Mathematics B (4MB1) Revision Notes

1.Vectors
1. Addition of vectors : If ܽ ൌ ቀ௫௬భ ቁ ܾܽ݊݀ ൌ  ቀ௫௬మ ቁ ǡ ܽ ൅ ܾ ൌ  ቀ௬௫భశೣ
ା௬
మቁ
భ మ భ మ

2. Multiplication of vectors : ݇ ቀ௬௫ ቁ ௞௫

ൌ  ቀ௞௬ ቁ
3. Modulus (magnitude) of a vector: If a = ቀ௬௫ ቁ modulus (magnitude) of a = ඥ‫ ݔ‬ଶ െ ‫ ݕ‬ଶ
௬
4. Angle of a vector: If a = ቀ௬௫ ቁ and angle between a and x-axis is θ, tanθ = ௫ .
௫భ
5. Parallel vectors: (i) If a = ቀ௫௬భ ቁ and b = ቀ௫௬మ ቁ are parallel, ൌ ቀ௫௬మ ቁ
భ మ ௬భ మ
௛ ௠
(ii) If (ha +kb) || (ma + nb), ௞ െ ௡

A
௫భ
6. Equal vectors: (i) If a = ቀ௬ ቁ ܾܽ݊݀ ൌ ቀ௫௬మ ቁare equal, ‫ݔ‬ଵ ൌ  ‫ݔ‬ଶ and ‫ݕ‬ଵ ൌ  ‫ݕ‬ଶ

IDH
భ మ

(ii) If (ha + kb) = (ma +nb), h=m and k=n

7. Coordinates of A means ሱሮ

MR
ை஺
8. ሱሮ ൅  ሱሮ ൌ  ሱሮ
஺஻ ஻஼ ஺஼

B
NO
AR
BY

9. If two lines are equal and parallel, their vectors are equal.
D

10. If ሱሮ ൌ ܽǡ ሱሮൌ  െܽ
RE

஺஻ ஻஺
11. Vector can be found by the following three methods:
PA

(i) Route method: ሱሮ ൌሱሮ ൅ሱሮ ǡሱሮ ൌሱሮ ൅ሱሮ ൅ሱሮ ǡ ሱሮൌሱሮ ൅  ሱሮ ൅ ሱሮ ൅ ሱሮ ݁‫ܿݐ‬Ǥ
஺஼ ஺஻ ஻஼ ஺஽ ஺஻ ஻஼ ஼஽ ஺ா ஺஻ ஻஼ ஼஽ ஽ா
௪௔௡௧௘ௗ௩௘௖௧௢௥௥௔௧௜௢
E

(ii) Ratio method: wanted vector = x known vector.

PR

௞௡௢௪௡௩௘௖௧௢௥௥௔௧௜௢
(iii) Geometrical method: If AB||CD and AB = CD, ሬሬሬሬሬറ ሬሬሬሬሬറ
‫ ܤܣ‬ൌ  ‫ܦܥ‬
ሬሬሬሬሬറ ൌ ݇‫ܦܥ‬
If AB||CD and AB =kCD, ‫ܤܣ‬ ሬሬሬሬሬറ
ଵ
12. If C is the mid point of AB, ሬሬሬሬሬሬറ
‫ ܥܣ‬ൌ  ଶ ሬሬሬሬሬറ
‫ܤܣ‬
௠
13. If you need to find AB:CD, divide ሬሬሬሬሬറ
‫ ܤܣ‬by ሬሬሬሬሬറ
‫ܦܥ‬. If the result is ௡ , where m and n are
integers, AB:CD = m:n.
14. If a=kb, a and b are parallel.
15. If you need to find two geometrical properties between AB and CD, divide ሬሬሬሬሬറ
‫ ܤܣ‬by ሬሬሬሬሬറ
‫ܦܥ‬. If
௠
the result is ௡ , where m and n are integers, two geometrical properties are:

Page 1
 Mathematics B (4MB1) Revision Notes

(i) AB||CD
(ii) AB: CD = m:n
16. If you need to prove that A, B and C lie on a straight line (collinear), follow the following
steps.
(i) Find two vectors with these three points so that there is a common point between
them. The vectors may be ሬሬሬሬሬറ
‫ ܤܣ‬ǡ ሬሬሬሬሬറ ሬሬሬሬሬറ ǡ ሬሬሬሬሬറ
‫ ܥܣ‬or ‫ܥܤ‬ ‫ ܥܣ‬.
(ii) Divide one vector by another.
(iii) If the result is a constant (only number), this proves that A, B and C lie on a straight
line.
ሬሬሬሬሬറ ൌ  ‫ܥܦ‬
17. (i) If ‫ܤܣ‬ ሬሬሬሬሬറ ‫ܦܣݎ݋‬
ሬሬሬሬሬറ ൌ  ‫ܥܤ‬
ሬሬሬሬሬറ , ABCD is a parallelogram.
(ii) If ABCD is a parallelogram, ሬሬሬሬሬറ ሬሬሬሬሬറ or ‫ܦܣ‬
‫ ܤܣ‬ൌ  ‫ܥܦ‬ ሬሬሬሬሬറ ൌ  ‫ܥܤ‬
ሬሬሬሬሬറ

A
18. Finding area ratio: If two triangles are similar, their area ratio is equal to square of side

IDH
ratio.

MR
B
NO
AR
BY
D
RE
E PA
PR

Page 2
 Mathematics B (4MB1) Revision Notes

2.Function
1. A function can be written in the following 3 forms:
ሺ݅ሻ‫ ݕ‬ൌ ͷ‫ ݔ‬െ ʹሺ݅݅ሻ݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ ൌ ͷ‫ ݔ‬െ ʹሺ݅݅݅ሻ݂ǣ ‫ ݔ‬՜ ͷ‫ ݔ‬െ ʹ
2. When a function is written in arrow form, first letter is the name of the function, the letter
between colon and arrow sign is domain (‫)ݔ‬, the part after the arrow is range (‫)ݕ‬.
3. To find f(2), replace ‫ ݔ‬of f function by 2.
4. Composite function:
(i) To find ݂݃ or ݂݃(‫)ݔ‬, replace ‫ ݔ‬of ݂function by ݃ or ݃ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ function. Except ‫ݔ‬, everything of
݂function will remain same.
(ii) To find ݂݃ሺʹሻǡ first find ݃ሺʹሻ then find ݂ሺ݃ሺʹሻሻ.
5. If original function is f, inverse function is f-1.

A
6. To find inverse of f, follow the following steps:

IDH
(i) Write f function in x, y form.
(ii) Change ‫ ݔ‬by ‫ ݕ‬and ‫ ݕ‬by ‫ݔ‬.

MR
(iii) Make ‫ ݕ‬subject.
(iv) Write ݂ െ ͳ in the wanted form. OB
7. If in ݂ function, ‫ ݔ‬൐ ܽ and ‫ ݕ‬൐ ܾ, in f-1 function ‫ ݔ‬൐ ܾ and ‫ ݕ‬൐ ܽ.
8. In fraction function, the value of ‫ ݔ‬for which the denominator becomes zero, must excluded
N
9. ‫ ݔ‬values of a function are called domain and y values are called range.
AR

10. To find the range of a quadratic function,

(i) Find the maximum or minimum values of y.
BY

(ii) If y is maximum range is: ‫ ݕ‬൑ ݉ܽ‫݁ݑ݈ܽݒ݉ݑ݉݅ݔ‬

(iii) If y is minimum, range is: y ൒ minimum value
D

11. To find the range of any function

RE

(i) Draw a sketch of the function for the given domain.

PA

(ii) Find the range from the sketch.

