Ch-1 Introduction to AI

Assignment 1
Q1. What is Human Intelligence?
Ans. Intelligence is the ‘ability to perceive or infer information, and to retain it
as knowledge to be applied towards adaptive behaviours within an
environment or context.’
Q2. What are the different traits / types of Human Intelligence?
Ans. There are 9 types of Intelligences:

Q3. What factors help us to make decisions?

Ans: Decision making depends upon the availability of information and how
we experience and understand it, past experience, intuition, knowledge, and
self-awareness.
Q4. How does AI machine take decisions?
Ans: Machines also become intelligent once they are trained with some
information which helps them achieve their tasks. AI machines also keep
updating their knowledge to optimise their output.
Q5. Discuss some application areas of AI.
Ans: (1) Voice Assistants - Alexa, Google Assistant, Cortana, Siri
(2) To help us navigate to places, apps like UBER and Google Maps.
 (3) AI has completely enhanced the gaming experience for its users
(4) AI also take care of our habits, likes, and dislikes for e.g platforms
like Netflix, Amazon, Spotify, YouTube etc. show us recommendations
on the basis of what we like.
(5) AI is also being used to monitor our health.
(6) Customized notifications about our online shopping details, auto-
create playlists according to our requests and so on
(7) Taking selfies was never this fun as Snapchat filters make them
look so cool
Q6. Differentiate between AR (Augmented Reality) and VR(Virtual
Reality).

Ans: AR augments the real-world scene whereas VR creates completely

immersive virtual environments. AR is 25% virtual and 75% real while VR is
75% virtual and 25% real. In AR no headset is needed on the other hand
in VR, you need headset device.

Q7. Is AI a recent technology? If not, explain why it gained

prominence only recently?

Ans: AI is not a latest technology, it was started back in 1950s in US and

has been constantly evolving ever since.

It has gained prominence only recently because:

(a) Internet and data plans have become cheaper

(b) Access to apps like Cortana/siri/alexa
(c) Commercial datasets are available to support analytics
(d) Availability of lot of training data to make them smarter
(e) Powerful Computational Resources
(f) Availability of machine learning algorithms through open source
communities.
Q1. Fill in the blanks:
a) Amazon Go uses Computer Vision to capture product details
and their prizes in cashier less store environment.
b) Unstructured data is difficult to process for AI applications.
Q2. State True or False:
a) Facial Recognition based unlocking of a phone is an example of
narrow AI (True)
b) Alexa is an example of AI around us (True)
c) Earlier, use of unstructured data required heavy computational
power. (True)
d) Dimensionality reduction is used to do data cleaning when you
have a ready stream of data. (True)
e) SQL is an advanced version of AI for query in search. (False)
(AI is used SQL based search but we cannot call it advance
version of AI)
Q3. MCQ
a. In which learning algorithms, if the sample training data is too
less, what happens to the model?
(i) Underfitting (ii) Overfitting
(iii) Perfect Fitting (iv) Normal Curve Fit
Ans: Overfitting
b. Which is not a type of intelligence for humans?
(i) Linguistic Intelligence (ii) Spatial Visual Intelligence
(iii) Machine Intelligence (iv) Kinaesthetic
Intelligence
Ans: Machine Learning
c. Which of the following is not an example of image recognition in
AI?
(i) Seeing an image to identify the object in it
(ii) Identifying humans or animals in an image
(iii) Understanding emotion of a human in the image
(iv) Adding a colour effect to the image
Ans: Adding a colour effect to the image
d. Which of the following is not a part of Natural Language
Understanding?
(i) Syntax (ii) Image Processing
(iii) Semantics (iv) Pragmatics
Ans: Image Processing
e. What is the technology that helps machine understand and
interpret a text sentence to provide relevant response?
 (i) NLP (ii) IoT
(iii) Blockchain (iv) Augmented Reality
Ans: NLP
f. What type of data constitutes images and videos?
(i) Structured Data (ii) Level Data
(iii) Unstructured Data (iv) Responsive Data
Ans: Unstructured Data
g. Through which of the following does machine learning
understand data?
(ii) Developer (ii) Set of Code
(iii) Ethics (iv) Pattern
Ans: Pattern

Q4. What is Automation? Give examples.

Ans: Automation is the technology by which a process or procedure is
performed with minimal human assistance.
E.g Washing Machines, Air conditioners.

Q5. Is AI a recent technology? If no, explain why it has gained

prominence only recently?
Ans: AI is not a recent discovery and has been in existence for over 50 yrs.
The reasons for its recent popularity are:
(1) Increased and more than ever powerful computational resources
which enable heavy AI algorithms to work.
(2) There is so much of data available with billions of people using
smartphones with so many apps and constantly generating more
and more personal data.
(3) Cheaper internet and data plans making more and more people
and devices get connected and enable AI globally.
(4) Access to apps like Siri, Alexa etc. that know so much about us,
our preferences, location, profile etc.

Q6. Do you think AI will result in more and more jobs going to
machines? What will humans do if machines do all the work?
Ans: Write your views/in your words.

