have 2-D Polar Far Field of the Butler Matrix just as shown in
Figure 5.20(a), (b), (c), (d) for different input ports.
Figure 5.20 (a) 2-D Far Field of the Butler Matrix for input P1 (Polar)

Figure 5.20 (b) 2-D Far Field of the Butler Matrix for input P2 (Polar)
Figure 5.20 (c) 2-D Far Field of the Butler Matrix for input P3 (Polar)

Figure 5.20 (d) 2-D Far Field of the Butler Matrix for input P4 (Polar)

From Figure 5.20, we have observation angle ( ) of the main beam for
different input ports and from Table 4.2 we have theoretic observation angle ( ) of the main
beam in Table 5.2.

I (Theoretical) I (Simulation)
P1 -14.5 -15
P2 48.6 48
P3 -48.6 -48
P4 14.5 15
Table 5.2 Comparison of the observation angle of the main beam

15−14.5
The error ration =¿ 3.4482 for P1,P4
14.5
48.6−48
The error ration =¿ 1.2346 for P2,P3
48.6
RESULT SNAPSHOTS:
 CONCLUSION

This report gives a background on the fundamental concepts of linear phased arrays, after which
the 2 different types of smart antennas: switched beam and adaptive array is presented. Due to
their numerous advantages and the current constraints in capacity that cellular network operators
faced as the industry continues to bloom, their employment in cellular systems is very much
eagerly awaited. The advantages and disadvantages of the Butler matrix is listed .Explained its
suitability as an orthogonal beam former in the design and implementation of a switched beam
smart antenna system. This switched beam system works based on the strength of received
power. The implementation incorporates the use of a linear phased array fed by a Butler matrix
as a beam forming network, Simulations are conducted to show how orthogonal beam forming
and beam steering can be achieved for the switched beam system. The reasons for using a Butler
matrix become justified once the simulations were conducted, with emphasis placed on
orthogonal beam forming.

In conclusion, this report has provided an insight to a switched beam smart antenna
system using a Butler matrix and will form a platform for researchers working towards realizing
the implementation of smart antennas in current and future cellular systems.
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