E
PR

Page 3
 Mathematics B (4MB1) Revision Notes

3.Matrix
ܽ ܾ ݇ܽ ܾ݇
1. Multiplication by a scalar : ݇ ቀ ቁ ൌቀ ቁ
ܿ ݀ ݇ܿ ݇݀
ܽ ܾ ‫ݔ ݓ‬ ܽ൅‫ܾ ݓ‬൅‫ݔ‬
2. Addition of matrix : ቀ ቁ ൅  ቀ ‫ݖ ݕ‬ቁ ൌ ൬ ൰
ܿ ݀ ܿ൅‫݀ ݕ‬൅‫ݖ‬
ܽ ܾ ‫ݔ ݓ‬ ܽെ‫ܾ ݓ‬െ‫ݔ‬
3. Subtraction of matrix : ቀ ቁ െ  ቀ ‫ݖ ݕ‬ቁ ൌ ൬ ൰
ܿ ݀ ܿെ‫݀ ݕ‬െ‫ݖ‬
4. Two matrix can be added or subtracted if their number of row and column are equal.
ܽ ܾ ‫ݔ ݓ‬ ܽ‫ ݓ‬൅ ܾ‫ ݔܽ ݕ‬൅ ܾ‫ݖ‬
5. Multiplication of two matrix : ቀ ቁቀ ቁൌ൬ ൰
ܿ ݀ ‫ݖ ݕ‬ ܿ‫ ݓ‬൅ ݀‫ ݔܿ ݕ‬൅ ݀‫ݖ‬
6. The order of a matrix is (2 x 3) means it has 2 row and 3 column.
7. If two matrices have order (p x q) and (r x s), they can be multiplied if q=r and the order of the

A
resultant matrix will be (p x s)

IDH
ܽ ܾ ‫ݔ ݓ‬
8. Equal matrix : Ifቀ ቁ ൌ  ቀ ‫ ݖ ݕ‬ቁ, ܽ ൌ ‫ݓ‬ǡ ܾ ൌ ‫ݔ‬ǡ ܿ ൌ ‫ݕ‬ǡ ݀ ൌ ‫ݖ‬
ܿ ݀

MR
ܽ ܾ
9. Determinant of ቀ ቁ is ad – bc.
ܿ ݀
ܽ ܾ ଵ ݀ െܾ
10. Inverse of ቀ ቁ is ௔ௗି௕௖ ቀ ቁ
ܿ ݀ െܿ ܽ
OB
11. If ܽ݀ െ ܾܿ ൌ Ͳ, the matrix has no inverse.
N
ͳ Ͳ
12. (i) (2 x 2) identity matrix I = ቀ ቁ
AR

Ͳ ͳ

( ͳ Ͳ Ͳ
(ii) (3 x 3) identity matrix I = Ͳ ͳ Ͳ )
BY

Ͳ Ͳ ͳ
13. If any matrix is multiplied by identity matrix, the matrix remains same.
D

14. The product of inverse matrix and original is identity matrix.

RE

15. Reflection:
PA

(i) Finding image when object and reflection line is given :

(a) If reflection line is horizontal or vertical, count the distance of the mirror line from the object.
E
PR

Image will be on the opposite side of the mirror line with the same distance.
(b) If reflection line is slant, move horizontally from the object to meet the mirror line and count
the distance. Move vertically from the meeting point with the same distance. Remember that
object and image must lie on the opposite side of the reflection line.

(ii) To find mirror line (reflection line) when object and image are given, follow the following
steps.
(a) Join any corresponding object and image.
(b) Draw the perpendicular bisector of this joining line.
(c) This perpendicular bisector is the mirror line.
16. Rotation.
(i) Rules of changing points in different rotation :

Page 4
 Mathematics B (4MB1) Revision Notes

ଽ଴బ ௖௟௢௖௞௪௜௦௘
(a) ቀ௬௫ ቁ ௬
‫  ب‬൫ି௫ ൯
ଽ଴బ ௔௡௧௜௖௟௢௖௞௪௜௦௘
(b) ቀ௬௫ ቁ ‫  ب‬൫ି௬
௫
൯
ଵ଴଼బ 
(c) ቀ௬௫ ቁ ି௫
‫  ب‬ቀି௬ ቁ
(ii) Finding image when object, centre, angle and direction are given :
(a) Write the distance of the object from the centre in matrix form
(b) If centre is origin, distance from the centre and coordinates of the points will be same,
otherwise it will be different.
(c) For 900 clockwise rotation, change the position of the number and change the sign of the
lower number.
(d) For 900 anticlockwise rotation, change the position of the number and change the sign of the
upper number.

A
(e) For 1800 rotation, do not change the position of any number, but change the sign of all

IDH
numbers
(iii) When object and image are given, to find centre, angle and direction follow the following

MR
steps.
(a) Join any two pairs of corresponding object and image.
(b) Draw the two perpendicular bisector of these two joining line.
OB
(c) Intersecting point of these two perpendicular bisector is the centre of the rotation.
N
(d) To find angle, join centre and one pair of corresponding object and image. The angle
AR

between these two joining lines is the angle of rotation. Measure this angle using protractor, or
calculate this angle making triangle.
(e) To find direction, take a compass. Put the compass leg on the centre and pencil on the
BY

object. Keeping the compass leg fixed, move the pencil to the corresponding image. If the pencil
moves clockwise, direction is clockwise. If the pencil moves anticlockwise, direction is
D

anticlockwise.
RE

17. Translation:
PA

(i) When object and image are given to find vector, write the coordinates of any corresponding
object and image in vector form and subtract object from image.
E
PR

Vector = Image – Object

(ii) When object and vector are given to find image, write the coordinates of the object in matrix
form and add this matrix with the given vector.
Image = Object + Vector
If number of column of the object matrix is 3, write the vector three times, if number of column

of the object matrix is 4, write the vector four times. If object is (

ܽ
ܾ
ܿ
݀
݁
) ௚
݂ and vector is ൫௛൯,
image will be
ܽ ܿ ݁ ݃ ݃ ݃ ܽ൅݃ ܿ൅݃ ݁൅݃
ቀ ݂ ቁ  ൅  ቀ  ቁ  ൌ  ൬  ൰
ܾ ݀ ݄ ݄ ݄ ܾ൅݄ ݀൅݄ ݂൅݃
(iii) When image and vector are given, to find object, write the coordinates of the image in
matrix form and subtract vector form this matrix.

Page 5
 Mathematics B (4MB1) Revision Notes

Object = image = vector

If number of column of the image matrix is 3, write the vector three times, if number of column
ܽ ܿ ݁
of the image matrix is 4, write the vector four times. If image is ቀ  ቁ and vector is ൫௚௛൯,
ܾ ݀ ݂
image will be
ܽ ܿ ݁ ݃ ݃ ݃ ܽെ݃ ܿെ݃ ݁െ݃
ቀ  ቁ െ  ቀ  ቁ  ൌ  ቀ  ቁ
ܾ ݀ ݂ ݄ ݄ ݄ ܾെ݄ ݀െ݄ ݂െ݃

18. Enlargement :
(i) When object, scale factor and centre are given, to find image follow the following steps.
(a) Write the distance o the object from the centre in matrix form
(b) If centre is origin, distance from the centre and coordinates of the points will be same,
otherwise it will be different.

A
(c) Multiply the object matrix by the scale factor to get the image, Image = Scale Factor x Object

IDH
(ii) When object and image are given, to find the centre and seak factor follow the following

MR
steps.
(a) Join all corresponding objects and image. The intersecting of the joining lines is the centre.
(b) If the joining lines do not intersect, produce them to a suitable direction. The intersecting
B
NO
point of the produces lines is the centre.
(c) To find scale factor, divide corresponding image side by object side. If it is difficult to find side
AR

length, divide horizontal or vertical distance from centre of image by horizontal or vertical
distance of corresponding object.
‫݁݃ܽ݉ܫ‬
BY

݈݂ܵܿܽ݁ܽܿ‫ ݎ݋ݐ‬ൌ 
ܱܾ݆݁ܿ‫ݐ‬
D

(iii) When object and image lie on the opposite side of the centre of enlargement, scale factor
RE

is negative. When object and image lie on the same side of the centre of enlargement, scale
PA

factor is positive.
19. Finding area ratio of object and image: If you need to find the area ratio of object and image,
E

follow any one of the following methods.

PR

(i) If image is obtained multiplying object by a matrix, find the determinant of that matrix.
ܽ‫ ݂݁݃ܽ݉݅݋ܽ݁ݎܽ ׷ ݐ݆ܾܿ݁݋݂݋ܽ݁ݎ‬ൌ ͳ ‫ݐ݊ܽ݊݅݉ݎ݁ݐ݁݀ ׷‬
(ii) Object and image are similar. So similarity formula also can be applied in this case. If side
ratio of object and image is I1 : I2,
ܽ‫ ݂݁݃ܽ݉݅݋ܽ݁ݎܽ ׷ ݐ݆ܾܿ݁݋݂݋ܽ݁ݎ‬ൌ  ሺ‫ܫ‬ଵ ሻଶ  ‫  ׷‬ሺ‫ܫ‬ଶ ሻଶ
(iii) If scale factor of the enlargement is k, [If k is negative, consider only number]
ܽ‫ ݂݁݃ܽ݉݅݋ܽ݁ݎܽ ׷ ݐ݆ܾܿ݁݋݂݋ܽ݁ݎ‬ൌ ͳ ‫ ݇ ׷‬ଶ
(iv) If possible, find area of the object and area of the image by using the formula ½ x base x
height or ½ ab sinθ if they are triangles. Then find their ratio.