Q7. What is Machine Learning? What are the application areas of

ML?
Ans: It is a subset of Artificial Intelligence which enables machines to
improve at tasks with experience (data). The intention of Machine
Learning is to enable machines to learn by themselves using the
provided data and make accurate Predictions/ Decisions.
Application Areas of Machine Learning:
1. Image Recognition: Image recognition is one of the most
common applications of machine learning. ...
2. Speech Recognition. ...
3. Traffic prediction: ...
4. Product recommendations: ...
5. Self-driving cars: ...
6. Email Spam and Malware Filtering: ...
7. Virtual Personal Assistant: ...
8. Online Fraud Detection:

Q8. What is Deep Learning? What are the application areas of DL?
Ans: In Deep Learning, the machine is trained with huge amounts of
data which helps it in training itself around the data. Such machines
are intelligent enough to develop algorithms for themselves. Deep
Learning is the most advanced form of Artificial Intelligence out of
these three.
Application Areas of Deep Learning:
 Self Driving Cars.
 News Aggregation and Fraud News Detection.
 Natural Language Processing.
 Virtual Assistants.
 Entertainment.
 Visual Recognition.
 Fraud Detection.
 Healthcare.

Q9. Define:

a) Algorithm – An algorithm is a structured sequence of well

defined computer implementable instructions to solve problems
or to perform a computation

b) Pattern Recognition – Pattern recognition can be defined as

the classification of data based on knowledge already gained or
on statistical information extracted from patterns and/or their
representation
 AI devices understand and analyse data, such as text, images
and produce output by using a process called Pattern
Recognition.

Q10. Differentiate between Labelled and Unlabelled Data.

Ans: Labelled data – Labelled data is a data set which has been tagged
with one or more labels, for example, in e-mail spam, labelling a
mail as spam based on certain attributes such as subject, links,
content etc.
Unlabelled Data – Unlabelled data is a data that comes from no
such tagging or labelling for example, a comment or picture on
social media added by someone without tagging or context.

Q11. How many types of Machine Learning are there?

Ans: (1) Supervised Learning - Supervised learning is a learning in
which we teach or train the machine using data which is well labeled
that means some data is already tagged with the correct answer.

(2) Unsupervised Learning - Unsupervised learning is the training of

machine using information that is neither classified nor labeled and
allowing the algorithm to act on that information without guidance.
The task of machine is to group unsorted information according to
similarities, patterns and differences without any prior training of
data.

(3) Reinforcement Learning - Reinforcement Learning(RL) is a type of

machine learning technique that enables an agent to learn in an
interactive environment by trial and error using feedback from its own
actions and experiences. The agent gets a reward for success and
penalized for failure.

Q12. Differentiate between Supervised and Unsupervised

Learning.
Ans:

Supervised learning algorithms are trained Unsupervised learning

using labeled data. algorithms are trained using
unlabeled data.
Supervised learning model takes direct Unsupervised learning model does not
feedback to check if it is predicting correct take any feedback.
output or not.
Supervised learning model predicts the Unsupervised learning model finds the
output. hidden patterns in data.
In supervised learning, input data is provided In unsupervised learning, only input
to the model along with the output. data is provided to the model.
The goal of supervised learning is to train the The goal of unsupervised learning is to
model so that it can predict the output when find the hidden patterns and useful
it is given new data. insights from the unknown dataset.
Supervised learning needs supervision to train Unsupervised learning does not need
the model. any supervision to train the model.
Supervised learning can be categorized Unsupervised Learning can be classified
in Classification and Regression. in Clustering, Associations and
Dimensionality Reduction.

Q1. What are the domains of AI?

Ans: (1) Data Science
(2) Computer Vision
(3) Natural Language Processing

Q2. What is Data Science? What are its application areas?

Ans: Data sciences is a domain of AI related to data systems and
processes, in which the system collects numerous data,
maintains data sets and derives meaning/sense out of them.
Application Areas:
(1) Price Comparison Websites
(2) Fraud and Risk Detection
(3) Genetics and Genomes
(4) Internet Search
(5) Target Advertising
(6) Website Recommendation
(7) Airline Route Planning
(8) Score Prediction

Q3.What is Computer Vision ? What are its application

areas?
Ans: Computer Vision or CV, is a domain of AI that depicts the
capability of a machine to get and analyse visual information and
afterwards predict some decisions about it. The entire process
involves image acquiring, screening, analysing, identifying and
extracting information.
Input to machines can be photographs, videos and pictures from
thermal or infrared sensors, indicators and different sources.
The main objective of this domain of AI is to teach machines to
collect information from pixels.
Application Areas:
(1) Self Driving Cars
(2) Face Lock in Smart phones
(3) Face Filters in apps like Snapchat
(4) Google Search by Image
(5) In retail to track customer’s movement through store
(6) Medical Imaging
(7) Google Translate App

Q4. What is NLP ? Mention its Application Areas.

Ans: NLP, is a branch of artificial intelligence that deals with the
interaction between computers and humans using the natural
language. Natural language refers to language that is spoken and
written by people, and natural language processing (NLP)
attempts to extract information from the spoken and written
word using algorithms.
The ultimate objective of NLP is to read, decipher, understand,
and make sense of the human languages in a way that is
valuable.
Application Areas:
(1) Email Filters
(2) Smart Assistants
(3) Automatic Summarisation
(4) Sentiment Analysis
(5) Text Classification
Q5. What kind of data is fed in the different domains of AI?
Ans: Data Science – Numerical and Alphanumerical
CV – Images , Videos
NLP – Text , Speech

Q6. Define:
(1) AI Ethics - AI Ethics can be divided into a concern with
the moral behavior of humans as they design, construct,
 use and treat artificially intelligent beings, and
machine ethics, which is concerned with the moral behavior
of artificial moral agents (AMAs)
(2) AI Bias - Bias in AI” refers to situations where machine
learning-based data analytics systems discriminate against
particular groups of people. This discrimination usually
follows our own societal biases regarding race, gender,
biological sex, nationality, or age.
(3) Data Privacy - Data Privacy describes the practices which
ensure that the data shared by customers is only used for
its intended purpose.
(4) AI Access - Artificial Intelligence is still a budding
technology, not everyone has the opportunity to access it.
The people who can afford AI enabled devices make the
most of it while others who cannot are left behind. Because
of this, a gap has emerged between these two classes of
people and it gets widened with the rapid advancement of
technology.

