Composites: Part A 143 (2021) 106294

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Composites Part A
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/compositesa

Vibration attenuation of finite-size metaconcrete: Mechanism, prediction

and verification
Yang Liu a, 1, Xiyue An b, c, 1, Hailong Chen a, Hualin Fan b, c, *
a
State Key Laboratory for Disaster Prevention & Mitigation of Explosion & Impact, Army Engineering University of PLA, Nanjing 210007, China
b
State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical Structures, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
c
China National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Materials under Shock and Impact, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 10081, China

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: To mitigate shock and vibration, metaconcrete with single-mass-coating resonators and double-mass-coating
Metaconcrete resonators was designed based on local resonance mechanism. The resonator is constructed by metallic ball
Local resonance coated with thin and soft rubber layer. Dynamic analysis method for finite-size metaconcrete is developed to
Vibration attenuation
predict the effective bands for vibration attenuation, which is verified by frequency-sweeping vibration exper­
Experiment
iment. Local resonance of the mass-coating system endows finite-size metaconcrete excellent vibration attenu­
ation ability at the desired frequency band. Having two local resonation frequencies, double-mass-coating system
effectively expands the vibration attenuation band from one to two and much wider compared with single-mass-
coating system. The finite-size metaconcrete block designed in this research can dissipate 56.4% more energy
than the common concrete block.

1. Introduction experimental technique. After that, Gao et al. [11] investigated wave
attenuation of metaconcrete panel subjected to two-dimensional plane
To control wave propagation and attenuate wave energy, meta­ wave. Recently, Xu et al. [12] and Jin et al. [13] also discussed the wave
material was invented based on cloaking or local resonance mechanism. attenuation mechanism of metaconcrete under blast load. Briccola et al.
Periodic mass-spring system has excellent stress wave attenuation abil­ [14] discussed the influence of a lattice-like pattern of inclusions on the
ity. An et al. [1] proved that the effective wave attenuation band cor­ attenuation properties of metaconcrete. Tan et al. [15] developed a
responds to the natural frequency of the resonator. When adopting homogenized enriched model for analyzing the blast wave propagation
hierarchical [1] or graded [2] mass-spring system, the wave attenuation in metaconcrete with viscoelastic compliant layer.
band can be greatly expanded. Accordingly, various metamaterials with In this research, metaconcrete block with finite size and finite peri­
local resonators were designed and the effectiveness of generating low- odic resonators is designed and manufactured. The vibration attenua­
frequency bandgap was validated through numerical investigation or tion effect of such metaconcrete blocks is checked by frequency
vibration transmission experiment [3–6]. sweeping vibration experiment. Besides metaconcrete with single-mass-
The concept of metaconcrete was firstly proposed by Mitchell et al. coating resonator, the main innovative work of this paper is to suggest a
[7–9] to attenuate blast waves and its inspiration comes from the more efficient vibration attenuation concrete, by preparing meta­
acoustic metamaterials. Inclusions with soft coating which behave as concrete with double-mass-coating resonator to experimentally study its
mass-spring resonators are embedded in ordinary concrete periodically vibration attenuation performance.
to form metaconcrete. Under dynamic loading, the input energy will be
greatly dissipated by the vibration of the inner resonators when the
frequency of the dynamic load is close to the natural frequency of the
resonators. Kettenbeil and Ravichandran [10] experimentally investi­
gated the dynamic behavior of metaconcrete using a flyer plate impact

* Corresponding author at: State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical Structures, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing
210016, China.
E-mail address: [email protected] (H. Fan).
1
Equally contributed to the paper.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2021.106294
Received 25 October 2020; Received in revised form 27 December 2020; Accepted 17 January 2021
Available online 31 January 2021
1359-835X/© 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Y. Liu et al. Composites Part A 143 (2021) 106294