Page 6
 Mathematics B (4MB1) Revision Notes

20. When matrix is given, to find image, write the coordinates of object in matrix form and multiply
this object matrix by the given matrix.
Image = Matrix x Object
21. When object and image are known, transformation may be known or unknown, and you need to
ܽ ܾ
find the matrix, take the unknown matrix as ቀ ቁ and use the following rules.
ܿ ݀
ܽ ܾ
ቀ ቁ x ‫ ݐ݆ܾܿ݁݋‬ൌ ݅݉ܽ݃݁Ǥ
ܿ ݀
22. Base vector: When transformation is known, objet and image may be known or unknown, and
you need to find the matrix, follow the following steps.
(i) Draw the x-axis and y-axis.
(ii) Plot the points I(1, 0) and J(0,1).
(iii) Find Il (image of I) and Jl (image of J) according to the known transformation.
ܽ ܾ l

A
(iv) If coordinates of Il = (a, c) and Jl = (b, d), wanted matrix will be ቀ ቁ, I is the 1st column
ܿ ݀

IDH
and Jl is the 2nd column of the wanted matrix.
23. Base vector: When only matrix is known, object and image are unknown and you need to find

MR
the transformation represented by the matrix, follow the following steps.
(i) Draw x-axis and y-axis.
(ii) Plot the points: I(1,0) and J(0,1)
B
NO
(iii) Plot the points Il (1st column of the given matrix) and Jl (2nd column of the given matrix).
(iv) Find the transformation between I and Il, J and Jl.
AR

(v) If both transformation are same that will be the answer.

24. If A x object = image, A-1 x image = object
BY

25. Some matrices and their transformation are given below:

Matrix Transformation
D

Ͳ െͳ 0
Rotation of 90 anticlockwise, centre (0,0)
1. ቀ ቁ
RE

ͳ Ͳ
Ͳ ͳ Rotation of 900 clockwise, centre (0,0)
PA

2. ቀ ቁ
െͳ Ͳ
െͳ Ͳ Rotation of 1800, centre (0,0)
3. ቀ ቁ
E

Ͳ െͳ
PR

ͳ Ͳ Reflection in x-axis
4. ቀ ቁ
Ͳ െͳ
െͳ Ͳ Reflection in y-axis
5. ቀ ቁ
Ͳ ͳ
Ͳ ͳ Reflection in y=x
6. ቀ ቁ
ͳ Ͳ
Ͳ െͳ Reflection in y=-x
7. ቀ ቁ
െͳ Ͳ
݇ Ͳ Enlargement, scale factor k, centre (0,0)
8. ቀ ቁ
Ͳ ݇
26. Identification of transformation and their fully description

Transformation Identification Need to describe fully

Enlargement Change of area or change of side-length. Centre and scale factor.
Translation Change of position without rotation. Vector.

Page 7
 Mathematics B (4MB1) Revision Notes
IGCSE Mathematics – B: All Rules & Formula

Reflection Corresponding object-image joining lines are Equation of the reflection

parallel. line.
1800 rotation Corresponding object-image joining lines Centre
intersect at the same point, which is the
centre of 1800 rotation.
Other rotation The remaining are other rotation. Angle, direction and centre.
0
27. 180 rotation and enlargement with scale factor -1 are same.
28. Invariant point: Normally when points are multiplied by matrix, they are changed. But there are
some point, after multiplication by a matrix, they remain unchanged. These points are called
invariant point.
29. Invariant line: By joining the invariant points, a line may be obtained. This line is called invariant
ܽ ܾ ܽ ܾ ௫
line. If matrix is ቀ ቁ and invariant point is ቀ௬௫ ቁ, use ቀ ቁቀ ቁ = ቀ௬௫ ቁ to find the equation
ܿ ݀ ܿ ݀ ௬
of invariant line.

A
IDH
MR
B
NO
AR
BY
D
RE
E PA
PR

Page 8
 Mathematics B (4MB1) Revision Notes

4.Probability
s = number of A, t = number of B, u = number of C, n = total number
௦ ଵ ௨
1. p(A) = ௡, p(B) = ௡, p(C) = ௡
௦ ௦
2. (i) p(AA) =  ൈ  ሾ‫݈݀݁ܿܽ݌݁ݎ݂ܫ‬ሿ
௡ ௡
௦ ௦ିଵ
(ii) p(AA) = ൈ [If not replaced]
௡ ௡ିଵ
௦ ଵ
3. (i) p(AB) = ൈ ൈ ʹ [If replaced]
௡ ௡
௦ ଵ
(ii) p(AB) =  ൈ  ൈ ʹ
௡ ଵିଵ
4. A, B and C can be arranged in the following 6 ways: ABC, ACB, BAC, BCA, CAB, CBA.

A
௦ ௧ ௨
5. (i) p(ABC) = ൈ ൈ ൈ ͸ [If replaced]
௡ ௡ ௡

IDH
௦ ௧ ௨
(ii) p(ABC) = ௡ ൈ
௡ିଵ
ൈ
௡ିଶ
ൈ ͸ [If not replaced]
6. For 2 draw, p(different colour) = 1-p(same colour).

MR
7. AND rule: p(A and B) = p(A) x p(B)
8. OR rule: p(A or B) = p(A) + p(B)
9. p(A) + p(B) + p(C) = 1 B
NO
10. The probabilities of dise, ball, bead, sweet etc may change or not according to replacement. But
probabilities of die, coin etc always remain unchanged.
AR

11. If probability is given, you have to use the probability.

12. To draw tree diagram, number of branches = number of given items.
BY

number of steps = number of draw.

D
RE
E PA
PR

Page 9
 Mathematics B (4MB1) Revision Notes

5.Kinematics
1. time = t, distance/displacement = s/x, acceleration/retardation = a, velocity/speed = v
ௗ௫ ௗ௩
2. ‫ ݒ‬ൌ  , ܽ ൌ
ௗ௧ ௗ௧
ௗ௦
3. For maximum or minimum value of s/x, ൌͲ
ௗ௧
ௗ௩
4. For maximum or minimum value of v, ൌͲ
ௗ௧
5. If the particle comes to rest, v = 0.
6. If the particle comes to fixed point or fixed level, s=0 or x=0.
7. Distance travelled in t second = st [If at t=0, s =0]
8. Distance travelled in t second = s1 – s0 [If at t=0, s ≠ 0]

A
9. Distance travelled in t th second = s1 - st-1

IDH
10. Distance travelled between t = 3 and t = 7 = s1 – s3 [If there are no value of t between t=3 and t =
7 for which v =0]

MR
11. Distance travelled between t=3 and t=7 = (s5 – s3) +(s7 – s5) [If there is no value t=5 between t = 3
and t = 7 for which v = 0].
12. If speed is constant, distance = speed x time.
B
NO
13. Rules of Differentiation:
݀ ݀ ݀ ݀
ሺ‫ݎܾ݁݉ݑ݊ݕ݈݊݋‬ሻ ൌ Ͳǡ ሺ‫ݐ‬ሻ ൌ ͳǡ ሺ‫ ݐ‬ଶ ሻ ൌ ʹ‫ݐ‬ǡ ሺ‫ ݐ‬ଷ ሻ ൌ ͵‫ ݐ‬ଶ
݀‫ݐ‬ ݀‫ݐ‬ ݀‫ݐ‬ ݀‫ݐ‬
AR

ௗ ௡ ௡ିଵ
General rule: ሺ‫ ݐ‬ሻ ൌ ݊‫ݐ‬ 
ௗ௧
BY
D
RE
E PA
PR

Page 10
 Mathematics B (4MB1) Revision Notes

6.Set
1. Number of some symbols:
(i) ∩ = intersection, (ii) ᴜ = union, (iii) C = subset, (iv) ԑ = “is a member of” or “belongs to” or
“element of”, (v) Ԑ = universel set, (vi) A’ = “A prime” or “complement of A’”, (vii) n(A) =
number of elements in set A, (viii) ᴓ = empty set.
2. n(A ᴜ B) = n(A) + n(B) – n(A∩B)
3. n(A) + n(A’) = n(Ԑ)
4. (i) maximum n(A ∩ B) = n(B), where n(A) > n(B).
(ii) minimum n(A ∩ B) = n(A)+ n(B) – n(AᴜB).
5. (i) maximum n(A ᴜ B) = n(A) + n(B)

A
(ii) minimum n(A ᴜ B) = n(A), where n(A) > n(B).
6. Number facts:

IDH
(i) Integer number: The number which are not decimal or fraction are called integer number.
Integer numbers are always whole number. Positive integers are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5………….., negative

MR
integers are -1, -2, -3, -4, -5……….. The number 0 is also considered as integer.
(ii) Prime number: A prime number is divisible only by itself and by one. First 20 positive prime
OB
numbers are 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 61, 67, 71
(iii) Multiples of number: If y is divisible by x, y is called multiple of x. For example, multiples of 3
N
are 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21.
AR

(iv) Factors of number: If y is divisible by x, x is called factor of y. For example, factors of 18 are
1, 2,3, 6, 9, 18 and factors of 20 are 1, 2, 4, 5, 10, 20.
BY

(v) Even number: The number which are divisible by 2 are called even number. Even numbers
are multiples of 2. 2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,20 etc are even numbers
D

(vi) Odd number: The number which are not divisible by 2 are called odd number.
RE

1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17,19 etc are odd number.