Q7. Why data privacy is important?

Ans: Data privacy is important because Individuals who have
accessed to our personal data can retrieve our login information
for various websites or commit cyber crimes such as tax fraud,
all while posing as us.

Q8. Why do apps collect data?

Ans: AI machine learning and deep learning are learning from
every data input and using those inputs to generate new rules for
future business analytics. ... “Data is the lifeblood of AI.
An AI system needs to learn from data in order to be able to fulfill
its function. It is the data which is fed into the machine which
makes it intelligent.

Q9. What do you think data collected by various apps is

ethical or not?
Ans: Data collected by various applications is ethical as the
smartphone users agree to it by clicking on allow when it asks for
permission and by agreeing to all the terms and conditions.

Q10. Fill in the blanks:

 1) Human biases are magnified in AI due to the way it creeps
into algorithm and takes decision based on training data.
2) Bias can enter AI through developer and training data

Q1. Write all 17 sustainable development goals.

Ans:

Q2. What are the 5 stages of AI Project Cycle? Briefly explain

each of them.
Ans: Problem Scoping, Data Acquisition, Data Exploration, Modelling,
Evaluation
Q3. Explain the five components of AI Project cycle.
Ans:
1. PROBLEM SCOPING/SOLVING
The process of identifying the solution of a problem, set a goal
and having a vision to solve is known as Problem Scoping.

2. DATA ACQUISITION
Data acquisition is the process of gathering data, filtering and
cleaning data before the data is put in a warehouse or any other
storage solution.

3. DATA EXPLORATION
 Data Exploration helps to visualize data and to find trends and
patterns out of it.

4. MODELLING
Data modelling is the process of producing a descriptive
diagram of relationships between various types of information
that are to be stored in a database.

5. EVALUATE
Model Evaluation is an integral part of the model development
process. It helps to find the best model that represents our data
and how well the chosen model will work in the future
Q4. What is 4Ws Problem Canvas ?
Ans: 4Ws Problem Canvas help us to understand step by step how
problem scoping can be done.

WHO? WHAT? WHERE? WHY?

1. Who - The who block help us to analyse the people getting

affected directly or indirectly due to it i.e the STAKEHOLDERS.
2. What? – Under What block we need to determine the nature of
the problem. What is the problem? How do we know it’s a
problem? We can also gather evidence to prove that the problem
we have selected actually exists. (through newspaper,
announcements, media,etc.)
3. Where? – Here we need to focus on the context
/situation/location of the problem.
4. Why? – As we have listed down all the major elements that affect
the problem directly. Now it is convenient to understand who are
that people that would be benefitted by the solution are; what is
to be solved; and where will the solution be deployed.

Q5. Who are Stakeholders?

Ans: Stakeholders are the people who face the problem and would be
benefitted with the solution.

Q6. What are the various offline and online sources of data?

Offline Data Collection

 Sensors
 Surveys
 Interviews
 Observations
 Online Data Collection
 Open-sourced Government Portals
 Reliable Websites (Kaggle)
 World Organisations’ open-sourced statistical website

Q7.Explain how think system maps are helpful in defining the

workflow in AI projects?
Ans: A system map shows the components and boundaries of a
system and the components of the environment at a specific point in
time. With the help of System Maps, one can easily define a
relationship amongst different elements which come under a system
with the project’s goal.
Positive arrows determine a direct relationship between the elements
while negative ones shows an inverse relationship of elements.

Q8. Name few Data Visualization techniques.

Ans: Bullet Graph, Calendar, Dot map, Histogram, Flow chart, Error
Bars, Kagi Chart, Network Diagram etc.
Q9. What points should be kept in mind while collecting
authentic data from internet? Write some genuine websites from
where data can be taken.
Ans: (1) Data which we collect is open-sourced and not someone’s
property. Extracting private data can be an offence.
(2) One of the most reliable and authentic sources of information,
are the open-sourced websites hosted by the government.
These government portals have general information collected
in suitable format which can be downloaded and used wisely.

Q10. What is Data, Training Data and testing Data?

Ans: Data can be a piece of information or facts and statistics
collected together for reference or analysis.
The training data is used to make sure the machine recognizes
patterns in the data, the cross-validation data is used to ensure better
accuracy and efficiency of the algorithm used to train the machine,
and the test data is used to see how well the machine can predict
new answers based on its training.
For any AI project to be efficient, the training data should be authentic
and relevant to the problem statement scoped.

Q11. What are Data Features?

