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Philadelphia: University Faculty of Engineering and Technology

The document summarizes an experiment investigating the characteristics of a resistance temperature detector (RTD). Measurements were taken of an RTD's resistance as its temperature decreased from 70°C over 30 minutes. A linear relationship was found between temperature and resistance, allowing the RTD's sensitivity to be calculated. The time constant of the RTD's cooling process was determined to be 7 minutes by modeling its response as a first-order transfer function in MATLAB and Simulink. The experiment demonstrated the RTD's linear resistance-temperature relationship and introduced modeling its response with a transfer function.

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Hani Hamad
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48 views

Philadelphia: University Faculty of Engineering and Technology

The document summarizes an experiment investigating the characteristics of a resistance temperature detector (RTD). Measurements were taken of an RTD's resistance as its temperature decreased from 70°C over 30 minutes. A linear relationship was found between temperature and resistance, allowing the RTD's sensitivity to be calculated. The time constant of the RTD's cooling process was determined to be 7 minutes by modeling its response as a first-order transfer function in MATLAB and Simulink. The experiment demonstrated the RTD's linear resistance-temperature relationship and introduced modeling its response with a transfer function.

Uploaded by

Hani Hamad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PHILADELPHIA UNIVERSITY

Faculty of Engineering and Technology


Department of Mechatronics Engineering

Microcontroller and transducer Lab

Investigation of RTD characteristics

Experiment # ( 3 )

Group B

Submitted by:

Students name ID number


‫مالك عماد ذياب اللحام‬ 081018102

Submitted to :
Eng. Samer Sartawi

(29/11/2021)
1. Objectives[1]

 Study the principle of RTD.


 Study the construction of RTD.
 Study the characteristics of RTD.
 Study the transduction circuit of RTD.
 Measuring the sensitivity, linearity of RTD.

2. Theory[1]

The resistance of most metals increases reasonably linearly with temperature in the range
−100 to +800 °C. The general relationship between the resistance RT Ω of a metal element and
temperature T °C is a power series of the form:

RT=R0(1+αT+βT2+γT3+…) (3)

Where R0 Ω is the resistance at 0 °C and α, β, γ are temperature coefficients of resistance. The


magnitude of the non-linear terms is usually small. The figure below shows the variation in the
ratio RT /R0 with temperature for the metals platinum, copper and nickel.

Figure 1. Resistance-temperature characteristics of commonly used metals

Although relatively expensive, platinum is usually chosen for industrial resistance


thermometers; cheaper metals, notably nickel and copper, are used for less demanding
applications. Platinum is preferred because it is chemically inert, has linear and repeatable
resistance-temperature characteristics, and can be used over a wide temperature range (−200 to
+800 °C) and in many types of environments. It can be refined to a high degree of purity, which
ensures that statistical variations in resistance, between similar elements at the same temperature,
are small. A typical platinum element has R0 = 100.0 Ω, R100 = 138.50 Ω, R200 = 175.83 Ω, α =
3.91 × 10−3 °C−1 and β = −5.85 × 10−7 °C−2. The change in resistance between

the ice point and the steam point, i.e. R100 − R0, is called the fundamental interval; in the
above element this is 38.5 Ω. The maximum non-linearity as a percentage of f.s.d. between 0 and
200 °C is +0.76%. The standard IEC 751: 1983 (BS EN 60751: 1996) lays down tolerance limits
on the maximum variation in resistance between platinum elements at a given temperature. For
class A elements the tolerance limits are ±0.06 Ω at 0 °C and ±0.20 Ω at 200 °C; for class B
elements the tolerance limits are ±0.12 Ω at 0 °C and 0.48 Ω at 200 °C. The amount of electrical
power produced in the element should be limited in order to avoid self-heating effects ; in a
typical element 10 mW of power causes a temperature rise of 0.3 °C.