PA

7. Description of Venn diagram:

E
PR

1  Only A
2  Only B
3  Only C
4  Only A and B
5  Only A and C

Page 11
 Mathematics B (4MB1) Revision Notes

6  Only B and C
7  All
8 Not A, B and C
4,7  Both A and B or at least A and B
5,7  Both A and C or at least A and C
6,7  Both B and C or at least B and C
1,4,5,7  A
2,4,6,7  B
3,5,6,7  C

A
IDH
MR
B
NO
AR
BY
D
RE
E PA
PR

Page 12
 Mathematics B (4MB1) Revision Notes

7.Statistics
(I - A) Pie Chart [Drawing Pie Chart]
1. If a = number of A, b = number of B, c = number of C, n= total number.
ܽ ܾ ܿ
݈ܽ݊݃݁‫ ܣ݂݋‬ൌ ൈ ͵͸Ͳ଴ ǡ݈ܽ݊݃݁‫ ܤ݂݋‬ൌ  ൈ ͵͸Ͳǡ݈ܽ݊݃݁‫ ܥ݂݋‬ൌ  ൈ ͵͸Ͳ
݊ ݊ ݊
2. If A = a%, B=b%, C=c%
ܽ ܾ ܿ
݈ܽ݊݃݁‫ ܣ݂݋‬ൌ ൈ ͵͸Ͳ଴ ǡ݈ܽ݊݃݁‫ ܤ݂݋‬ൌ ൈ ͵͸Ͳ଴ ǡ݈ܽ݊݃݁‫ ܥ݂݋‬ൌ ൈ ͵͸Ͳ଴
ͳͲͲ ͳͲͲ ͳͲͲ

(i-B) Pie Chart [Calculation From Pie Chart]

௔௠௢௨௡௧௢௙஺ ௔௡௚௟௘௢௙஺
1. ൌ

A
௔௠௢௨௡௧௢௙஻ ௔௡௚௟௘௢௙஻
௔௠௢௨௡௧௢௙஺ ௔௡௚௟௘௢௙஺

IDH
2. ൌ
௧௢௧௔௟௔௠௢௨௡௧ ଷ଺଴

(ii) Histogram

MR
General Information

B
1. In a histogram frequency is proportional to are. If frequency is F and area is A, then F = kA.
NO
2. The value of k maybe 1 or any other number. If k=1, frequency = area.
3. The rectangle of histogram are called bar.
AR
BY

To find frequency from a given histogram follow the following steps:

D

1. In these type of question, frequency of one bar is given. Reading the question carefully, find the
RE

frequency and area of that bar.

2. Using that frequency and area, and using the formula F = kA, find the value of k.
PA

3. Use F1 = kA, F2 = kA2, F3 = kA3, F4 = kA4 …………………..to find the unknown frequencies.
E
PR

Here,
F1 = frequency of 1st bar, A1 = area of 1st bar
F2 = frequency of 2st bar, A2 = area of 2st bar
F3 = frequency of 3st bar, A3 = area of 3st bar
F4 = frequency of 4st bar, A4 = area of 4st bar

To complete an incomplete histogram follow the following steps:

1. In these type of question, one bar must be drawn in the question. Find the frequency and are of
that bar.
2. Using that frequency and area, and using the formula F=kA, find the value of k.

Page 13
 Mathematics B (4MB1) Revision Notes
IGCSE Mathematics – B: All Rules & Formula

௙௥௘௤௨௘௡௖௬ ଵ
3. Using the formula, frequency desity = ൈ , find the frequency density of the
௖௟௔௦௦௪௜ௗ௧௛ ௞
remaining bars.
4. Taking frequency density as height and class interval as width, draw the remaining bars.

To draw a new histogram from a frequency table follow the following steps:

1. Find the frequency density of the bars using the formula.

݂‫ݕܿ݊݁ݑݍ݁ݎ‬
݂‫ ݕݐ݅ݏ݊݁݀ݕܿ݊݁ݑݍ݁ݎ‬ൌ ǡ ሾ݇ ൌ ͳሿ
݈ܿܽ‫݄ݐ݀݅ݓݏݏ‬
2. Taking frequency density as height and class interval as width, draw the bars.
3. If all class width of the given frequency table have the same width, the frequency of the table
may be taken as frequency density.

A
IDH
(iii) Bar chart

MR
1. Horizontal axis is for name of something and vertical axis for frequency.
2. To draw a bar chart, if an scale is given, follow that scale, otherwise choose a suitable scale.
B
NO
3. Widths of all bars of a bar chart are same.

Comparision of Bar Chart and Histogram

AR

1. In a bar chart all bars must have the same width, but in a histogram all bars may have same
BY

width or not.
2. In a bar chart vertical axis represent frequency, but in a histogram vertical axis represent
D

frequency density.
RE

3. In a bar chart name of something is written in horizontal axis, but in a histogram number of class
width is written in the horizontal axis.
PA

4. In a bar chart, frequency = height of the bar

E

In a histogram, frequency = area of the bar or k x area of the bar.

PR

(iv - A) Mean, Median, Mode [From Table]

Mean means average, median means middle number and mode means most occurring frequency.

1. Mean:
(i) The number of in the upper row are the values of number (x) and the number in the low row
are their frequency (f).
σ‫ ݔ݂݋݉ݑݏ ݂ݔ‬ൈ ݂
݉݁ܽ݊ ൌ  ൌ
σ݂ ‫݂݂݋݉ݑݏ‬
(ii) If ‫ ݔ‬is given in range, take the midpoint of the range as the value of ‫ݔ‬.
‫ ݎܾ݁݉ݑ݊݃݊݅ݐݎܽݐݏ‬൅ ݁݊݀݅݊݃݊‫ݎܾ݁݉ݑ‬
݉݅݀‫ ݐ݊݅݋݌‬ൌ 
ʹ

Page 14
 Mathematics B (4MB1) Revision Notes
IGCSE Mathematics – B: All Rules & Formula

2. Median
(a) To find median value of ‫ݔ‬, follow the following steps..
(i) Find cumulative frequency .
௡ାଵ
(ii) Find median frequency using , where n is total frequency.
ଶ
௡ାଵ
(iii) If  is decimal number, suppose 21.5, find the ‫ ݔ‬values corresponding to 21st and 22nd
ଶ
frequency and take their average.

(b) If ‫ ݔ‬is given in range, median value of ‫ ݔ‬cannot be found, only median interval (range) can be
found. To find median interval, find median frequency. The interval where median frequency
lies is the median interval.
3. Mode:
The value of ‫ ݔ‬which has the highest frequency is the mode.

