DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A BATTERY LEVEL INDICATOR

DEDICATION

This project is dedicated to Almighty God for his protection, kindness, strength over
my life throughout the period and also to my --- for his financial support and moral
care towards me.Also to my mentor --- for her academic advice she often gives to me.
May Almighty God shield them from the peril of this world and bless their entire
endeavour Amen.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The successful completion of this project work could not have been a reality without
the encouragement of my --- and other people. My immensely appreciation goes to my
humble and able supervisor mr. --- for his kindness in supervising this project.

My warmest gratitude goes to my parents for their moral, spiritual and financial
support throughout my study in this institution.

My appreciation goes to some of my lecturers among whom are Mr. ---, and Dr. ---. I
also recognize the support of some of the staff of --- among whom are: The General
Manager, Deputy General manager, the internal Auditor Mr. --- and the ---. Finally,
my appreciation goes to my elder sister ---, my lovely friends mercy ---, ---, --- and
many others who were quite helpful.
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

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ABSTRACT

Battery level indicator indicates the status of the battery just by glowing LED’s. For
example six LED’s are glowing means battery capacity 60% remains. This article
explains you how design battery level indicator. You can use this circuit to check car
battery or inverter. So by using this circuit, we can increase the lifetime of battery.

The heart of this battery level indicator circuit is LM3914 IC. This IC takes input
analog voltage and drives 10 LED’s linearly according to the input analog voltage. In
this circuit there is no need of resistors in series with led’s because current is regulated
by the IC.

This device is designed to monitor 10V to 15V DC. The circuit will work even if the
battery voltage is 3V. The operating voltage of this IC is 3v to 25v DC. Lm3914
drives led’s, LCDs and vacuum fluorescents. The IC contains adjustable reference and
accurate 10-steps divider. This IC can also acts as sequencer.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1 BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT

Knowing the amount of energy left in a battery compared with the energy it had when
it was full gives the user an indication of how much longer a battery will continue to
perform before it needs recharging.

This would be easy if the battery could be discharged at a constant rate. The charge in
a battery is equal to the current multiplied by the time for which it flowed.
Unfortunately there are two problems with this. In all practical batteries, the discharge
current is not constant but diminishes as the battery becomes discharged, usually in a
non-linear way. Any measurement device must therefore be able to integrate current
over time. Secondly, this method depends on discharging the battery to know how
much charge it contained. In most applications except perhaps in qualification testing,
the user (or the system) needs to know how much charge is in the cell without
discharging it.

It is not possible either to measure directly the effective charge in a battery by

monitoring the actual charge put into it during charging. This is because of the
Coulombic efficiency of the battery. Losses in the battery during the charge -
discharge cycle mean that the battery will deliver less charge during discharge than
was put into it during charging.

The Coulombic efficiency or charge acceptance is a measure of how much usable

energy is available during discharging compared with the energy used to charge the
cell.

Nowadays, electronic indicators are used which provide or give a continuous reading
of the battery condition. This method of course needs indicators to provide the
measurement data of the current battery status, memory to store the battery.

1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT

Sometimes there is nothing worse than losing all the charges on your device
unknowingly and as a result of this your device shuts down especially when you are
in the middle of something very important. Usually this happens at the most
inconvenient time probably when you are using your device for something very
important. Battery level indicator was invented to solve this problem. Battery level
indicator is the project that indicates status of battery by use of LED. This project can
know the status of battery left. This is can give easier to people and can be more alert
then about status of battery level. Battery level indicator can present a circuit that can
know the battery level of a device from the number of LED glowing.

1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT

Low voltage or Over-charging in batteries can make the plates swell and can cause
internal shorts. It shortens the life in batteries, even if you don't get shorts. It also
causes the plates to deteriorate faster than just regular charging. A float charge to
balance is not the bad overcharging that causes a lot of water to boil out.
The objective of this work is to construct a device that will indicate and let the user
know the status of battery of a device just by glowing the number of LED's.

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT

Battery level indicator will let you know the status of battery of a device just by
glowing the number of LED's. For example four LED's are glowing means battery
capacity is 40 percent.

1.5 APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT

You can use this battery level indicator circuit with your inverter or with your car
battery; it will give you indication about your battery status. So before one’s battery
dies you can recharge it.

In Automobiles

Some automobiles are fitted with a battery condition meter to monitor the starter
battery. This meter is, essentially, a voltmeter but it may also be marked with coloured
zones for easy visualization.

Many newer cars no longer offer voltmeters or ammeters; instead, these vehicles
typically have a light with the outline of an automotive battery on it. This can be
somewhat misleading as it may be confused for an indicator of a bad battery when in
reality it indicates a problem with the vehicle's charging system.

Alternatively, an ammeter may be fitted. This indicates whether the battery is being
charged or discharged. In the picture on the right, the ammeter is marked "Alternator"
and the symbols are "C" (charge) and "D" (discharge). Click on the picture to enlarge
it.