2. Vibration attenuation mechanism of metaconcrete where ωc is the natural vibration frequency of the resonator, Am is the
acceleration amplitude of the rigid frame, and Me is the equivalent mass
2.1. Single-mass-coating resonator of the overall structure. In Eq. (6), it can be found that when ω is close to
ωc , the value of equivalent mass will become very large or even become
The main structural form of metaconcrete is the periodic mixing of negative, and the acceleration response of the frame will be almost zero
resonant aggregates in conventional cement mortar. When the harmonic or negative, then the propagation of simple harmonic wave in the
load with frequency ω is applied to the metaconcrete structure with structure will be suppressed.
single-mass-coating resonators, the structure can be simplified as a one- In order to more clearly analyze the overall response of the structure
dimensional mass-in-mass system. The cement mortar is simplified to a as ω approaches ωc , combined with Eqs. (1) and (2), the displacement
rigid frame with an overall mass of Mm. The rubber coating on the amplitudes of the rigid frame and the rigid ball are derived as
outside of the resonator is simplified as a linear spring with a stiffness ( 2 )
F ωc − ω2
coefficient of K. The metallic ball inside the resonator is simplified as a Vm = ⋅ ( / )( ) , (8)
rigid ball of Mc. The rigid frame and rigid balls are connected by linear 2K − ω2 αω2c + n ω2c − ω2 − nω2c
springs, as illustrated in Fig. 1.
and
When f(t) = Feiωt , the initial position of each object is set as its
original coordinates. As the size of the block is limited by embedding F ω2c
finite periodic resonators, Bloch-Floquet theory for analyzing the wave Vc = ⋅( / )( ) , (9)
2K − ω2 αω2c + n ω2c − ω2 − nω2c
propagation problem of infinite periodic metamaterials may be inap­
propriate. Assuming that all rigid balls remain in the same phase during where α = Mc /Mm . When α = 0.07, the relationship among normal­
vibration, the vibration equations of the rigid frame and rigid balls are ized amplitude, frequency ratio and the number of the resonators is
given by plotted in Fig. 2, where V0 = F/2K.
As shown in Fig. 2(a), when ω/ωc approaches 1, the amplitude of the
Mm v̈m + 2nfo (t) = f (t), (1)
rigid frame approaches zero, and the “trough” appears on the surface. At
and this point, the value of Vc is close to − F/2nK, and the force exerted by
each spring on the frame is close to − F/2n. Therefore, the load on the
Mc v̈c − 2fo (t) = 0 (2) rigid frame is F + 2nFo , which is approximately zero, that is, the load on
the rigid frame almost disappears.
respectively, with

vm = Vm eiωt ,
vc =Vc eiωt , (3) 2.2. Double-mass-coating resonator
fo (t)=K(vm − vc )=Fo eiωt ,

When the harmonic load of frequency ω is applied on the meta­

where Vm and Vc are the displacement amplitude of the frame and balls,
concrete structure consisting of double-mass-coating resonators, the
respectively. The amplitude of the spring force acting on the rigid frame
structure can be simplified as mass-in-(mass-in-mass) system as shown
is denoted by Fo. Introducing Eq. (3) into Eqs. (1) and (2), the vibration
in Fig. 3. The cement mortar is simplified as a rigid frame of mass Mm.
equations turn to
The rubber coating on the outside of the resonator and the other rubber
− Mm ω2 Vm eiωt − nMc ω2 Vc eiωt = Feiωt , (4) coating on the inside of the third layer are respectively simplified as
linear springs with stiffness coefficients K1 and K2. The metal shell of the
and second layer inside the resonator and the metal ball inside the resonator
2K are simplified to a rigid shell with mass M1 and a rigid ball with mass M2,
Vc = Vm (5) respectively.
− Mc ω2 + 2K
When f(t) = Feiωt , the vibration equations of the frame, n shells and n
Simplifying Eq. (4) to the form of F = Am Me , then balls are given by

Am = − ω2 Vm , Me = Mm +
nMc ω2c
, (6) Mm v̈m + 2fo (t) = f (t), (10)
ω2c − ω2
M1 v̈c1 - 2fo (t) + 2fI (t) = 0, (11)
with
√̅̅̅̅̅̅ and
2K
ωc = , (7)
Mc M2 v̈c2 − 2fI (t) = 0, (12)

with

Fig. 1. The physical model of metaconcrete consisting of single-mass-coating resonators.