3. Materials and Equipment

1. Heater system.
2. AC Power supply 24 V.
3. Trainer kit which contains 4 plugs for 4 types of temp sensors.
4. DMM.

4. Procedure

Session 1: Measuring sensors characteristics at initial conditions


1. Verify that the heater is switched off
2. Place the glass thermometer in corresponding housing
3. Place RTD into the corresponding housing
4. Connect the RTD leads to the trainer kit
5. Connect the Avometer to the RTD terminals
6. Measure the temperature shown by glass thermometer

Session 2: Investigation of static dynamic characteristics of an RTD


1. Verify that the heater is switched off
2. Connect the power leads to the heater
3. Switch on the heater
4. Wait when the temperature of heater reaches 70o
5. Switch off the heater
6. At the same time measure the temperature of the heater each minute, measure the resistance
RTD.

5. Collected Data

Table 5-1: Initial operating conditions.


Room temperature [C] 26.4
Delay time for each reading [minutes] 1
The measured value of RTD resistance at room temperature [Ω] 110.7
Table 5-2: Measured values for RTD
Time [minutes] Temperature [oC] R[Ω] Ri Ni%
0 70 127 126.456 3.337423
1 65 124.9 124.627 1.674847
2 61 123.1 123.1638 0.391411
3 57 121.6 121.7006 0.617178
4 53.5 120.2 120.4203 1.351534
5 50.2 119 119.2132 1.30773
6 47.3 118 118.1523 0.934601
7 45 117.1 117.311 1.294479
8 42.8 116.3 116.5062 1.265276
9 40.9 115.6 115.8112 1.295828
10 39 115 115.1162 0.712883
11 37.5 114.5 114.5675 0.41411
12 36.1 114 114.0554 0.339755
13 35 113.6 113.653 0.325153
14 34 113.2 113.2872 0.534969
15 33 112.9 112.9214 0.131288
16 32.2 112.6 112.6288 0.176442
17 31.5 112.4 112.3727 0.167485
18 30.9 112.1 112.1532 0.326503
19 30.1 111.9 111.8606 0.24184
20 29.8 111.8 111.7508 0.301595
21 29.1 111.6 111.4948 0.645521
22 28.9 111.4 111.4216 0.132638
23 28.5 111.3 111.2753 0.151534
24 28 111.2 111.0924 0.660123
25 27.8 111.1 111.0192 0.49546
26 27.5 111 110.9095 0.555215
27 27 110.9 110.7266 1.063804
28 26.9 110.8 110.69 0.674724
29 26.7 110.8 110.6169 1.123558
30 26.4 110.7 110.5071 1.183313
MAX 127 3.33742
MIN 110.7
OFR 16.3
R
128
y = 0.3658x + 100.85
126
124
122
120
118
116
114
112
110
108
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Temp [C]
Figure 5-1: Relation between temperature and resistance.

R 128
126
124
122
120
118
116
114
112
110
108
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Time (s)

Figure 5-2: Graph showing resistance with relation to time.


Figure 5-3: MATLAB code used to calculate τ

Figure 5-4: Simulink model of transfer function.

Figure 5-5: Response time for transfer function.


6. Discussion and Analysis

The experiment starts by taking starting operating conditions as seen in Table 5-1, then the
heater is turned on until it reaches 70o C, the cooling is turned on and measurements of
temperature and resistance are taken every 1 minute and recorded in Table 5-2, maximum
linearity is also shown in the table.

In Figure 5-1 temperature is graphed against resistance and a slope equation


(y = 0.3658x + 100.85)
is calculated using Excel, from which we can find the sensitivity which equals 0.3658.

In Figure 5-2 resistance is graphed with relation to time in order to obtain the TF of the system, the
time constant (τ) is calculated using MATLAB using the code shown in Figure 5-3 and it has a value of
τ=7 , using that we obtained a transfer function:
TF =

The TF is simulated in SIMULINK as shown in Figure 5-4, a value of 70 is input into the model
and the response time is shown on the scope as shown in Figure 5-5.

7. Conclusions

An RTD is basically a wire made from a specific metal, the metal’s resistance increases
linearly with temperature as the experiment demonstrated.
This experiment introduced how a Transfer function can be obtained for a sensor, unlike
earlier experiments where the time constant of a sensor was too small to take into account, an
RTD has a long response which requires a transfer function to represent the mathematical model.

8. References

1- Lab Manual “Microcontroller and Transducer Lab.” By Eng. Samer Sartawi.

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