Answer To Question No 1-Program Counter
Answer To Question No 1-Program Counter
Program counter: -
This is a register in a computer processor that contains the location of the instruction being executed at that
given time. The program counter advances its stored value by 1 when instruction is obtained.
It points to the next instruction in the sequence every time when an instruction is retrieved.
It usually reverts to 0 when the computer restarts or resets.
A program is a specific set of ordered operations for a computer to execute. Program gives an instruction i.e.,
an order to a computer processor. An address is a specific place in the memory or storage of a computer.
A register is one of a small set of data holding places that is used by the processor.
Stack Register: -
Stack Register or Stack Pointer: It is utilized as a memory pointer. It emphasis to a memory path to read/write
in memory, this is known as the stack. It consistently advances or withdraws by 2 during push and pop
operations.
For example-
2 binary numbers are added. The outcome created is discarded in the accumulator.
Now we must find what each portion is representing. Refer to the below figure to associate them with
an example.
Answer to Question no 2.
Logic Gates like NAND, NOR are used in daily applications for performing logic
operations. The Gates are manufactured using semiconductor devices like BJT, Diodes, or FETs.
Different Gate’s are constructed using Integrated circuits. Digital logic circuits are manufactured
depending on the specific circuit technology or logic families. The different logic families
are RTL(Resistor Transistor Logic), DTL(Diode Transistor Logic), TTL(Transistor-Transistor Logic),
ECL(Emitter Coupled Logic) & CMOS(Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor Logic). Out of
these, RTL and DTL are rarely used. As the name suggests, the transistor performs two functions like
logic as well as amplifying. The best examples of TTL are logic gates namely the 7402 NOR Gate & the
7400 NAND gate.
TTL logic includes several transistors that have several emitters as well as several
inputs. The types of TTL or transistor-transistor logic mainly include Standard TTL, Fast TTL, Schottky
TTL, High power TTL, Low power TTL & Advanced Schottky TTL.
Thus, this is all about an overview of TTL or Transistor-Transistor logic. It is a group of ICs that keep
logic states as well as to attain switching using BJTs. TTL is one of the reasons that ICs are so
extensively used because they are inexpensive, faster, and high reliability as compared to TTL and
DTL. A TTL uses transistors through several emitters in gates that have several inputs.
Answer to Question no 3.
10011000
In this example, the leftmost bit 1 defines negative, and the magnitude is 24.
The magnitude for both positive and negative values is the same, but they change only with their signs.
The range of values for the sign and magnitude representation is from -127 to 127.
There are eight conditions to consider while adding or subtracting signed numbers. These conditions are based
on the operations implemented and the sign of the numbers.
The table displays the algorithm for addition and subtraction. The first column in the table displays these
conditions. The other columns of the table define the actual operations to be implemented with the magnitude
of numbers. The last column of the table is needed to avoid a negative zero. This defines that when two same
numbers are subtracted, the output must not be - 0. It should consistently be +0.
When the signs of P and Q are equal, add the two magnitudes and connect the sign of P to the output.
When the signs of P and Q are different, compare the magnitudes and subtract the smaller number from the
greater number.
The signs of the output have to be equal as P in case P > Q or the complement of the sign of P in case P < Q.
When the two magnitudes are equal, subtract Q from P and modify the sign of the output to positive.
When the signs of P and Q are different, add the two magnitudes and connect the signs of P to the output.
When the signs of P and Q are the same, compare the magnitudes and subtract the smaller number from the
greater number.
The signs of the output have to be equal as P in case P > Q or the complement of the sign of P in case P < Q.
When the two magnitudes are equal, subtract Q from P and modify the sign of the output to positive.
Computer systems create use of several storage registers that are linked to a typical operational unit is
known as the arithmetic and logic unit (ALU). ALU is the central and one of the most essential units internal the
CPU of the computer.