A
IDH
(iv-B) Mean, Median, Mode [Other]

MR
௦௨௠௢௙௡௨௠௕௘௥௦
1. mean =
௡௨௠௕௘௥௢௙௡௨௠௕௘௥௦
2. Median
B
NO
To find median from raw data, follow the following steps.
(i) Arrange the numbers in ascending order.
AR

௡ାଵ
(ii) Find the median using , where n is total frequency.
ଶ
௡ାଵ
(iii) If is a whole number, find the ‫ ݔ‬value corresponding to that frequency.
BY

ଶ
௡ାଵ
(iv) If ଶ is a decimal number, suppose 3.5, find the average of 3rd and 4th number. This average
is the median of ‫ݔ‬.
D

3. The number which is given the most time is mode.

RE
E PA
PR

Page 15
 Mathematics B (4MB1) Revision Notes

8.Equation Graph
Paper 1

(I) Calculus
1. Differentiation
ௗ ௗ ௗ ௗ
1. (only number) = 0, ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ ൌ ͳ, ሺ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ሻ ൌ ʹ‫ݔ‬, ሺ‫ ݔ‬ଷ ሻ ൌ ͵‫ ݔ‬ଷ
ௗ௫ ௗ௫ ௗ௫ ௗ௫

A
ௗ
2. General rule: ሺ‫ ݔ‬௡ ሻ ൌ ݊‫ݔ‬௡ିଵ
ௗ௫

IDH
2. Indices rule needed for Differentiation

MR
ଵ
1. ൌ ‫ି ݔ‬௡
௫೙

ௗ
OB ௗ௬
3. means gradient. To find gradient of the curve put the ‫ ݔ‬value in the expression.
ௗ௫ ௗ௫
N
ௗ
4. At maximum or minimum point, ൌͲ
AR

ௗ௫

5. To find ࢞ value for which y is maximum or minimum, follow the following steps.
BY

ௗ௬
1. Find
ௗ௫
D

ௗ௬
2. Taking ൌ Ͳ, find the value of ‫ݔ‬.
RE

ௗ௫
3. Put the ‫ ݔ‬value in the y expression.
PA

6. To find the maximum or minimum value of y, follow the following steps.

E
PR

ௗ௬
1. Find
ௗ௫
ௗ௬
2. Taking ൌ Ͳ, find the value of ‫ݔ‬
ௗ௫
3. Put the ‫ ݔ‬value in the y expression.

7. To find maximum or minimum value of y, follow the following steps.

ௗ௬
1. Find
ௗ௫
ௗ௬
2. Taking ൌ Ͳ, find the value of ‫ݔ‬
ௗ௫
3. Put the ‫ ݔ‬value in the y expression.

8. To find whether it is maximum or minimum, follow the following steps.

Page 16
 Mathematics B (4MB1) Revision Notes

ௗమ ௬
1. Find
ௗ௫
ௗ௬ ௗమ ௬
2. Taking ൌ Ͳ݅݊ , find the values of ‫ݔ‬
ௗ௫ ௗ௫
మ
ௗ ௬ ௗమ ௬
3. If is positive, it is minimum and if is negative it is maximu,.
ௗ௫ ௗ௫

9. Other names of maximum and minimum point are turning point or stationary point.

(ii) Coordinate Geometry

1. On x-axis, y=0 and on y-axis, x=0
௬ ି௬
2. If A(‫ݔ‬ଵ ‫ݕ‬ଵ ) and B(‫ݔ‬ଶ ‫ݕ‬ଶ ) , gradient of AB, ݉ ൌ మ భ
௫ ି௫ మ భ

3. If A(‫ݔ‬ଵ ‫ݕ‬ଵ ) and B(‫ݔ‬ଶ ‫ݕ‬ଶ ) , length of AB = ඥሺ‫ݔ‬ଶ െ ‫ݔ‬ଵ ሻଶ ൅ ሺ‫ݕ‬ଶ െ ‫ݕ‬ଵ ሻଶ
௫మ ା௫భ ௬మ ା௬భ

A
4. If A(‫ݔ‬ଵ ‫ݕ‬ଵ ) and B(‫ݔ‬ଶ ‫ݕ‬ଶ ) , midpoint of AB = ሺ ଶ
ǡ ଶ ሻ

IDH
௬ି௬భ ௫ି௫
5. If A(‫ݔ‬ଵ ‫ݕ‬ଵ ) and B(‫ݔ‬ଶ ‫ݕ‬ଶ ) , equation of AB: ௬మష೤భ
െ௫ భ
మషೣభ

6. (i) When x-coordinate of two points are equal: If A(p, q) and B(p,r), equation of AB: x=p

MR
(ii) When y-coordinate of two points are equal: If A(p, q) and B(x, q), equation of AB: y=q
7. The equation of a straight line with gradient m and passing through the point (‫ݔ‬ଵǡ ‫ݕ‬ଵ ) is
OB
‫ ݕ‬െ ‫ݕ‬ଵ ൌ ݉ሺ‫ ݔ‬െ ‫ݔ‬ଵ ሻ
8. If y = mx +c, mis is the gradient of the line.
N
9. If the point (‫ݔ‬ଵǡ ‫ݕ‬ଵ ) satisfy the line ‫ ݕ‬ൌ ݉‫ ݔ‬൅ ܿ, the line passes through the point.
AR

10. To find the coordinates of the intersecting point of the two lines, solve the two equation
representing the lines. The x and y value are the coordinates of the intersecting point.
BY

11. Coordinate of Origin, is (0, 0).

D

(iii) Distance-Time Graph

RE

1. speed = gradient of distance-time graph.

PA

2. If speed is constant distance-time graph becomes a straight line, otherwise curve line.
E
PR

(iv) Speed-Time Graph

1. acceleration = gradient of speed-time graph.
2. distance travelled = area under graph.
3. If acceleration is constant, speed-time graph becomes a straight line, otherwise curve line.

(v) Inequality Graph

1. Name of inequality symbols:

i. less than (<).

ii. less than or equal to (൑)

Page 17
 Mathematics B (4MB1) Revision Notes

iii. greater than (>)

iv. greater than or equal to (൒)

2. Finding inequality when inequality graph is given:

For slant and horizontal line:

i. (a) If shaded area is below the line, replace = sign of the line equation by <. [If boundary is not
mentioned]
(b) If shaded area is above the line, replace = sign of the line equation by >. [If boundary is not
mentioned]
ii. (a) If shaded area is below the line, replace = sign of the line equation by ൑. [If boundary is not
mentioned]
(b) If shaded area is above the line, replace = sign of the line equation by ൒. [If boundary is not

A
mentioned]

IDH
For vertical line:

MR
i. (a) If shaded area is left-hand side of the line, replace = sign of the line equation by <. [If
boundary is not mentioned] OB
(b) If shaded area is right-hand side of the line, replace = sign of the line equation by >. [If
boundary is not mentioned]
N
ii. (a) If shaded area is left-hand side of the line, replace = sign of the line equation by ൑. [If
AR

boundary is not mentioned]

(b) If shaded area is right-hand side of the line, replace = sign of the line equation by ൒. [If
BY

boundary is not mentioned]

D

3. Shading the defined region:

RE

i. If three inequality is given, find the triangle made by the three lines and shade the triangle.
PA

ii. If four inequality is given, find the quadrilateral made by the four lines and shade the
quadrilateral.
E
PR

Paper 2
1. Completing table

i. Until the year 1989 tables were given with 2 rows only, top row for ‫ ݔ‬and bottom row for ‫ݕ‬. For
this kind of table, write the given equation in the calculator and use the CALC button of the
calculator to get the missing values of ‫ݕ‬.
ii. From the year 1990, tables are given with more than 2 rows. Top row for ‫ݔ‬, bottom row for ‫ݕ‬
and middle rows for each term of the equation. For this kind of table, first fill up the empty
boxes and middle rows for each term of the equation. For this kind of table, first fill up the
empty boxes of the middle rows manually or by using CALC button of the calculator. Then add or

Page 18
 Mathematics B (4MB1) Revision Notes

multiply the numbers in the middle rows according to the equation to get the missing ‫ ݕ‬values
in the bottom row.

2. Drawing ࢞-axis and ࢟-axis

Some students draw ‫ ݔ‬and ‫ ݕ‬axis randomly. Later when they write the ‫ ݔ‬and ‫ ݕ‬values on the axes,
sometimes they don’t get sufficient space to write the values. As a result they need to rub their working
and do it in a graph paper. To avoid this kind of situation, it is better to draw the axes after some
measurement.

i. To draw the vertical axis (‫ ݔ‬axis), look at the top row of the table to find the largest value of
positive ‫ ݔ‬and negative ‫ݔ‬. Then look at the scale of the ‫ ݔ‬axis in the question paper. Calculate
how many cm of space you need to write ‫ݔ‬-values. Normally in a graph paper, horizontal space
is 20 cm. Try to leave extra space from both side equally, but do not make it decimal. Mark a

A
point which divide the spaces for negative and positive ‫ ݔ‬values. Draw a vertical line (‫ݕ‬-axis ) at

IDH
that point.
ii. To draw the horizontal axis (‫ ݕ‬axis), look at the top row of the table to find the largest value of

MR
positive ‫ ݕ‬and negative ‫ݕ‬. Then look at the scale of the ‫ ݕ‬axis in the question paper. Calculate
how many cm of space you need to write ‫ݕ‬-values. Normally in a graph paper, horizontal space
B
is 25 cm. Try to leave extra space from both side equally, but do not make it decimal. Mark a
NO
point which divide the spaces for negative and positive ‫ ݔ‬values. Draw a vertical line (‫ݕ‬-axis ) at
that point.
AR

3. Plotting the points on the graph paper

BY

If ‫ ݔ‬and ‫ ݕ‬values are whole number, then it is easy to plot the points. But if they are decimal numbers,
some students do not understand where will be the position of the point. The following method can be
D

applied to identify the position ‫ ݔ‬and ‫ݕ‬.

