Nutrition in human

A. Main nutrition process in human

1) ingestion 攝食
take in food through mouth

2) digestion
food break down to soluble& simple molecule

3) absorption
digested& soluble& simple molecule enter circulatory system

4) assimilation 同化
cell take up absorbed food molecule → metabolism

5) egestion
undigested material removed from body as faeces

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B. Digestive system
consist
alimentary canal
associated glands
salivary gland 唾液腺
pancreas 胰腺
liver

alimentary canal start from

mouth cavity → pharynx → esophagus 食管 → stomach → small intestine
→ large intestine → anus
stomach contain gastric gland 胃腺
small intestine
= duodenum 十二指腸 + ileum 迴腸
contain intestinal gland
large intestine = appendix 闌尾 + caecum 盲腸 + colon 結腸 + rectum 直腸

C. How food ingested?

food put in mouth cavity& cut by teeth

chewing food to small piece process = mastication 咀嚼

D. Each teeth type function

incisor 門牙 → bite& cut food
canine 犬牙 → tear flesh 肉體
premolar 前磨牙 & molar 磨牙 → crush& grind 研磨 food

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E. Teeth structure
crown 牙冠 outer part consist enamel 琺琅質
crown & root inner part consist dentine 牙本質
dentine enclose pulp cavity 牙髓腔 at center
pulp cavity contain living cell & blood vessel & nerve fiber
cement 牙骨質 + periodontal membrane 牙周膜 → fix teeth to jawbone
nerve fiber → detect temp & pressure
blood vessel → supply O2 & nutrient & remove waste

F. What is dentition 齒系 ?
dentition
= different teeth type #. & arrangement in mammal
can represent by dental formula
human have 2 set teeth in life time → milk teeth& permanent teeth

G. Remarks
enamel
outermost & hardest region of crown
non-living cell & made of calcium salt
prevent teeth wearing down when chewing
replaced by cement around root
cement fiber pass into jawbone form periodontal membrane

dental formula
2123
adult: 2123 → i c p m
2102
child: 2102

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H. How food move along alimentary canal?
food
move from mouth cavity to esophagus by swallowing
from esophagus to anus by peristalsis 腸蠕動

I. What is peristalsis?
= circular longitudinal muscle in alimentary canal wall rhythmic contraction & relaxation
cause food move forward along canal

J. Remarks
before swallowing
1) teeth chew food
2) tongue shape food to bolus 食團 & mix food with saliva

after swallowing
1) tongue raise → push bolus to oharynx
2) soft palate 軟齶 move up → prevent bolus enter nasal cavity
3) larynx rise → epiglottis 喉頭蓋 cover trachea opening
∴ prevent bolus enter trachea
4) bolus enter esophagus

peristalsis
behind bolus
1) circular muscle contract
2) longitudinal muscle relax
3) lumen 管腔 smaller
4) food squeeze forward
in front of bolus
1) circular muscle relax
2) longitudinal muscle contract
3) food slide through lumen

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K. Why digestion necessary?
∵ food too large to pass through alimentary canal wall (differentially permeable)
∴ digestion make food smaller & simpler & soluble for absorption

L. How physical digestion brought about& why important?

brought by
teeth chewing
stomach churning 攪動
alimentary canal peristalsis
bile salt lipid emulsification 乳化
↑ food surface area → chem digestion

M. Chem digestion process

involve chem reaction
→ large & complex food molecule break down to smaller& simpler form
catalyzed by digestive enzyme
enzyme present in digestive juice
enzyme secret by digestive gland

N. Digestive juice in digestive system

saliva 口水
produce by salivary gland
act in mouth cavity
contain salivary amylase 唾液澱粉酶 & H2O & mucus
starch → maltose 麥芽糖
pH 7.5

gastric juice 胃液
produce in stomach gastric gland
act in stomach
contain proteases 蛋白酶& Hcl & mucus
protein → peptide 肽
pH 2.0