Ans: Data features refer to the type of data you want to collect.
Q1. What are the key differences between Rule Based and
Learning Based AI.
Ans:
Rule Based AI Learning Based AI
It refers to the AI modelling where In this approach, random data is fed to
the relationship or patterns are not the machine and it is left on the
defined by the developer. machine to figure out patterns and
trends out of it.
Data is labelled Data is unlabelled

The machine follows the rules or The machine looks at the data, tries to
instructions mentioned by the extract similar features out of it and
developer, and performs its tasks clusters same dataset together. In the
accordingly. end as output, the machine tells us
about the trends which it observed in
the training data.
Q2. Define Decision tree.
Ans: It is one of the most common and basic models in data science –
Decision Tree. They are the example of Rule Based Approach which
helps the machine in predicting what an element is with the help of
various decisions fed to it. The basic structure of a decision tree starts
from the root which is the point where decision tree starts. From
there, the tree diverges into multiple directions with the help of arrows
called branches. These branches depict the condition because of
which the tree diverges. In the end, the final decision is where the tree
ends. These decisions are termed as the leaves of the tree. It would
look like an upside -down tree.
Q3. Differentiate between Classification and Regression.

Regression Algorithm Classification Algorithm

Regression Algorithms are used Classification Algorithms are used
with continuous data. with discrete data.
Regression algorithms can be used Classification algorithms are used
to solve the regression problems to predict/Classify the discrete
such as Weather Prediction, House values such as Male or Female,
price prediction, etc. True or False, Spam or Not Spam,
etc.
Q4. Differentiate between Classification and Clustering

Classification Clustering
Uses Labelled data as the input Uses unlabelled data as the input
The output is known The output is unknown
Uses Supervised Machine Learning Uses Unsupervised Machine
Learning
Q5. Define Dimensionality Reduction.
Ans: Dimensionality Reduction is the process of reducing the
dimension of data. It helps in data compression and hence reduce the
storage space. It also helps remove duplicate features, if any and
hence reduces the computation time.
But It may sometimes lead to some amount of data loss.

Q6. What is Neural Network?

Ans: Neural networks are loosely modelled after how neurons in the
human brain behave. The key advantage of neural networks are that
they are able to extract data features automatically without needing
the input of the programmer. A neural network is essentially a system
of organizing machine learning algorithms to perform certain tasks. It
is a fast and efficient way to solve problems for which the dataset is
very large, such as in images.
Q7. A Neural Network is divided into multiple layers and each layer is
further divided into several blocks called nodes

Q8. Which is the first layer of Neural Network and what is its
function?
Ans: The first layer of a Neural Network is known as the input layer.
The job of an input layer is to acquire data and feed it to the Neural
Network. No processing occurs at the input layer.

Q9. Which layer(s) is/are responsible for processing?

Ans: Hidden Layer(s)

Q10. Which layer(s) is/are not visible to the user?

Ans: Hidden Layer(s)

Q11. How does a Neural Network works?

Ans: Neural Network is divided into multiple layers and each layer is
further divided into several blocks called nodes. Each node has its own
task to accomplish which is then passed to the next layer. The first
layer of a Neural Network is known as the input layer. The job of an
input layer is to acquire data and feed it to the Neural Network. No
processing occurs at the input layer. Next to it, are the hidden layers.
Hidden layers are the layers in which the whole processing occurs.
Their name essentially means that these layers are hidden and are not
visible to the user.
Each node of these hidden layers has its own machine learning
algorithm which it executes on the data received from the input layer.
The processed output is then fed to the subsequent hidden layer of the
network. There can be multiple hidden layers in a neural network
system and their number depends upon the complexity of the function
for which the network has been configured. Also, the number of nodes
in each layer can vary accordingly. The last hidden layer passes the
final processed data to the output layer which then gives it to the user
as the final output. Similar to the input layer, output layer too does not
process the data which it acquires. It is meant for user-interface.

Q12. List some uses of Neural Network?

Ans: Uses of Neural Networks
• Image, speech recognistion
• Medical Diagnosis
• Stock Market Predictions
• Language Translations
• Handwriting Recognition
• Automated Driving Vehicle

Q13. MCQ:
1. Regression Works with :
a) Intermittent Data b) Continuous Data
c) Step Function Data d) Partially Linear Data
Ans: Continuous Data
2. Which of these is / area visualization technique in AI Project Cycle ?
a) System Maps b) Neural Network
c) Sketchy Graph d) Decision Tree
Ans; Sketchy Graph, System Maps
3. Which of these is not a type of data format?
a) CSV b) SQL c) Spreadsheet d) Windows
Ans: Windows
 REVISION – TERM I
Q1. Which is the 3rd stage of Project Cycle?
Q2. Which is the final stage of Project Cycle?
Q3. Identifying a problem and having a vision to solve it is known as
__________
Q4. Project Cycle is used to resolve ____________
Q5. Scoping a problem is not easy so _____________ help us out.
Q6. What are the 4 components of 4 Ws Canvas?
Q7. ___________are the people who face this problem and would be
benefitted with the solution
Q8. The ___________Template helps us to summarise all the key points
into one single Template so that in future, whenever there is need to
look back at the basis of the problem,
Q9. Which stage is used to collect data for the project?
Q10. For any AI project to be efficient, the training data should be
_________ and ________ to the problem statement scoped.
Q11. What are the various sources from where data can be collected?
Q12. A _________shows the components and boundaries of a system
and the components of the environment at a specific point in time.
Q13. Assertion : Machines become intelligent once they are trained
with some information.
Reasoning : AI Machines can’t learn by its own
a) Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the correct explanation of
(A)
b) Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is not the correct explanation
of (A)
c) (A) is correct but (R) is not correct
d) (A) is wrong but (R) is correct

Q14. Assertion : In a Supervised Learning Model, the dataset which is

fed to the machine is labelled
Reasoning : A Label is some information which can be used as a tag
for data.
a) Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the correct explanation of
(A)
b) Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is not the correct explanation
of (A)
c) (A) is correct but (R) is not correct
d) (A) is wrong but (R) is correct
Q15. Assertion : Sentiment Analysis is based on NLP domain of AI.
Reasoning : Natural Language Processing is all about how machines
try to understand and interpret human language and operate
accordingly
a) Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the correct explanation of
(A)
b) Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is not the correct explanation
of (A)
c) (A) is correct but (R) is not correct
d) (A) is wrong but (R) is correct

Q16. What are the various Data Visualization Techniques?