RE

i. For the position of ‫ݔ‬, look at the given scale for ‫ ݔ‬in the question and find 1 unit is how many
PA

cm. Multiply the value of ‫ ݔ‬by this cm. From the origin go rightward if ‫ ݔ‬is positive and go
E

leftward if ‫ ݔ‬is negative with the multiplied cm of distance which is the position of ‫ݔ‬.
PR

ii. For the position of ‫ݕ‬, look at the given scale foy ‫ ݕ‬in the question and find 1 unit is how many
cm. Multiply the value of ‫ ݕ‬by this cm. From the position of ‫ ݔ‬go upward if ‫ ݕ‬is positive and go
downward if ‫ ݕ‬is negative with the multiplied cm of distance which is the position of the point.
iii. After plotting the points, join them in free hand to make to smooth curve. If you notice that one
point is breaking the smoothness of the curve, check if there is any mistake to calculate or plot
the point.

4. Finding gradient of a curve

There are following two method to find the gradient of a curve at a particular point. If method is
mentioned in the question, you must find the gradient in that war. Otherwise you will use calculus
method, since it gives the accurate answer.

Page 19
 Mathematics B (4MB1) Revision Notes

ௗ௬ ௗ௬
i. Calculus method: Find and put the given ‫ ݔ‬value in the expression of .
ௗ௫ ௗ௫
ii. Graphical method:
(a) Find the point on the curve for the given ‫ ݔ‬value.
(b) Draw a tangent on the curve at that point.
(c) Mark any two suitable points on the tangent and write the coordinates of these points in
your answer book. You can take the point where tangent is drawn as one of these two points.
௬మ ି௬భ
(d) Using the formula ݉ ൌ calculate the gradient of the curve.
௫మ ି௫భ

5. Finding the equation of a line to solve an equation

To find the equation of a line to solve an equation follow the following steps:

i. Copy the given equation which you need to solve.

ii. Observe the left hand side of the equation. It may be exactly same as ‫ ݕ‬equation or not. If it is

A
exactly same as ‫ݕ‬, in the second line write ‫ ݕ‬ൌ ‫ݎܾ݁݉ݑ݊݁݀݅ݏ݄݀݊ܽݐ݄݃݅ݎ‬, which is the equation

IDH
of the line.
iii. If it is not exactly same as ‫ݕ‬, follow the following steps:

MR
(a) In the second line, write the expression you need to bring y and add or subtract something to
balance this line with previous line keeping the right hand side name.
B
(b) In the third line write ‫ ݕ‬in place of ‫ ݕ‬expression and take the other terms in the right hand
NO
side.
(c) Simplify the right hand side if necessary.
AR

6. Solving an equation
BY

There are two method to solve an equation: algebraic and graphical. In the algebraic method we use
ି௕േξ௕మ ିସ௔௖
D

middle term break or ‫ ݔ‬ൌ to solve a quadratic equation and factor theorem to solve a cubic
ଶ௔
RE

equation. But in graph chapter, in 99% cases you will be asked to use your graph to solve a given
equation. For graphical method follow the following steps.
PA

i. Copy the given equation in your answer book.

E
PR

ii. Find the line you need to solve the equation.

iii. If the line is not drawn, draw the line on the graph paper.
iv. To draw the link in the form ‫ ݔ‬ൌ ܽ, where a is a number, draw a vertical line at ‫ ݔ‬ൌ ܽ. To draw
the line in form of y = b, where b is a number, draw a horizontal at y = b. To draw the line in the
form of ‫ ݕ‬ൌ ݉‫ ݔ‬൅ ܿ, make a small table with 2 row and 4 column. In the first column write ‫ݔ‬
and ‫ ݕ‬and in the other column write 3 suitable values of ‫ ݔ‬and corresponding 3 values of ‫ݕ‬
which you have to calculate from the equation ‫ ݕ‬ൌ ݉‫ ݔ‬൅ ܿ. Plot these 3 points on the graph
paper and join them to scale to get the line.
v. Mark the intersecting point(s) between the curve and the line. Draw perpendicular(s) on the ‫ݔ‬-
axis from intersecting point(s).
vi. Find the ‫ ݔ‬value(s) where the perpendicular(s) meet the ‫ݔ‬-axis which is (arc) the solution of the
given equation.

Page 20
 Mathematics B (4MB1) Revision Notes

vii. If you face problem to find ‫ ݔ‬value, count the distance of that meeting point from the origin and
also calculate from the given scale of ‫ݔ‬, 1 cm is how many unit. Multiply that distance with this
unit to get ‫ ݔ‬value.

7. Shape of graph

i. Quadratic Graph
(a) Equation of a quadratic graph is ‫ ݕ‬ൌ ܽ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ܾ‫ ݔ‬൅ ܿ
(b) The shape of a quadratic graph is:

A
IDH
MR
ii. Cubic Graph
(a) Equation of a cubic graph is ‫ ݕ‬ൌ ܽ‫ ݔ‬ଷ ൅ ܾ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ܿ‫ ݔ‬൅ ݀
B
NO
(b) The shape of cubic graph is:
AR
BY
D
RE
E PA
PR

8. Solving an inequality from the graph

To solve an inequality by graphical method, follow the following steps:

i. Copy the given inequality in your answer book.

ii. Find the line you need to solve the inequality.
iii. If the line is not drawn, draw the line on the graph paper.
iv. Mark the intersecting points between the curve and the line. Draw perpendiculars on the ‫ݔ‬-axis
from intersecting points.
v. Find the ‫ ݔ‬values where the perpendiculars meet the ‫ݔ‬-axis.

Page 21
 Mathematics B (4MB1) Revision Notes

vi. If it is a quadratic inequality, there will be two ‫ ݔ‬values, suppose a and b where a < b.

A
IDH
MR
vii. If it is a cubic inequality, there will be three ‫ ݔ‬values, suppose a, b and c where x < b < c.

B
NO
AR
BY
D
RE
E PA
PR

Page 22
 Mathematics B (4MB1) Revision Notes

9.Trigonometry
Two dimension
1. (i) The side opposite the right angle triangle is called hypotenuse (hyp).
(ii) The side opposite the marked angle is called Opposite (opp).
(iii) The other side is called Adjacent (adj).

A
IDH
MR
௢௣௣
2. (i) •‹ ‫ ݔ‬ൌ 
௛௬௣
OB
௔ௗ௝
(ii) …‘• ‫ ݔ‬ൌ 
N
௛௬௣
௢௣௣
(iii) –ƒ ‫ ݔ‬ൌ
AR

௔ௗ௝
3. Pythagoras Theorem: In an right-angled triangle the square on the hypotenuse is equal to the
BY

sum of the squares on the other two sides.

D
RE
E PA
PR

௔ ௕ ௖
4. Sine rule: ൌ ൌ
ୱ୧୬ ஺ ୱ୧୬ ஻ ୱ୧୬ ஼

5. Cosine rule:
(i) To find side, ܽଶ ൌ ܾ ଶ ൅  ܿ ଶ െ ʹܾܿ …‘• ‫ܣ‬
௕మ ା௖ మ ି௔మ
(ii) To find angle, …‘• ‫ ܣ‬ൌ
ଶ௕௖

Page 23
 Mathematics B (4MB1) Revision Notes

Use of Trigonometric Formulae

1. In a right-angled triangle, if one acute angle and one side known, to find the other two sides, sin,
cos or tan can be used.
2. In a right-angled triangle, if two sides are known, to find the acute angles sin, cos or tan can be
used.
3. In a right-angled triangle, if two sides are known but no acute angle is known, to find the third
side Pythagoras Theorem can be used.
4. In any triangle (right-angled or not), if two sides and included angle are known, to find the third
side Cosine rule can be used.
5. In any triangle, if three sides are known, to find angles Cosine rule can be used.
6. In any triangle, if two sides and one of their opposite angles are known, to find their other
opposite angle Singe Rules can be used.
7. In any triangle, if two angles and one of their opposite sides are known to find the other

A
opposite side Sine Rules can be used.

