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MATRICES
INTRODUCTION:
A matrix, in general sense, represents a collection of
information stored or arranged in an orderly fashion. Mathematically, a group
of numbers or other symbols arranged in a rectangle that can be used together
as a single unit to solve particular mathematical problem is called matrix. The
mathematical use of the term matrix was first introduced in 1850 by James
Joseph Sylvester. Now, matrices have become a useful tool in solving business
problems. A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers or other mathematics
objects for which operation such as addition and multiplication are defined.
Most commonly a matrices over a field F is a rectangular array of scalars each of
which is a members of F most of this article focus on real and complex matrices
that is matrices whose elements are real numbers or complex number
respectively.

BASIC CONCEPT OF MATRIX:

A matrix may be defined as an orderly arrangement of
some numbers or symbols in certain rows and columns enclosed by some
brackets. In other words, a matrix is a rectangular array of numbers arranged in
rows and columns enclosed by a pair of brackets and subject to certain rules of
presentation.

The following is a specimen of a matrix:-

[A]= a11 a12 a13 1 2 3

a21 a22 a23 = 4 5 6

a31 a32 a33 7 8 9

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Essential characteristics of matrix:

1) It consist some numbers and symbols.
2) Elements must be arranged in some rows and columns.
3) Elements must be enclosed by brackets.
4) It must be subscripted by the magnitude of its order.
5) It must be denoted by some capital letter.

Order of a matrix:
The order of a matrix is defined in terms of its number of rows and
columns.
Order of a matrix=No. of Rows X No of columns
Matrix [A], therefore is a matrix of order 3x3.

TYPES OF MATRIX:
1. Column matrix:
A matrix with only one column is called a column matrix.
Example: - [A] = 1
2
3

2. Row matrix:
A matrix with only one row is called a row matrix.
Example:-[A] = [1 2 3]

3. Zero matrix:
A matrix that consists of zeros only is called a zero matrix.
It is also known as null matrix.
Example:-[A] = 0 0
0 0
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4. Singleton matrix:
A matrix with only one element is called a singleton
matrix.
Example:-[A] = [5]

5. Square matrix:
A matrix that appears with equal number of rows and
columns is called a square matrix.
Example:-[A] = 1 2
3 4

6. Diagonal Matrix:
A square matrix in which all the principal diagonal
elements are non-zeros and other elements are zeroes is called
diagonal matrix.
Example:-[A] = 1 0 0
0 2 0
0 0 3

* Principal diagonal:
In a square matrix, the diagonals are containing the elements
a11, a22, a33 ,….. amn is called principal or main diagonals.
7. Scalar matrix:
A diagonal matrix in which all the leading diagonals
elements are equal is called a scalar matrix.
Example:-[A] = 4 0 0
0 4 0
0 0 4

8. Identity (or unity) matrix:

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A square matrix in which all the principal diagonal

elements are unity or 1 and the other elements were zeroes is called
an identity or unity matrix. This matrix is denoted by the capital letter,
I.
Example:- [I] = 1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
9. Singular matrix:

A square matrix which determinant value is zero is called

singular matrix.
Example: - [A] = 1 2
2 4

10. Non- singular matrix:

A square matrix which determinant value is not equal to
zero is called a non-singular matrix.
Example: - [B] = 5 4
3 6
11. Equal matrix:

If the orders and elements of two matrices are same,

then they are called equal matrix.
Example: - [A] = [6 3], [B] = [6 3]

12. Equivalent matrix:

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If the orders of two matrices are same, then they are

called equivalent matrix.
Example: - [A] = [3 5], [B] = [9 4]

13. Orthogonal matrix:

When a square matrix is multiplied by its transposed

amounts to an identity matrix is called an orthogonal matrix.

14. Skew- symmetric matrix:

A square matrix “A” is said to be skew-symmetric matrix,

if A’= -A.

Regarding matrix Rules

Addition of matrices:
Condition necessary:

The matrices to be added to each other must comparable

i.e., each of the matrices must have equal number of rows and
columns. Symbolically M1=M2=M3 and so on, and n1=n2=n3 and so on.
→ Properties of matrix addition;

(a) It is commutative. This means A+B=B+A

(b) It is associative. This means (A+B) +C=A+ (B+C)

(c) It has additive identity. This means A+O=O+A

(d) It has additive inverse. This means A+-A=-A+A

Example of matrix additions:

a11 a12 a13 b11 b12 b13
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A+B = a21 a22 a23 + b21 b22 b23

a31 a32 a33 b31 b32 b33

a11 + b11 a12 + b12 a13 + b13

= a21 + b21 a22 + b22 a23 + b23

a31 + b31 a32 + b32 a33 + b33

Subtraction of matrices:
Condition necessary:

Both the matrices i.e. the subtrachenal and the minuend

matrices must be equivalent of each other .This means that each of
the matrices must have equality in respect of numbers of their rows
and column.
a11 a12 a13 b11 b12 b13
A-B = a21 a22 a23 - b21 b22 b23
a31 a32 a33 b31 b32 b33

a11 - b11 a12 - b12 a13 - b13

= a21 - b21 a22 - b22 a23 - b23

a31 - b31 a32 - b32 a33 - b33

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Multiplication of matrices:
There can be two types of multiplication with the matrices they
are,

(a) scalar multiplication:

When each element of a matrix is multiplied by a constant called
a scalar, it is called a scalar multiplication.
Example: - a b ax bx
x
c d = cx dx

(b) Multiplication proper:

The multiplication among two matrices is possible only when the
number of column of the 1st matrix is equal to number of row of the
2nd matrix. A is conformable to another matrix B for multiplication i.e.
AB exits, only when the numbers of columns is A equals to the number
of rows in B.