Both ammeters and voltmeters individually or together can be used to assess the
operating state of an automobile battery and charging system.

In Electronic devices
A battery indicator is a feature of many electronic devices. In mobile phones, the
battery indicator usually takes the form of a bar graph - the more bars that are
showing, the better the battery's state of charge.

In Computers

Computers may give a signal to users that an internal standby battery needs
replacement. Portable computers using rechargeable batteries generally give the user
some indication of the remaining operating time left on the battery. A Smart Battery
System uses a controller integrated with an interchangeable battery pack to provide a
more accurate indication of the state of battery charge.

This device can also be used in the following places

Telecommunications

CATV / Broadband

Mission Critical Facilities

UPS Systems

Financial Institutions

Mining

Transportation Operations

Hospitals

Emergency Lighting

Call Centers

Battery Suppliers and Manufacturers.

Battery Service Groups

Medical/Biotechnology. All for the purpose of knowing the voltages of their devices.

. BASIC ADVANTAGES OF LED LIGHT IN THE PROJECT

Energy efficient - LED’s are now capable of outputting 135 lumens/watt

Long Lifetime - 50,000 hours or more if properly engineered

Rugged - LED’s are also called “Solid State Lighting (SSL) as they are made of solid
material with no filament or tube or bulb to break

No warm-up period - LED’s light instantly – in nanoseconds

Not affected by cold temperatures - LED’s “like” low temperatures and will startup
even in subzero weather

Directional - With LED’s you can direct the light where you want it, thus no light is
wasted

Excellent Color Rendering - LED’s do not wash out colors like other light sources
such as fluorescents, making them perfect for displays and retail applications

Environmentally friendly - LED’s contain no mercury or other hazardous substances

Controllable - LED’s can be controlled for brightness and color

1.7 LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT

1. This device can only indicate voltage from 1.5v to 24v.

2. It indicate voltage level via LEDs

3. The operating voltage of this IC is 3v to 25v DC

1.8 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT

Voltage Monitor is a simplistic and inexpensive battery monitoring system designed to

monitor battery string voltage for over and under voltage conditions. This Battery
Voltage Monitor is used in 1.5V - 24V applications - and reads battery bus status,
detects different dc voltages using contacts probes. Monitoring for battery string
voltage will provide critical battery cell protection and ensure the longevity of the
battery system. Over voltage can lead to overcharging and overheating of the batteries,
which can cause irreversible cell destruction. Under voltage will also cause
irreversible battery damage if left uncorrected. Measuring battery voltage with this
device will allow the user to determine how charged their batteries are, and allow for
immediate corrective action if needed.
 ADVANTAGES OF THE PROJECT

It is portable

It has measuring probe which is labeled black ( –ve) and red (+ve)

High reliability and durability

Simple installation

Monitors Voltage in 1.5 - 24V batteries.

1.10 METHODOLOGY

To achieve the aim and objectives of this work, the following are the steps involved:

Study of the previous work on the project so as to improve it efficiency.

Draw a block diagram.

Test for continuity of components and devices,

Design and calculation for the device was carried out.

Studying of various component used in circuit.

Construction of the circuit was carried out.

Finally, the whole device was cased and final test was carried out.

1.11

PROJECT WORK ORGANISATION

The various stages involved in the development of this project have been properly put
into five chapters to enhance comprehensive and concise reading. In this project
thesis, the project is organized sequentially as follows:

Chapter one of this work is on the introduction to a battery level indicator. In this
chapter, the background, significance, objective limitation and problem of a battery
level indicator were discussed.

Chapter two is on literature review of a battery level indicator. In this chapter, all the
literature pertaining to this work was reviewed.

Chapter three is on design methodology. In this chapter all the method involved during
the design and construction were discussed.
Chapter four is on testing analysis. All testing that result accurate functionality was
analyzed.

Chapter five is on conclusion, recommendation and references.

CHAPTER TWO: The chapter one of this work has been displayed above. The

complete chapter two of "design and construction of a battery level indicator" is also
available. Order full work to download. Chapter two of "design and construction of a
battery level indicator" consists of the literature review. In this chapter all the related
work on "design and construction of a battery level indicator" was reviewed.

CHAPTER THREE: The complete chapter three of "design and construction of a

battery level indicator" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter three of
"design and construction of a battery level indicator" consists of the methodology. In
this chapter all the method used in carrying out this work was discussed.

CHAPTER FOUR: The complete chapter four of "design and construction of a battery
level indicator" is available. Order full work to download. Chapter four of "design and
construction of a battery level indicator" consists of all the test conducted during the
work and the result gotten after the whole work

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and construction of a battery level indicator" is available. Order full work to
download. Chapter five of "design and construction of a battery level indicator"
consist of conclusion, recommendation and references.

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