IDH
MR
Three Dimension
1. The angle between a vertical line and a horizontal line must be 900, no matter it looks like 900 or
not. B
NO
2. The angles of a square or a rectangle must be 900.
3. Angle between a line and a plane: If a line PO intersects a given plane at O and PN is the
AR

perpendicular from P to the plane. The angle PON is defined as the angle between the line and
the plane.
BY

4. Angle between two planes: Two planes which are not parallel intersect in a straight line. Draw
two lines, one in each plane and each perpendicular to the common line of intersection. The
D

angle between these two lines is defined as the angle between the planes.
RE
PA

Bearing
E

1. The clockwise angle between AB and due north line AN at A is defines as the bearing of B from
PR

A. BAN is the bearing of B from A.

Page 24
 Mathematics B (4MB1) Revision Notes

2. The clockwise angle between AB and due north line BN at B is defined as the bearing of A from
B. Reflex ABN is the bearing of A from B.

3. If point A lies above the horizontal and you need bearing of A, find the foot F of A. The bearing

A
of F will be taken as bearing of A.

IDH
4. Bearing of due north line is 00/3600
Bearing of due east line is 900

MR
Bearing of due south line is 1800
Bearing of due west line is 2700
B
NO
AR
BY

Angle of elevation and depression

1. The angle between AB and the projection AC, is defined as the angle of elevation of B from A.
D

BAC is the angle of elevation of B from A.

RE
EPA

2. The angle between AB and the horizontal line BC, is defined as the angle of depression of A from
PR

B. ABC is the angle of depression of A from B.

Trigonometry Equation
1. While solving trigonometric equation, by using calculator sometimes you get values (1st value)
which is not in the given range. In that case you need to find the 2nd value. To find the 2nd value,
follow the rules given in the table.

sin tan Cos

1st value From calculator From calculator From calculator

Page 25
 Mathematics B (4MB1) Revision Notes

2nd value 180o – 1st value 180o + 1st value 360o – 1st value
st
2. In the 1 quadrant, all positive.
In the 2nd quadrant sin positive.
In the 3rd quadrant tan positive.
In the 4th quadrant cos positive.

3. Acute angle = between 0o and 90o

Obtuse angle = between 90o and 180o
Reflex angle = between 180o and 360o

A
IDH
MR
B
NO
AR
BY
D
RE
E PA
PR

Page 26
 Mathematics B (4MB1) Revision Notes

10.Mensuration
1. Sector
ఏ
(i) Area ‫ ܣ‬ൌ ଷ଺଴ ൈ ʞ‫ ݎ‬ଶ
ఏ
(ii) Arc length ݈ ൌ ൈ ʹʞ‫ݎ‬
ଷ଺଴
ఏ
(iii) Perimeter = ൈ ʹʞ‫ ݎ‬൅ ʹ‫ݎ‬
ଷ଺଴
(iv) Segment area = Sector area – Triangle area.
2. Circle
(i) Area = Пr2
(ii) Circumference = 2Пr

A
3. Trapezium

IDH
ଵ
Area of Trapezium = ሺܽ ൅ ܾሻ݄ [a and b are the length of parallel sides, h is the distance of
ଶ
parallel sides]

MR
4. Rhombus
ଵ
(i) Area of Rhombus = ( ൈ ݀ଵ ൈ ݀ଶ ) or (ܾܽ‫ ݁ݏ‬ൈ ݄݄݁݅݃‫ )ݐ‬or (ܾܽ •‹ ߠ) [݀ଵ Ƭ݀ଶ are two
ଶ
diagonals of the rhombus.] B
NO
ௗ ଶ ௗ ଶ
(ii) length of 1 side of a Rhombus = ටቀ భ ቁ ൅ ቀ మ ቁ
ଶ ଶ
AR

(iii) The diagonals of a Rhombus bisect each other at right angle.

5. Parallelogram
BY

Area of Parallelogram = (ܾܽ‫ ݁ݏ‬ൈ ݄݄݁݅݃‫ )ݐ‬or (ܾܽ •‹ ߠ)

6. Triangle
D

ଵ ଵ
Area of Triangle = ( ൈ ܾܽ‫ ݁ݏ‬ൈ ݄݄݁݅݃‫ )ݐ‬or ( ܾܽ •‹ ߠ) [a and b are two sides of the triangle. θ
RE

ଶ ଶ
is the angle made by two sides]
PA

7. Rectangle
(i) Area = length x breadth
E

(ii) Perimeter = 2l + 2b or 2(l + b)

PR

8. Square
(i) Area = length2
(ii) Perimeter = 4L
9. Cone
ଵ
(i) Volume = ʞ‫ ݎ‬ଶ ݄
ଷ
(ii) Curved surface area = ʞ‫݈ݎ‬
(iii) Total surface area = ʞ‫ ݈ݎ‬൅ ʞ‫ ݎ‬ଶ
(iv) ݈ ଶ ൌ ݄ଶ ൅  ‫ ݎ‬ଶ [l = slant height and h = perpendicular height of the cone]
(v) When a cone is made by joining two straight edges of a sector,
circumference of the base of the cone = arc length of the sector.
slant height of the cone = radius of the sector

Page 27
 Mathematics B (4MB1) Revision Notes
IGCSE Mathematics – B: All Rules & Formula

10. Cylinder
(i) Volume = ʞ‫ ݎ‬ଶ ݄
(ii) Curved surface area = ʹʞ‫݄ݎ‬
(iii) Total surface area (closed solid with lid) = ʹʞ‫ ݄ݎ‬൅ ʹʞ‫ ݎ‬ଶ
(iv) Total surface area(no lid) = ʹʞ‫ ݄ݎ‬൅ ʞ‫ ݎ‬ଶ
(v) Volumes of material of a hollow cylinder = External volume – Internal volume.
11. Sphere
ସ
(i) Volume = ʞ‫ ݎ‬ଷ
ଷ
(ii) Surface area = Ͷʞ‫ ݎ‬ଶ
(iii) Volume of material of a hollow sphere = External volume – Internal volume.
12. Hemisphere
ଶ
(i) Volume = ʞ‫ ݎ‬ଷ
ଷ

A
(ii) Curved surface area = ʹʞ‫ ݎ‬ଶ

IDH
(iii) Total surface area = ͵ʞ‫ ݎ‬ଶ
13. Pyramid

MR
ଵ
Volume of Pyramid = ൈ ܾܽ‫ ܽ݁ݎܽ݁ݏ‬ൈ ݄݄݁݅݃‫ݐ‬
ଷ
14. Cuboid (box)
(i) Volume of Cuboid = length x breadth x height B
NO
(ii) Surface area of closed box = ʹ݈ܾ ൅ ʹ݈݄ ൅ ʹܾ݄
(iii) Surface area of open box = ݈ܾ ൅ ʹ݈݄ ൅ ʹܾ݄
AR

(iv) ݀ଶ ൌ ݈ ଶ ൅ ܾ ଶ ൅ ݄ଶ [d = diagonal, l = length, b = breadth, h = height]

15. Cube
BY

Volume of Cube = (length)2

16. Prism
D

Volume of Prism = Area of cross-section x length

RE

17. (i) Volume of water discharged through a pipe in 1 minute = ‫ ܣ‬ൈ ܵ ൈ ͸Ͳ

PA

௩௢௟௨௠௘௢௙௖௢௡௧௔௜௡௘௥
(ii) Time required to fill a container by a pipe =
௥௔௧௘௢௙௙௟௢௪
18. When some smaller objects are made from a bigger object,
E
PR

volume of smaller objects = volume of bigger object.