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Y. Liu et al. Composites Part A 143 (2021) 106294

Fig. 2. Normalized amplitude surface diagrams of metaconcrete with single-mass-coating resonators: (a) rigid frame, (b) rigid ball. (For interpretation of the ref­
erences to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)

Fig. 3. The physical model of metaconcrete consisting of double-mass-coating resonators. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the
reader is referred to the web version of this article.)

vm = Vm eiωt ,
vc1 =Vc1 eiωt , (13) Vm =
K1 + K2
⋅
vc2 =Vc2 eiωt , 2K1 K2
(18)
ω22 ω2m [α1 α2 (ω2c1 − ω2 )(ω2c2 − ω2 )− α22 ω4c2 ]F
and nα1 (ω2c1 ω2m − ω2c1 ω2 )[α1 (ω2c1 − ω2 )(ω2c2 − ω2 )− α2 ω4c2 ]− α1 ω2c1 ω4m (ω2c2 − ω2 )
,

fo (t) = K(vm − vc1 ) = Fo eiωt ,

(14) Vc1 =
K1 + K2
⋅
fI (t) = K(vc1 − vc2 ) = FI eiωt 2K1 K2
(19)
Introducing Eqs. (13) and (14) into Eqs. (10) to (12) and simplifying
α2 ω4m ω2c2 (ω2c2 − ω2 )F
n2 α1 (ω2c1 ω2m − ω2c1 ω2 )[α1 (ω2c1 − ω2 )(ω2c2 − ω2 )− α2 ω4c2 ]− nα1 ω2c1 ω4m (ω2c2 − ω2 )
,
F to the expression form of Am Me , the following equations can be
obtained
and
2
Am = − ω V m , K1 + K2
(M1 ω2 − M1 ω2c2 − M2 ω2c2 )(M2 ω2c2 − M1 ω2c1 ) (15) Vc2 = ⋅
Me = Mm + , 2K1 K2 (20)
M1 (ω2c1 − ω2 )(ω2c2 − ω2 )− M2 ω4c2
− α2 ω4m ω4c2 F
n2 α1 (ω2c1 ω2m − ω2c1 ω2 )[α1 (ω2c1 − ω2 )(ω2c2 − ω2 )− α2 ω4c2 ] - nα1 ω21 ω4m (ω2c2 - ω2 )
,
with
√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ with
2K1 + 2K2 2K2
ωc1 = , ωc2 = , (16) √̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
M1 M2 2nK1
ωm = , (21)
Mm
where ωc1 is the natural frequency of the shell, and ωc2 is the natural
frequency of the ball. According to Eq. (15), it can be found that when ω where ωm is the natural vibration frequency of the rigid frame; α1 and
approaches two frequencies, α2 are the mass ratios of the shell and the ball to the rigid frame
√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ respectively. When α1 = α2 = 0.01 and ωp /ωq = 2.7, the relationship
1
ω2p,q = (ω2c1 + ω2c2 ) ∓
1 2
(ω − ω2c2 ) + ω4c2 ,
2 M2
(17) among normalized amplitude, frequency ratio and number of oscillators
2 4 c1 M1 n is plotted in Fig. 4, where V0 = (K1 + K2 )F/(2K1 K2 ).
As shown in Fig. 4 (a), it can be found that when ω approaches ωp or
the equivalent mass will become large, or even negative. At this time, ωq , the amplitude of the rigid frame is close to zero, and the whole
the acceleration response of the frame will become very small or even
surface appears “trough” at two places. In the vicinity of the trough, the
negative around the frequencies ωp and ωq , which means that the simple
total load on the rigid frame is close to zero. Compared with single-mass-
harmonic wave will be suppressed in the two frequency bands when it
coating metaconcrete, double-mass-coating metaconcrete widens the
propagates in the structure.
vibration attenuation bandwidth with two attenuation bands.
In order to analyze the structural response when ω is close to ωp and
ωq , Eqs. (10)–(12) are combined to derive the displacement response
2.3. Effect of resonator number
amplitudes, Vm , Vc1 and Vc2 of the frame, shells and balls under steady
vibration, given by
In order to analyze the effect of the number of resonators on the

