4 Types of Data in Statistics

Introduction
 
Data types are important concepts in statistics, they enable us to apply
statistical measurements correctly on data and assist in correctly concluding
certain assumptions about it.
 
Having an adequate comprehension of the various data types is significantly
essential for doing Exploratory Data Analysis or EDA since you can use certain
factual measurements just for particular data types. 
 
 SImilarly, you need to know which data analysis and its type you are working
to select the correct perception technique. You can consider data types as an
approach to arrange various types of variables. 
 
If you go into detail then there are only two classes of data in statistics, that
is Qualitative and Quantitative data. But, after that, there is a subdivision and
it breaks into 4 types of data. Data types are like a guide for doing the whole
study of statistics correctly!
 
This blog gives you a glance over different types of data need to know for
performing proper exploratory data analysis.
 
 
Qualitative and Quantitative Data
 
Qualitative data is a bunch of information that cannot be measured in the
form of numbers. It is also known as categorical data. It normally comprises
words, narratives, and we labelled them with names.
 
It delivers information about the qualities of things in data. The outcome of
qualitative data analysis can come in the type of featuring key words,
extracting data, and ideas elaboration.
 
For examples: 
 
 Hair colour- black, brown, red
 Opinion- agree, disagree, neutral
  
On the other side, Quantitative data is a bunch of information gathered from a
group of individuals and includes statistical data analysis. Numerical data is
another name for quantitative data. Simply, it gives information about
quantities of items in the data and the items that can be estimated. And, we
can formulate them in terms of numbers.
 
For examples:
 
 We can measure the height (1.70 meters), distance (1.35 miles)  with
the help of a ruler or tape.
 We can measure water (1.5 litres) with a jug.
 
Under a subdivision, nominal data and ordinal data come under qualitative
data. Interval data and ratio data come under quantitative data.  Here we will
read in detail about all these data types.
 Different Types of Data

1. Nominal Data
 
Nominal data are used to label variables where there is no quantitative
value and has no order. So, if you change the order of the value then the
meaning will remain the same.
 
Thus, nominal data are observed but not measured, are unordered but
non-equidistant, and have no meaningful zero.
 
The only numerical activities you can perform on nominal data is to state
that perception is (or isn't) equivalent to another (equity or inequity), and
you can use this data to amass them. 
 
 You can't organize nominal data, so you can't sort them.
 
Neither would you be able to do any numerical tasks as they are saved
for numerical data. With nominal data, you can calculate frequencies,
proportions, percentages, and central points.
 
Examples of Nominal data:
 
 What languages do you speak?
 

 English
 German
 French
 Punjabi

 
 What’s your nationality?
 

 American
 Indian
 Japanese
 German

 
You can clearly see that in these examples of nominal data the
categories have no order.
 
2. Ordinal Data
  
Ordinal data is almost the same as nominal data but not in the case of
order as their categories can be ordered like 1st, 2nd, etc. However, there
is no continuity in the relative distances between adjacent categories.
 
Ordinal Data is observed but not measured, is ordered but non-
equidistant, and has no meaningful zero. Ordinal scales are always used
for measuring happiness, satisfaction, etc.
 
With ordinal data, likewise, with nominal data, you can amass the
information by evaluating whether they are equivalent or extraordinary. 
 
As ordinal data are ordered, they can be arranged by making basic
comparisons between the categories, for example, greater or less than,
higher or lower, and so on.
 
You can't do any numerical activities with ordinal data, however, as they
are numerical data.
 
With ordinal data, you can calculate the same things as nominal data like
frequencies, proportions, percentage, central point but there is one more
point added in ordinal data that is summary statistics and
similarly bayesian statistics.
 
Examples of Ordinal data:
 
 Opinion
o Agree
o Disagree
o Mostly agree
o Neutral
o Mostly disagree

 
 Time of day
o Morning
o Noon
o Night

 
In these examples, there is an obvious order to the categories.
 
3. Interval Data
 
Interval Data are measured and ordered with the nearest items but have
no meaningful zero.
 
The central point of an Interval scale is that the word 'Interval' signifies
'space in between', which is the significant thing to recall,  interval scales
not only educate us about the order but additionally about the value
between every item. 
 
Interval data can be negative, though ratio data can't.
 
Even though interval data can show up fundamentally the same as ratio
data, the thing that matters is in their characterized zero-points. If the
 zero-point of the scale has been picked subjectively, at that point the
data can't be ratio data and should be interval data.
 
Hence, with interval data you can easily correlate the degrees of the data
and also you can add or subtract the values.
 
There are some descriptive statistics that you can calculate for interval
data are central point (mean, median, mode), range (minimum,
maximum), and spread (percentiles, interquartile range, and standard
deviation). 
 
In addition to that, similar other statistical data analysis techniques can
be used for more analysis.
 
Examples of Interval data:
 
 Temperature (°C or F, but not Kelvin)
 Dates (1066, 1492, 1776, etc.)
 Time interval on a 12-hour clock (6 am, 6 pm)
 
4. Ratio Data
 
Ratio Data are measured and ordered with equidistant items and a
meaningful zero and never be negative like interval data.
 
 An outstanding example of ratio data is the measurement of heights. It
could be measured in centimetres, inches, meters, or feet and it is not
practicable to have a negative height. 
 
Ratio data enlightens us regarding the order for variables, the contrasts
among them, and they have absolutely zero. It permits a wide range of
estimations and surmisings to be performed and drawn. 
 
Ratio data is fundamentally the same as interval data, aside from zero
means none.
 
The descriptive statistics which you can calculate for ratio data are the
same as interval data which are central point (mean, median, mode),
range (minimum, maximum), and spread (percentiles, interquartile range,
and standard deviation).
 
Example of Ratio data:
 
 Age (from 0 years to 100+)
 Temperature (in Kelvin, but not °C or F)
 Distance (measured with a ruler or any other assessing device)
 Time interval (measured with a stop-watch or similar)
 
Therefore, for these examples of ratio data, there is an actual, meaningful
zero-point like the age of a person, absolute zero, distance calculated
from a specified point or time all have real zeros.
  
Key Takeaways
 
We hope you understood about 4 types of data in statistics and their
importance, now you can learn how to handle data correctly, which statistical
hypothesis tests you can use, and what you could calculate with them.
Moreover,
 Nominal data and ordinal data are the types of qualitative data or
categorical data.
 Interval data and ratio data are the types of quantitative data which are
also known as numerical data.
 Nominal Data are not measured but observed and they are unordered,
non-equidistant, and also have no meaningful zero.
(Also check: Types of Statistical Analysis)
 Ordinal Data is also not measured but observed and they are ordered
however non-equidistant and have no meaningful zero.
 Interval Data are measured and ordered with equidistant items yet have
no meaningful zero.
 Ratio Data are also measured and ordered with equidistant items and a
meaningful zero.

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