Q17. __________ and ____________ are the subsets of AI.
Q18. ___________ is the most advance form of AI.
Q19. _______ enables machines to improve at tasks with experience.
The machine here learns from the new data fed to it while testing and
uses it for the next iteration
Q20. _______enables software to train itself to perform tasks with vast
amounts of data and are intelligent enough to develop algorithms for
themselves.
Q21. What are the two types of Models?
Q22. In which type of model, relationship or patterns in data are
defined by the developer?
Q23. In which type of model, data is random and relationship or
patterns in data are not defined by the developer?
Q24.In which type of ML data is labelled?
Q25. In which type of ML data is not labelled?
Q26. _____________ learning is based on rewards and punishments
Q27. What are the two types of Supervised Learning?
Q28. What are the types of Unsupervised Learning?
Q29. Ms. Rani is intelligent in performing calculations and logical
reasoning. This ability refers to ___________
Q30, When you search for 'Doctor' on a search website, the results for
Doctor images might mostly come up as 'male'. Whereas for 'Nurse'
most results would be 'female'. What does this depict?
Q31. System Map helps to figure out relationship of elements with the
project goal. System Maps are a part of ________
Q32. Mr. Anurag is excellent in publishing articles on blog. This
ability refers to ____________ intelligence.
Q33. Regression works with _______________
Q34. AI can change current education models. However, which of the
following cannot be substituted by AI?
a)Grading and Assessment
b)Content Creation and Content Delivery
c)Accessibility and Affordability
d)Emotional Assistance
Q35.Which is the famous intelligence test?
a)Watson Test
b)Turing Test
c)Deep Blue Test
d)Andrew Test
Q36. With so many people using electricity on a daily basis—whether
it is to charge their cell phones or to use their TV—a lot of cables
(made of plastic) must be used. Plastic destroys our ecosystem, yet we
continue to produce it. Indispensable as it may seem, it has an
adverse effect on the environment. The manufacturing of plastic is not
exactly ecofriendly. With a little help from modern technology Elif
discovered a way to help curb our plastic problem. She used banana
peels as the main ingredient to make bio-plastics. Which of the
Sustainable Development Goal does this scenario relate to?
a) Life on land
b) Responsible consumption, and production
c) Affordable and clean energy
d) Sustainable cities and communities

Q37. Tarun is a student of grade six. He is interested in subjects such

as botany, biology and zoology. He is interested in nurturing, exploring
the environment and learning about other species. Which type of
intelligence does he demonstrate?
a. Naturalistic Intelligence
b. Musical Intelligence
c. Interpersonal Intelligence
d. Intrapersonal Intelligence

Q38. Assertion (A): Amazon’s Alexa is not a home assistant. It is used

in offices to show presentations.
Reason (R): Alexa is a home assistant which is developed into smart
speakers that function as personal assistants.
a. Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
b. Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is NOT the correct explanation
of (A)
c. (A) is correct but (R) is not correct
d. (A) is not correct but (R) is correct

Q39. Choose the correct option.

a. System maps → elements, language
b. System maps → elements, interconnection
c. System maps → data, interpretation
d. System maps → language, commands

Q40. Zarina wants to know about the three layers of neural network.
Which of the following statement is TRUE about the layers of neural
network?
a. Input layer (Corresponds to Axon in a neuron)→ Hidden layer
(Extraction is done) → Output layer (Corresponds to Axon in a neuron)
b. Hidden layer (Extraction is done) → Input layer (Corresponds to
dendrites) → Output layer (Corresponds to Axon in a neuron)
c. Input layer (Corresponds to dendrites)→ Hidden layer (Corresponds
to Axon in a neuron) → Output layer (Extract is done)
d. Input layer (Corresponds to dendrites)→ Hidden layer (Extract is
done) → Output layer (Corresponds to Axon in a neuron)

Q41. Snapchat filters use _____ and _____ to enhance your selfie with
flowers, cat ears etc.
a) machine learning and deep learning
b) data and image processing
c) augmented reality and machine learning
d) NLP and computer vision
ANSWERS
1. Data Exploration
2. Evaluation
3. Problem Scoping
4. Real World Problems
5. 4 Ws Canvas
6. Who, What , Where, Why
7. Stakeholders
8. Problem Statement
9. Data Acquisition
10. Authentic, Relevant
11. Surveys, Observation, Camera Footages, Sensors,
Observations, Newspaper, API, Web Scraping
12. System Map
13. (A) is correct but (R) is not correct
14. Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is not the correct
explanation of (A)
15. Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the correct
explanation of (A)
16. Line Graph, Histogram, Flowcharts, Bubble Graph etc
17. ML and DL
18. DL
19. ML
20. DL
21. Rule Based and Learning Based
22. Rule Based
23. Learning Based
24. Supervised Learning
25. Unsupervised Learning
26. Reinforcement Learning
27. Classification and Regression
28. Clustering , Dimensionality Reduction, Association
29. Mathematical Intelligence
30. Gender Bias
31. Data Acquisition
32. Linguistic Intelligence
33. Continuous data
34. Emotional Assistance
35. Turing Test
36. Affordable and clean energy
37. Naturalistic Intelligence
38. (A) is not correct but (R) is correct
39. System maps → elements, interconnection
40. d. Input layer (Corresponds to dendrites)→ Hidden layer
(Extract is done) → Output layer (Corresponds to Axon in a
neuron)
41. c) augmented reality and machine learning
 Employability Skills
Unit 1 – Communication Skills
Q1. What is Communication?
Ans : Exchange of information by signs and signals, speaking, writing or using
some other medium and means is called communication.