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Y. Liu et al. Composites Part A 143 (2021) 106294

Fig. 4. Normalized amplitude surface of the metaconcrete structure with double-mass-coating resonators: (a) rigid frame, (b) rigid shell and (c) rigid ball. (For
interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)

clipping performance of metaconcrete, the relationship between the

normalized amplitude and the normalized frequency is analyzed when
the number of resonators is 1, 10, 20 and 30 respectively, and the results
are plotted in Fig. 5.
It’s found that with the increase of n, the number of the resonators,
the “trough” becomes wider obviously, and the amplitude of the rigid
frame of the metaconcrete with double-mass-coating resonators de­
creases as well as that of the metaconcrete with single-resonators. This
means that increasing the number of the resonators can widen the
clipping frequency of the metaconcrete structure.

3. Metaconcrete block Fig. 6. Schematic diagrams of (a) single-mass-coating resonator and (b)
double-mass-coating resonator. (For interpretation of the references to colour in
this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)
In order to verify the vibration attenuation performance, four met­
aconcrete blocks containing different spherical oscillators with side
length of 150 mm were prepared. At the same time, a normal mortar Among them, the single-mass-coating resonator is a rubber-coated
specimen without oscillators was prepared for reference. The raw ma­ metallic sphere, and the double-resonator is a rubber-coated metal
terials used to prepare mortar are P⋅O 42.5 cement and ordinary river shell, which contains a rubber-coated metal sphere. In the double-mass-
sand, and the mixing ratio is, cement: river sand: water = 1:1:0.36. coating resonator, materials of the two rubber layers and the two
These four kinds of resonators can be divided into single-mass-coating metallic layers are consistent. Detailed information of the resonator is
resonator and double-mass-coating resonator structurally, as shown in listed in Tables 1 and 2.
Figs. 6 and 7. All the metaconcrete blocks are periodically mixed with 3 layers and

Fig. 5. The influence of resonator number on clipping performance of metaconcrete with (a) single-mass-coating resonators and (b) double-mass-coating resonators.
(For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)

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Y. Liu et al. Composites Part A 143 (2021) 106294

27 resonators. The central resonator locates at the center of the block.

The interval between resonators is 50 mm, and the outermost resonator
is 25 mm away from the block surface, as shown in Fig. 8.
In order to ensure the accurate position of each resonator layer in the
block, layered pouring is adopted in the preparation of metaconcrete
blocks. Meanwhile, an acrylic positioning plate is prepared for placing
resonators to ensure the precise position. The main steps of pouring are
as follows: fill the first layer of mixed mortar in the mold according to
the calculated thickness, put the acrylic plate on the mortar layer, and
release the resonator according to the holes in the acrylic plate. After the
positioning plate is removed, the mortar is poured into the mold again to
the next thickness, and so on, until the block is poured. After each layer
of mortar is poured, steel bars are repeatedly rammed in this layer of
mortar and slightly hammered on the outside of the mold to avoid gaps
in the mortar. The two mortar layers are poured at a certain time interval
Fig. 7. Three single-mass-coating resonators numbered , ② and ③ and one to avoid the resonator deviation. Fig. 9 shows the pouring process of the
double-mass-coating resonator numbered ④. (For interpretation of the refer­ metaconcrete block.
ences to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of
this article.)
4. Experimental verification