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 bile 膽
produce by liver& temporary store in gall bladder 膽囊 & release through bile duct
act in duodenum
contain bile salt 膽鹽 & bile pigment 膽色素& sodium hydrogencarbonate 碳酸氫鈉
no enzyme
lipid → small droplet by emulsification
pH 7.6 – 8.6

pancreatic juice 胰液
produce by pancreas & release through pancreatic duct
act in duodenum
contain pancreatic amylase & protease & lipase 脂酶 & sodium hydrogencarbonate
starch → maltose / protein → peptide / peptide → amino acid
lipid → fatty acid 脂肪酸 + glycerol 甘油
pH 8.0

intestinal juice
produce by gland in small intestinal wall
act in small intestine
contain mucus
intestinal wall specialized cell contain carbohydrase 糖& protease
disaccharide → monosaccharide / peptide → amino acid
pH 8.5

O. Remarks
saliva
mucus → bind food tgt + moisten & lubricate food
H2O → dissolve food soluble substance

stomach
entrance guard by cardiac sphincter 賁門括約肌
sphincter contract → close entrance
prevent food back flow to esophagus
exit guard by pyloric sphincter
regulate food release to duodenum
in stomach: food → chyme 食糜

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 juice function
Hcl
provide acid medium for protease action
kill bacteria in food
mucus
protect stomach digest by protease & damage by Hcl
bile salt
emulsify lipid → small droplet
bile pigment
color part of bile
form by break down of hemoglobin in liver
no function
sodium hydrogencarbonate
neutralize acidic chyme
provide alkaline medium for duodenum enzyme action
pancreatic amylase
catalyze starch break down to maltose
protease
catalyze protein breakdown to peptide
in pancreas → catalyze peptide breakdown to amino acid
lipase
catalyze lipid breakdown to fatty acid + glycerol
carbohydrases
catalyze disaccharide (maltose & sucrose 蔗糖) to monosaccharide (glucose)

P. Absorption
= food molecule movement from alimentary canal to circulatory system
mainly in ileum

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Q. Small intestine adaptation for food absorption
highly folded wall& numerous villi
↑ food surface area → absorption

thin epithelium
↓ food molecule diffuse to blood distance

present lacteal (= lymph vessel) & blood capillary network

carry away absorbed food molecule rapidly

villi movement cause by peristalsis

keep steep conc gradient of food molecule across small intestine wall

R. Digested food absorb route

monosaccharide + amino acid + mineral + water-soluble vitamin
absorb to villi blood capillary by diffusion& active transport
carry to liver via hepatic portal vein

fatty acid + glycerol

1) diffuse to villi epithelium & combine to form lipid there
2) lipid enter lacteal & pass to main lymph vessel
3) into blood circulation

S. Remarks
villi always contact with newly digested food

> 90% H2O absorb in stomach& small intestine

large intestine last site absorb H2O

colon absorb mineral slowly

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T. Assimilation
= cell uptake & use absorbed food molecule → metabolism

U. How absorbed food molecule assimilate in cell?

glucose → release energy
amino acid → make protein
for growth& repair
raw material for enzyme & antibody & hormone
lipid → make cell membrane & as energy reserve

V. Liver role
regulate blood glucose lv

store glycogen 糖原 & iron & fat soluble vitamin (A & D)

carotene 胡蘿蔔素 change to vitamin A
liver break down RBC → released iron use for
store in liver
make new RBC

produce bile & vitamin A & heat

metabolism produce heat → maintain body temp

deaminate 脫氨 excess amino acid (cannot store in body)

detoxify mild toxin

alcohol & drug → harmless substance

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W. Remarks
excess glucose
convert to glycogen in liver & lipid
glycogen store in liver& muscle
lipid store under skin & around internal organ

excess lipid
deposit around internal organ → protect them
build into skin adipose 脂肪 tissue → ↓ heat lost

excess protein
liver deaminate amino acid
remove & convert amino group to urea
remaining amino acid part convert to carbohydrate / lipid

anal sphincter 肛門括約肌

relax + rectum muscle contract → faece pushed out through anus

X. Egestion
= expel faece from body
faece
temporary store in rectum
= indigested food (dietary fiber / bacteria / dead cell / little H2O)

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