All the logical and numerical operations of a computer are implemented here. The contents of a particular
register are arranged in the input of ALU. ALU implements the given operation and then transfers it to the
target register.
The one stage of an arithmetic logic shift unit is demonstrated in the figure. The subscript I nominate a frequent
stage. There are two inputs that are used for both the arithmetic and logic units.
A specific micro-operation is choosing with inputs S1 and S0 A 4 x 1 multiplexer at the output select between
an arithmetic output in and a logic output in. The data in the multiplexer are chosen with inputs S3 and S2.
There are two data inputs to the multiplexer receive inputs Ai-1 for the shift-right operation and Ai+1 for the
shift-left operation. The circuit should be continued n times for an n-bit ALU.
The output carry Ci+1 of a given arithmetic stage should be linked to the input carry Ci of the next stage in the
series. The input carries to the first stage is the input carry Cin It can support a selection variable for the
arithmetic operations.
The circuit whose one stage is determined in the diagram. It provides eight arithmetic operations, four logic
operations, and two-shift operations. Each operation is selected with the five variables S3, S2, S1, S0. The input
carries Ci∧Cin can be used for selecting an arithmetic operation only.
This table shows the 14 operations of the ALU. The first eight are arithmetic operations and are selected with
S3S2 = 00. The next four are logic operations and are selected with S3S2 = 01. The final two operations are
shift operations and are selected with S3S2 = 10 and 11. The other three selection inputs do no influence the
shift.
Characteristics of Multiprocessor"
1. Multiprocessor Introduction and Characteristics of Multiprocessor
Interconnection Structures
Inter Processor Arbitration
Inter Processor Communication and synchronization
Cache Coherence
2. Introduction
A multiprocessor system is an interconnection of two or more CPUs with memory and I/O equipment.
IOPs are generally not included in the definitions of multiprocessor system unless they have
computational facilities comparable to CPUs.
Multiprocessor are MIMD system.
Multicomputer system includes number of computers connected together by means of
communication lines.
3. It improves reliability.
If one system fails, the whole system continues to function with perhaps low efficiency.
The computation can proceed in parallel in two ways:
Multiple independent jobs operate in parallel
A single job can be partitioned into multiple parallel tasks
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operating on the true of current 45 hacks how we are going to write 45 in Tamil we know that X is a group of 454 and 4 is a group of 5 is a group of 404 is a group of four feet fine 2010 and 2011 2019 now you perform addition form that is 1 + 10
+ 2 equal to 1 + 10 carry one of the Caribbean come to the bottom fine jewelry is group + 1100 then oneplus the net output has a 99 55 you are going to perform Hexa price and all Pro 515144 arithmetic option that is the addition subtraction
multiplication and division multiplication there are two types of instruction that is Mal and steel new music fine next topic is program counter now program counter aur Yahan per Hamen RAM memory ko dikhaya hua hai yahan per Jo aapka hai
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seen about the action that ran the flag register program counter and the stack pointer of first will have to take a look at the head edition Hindi last video all song I have explain you that 8085 will perform types of our operations at is the addition
and subtraction there will be hex addition and subtraction example we are going to perform the X admission now you can see that this 45 is before offering and 54 I can operate and there is the operator between the two operands it means that
this operator will be operating on the true of current 45 hacks how we are going to write 45 in Tamil we know that X is a group of 454 and 4 is a group of 5 is a group of 404 is a group of four feet fine 2010 and 2011 2019 now you perform
addition form that is 1 + 10 + 2 equal to 1 + 10 carry one of the Caribbean come to the bottom fine jewelry is group + 1100 then oneplus the net output has a 99 55 you are going to perform Hexa price and all Pro 515144 arithmetic option that is
the addition subtraction multiplication and division multiplication there are two types of instruction that is Mal and steel new music fine next topic is program counter now program counter aur Yahan per Hamen RAM memory ko dikhaya hua