Table 1 Metaconcrete blocks 1, 2 and 3 can be simplified as a one-

Dimensions of resonators. dimensional mass-in-mass system. According to Mitchell’s analysis
[8], the stiffness coefficient of the spring, the mass of the rigid ball and
No. Type Metal Silicone Re1 Rc1 Re2 Rc2
(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) the mass of the rigid frame can be calculated by
1 Single- Lead HA38 11 8 / / Er R2c1 π
Resonator K= ,
2 Single- Lead HA43 11 8 / /
t1 (22)
Mc =43ρc R3c1 π ,
Resonator Mm =ρm l3 − 36ρm R3e1 π ,
3 Single- Steel HA55 11 9 / /
Resonator
4 Double- Steel HA55 11 9 8 6
where l is the side length of the block, ρm and ρc are the density of the
Resonator block and the inner metal ball respectively. Er is the elastic modulus of
the silicone, t1 is the thickness of the rubber layer, that is, t1 = Re1 − Rc1.
At this case, the attenuation band of the metaconcrete block appears
Table 2
near ωc , the natural vibration frequency of the resonator. The frequency
Material properties of resonators. f is given by
√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
Material Density (kg/m3) Elasticity modulus (Pa) 1 3 Er
f = , (23)
Lead 11,605 1.7 × 1010 2π 2 Rc1 t1 ρc
Steel 8327 2.1 × 1011
HA38 Silicone 1439 1.58 × 106 Metaconcrete block 4 is simplified as to a one-dimensional mass-in-
HA43 Silicone 1439 1.89 × 106
(mass-in-mass) system. According to the previous research, combined
HA55 Silicone 1722 2.97 × 106
with Mitchell’s analysis [8], the mass of the shell and the ball, the
stiffness coefficients of the springs in the outer and third layers can be
calculated by

Fig. 8. Distribution of resonators in metaconcrete block. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version
of this article.)

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Y. Liu et al. Composites Part A 143 (2021) 106294

Fig. 9. Manufacturing process of metaconcrete. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of
this article.)

Er R2c1 π wave load with output voltage of 15 V, scanning frequency of 200 Hz to

K1 = , 2000 Hz, and sweeping speed of 90 Hz/s was adopted for the test. The
t1
Er R2 π (24) layout of the test device and the historical time-history curve of accel­
K2 = t c2 ,
eration on the surface of the pressure indenter measured for the first
2
M1 =4ρc R2 tc π,
c2
M2 =4ρc R3 π ,
3 c2 time are shown in Fig. 11. In addition, considering the characteristics of
the double-mass-coating resonator, the scanning frequency was set from
where t2 is the thickness of the inner rubber layer, and t2 = Re2-Rc2. tc is 200 Hz to 4000 Hz for block 4.
the thickness of the outer metal shell, and tc = Rc1-Re2. The attenuation To evaluate the vibration attenuation effect, the frequency response
bands of the metaconcrete block appear near two frequencies , ωp and function (FRF) is calculated by
ωq , which can be calculated by
FRF = 20lg(AN /A0 ), (26)
[ ( /√̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ )2 ][
3 Er R2 t1
1 − 2πω
2 Rc2 t2 ρc
1 + c2
R2c1 t2 where AN and A0 are the amplitude of acceleration on the lower surface
√ ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ of the test block and the surface of the pressure indenter, respectively.
( )( / )2 ]
3tc t1 3 Er R2 t1 FRF represents the attenuation of the vibration energy.
− 2πω − c2
Rc2 t2 2 Rc2 t2 ρc R2c1 t2 The transmission function curves of the five blocks are compared in
Fig. 12. It can be found that for the normal mortar block numbered as
= 0 (25)
block 5, from 200 Hz to 2000 Hz, the attenuation is only about − 1 dB.
In order to check the attenuation performance of the metaconcrete When
mv2N − mv20 2 2
= (AN T)(A − T)(A2 0 T) is used to calculate the energy dissipation,
mv20
block, frequency-sweeping vibration experiment was performed. As 0