Q2. What are the 3 parts of Communication?

Ans. (1) Transmitting—The sender transmits the message through one medium
or another.
(2) Listening— The receiver listens or understands the message.
(3) Feedback—The receiver conveys their understanding of the message to the
sender in the form of feedback to complete the communication cycle.

The process of conveying a message is complete only when the person

receiving it has understood the message in its entirety.

Q3. What are the elements of communication?

Ans: Sender/Communicator : the person beginning the communication
Message: the information that the sender wishes to convey
Channel: the means by which the message is sent
Receiver: the person to whom the message is sent
Response /Feedback: the receiver's response to the message

Q4. List the various methods of verbal communication.

Ans: 1. Face to face communication – It helps to message to understood
clearly and quickly. Since body language can also be seen, so it adds
effectiveness in the communication.
2. E-Mail /SMS - Can be used to communicate quickly with one or many
individuals in various locations. It offers flexibility, convenience and low-cost.
3. Notice/Poster - It is effective when the same message has to go out to a large
group of people
4. Business Meetings – Used to address a group of people
5. Other Methods – include Social networks, Phone Call, Newsletter, Blogs
etc

Q5. What is Verbal Communication and what are its types?

Ans: Verbal communication includes sounds, words, language, and speech.
Speaking is one of the most effective and commonly used way of
communicating. It helps in expressing our emotions in words.
Types:
(1) Inter-personal Communication - It is one -on-one conversation that
takes place between two individuals. It can be formal or informal.
(2) Written Communication - This involves writing words like letters,
circulars, reports, manuals, SMS, social media chats, etc. It can be
between two or more people.
(3) Small Group Communication - This type of communication takes place
when there are more than two people involved. Each participant can
interact and converse with the rest. E.g Press Conference , Board
Meetings.
(4) Public Communication – It takes place when one individual addresses a
large gathering. Eg Election campaigns, Public speeches by dignitaries

Q6. What are the advantages and disadvantages of Verbal

Communication?
Ans: Advantages
(1) It saves time – It helps to quickly send messages thus saving time.
(2) It saves money – as there is no need of paper, designing a flyer, spell
check etc.
(3) Quick Feedback – The receiver can ask and clear his doubts on the spot
without any delay and sender also gets the quick feedback.
(4) Most Convenient message- It is easy to convey matter simply, in plain
understandable language which is widely preferred.

Disadvantages:
(1) Sometimes the meanings can be confusing and difficult to understand if
the right words are not used.
(2) Not convenient for long messages

Q7. How to enhance or master in verbal communication?

Ans:
• Think about your topic.
• Think about the most effective ways to make your listeners understand
the topic.
• Write or note down whatever you plan to say.
• Speak clearly, loudly and at moderate speed.
• Be sure the information you want to share is to the point.
• Do not repeat the same sentences.
• Be confident.
• Maintain eye contact, stand straight and be attentive.
• Be friendly.

Q8. What is non-verbal Communication?

Ans: Non-verbal communication is the expression, gestures, postures, touch,
space, eye contact and body language or exchange of information or messages
without using any spoken or written word.
Q9. What is the importance of non-verbal communication ?
Ans. • Our message becomes more effective if we use the right gestures while
communicating.
• If we know about non-verbal communication, we can understand our
audience’s reaction and adjust our interaction accordingly.
• Using the right gestures and postures is a sign of professionalism and etiquette.
• If verbal messages are obstructed by noise or distance, etc., we can use our
hand movements to exchange messages. For example, placing a finger on the
lips indicates the need for silence while nodding the head is the same as saying
‘yes’.

Q10. What are the different types of Non-Verbal Communication?

Ans: (1) Facial Expression - Our expressions can show different feelings, such
as Happiness, Sadness, Anger, Surprise, Fear, etc
(2) Posture - Postures show our confidence and feelings. For example, a
straight body posture shows confidence while a slumped posture is a sign of
weakness.
(3) Gestures or Body Language - Gestures include body movements that
express an idea or meaning. For example, raising a hand in class to ask a
question and biting nails when nervous.
(4) Touch - We communicate a great deal through touch. For example, a firm
handshake to display confidence and pat on the back to encourage someone.
(5) Space - Space is the physical distance between two people.
(6) Eye Contact - The way we look at someone can communicate a lot. Eye
contact shows that we are paying attention to the person as opposed to looking
away, which can make the other person feel ignored.
(7) Para Language - How we speak affects our communication and includes
the tone, speed and volume of our voice. For example, talking fast may show
happiness, excitement or nervousness

Q11. How Visual Communication is effective ?