hai yahan per Jo aapka hai uske andar Rahegi dusra aapka Rahe RAM memory ka matlab hota hai Kisi bhi location Hoga Ki access kar sakte memory ka setting adress ka rahega Jarur Jarur Rahega aur uska ending address aapka app ff6 rahega to
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in the last video we have seen about the action that ran the flag register program counter and the stack pointer of first will have to take a look at the head edition Hindi last video all song I have explain you that 8085 will perform types of our
operations at is the addition and subtraction there will be hex addition and subtraction example we are going to perform the X admission now you can see that this 45 is before offering and 54 I can operate and there is the operator between the
two operands it means that this operator will be operating on the true of current 45 hacks how we are going to write 45 in Tamil we know that X is a group of 454 and 4 is a group of 5 is a group of 404 is a group of four feet fine 2010 and 2011
2019 now you perform addition form that is 1 + 10 + 2 equal to 1 + 10 carry one of the Caribbean come to the bottom fine jewelry is group + 1100 then oneplus the net output has a 99 55 you are going to perform Hexa price and all Pro 515144
arithmetic option that is the addition subtraction multiplication and division multiplication there are two types of instruction that is Mal and steel new music fine next topic is program counter now program counter aur Yahan per Hamen RAM
memory ko dikhaya hua hai yahan per Jo aapka hai uske andar Rahegi dusra aapka Rahe RAM memory ka matlab hota hai Kisi bhi location Hoga Ki access kar sakte memory ka setting adress ka rahega Jarur Jarur Rahega aur uska ending address
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pointer and program counter in the last video we have seen about the action that ran the flag register program counter and the stack pointer of first will have to take a look at the head edition Hindi last video all song I have explain you that
8085 will perform types of our operations at is the addition and subtraction there will be hex addition and subtraction example we are going to perform the X admission now you can see that this 45 is before offering and 54 I can operate and
there is the operator between the two operands it means that this operator will be operating on the true of current 45 hacks how we are going to write 45 in Tamil we know that X is a group of 454 and 4 is a group of 5 is a group of 404 is a
group of four feet fine 2010 and 2011 2019 now you perform addition form that is 1 + 10 + 2 equal to 1 + 10 carry one of the Caribbean come to the bottom fine jewelry is group + 1100 then oneplus the net output has a 99 55 you are going to
perform Hexa price and all Pro 515144 arithmetic option that is the addition subtraction multiplication and division multiplication there are two types of instruction that is Mal and steel new music fine next topic is program counter now program
counter aur Yahan per Hamen RAM memory ko dikhaya hua hai yahan per Jo aapka hai uske andar Rahegi dusra aapka Rahe RAM memory ka matlab hota hai Kisi bhi location Hoga Ki access kar sakte memory ka setting adress ka rahega Jarur
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understand to more register stack pointer and program counter in the last video we have seen about the action that ran the flag register program counter and the stack pointer of first will have to take a look at the head edition Hindi last video
all song I have explain you that 8085 will perform types of our operations at is the addition and subtraction there will be hex addition and subtraction example we are going to perform the X admission now you can see that this 45 is before
offering and 54 I can operate and there is the operator between the two operands it means that this operator will be operating on the true of current 45 hacks how we are going to write 45 in Tamil we know that X is a group of 454 and 4 is a
group of 5 is a group of 404 is a group of four feet fine 2010 and 2011 2019 now you perform addition form that is 1 + 10 + 2 equal to 1 + 10 carry one of the Caribbean come to the bottom fine jewelry is group + 1100 then oneplus the net
output has a 99 55 you are going to perform Hexa price and all Pro 515144 arithmetic option that is the addition subtraction multiplication and division multiplication there are two types of instruction that is Mal and steel new music fine next
topic is program counter now program counter aur Yahan per Hamen RAM memory ko dikhaya hua hai yahan per Jo aapka hai uske andar Rahegi dusra aapka Rahe RAM memory ka matlab hota hai Kisi bhi location Hoga Ki access kar sakte
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