GENERAL PATHOLOGY Pathological Study of the Disease

a. Etiology
Review on Histology  Origin of the disease including
the underlying causes and
Histology modifying factors.
 Study of tissue  Refers to the “why the disease
Tissue arises”.
 Building blocks of organs
Example: Hypertension
 Group of cells working together to carry out
LDL
function.
HDL
Modifying factors:
Four Basic Types of Tissue
Decedentary lifestyle
Physical inactivity
 Epithelial Tissue
Nutritional excess
Found: lining surface, spaces, covering surface
b. Pathogenesis
Cell arranged: tightly packed, in layers
 Refers to the “how the disease
Function: Protect, Seal, Secrete, Absorb
develop”.
 Steps in the development of the
 Connective Tissue
disease.
Found: connecting tissue and organs
Cells + fibers  Mechanism of the disease.
Cell arranged: dispersed; fibers c. Morphological Changes
 Structural features of the
 Muscle Tissue disease.
Found: when movement is needed d. Functional derangement and Clinical
Cell arranged: striped or dark pink “spindles” Significance
Function: for movement  Functional feature of the
disease.
 Nerve Tissue
Found: Brain, spinal cord, other organs Clinical Significance
Special cell: neurons
Neurons: like large cell, extensions, owl – eye Symptoms – any indication of disease perceived
nucleus by the patient.
Function: Communication Signs – objective findings noticed by doctor on
examination of the patient; also known as
Pathology clinical signs.
 From the words:
̵ Patho/s – means disease or suffering Onset – start of the disease
̵ logy – means study Acute – rapid progression, abrupt
 Discipline that bridges clinical practice and basic Chronic – prolong or severe, gradually.
science. Prognosis – Prediction of the outcome of the
 Is a scientific study of disease. disease.
Fate – outcome of the disease.
Disease
 Disturbance of the structure and function of the Complication – new disease, conditions that
body. may occur during or after the usual course of
 An abnormal variation in structure or function the original disease.
of any part of the body.
Nomenclature of the Disease
General Pathology Systemic Pathology
Primary and Secondary
 Study the basic  Study of the
 Used to describe the causation of the disease.
reactions of cells particular
 Primary – no evident cause. and tissues to responses of
 Secondary – with evident cause. pathologic stimuli specialized
Acute and Chronic that underlie all organs and
 Used to describe the dynamics of a disease. disease. tissues to well –
Benign and Malignant  Common changes defined stimuli.
 Used to classify certain disease according to in all tissues.  Specific changes
their likely outcome. in organs.
 Benign – in localized area, not lethal, harmful
 Malignant – invade the other organ, lethal, Subdivision of Pathology
metastasize, cause death Gross Pathology
Syndrome - Examination of anatomical changes.
 An aggregate of signs and symptoms or a Cellular Pathology
combination of lesions w/o which the disease - Examination using microscope.
cannot diagnosed.
Surgical Pathology
- Removal of tissue through surgery.
Causes of Disease
 Genetic Factor Clinical Pathology
̵ Hereditary - Examines all body fluids, organisms,
 Environmental Factor blood, urine, feces.
̵ Physiological Immunopathology
̵ Chemical
̵ Mechanical
̵ Psychological
̵ Nutritional

Making of Diagnosis
Diagnosis – the act of naming a disease in an
individual/patient.
Process of Making Diagnosis
 Taking a clinical history to document symptoms
 Examining the patient for clinical signs
 Performing investigation

Division of Pathology
1. General Pathology
 Deals with the basic principles of disease
processes.
 Cancer, aging, inflammation
2. Systemic Pathology
 Examines the particular response of specialized
organs.
 Goiter, pneumonia, breast cancer