Results and Discussion

PART A
Solubility Test
Desi ghee Vegetable Refined oil Coconut oil Palmitic oil
ghee
Water Insoluble Insoluble Insoluble

Chloroform Soluble Soluble Soluble

Alcohol Soluble Soluble Soluble

Distilled water Insoluble Insoluble

Dil. NaOH Insoluble Insoluble

Dil. NCI Insoluble Insoluble

Cold ethanol Insoluble Insoluble

Hot ethanol Soluble Soluble

Chloroform Soluble Soluble

Diethyl ether Soluble Soluble

Discussion The results of the lipid solubility test revealed that all the sample lipids are insoluble
in water, distilled water, dilute NaOH, diluted HCI, and cold ethanol, but that they are
all soluble in chloroform, alcohol, hot ethanol, and diethyl ether. In solubility, one of
the factors to consider is the fact that like dissolves. Nonpolar substances only
dissolve nonpolar substances, and as a result, fats will only be dissolved in nonpolar
substances that contain fats.

Desi Vegetabl Refined Coconut Paraffin

Glycerol Beeswax
ghee e ghee oil oil oil

A pungent
A pungent A pungent A pungent A pungent A pungent A pungent
irritating
irritating irritating irritating irritating irritating irritating
odor of
odor of odor of odor of odor of odor of odor of
Acrolein Test acrolein
acrolein acrolein acrolein acrolein acrolein acrolein
was
was was was was was not was not
produced
produced produced produced produced produced produced

Transluce Transluce Transluce

nt spot nt spot nt spot
Translucent appears appears appears
spot on the on the on the
filter filter filter
paper. paper. paper.

A pungent irritating odor of acrolein confirms the presence of oil or fat. On unfolding
Discussion the filter paper, the appearance of translucent spot on the filter paper indicated the
presence of oil or fat.
Baudoin Test

Observation Discussion Conclusion

Vanaspati Rose-red color Rose-red color is formed due This test is used to detect the presence
ghee appears to the presence of sesame of sesame oil. Sesame oil gives a rose
oil. Thus, vanaspati ghee red color with concentrated
Desi ghee No formation of contains sesame oil whereas hydrochloric acid and furfural solution.
rose-red color pure desi ghee does not Vanaspati ghee contains 5% sesame
contain sesame oil oil while pure desi ghee does not
contain sesame oil. So, this test can be
applied to find out whether the given
sample of desi ghee contains vanaspati
ghee or not.

Huble’s Test

Observation Discussion Conclusion

Cotton Violet color The violet color of iodine This test is used to detect the degree of
seed oil does not fade fades away in test tube II, unsaturation in oil or fat. Huble’s reagent
away while violet color in test reacts with alcoholic solution of iodine that
tube I does not fade away contains some mercuric chloride. During
Linseed Violet color fade indicating that linseed oil the reaction, the violet color of iodine fades
oil away is more unsaturated than away if the oil or fat is unsaturated. If the
cotton seed oil. oil or fat is saturated, the violet color of
iodine does not fade away.
Unsaturation Test

Observation Discussion Conclusion

Olive oil 37 drops of When bromine water with olive oil, Both olive and corn oils
bromine.
the color of the water disappears, were unsaturated. In these
The color of indicating that the oil is unsaturated. two samples, the bromine
bromine water
disappears, the oil Corn oil has completely discolored water is completely gone.
is unsaturated. the bromine water, indicating that it However, coconut oil takes

Corn oil 19 drops of has completely discolored. It longer to dissolve bromine

bromine. demonstrates unsaturated fatty acids water because coconut oil
The complete in corn oil. While shaking, the is a mixture of saturated
discoloration of the coconut oil takes longer to and unsaturated fats.
bromine water has
taken place. This disintegrate the bromine water
shows the presence completely. The color does not
of unsaturation in
the corn oil. completely fade away, and the
process of discoloration is taking
Coconut 3 drops of bromine.
oil longer than expected. It contains a
Coconut oil is taking
more time in combination of saturated and
disappearing the unsaturated colors. Coconut oil
bromine water while
shaking. contains a high percentage of
saturated fatty acids, meaning that
the color will take longer to fade than
other oils.