Ans: Visual communication
proves to be effective since it
involves interchanging messages
only through images or pictures
and therefore, you do not need to
know any particular language for
understanding it. It is simple and
remains consistent across
different places.
E.g
Q11. Draw Communication Cycle?

Q12. What is the importance of feedback and what are the types of
feedback?
Ans: Types :
(1) Positive Feedback
(2) Negative Feedback
(3) No Feedback

Importance of Feedback :
(1) It validates effective listening
(2) It motivates
(3) It boosts learning
(4) It improves performance

Q13. What is a good feedback ?

Ans: Feedback, if shared properly, can help reinforce existing strengths and can
increase the recipient’s abilities to rectify errors.

A good feedback is one which is :

(1) Specific
(2) Timely
(3) Polite
(4) Offering Continuing support

Q14. What is Effective Communication?

Ans: A communication is effective when basic principals of professional
communication skills are followed include the 7 C’s :
(1) Clear – What you want to say
(2) Concise – Use simple words and say only what is needed
(3) Concrete – Use exact words and phrases
(4) Correct – Use correct spelling and grammar
 (5) Coherent – Words should make sense and relate to main topic
(6) Complete- Include all needed information
(7) Courteous – Be respectful, friendly and honest

Q15. What are the barriers in effective communication ?

Ans: (1) Physical Barriers
(2) Lingusitic Barriers
(3) Interpersonal Barriers
(4) Organisational Barriers
(5) Cultural Barriers

Q16. What are the ways to overcome barriers to effective communication?

Ans: (1) Use Simple Language
(2) Do not form assumptions on culture, religion or geography
(3) Try to communicate in person as much as possible
(4) Use Visuals
(5) Take hep of language translators to overcome differences in language
(6) Be respectful of other’s opinion

Writing Skills
 Capitalisation
 Punctuation
 Basic Parts of Speech - Nouns, Verbs, Pronouns, Adverb, Adjectives
 Supporting Parts of Speech – Articles, Conjunction, Preposition,
Interjection
 Parts of Sentence – Subject, Verb, Object
 Active and Passive Sentences
 Paragraph
 Employability Skills
Unit 2 Self Management Skills

Q1. What is Self Management?

Ans: Self-management, also referred to as ‘self-control,’ is the ability to control
one’s emotions, thoughts and behaviour effectively in different situations. This
also includes motivating oneself, and setting goals.

Q2. What skills are required to succeed in life ?

Ans:(1) Self Awareness - Ask for honest feedback. Gather insights on your
personality and work-specific proficiencies.
(2) Responsibility - Taking ownership is the step towards self-development.
(3) Time Management - Prioritise the things you have to do. Remove waste
and redundancy from work.
(4) Adaptability – Prepare yourself for new changes, so that you can transition
seamlessly.

Q3. What is Stress?

Ans: Stress can be defined as our emotional, mental, physical and social
reaction to any perceived demands or threats. These demands or threats are
called stressors. Stressors are the reason for stress.

Stress can be a positive stress, if taken in right sense and may help in achieving
effective outcomes. And negative stress makes a person worrisome, less
productive and may lead to various psychosomatic disorders too

Q4. What is Stress Management and how it help us ?

Ans: Managing stress is about making a plan to be able to cope effectively with
daily pressures. The ultimate goal is to strike a balance between life, work,
relationships, relaxation and fun.

Stress management can help you to

• have a joyful life.
• focus and complete tasks on time.
• be a happy person as you are stress free.
• be more energetic and spend quality time with your friends and family.

Q5. List some of the ways to manage stress?

Ans: (1) Be aware that you are stressed – look at the signs of stress like
headache, sadness, sleeplessness, excessive worrying etc.
(2) Identify what is causing you stress – Find out the reason like is it due to
exams, money, family pressure etc.
(3) Apply stress management methods – Use time management, focus
important task and get them done, talk to someone close, exercise, watch a
movie etc.
Q6. List few Stress Management Techniques.
Ans:
 Time Management
 Physical Exercise and Fresh air
 Healthy Diet
 Positivity
 Organising work, no delaying
 Proper Sleep
 Holidays with family and friends

Q7. What is Self Awareness?

Ans: Self awareness means knowing your strengths and weaknesses, Self
awareness help you in converting your weakness into strengths and strengths
into an exceptional talent and that helps you to attain success.

Q8. What are the techniques to identify our strengths and weaknesses?
Ans: Finding Strengths (or abilities)
• Think of anything that you are always successful at.
• Think about what others like in you.
• Take out time and think about what you do well.

Finding Weaknesses
• Point out the areas where you struggle and the things you find difficult to do.
• Look at the feedback others usually give you.
• Be open to feedback and accept your weaknesses without feeling low about it.
Take it as an area of improvement.

Q9. Differentiate between Interests and Abilities.

Ans: Interests
1. Things that you like to do in your free time that make you happy.
2. Things you are curious about or would do even if no one asked you to do it.
3. Things you want to learn or would like to do in the future.

Abilities
1. An acquired or natural capacity
2. Enable you to perform a particular job or task with considerable
proficiency.

Q10. What is Self Motivation? What are the different types of

Motivations? What are the qualities of Self – Motivated people?
Ans: Self Motivation is our ability to do the things that need to be done without
someone or something influencing us.
 (1) Internal Motivation : Love : We do things because they make us happy,
healthy and feel good.
(2) External Motivation : Reward : We do things because they give us
respect, recognition and appreciation

Qualities of Self Motivated People

1. They know what they want from life
2. They are focused
3. They know what is important
4. They are dedicated to fulfil their dreams

Q11. How can we build self-motivation?