→ Properties of multiplication proper:

It may be noted that the matrix multiplication has the

following important properties of which one may take advantages in
the course of the computation work.

(a) It is not commutative, means AB=BA

(b) It is associative, means (AB) C=A (BC)

(c)It is distributive over addition, means A (B+C)=AB+AC

Example: - a11 a12 b11 b12 b13

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A x B = a21 a22 X b21 b22 b23

a31 a32

a11b11 + a12b21 a11b12 + a12b22 a11b13 + a12b23

= a21b11 + a22b21 a21b12 + a22b22 a21b13 + a22b23

a31b11 + a32b21 a31b12 + a32b22 a31b13 + a32b23

Division of matrices:

Condition necessary:

The number of columns is the dividend matrix (n1) must be

equal to the number of rows in division matrix (m2).

Transpose of matrices:

A matrix which is obtained by changing the rows into their

respective columns or the columns into their respective rows of a
matrix is called a transposed matrix.
The transposed matrix is denoted by A’ or At

3 5 9 3 2
Example: - If A = 2 8 4 ; then A’ = 5 8
9 4

Adjoint of a matrix:

Let A = [aij] be a square matrix of order n and let Cij be co factor

of aij in [A[. Then the transpose of the matrix of elements of A is called
the adjoint of A and denoted by Adj. A.
A = [cij]nxn = [cji]nxn or Adj. A = [CF]t, where [CF] is a matrix of co-factors.

Theorem: If A is a square matrix of order n, then A.(Adj. A) = (Adj. A).A

= A . Iu .

Methodology of matrix applied

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PROBLEM-

The daily cost(C) of operating the cardiology department of Kalinga

Hospital is a linear function of the number of patients(P) plus a fixed cost (F)
i.e. C=Ix+Py+F

The following data revels the information relating to the first three days of the
month of December 2016. By setting the above linear equations, find fixed
cost, unit cost per in-patients and unit cost per out patients per day.

Day Cost in Rs. No. of patients (I) No. of out Patients (P)
1 52,000 30 20
2 53,600 35 22
3 56,500 15 45
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SOLUTION-

Substituting the tabulated values in the linear equation, we have

52,000=30x+20y+F

53,600=35x+22y+F

56,500=15x+45y+F

The above linear system can be expressed in the matrix form as

30 20 1 x 52,000
35 22 1 X y 53,600 =
15 45 1 z 56,500
3x3

x 30 20 1 -1 52,000
y = 35 22 1 X 53,600
z 15 45 1 56,500

Thus, X=A-1*B and A-1=1/|A|*Adj.A

30 20 1
|A|= 35 22 1 =30 22 1 -20 35 1 +1 35 22
15 45 1 45 1 15 1 15 45
=30(22-45)- 20(35-15) +(1575-330)
= -690-400+1245
=155
Since |A| is not equal to 0, thus A-1 can be calculated.
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CF= -23 -20 1245

25 15 -1050
-2 5 -40

Adj A=(CF)t= -23 25 -2

-20 15 5

1245 -1050 -40

A-1=(1/|A|)Adj A

-23 -20 1245

=1/155 25 15 -1050
-2 5 -40
X=A-1 .B= -23 -20 1245 52,000
1/155 25 15 -1050 X 53,600
56,500
-2 5 -40
(-23x52,000)+(25x53,600)-(-2x56,500)
=1/155 (-20x52,000) +(15x53,600) +(5x56,500)
(1245x52,000) -(1050x53,600) -(40x56,500)

x 31000 200
= y =1/155 46,500 = 300

Z 62,00,000 40,000

Thus, cost per Ind-patient(I)=200

cost per out-patient(P)=300
Fixed cost per day(F)=40,000
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Conclusion:
This chapter introduces matrices as a way of representing
data. Matrices will be used to organize data as well as to solve for
variables.

The first section gives the definition of a matrix and its

dimension. It then explains how to add and subtract matrices. Not all
matrices can be added to or subtracted from all other matrices, as this
section explains. Matrices can be added and subtracted only if they
have the same dimensions.

The second section explains two types of

multiplication associated with matrices: scalar multiplication-that is
multiplication by a constant and multiplication of two matrices. Matrix
multiplication is associative, but not commutative.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
▪ Books:

V. k. Global Publication

Kalyani Publisher

▪ Networking:
Google

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