Modified Furter-Meyer Test

Observation Discussion

Vitamin E After the test tube with a sample of vitamin, We utilized the Modified Furter-Meyer Test
E solution was heated in a water bath, the to determine the presence of Vitamin E in
color changed into bronze-red color specific the samples. Because the Vitamin E
for tocopherols. solution sample contains some Vitamin E,
there is always a color change when
tested.
Salkowsky Test

Observation Discussion

Cholesterol Dissolved cholesterol in chloroform The dissolved cholesterol and the concentrated
was placed in a test tube, and equal sulfuric acid cannot be mixed because it is oil and
amounts of concentrated sulfuric water-like (liquid) even though the dissolved
acid were added. The upper layer cholesterol is also water-like that’s why the top layer
turned red after the test tube was is the concentrated sulfuric acid mixed with
shaken and dissolved cholesterol dissolved cholesterol in chloroform and at the
was at the bottom of the test tube. bottom is the dissolved cholesterol only.

PART B

1. Draw a schematic diagram showing the process of making soap

2. Discuss saponification and the cleaning action of soap

Soap is a mixture of sodium salts of various naturally occurring fatty acids. Air bubbles added to
a molten soap will decrease the density of the soap and thus it will float on water. If the fatty acid salt
has potassium rather than sodium, a softer lather is the result.

Soap is produced by a saponification or basic hydrolysis reaction of a fat or oil. Currently, sodium
carbonate or sodium hydroxide is used to neutralize the fatty acid and convert it to the salt.

Saponification is an exothermic chemical reaction—it gives off heat—that occurs when fats or
oils (fatty acids) come into contact with lye, a base. In this reaction, the triglyceride units of fats react
with sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide and are converted to soap and glycerol. For some types
of soap, salt is then added to precipitate the solid soap.

The saponification complete once the lye and oils have been mixed and the raw soap has been
poured into the mold. This process can be sped up by adding more heat or slowed down by keeping
the process cold.

When soap is added to dirty water then the hydrophobic part of the soap gets attached to the
dirt while the hydrophilic part remains in contact with the water molecules. Due to this arrangement the
soap molecules form micelles and trap the dirt at the center. This is how the mechanism of cleansing
action of soap works.
 POST LAB

1. In a tabular form, define and describe each sample used in Part A.

Sample Description

Coconut Oil An edible oil that are extracted from coconut milk using a wet
or dry process. Contains ester rather than carboxylic acid.
Commonly used in cooking.

Palmatic Oil Or mostly referred as “palm oil” was discovered way back in
the mids1800s. This is produced while being hydrolyzed with
high temperature water. This type of oil is present in plants
and organisms, also present in dairy products. They are
usually excess carbohydrates.

Olive Oil Olive oil is from processing whole olives for the oil to be
extracted. This oil usually being use for cooking, cosmetics,
and soaps. This mostly are common in production of
Mediterranean countries. Olive oil is a saturated liquid fat.

Corn Oil Extracted from the germ of a corn. Mostly being use for
cooking and for margarine production. This oil is generally
less expensive than other oil.

Paraffin Oil An oil of being organic and silicon. This is extracted from the
process of crude oil distillation. It is colorle6and odorless that
is use in various purposes. Composed of highly boiling alkane
derivatives.

Glycerol A non-toxic viscous liquid that is colorless and odorless.

Sweet when tasted. The glycerol’s backbone is found in lipids
known as glycerides. This is mostly used in pharmaceutical
industry due to its antimicrobial and antiviral properties.
Present in its structure are three hydroxyl group. Extracted
from plants and animals.

Beeswax This is naturally produced by bees. Chemically, beeswax

consists mostly of esters of fatty acids and various long chain
alcohol. These are mainly used in the cosmetic industry. The
wax can be made clear by heating in water.

References:

http://amrita.olabs.edu.in/?sub=73&brch=8&sim=210&cnt=2

https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/central-philippine-university/nursing-service-
administration/activity-3-laboratory-final/12217138

https://www.thesprucecrafts.com/saponification-in-soap-making-517092

http://chemistry.elmhurst.edu/vchembook/554soap.html#:~:text=Soap%20is%20a%20mixture%20of,v
arious%20naturally%20occurring%20fatty%20acids.&text=Soap%20is%20produced%20by%20a,con
vert%20it%20to%20the%20salt

http://chemistry.elmhurst.edu/vchembook/554soap