Ans: (1) Find out your strengths
(2) Set and focus on your goals
(3) Develop a plan to achieve your goals
(4) Stay local to your goals

Q12. Define goal and goal setting.

Ans: Goals : They are a set of dreams with a deadline to get them, for example,
saving pocket money to buy a favourite mobile phone by a particular date.
Goal setting : It is all about finding and listing your goals and then planning on
how to achieve them.

Q13. How can we use SMART method to set goals?

Ans: (1) S- Specific – Specific and Clear goal
(2) M- Measurable – How much, How many
(3) A- Achievable - : Breaking down big goals into smaller parts will make the
goal achievable.
(4) R – Realistic - A realistic goal would be something that we want to achieve
and can
(5) T- Time Bound - A SMART goal should have a timeframe by when the goal
needs to be achieved.
This encourages us to take actions to completely fulfill the goals.

Q14. What is Time Management, why it is important and what are the
steps for effective time management?
Ans: Time management is the ability to plan and control how you spend the
hours of your day well and do all that you want to do.
Time management is the thinking skill that helps you to
• complete tasks on time.
• make a daily timetable.
• make a good guess at how long it will take you to do something.
• submit homework and assignments on time.
• not waste time during the day.

Steps for effective time management

(1) Organise – organise your activities, plans, timetable, surroundings
 (2) Prioritised - Make a to-do list and rank them in the order of importance
(3) Control – Control activities and time , avoid time wasters
(4) Track – Identify and note where we have spent time

Tips for Practicing the Four Steps for Effective Time Management
• Avoid delay or postponing any planned activity
• Organise your room and school desk
• Develop a ‘NO DISTURBANCE ZONE’, where you can sit and complete
important tasks
• Use waiting time productively
• Prepare a ‘To-do’ list
• Prioritise
• Replace useless activities with productive activities
 EMPLOYABILITY SKILLS

L-3 INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY

1. What is an operating system? Mention any three

functions of OS.
Ans: An Operating System is an interface between
computer and user. It is a system software that
performs basic tasks like file management, memory
management, handling input and output , controlling
devices etc.
2. Name any three operating systems for computers
Ans: Microsoft Windows, Ubuntu, Unix, Mac OS
3. Name any two mobile operating systems.
Ans: Android, Apple iOS,
4. What is the name given to the screen that appears
after Windows operating system is loaded?
Ans: Desktop
5. Small images on the desktop are called ICONS
6. Name two special icons on the desktop .
Ans: Recycle Bin , Network, This Computer, Control
Panel, Documents
7. Name the icon that provides access to all the drives,
files and folders on a computer.
Ans: This Computer
8. Name the button to the left of the taskbar. – START
BUTTON
9. Picture for the desktop background is called
WALLPAPER

10. What is the difference between moving and copying a

folder?
 Ans: (1) Copying a folder creates a duplicate folder on some
other location while Moving a folder shifts a folder one
location to another .
(2) Copy – Paste Operation or (Ctrl +C, Ctrl +V) is used for
copying a folder while Cut-Paste Operation or (Ctrl+X ,
Ctrl+V) is used for Moving a folder.
11. Differentiate between file and folder.
Ans: File is a piece of information while folder is a
location where group of files can be stored.
Files have extension while folders don’t have extension.
12. Name the place where deleted files are placed.
Ans: Recycle Bin
13. How can you get back deleted files from the
recycle Bin?
Ans: Click Restore Files button
14. What is the possible cause of slowing down of computer?
Ans: (1) Less RAM
(2) Viruses or Malwares
(3) Less Disk Space
(4) Too many programs running in the background

15. Why keyboard should be covered if not in use?

Ans: Because dust can damage internal parts of the
keyboard.

16. What general precautions should you take while cleaning

the computer components?
Ans: (1) Wipe the screen with soft cloth
(2) Do not use water for cleaning. Keep liquid things away
from the keyboard

17. List some of the maintenance activities for the computer

system.
Ans: (1) Avoid eating and drinking near the computer
(2) Avoid dropping or banging against a hard surface
(3) Make sure internal fan is working to avoid overheating
of
the device
(4) Run Disk Cleanup on weekly basis
(5) Take back up of data time to time
18. Why disk defragmentation should be done?
Ans: If you don't regularly defrag your hard drive, your computer
may run slowly and/or may take a long time to start up after you
turn it on.

19. Mention few ways in which a computer gets infected with

virus.
Ans: (1) By opening spam mails or links sent by strangers
(2) Sharing infected pendrives
(3) By clicking pop-ups of online ads
(4) Visiting infected web sites

20. What are the common signs of a virus attack?

Ans: (1) System Slows down
(2) Low disk Space
(3) Unusual activities
(4) System crashes
(5) Files gets corrupt
(6) Frequent pop – up windows

21. How can you prevent your computer from virus

infection?
Ans: (1) Install Antivirus
(2) Do not click the links sent by strangers or spam mails
(3) Scan the pendrive before using
(4) Keep updating your PC
(5) Use strong passwords

22. What is the use of antivirus software? Name any two

commonly used anti-virus software.
Ans: Antivirus software, or antivirus software, also known as
anti-malware, is a computer program used to prevent, detect, and
remove malware.
E.g: Norton, Mc Cafee, Kaspersky