where m is the unit mass of the test block and T is the unit time, which
shown in Fig. 10, the testing system includes a signal generator, SA-
represented 20.6% of the input energy dissipated.
SG030, produced by Wuxi Shiao Technology Co., LTD. The frequency
Blocks with single-mass-coating resonators forms a vibration atten­
range of the generator is 2 Hz to 20 kHz, the power output is 30 W, and
uation band compared with common mortar block, where the attenua­
the scanning time is 0.1 s to 20 s. The SA-JZ001 exciter is adopted, and
tion will be improved. Correspondingly, at 398 Hz, the FRF of block 1 is
the peak load value of the exciter is 20 N, the maximum amplitude is ±3
− 4.63 dB, representing 65.6% of the input energy is dissipated. At 511
mm and the frequency range is 1 kHz to 15 kHz. The data acquisition
Hz, the FRF of block 2 is − 2.38 dB, representing 42.2% of the input
equipment is the DH8302 high-performance dynamic signal analysis
energy is dissipated. At 993 Hz, the FRF of block 3 is − 6.78 dB, repre­
system, which can support up to 1 MHz channel sampling frequency.
senting 77.5% of the input energy is dissipated. Compared with block 5,
The acceleration sensor is PCB353B15 accelerometer with sensitivity of
block 3 dissipates 56.9% more input energy.
10 mV/g and frequency range of 1 Hz to 10 kHz.
Block 4 with double-mass-coating resonators has two vibration
In the testing, the block is placed on a pedestal with an extended
attenuation bands, which is consistent with the theoretical prediction.
length of 2 cm. The exciter is combined with a designed rigid indenter
At 688 Hz, the FRF of block 4 is − 5.14 dB, representing 69.4% of the
which is tightly connected to the upper surface of the block by a thin
input energy is dissipated. At 1738 Hz, the FRF of block 4 is − 6.38 dB,
layer of epoxy adhesive. An accelerometer is arranged on the surface of
representing 77% of the input energy is dissipated. Compared with block
the pressure indenter and the lower surface of the test block respectively
5, block 4 dissipates 56.4% more input energy. Metaconcrete with
through the tooling. After completion of the test installation, sinusoidal

Fig. 10. Dynamic test system. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)

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Y. Liu et al. Composites Part A 143 (2021) 106294

Fig. 11. Dynamic (a) exciter, (b) excitation and (c) input signal for metaconcrete block. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader
is referred to the web version of this article.)

Fig. 12. Vibration attenuation of (a) block 1, (b) block 2, (c) block 3 and (d) block 4. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is
referred to the web version of this article.)

double-mass-coating resonators not only widens the bandwidth of the is consistent with the prediction, as listed in Table 3. This comparison
vibration attenuation band, but also greatly improves the vibration en­ demonstrates that the vibration attenuation performance of the meta­
ergy dissipation. concrete is controllable and designable.
The frequency of the vibration attenuation band revealed by the test

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Y. Liu et al. Composites Part A 143 (2021) 106294

Table 3 Declaration of Competing Interest

Comparison of clipping frequency between theoretical and experimental values.
Clipping frequency 1 2 3 4 The authors declare that they have no known competing financial
interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence
Prediction (Hz) 463 509 869 829 1924
Test (Hz) 398 511 993 688 1738 the work reported in this paper.

Acknowledgements
5. Conclusions
Supports from National Natural Science Foundation of China
In this research, two types of metaconcrete blocks with finite size and (11672130, 12002160, and 11972184), China National Key Laboratory
finite periodic resonators were designed and manufactured. A dynamic Foundation of Science and Technology on Materials under Shock and
analysis method for this finite size metamaterial is developed to reveal Impact (6142902200203), Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu
its vibration attenuation performance. Province of China (BK20200412, BK20201286), National Defense Basic
Through dynamic analysis and frequency-sweeping vibration Scientific Research Program of China (TCA20030), and Science and
experiment, it is found that finite size metaconcrete still has excellent Technology Project of Jiangsu Province of China (BE2020716) are
vibration attenuation performance within the set frequency band. The gratefully acknowledged.
attenuation band is determined by the resonant frequency of the mass-
coating oscillator. References
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