19. Kite
ଵ
Area of Kite = ଶ ൈ ݀ଵ ൈ ݀ଶ
20. (i) If a number is ‫ݔ‬, to the nearest metre, maximum value of the number = ‫ ݔ‬൅ ͲǤͷ
minimum value of the number = ‫ ݔ‬െ ͲǤͷ
21. Differentiation for Mensuration
ௗ
General rule: ሺ‫ ݔ‬௡ ሻ ൌ ݊‫ ݔ‬௡ିଵ
ௗ௫

Page 28
 Mathematics B (4MB1) Revision Notes

11.Arithmetic
(i) Ratio

1. If any amount A is divided between P, Q and R in the ratio p:q:r

௣ ௤ ௥
‫ ݂ܲ݋݁ݎ݄ܽݏ‬ൌ ൈ ‫ܣ‬, ‫ ݂ܳ݋݁ݎ݄ܽݏ‬ൌ ൈ ‫ܣ‬, ‫ ܴ݂݋݁ݎ݄ܽݏ‬ൌ ൈ‫ܣ‬
௣ା௤ା௥ ௣ା௤ା௥ ௣ା௤ା௥
௦௛௔௥௘௢௙௉ ௥௔௧௜௢௢௙௉
2. ൌ
௦௛௔௥௘௢௙ொ ௥௔௧௜௢௢௙ொ
௦௛௔௥௘௢௙௉ ௥௔௧௜௢௢௙௉
3. ൌ
௧௢௧௔௟௔௠௢௨௡௧ ௧௢௧௔௟௥௔௧௜௢
4. If A:B = p:q and B:C = r : s, A : B : C = pr : qr : qs

(ii) Percentage

A
IDH
1. Profit = sale price – cost price
2. Loss = cost price – sale price

MR
௣௥௢௙௜௧
3. Percentage profit = ൈ ͳͲͲ
௖௢௦௧௣௥௜௖௘
௟௢௦௦
4. Percentage loss = ൈ ͳͲͲ
௖௢௦௧௣௥௜௖௘
௜௡௖௥௘௔௦௘ B
NO
5. Percentage increase = ൈ ͳͲͲ
௢௥௜௚௜௡௔௟௩௔௟௨௘
6. If a = number of A, b = number of B, c = number of C, n= total number.
AR

ܽ ܾ ܿ
Ψ‫ ܣ݂݋‬ൌ ൈ ͳͲͲǡ Ψ‫ ܤ݂݋‬ൌ  ൈ ͳͲͲǡ Ψ‫ ܥ݂݋‬ൌ  ൈ ͳͲͲ
݊ ݊ ݊
஺
BY

7. % of A compared with B = ൈ ͳͲͲ

஻

(iii) Speed, Distance, Time

D
RE

1. distance = speed x time

PA

2. If a number is x, to the nearest 10, maximum value of the number = ‫ ݔ‬൅ ͷ

minimum value of the number = ‫ ݔ‬െ ͷ
E

ௗ௜௦௧௔௡௖௘
3. If distance is constant, least time =
PR

௠௔௫௜௠௨௠௦௣௘௘ௗ
4. If there are two parts of the journey and S1 = speed of 1st part, d1 = distance of 1st part, t1 = time
of 1st part, s2 = speed of 2nd part, d2 = distance of 2nd part, t2=time of 2nd part, s = average speed
of the whole journey, d = distance of whole journey, t = time of whole journey.
݀ ݀ଵ ൅ ݀ଶ ሺ‫ݏ‬ଵ ൈ ‫ݐ‬ଵ ሻ ൅ ሺ‫ݏ‬ଶ ൈ ‫ݐ‬ଶ ሻ
‫ݏ‬ൌ ൌ ൌ
‫ݐ‬ ‫ݐ‬ଵ ൅ ‫ݐ‬ଶ ቀௗభ ቁ ൅ ቀௗమ ቁ
௦భ ௦మ

(iv) Map Scale

1. Scale of a map = (map distance) : (actual distance).

2. Scale of a map is written in the form 1 : n, where 1 is map distance ratio and n is actual distance
ratio.

Page 29
 Mathematics B (4MB1) Revision Notes
IGCSE Mathematics – B: All Rules & Formula

ௗభ ଵ
3. ൌ , where d1 = map distance and d2 = actual distance.
ௗమ ௡
஺భ ଵ ଶ
4. ൌ ቀ ቁ , where A1 = map area and A2 = actual area.
஺మ ௡

A
IDH
MR
B
NO
AR
BY
D
RE
E PA
PR

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 Mathematics B (4MB1) Revision Notes

12.Geometry
(i) Circle Theorems

1. Secant-tangent theorem: If, from any point outside a circle, a secant and a tangent are drawn,
the rectangle contained by the whole secant and the part of it outside the circle is equal to the
square on the tangent.
AT x BT = CT2

A
IDH
MR
2. Intersecting chord theorem: If two chords of a circle intersect either inside or outside the circle,
the product of the segments of one chord is equal to the product of the segment of the other
B
NO
chord.
AX x BX = CX x DX
AR
BY
D
RE
PA

3. Alternate segment theorem: The angle between a tangent and a chord through the point of
E
PR

contact is equal to the angle subtended by the chord in the alternate segment.
∠TAB = ∠BCA and ∠SAC = ∠CBA

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 Mathematics B (4MB1) Revision Notes

4. The angle subtended at the centre of a circle is twice the angle subtended at the circumference.
∠AOB = 2 ∠ACB

5. Angle subtended by an arc in the same segment of a circle is equal.

∠AXB = ∠AYB = ∠AZB

A
IDH
MR
B
NO
AR

6. The opposite angles in a cyclic quadrilateral add up to 180o.

∠A + ∠C = 180o, ∠B + ∠D = 180o
BY
D
RE
E PA
PR

Page 32
 Mathematics B (4MB1) Revision Notes

7. The exterior angle of a cyclic quadrilateral is equal to the interior opposite angle.
∠CBE = ∠ADC

8. The angle in a semi-circle is a right angle.

A
∠ACB = 90o

IDH
MR
B
NO
AR

9. The angle between a tangent and the radius drawn to the point of contact is 90o.
BY

∠ABO = 90o
D
RE
E PA
PR

10. From any point outside a circle just two tangents to the circle may be drawn and they are of
equal length.

Page 33
 Mathematics B (4MB1) Revision Notes

TA = TB

(ii) Triangle / Parallel Line

A
1. The angle sum of a triangle is 180o.

IDH
∠A + ∠B + ∠C = 180o

MR
B
NO
2. The angles on a straight line add up to 180o
AR

‫ ݔ‬൅ ‫ ݕ‬൅ ‫ ݖ‬ൌ ͳͺͲ௢

BY
D
RE
PA

3. The angle sum of a quadrilateral is 360o.

E

∠A + ∠B +∠C + ∠D = 360o
PR

Page 34
 Mathematics B (4MB1) Revision Notes

4. The angles at a point add up to 360o.

ܽ ൅ ܾ ൅ ܿ ൅ ݀ ൌ ͵͸Ͳ௢

5. If two sides of a triangle are equal, their opposite angles are also equal.
If AB = AC, ∠B = ∠C

A
IDH
MR
B
6. The exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the sum of the two interior opposite angles.
NO
‫ ݖ‬ൌ‫ݔ‬൅‫ݕ‬
AR
BY
D
RE

7. If two lines are parallel,

(i) corresponding angles are equal, a = c
PA

(ii) alternate angles are equal, c = d, b = e

E

(iii) sum of allied angles is 180o. b + c =180o, d + e = 180o

PR

Page 35
 Mathematics B (4MB1) Revision Notes

8. If two lines intersect, vertically opposite angles are equal.

a = b, c = d

9. Congruency triangle: Two triangle will be congruent (equal in all respect) if they satisfy any one
of the following four condition.

A
IDH
MR
B
NO
AR
BY
D
RE
E PA
PR

(iii) Polygon
ଷ଺଴
1. Number of sides of a regular polygon = ௘௫௧௘௥௜௢௜௥௔௡௚௟௘
2. For any polygon, interior angle + exterior angle = 180o.

Page 36
 Mathematics B (4MB1) Revision Notes

ሺଶ௡ିସሻൈଽ଴೚
3. One interior angle of a regular polygon = ௡
.
4. Sum of interior angles of any pentagon = 540 and any hexagon = 720o.
o

5. Sum of exterior angle of any polygon = 360o.

6. Area of a regular polygon = area of 1 triangle x n, where n is number of sides.
7. Sum of interior angle of any polygon = (2n – 4) x 90o, where n is number of sides.

(iv) Similarity

1. Two triangles are similar if they have the same angles.

2. Opposite sides of equal angles of similar triangles are called corresponding sides.
3. If two triangles are similar, their corresponding sides are proportional.
஺஻ ஻஼ ஺஼
If ∆ABC and ∆DEF are similar, ൌ ൌ
஽ா ாி ஽ி

A
IDH
MR
OB
4. Side ratio, length ratio, breadth ratio, radius ratio, diameter ratio, circumference ratio, height
N
ratio etc. are called linear ratio. Remember, the word ‘linear’ came from the word ‘line’.
AR

஺భ ூ ଶ ஺ ூ
5. ஺మ
ൌ ቀூభ ቁ , where ஺భ = area ratio and ቀூభ ቁ = linear ratio.
మ మ మ
BY

௏భ ூ ଷ ௏భ ூ
6. ൌ ቀ భቁ , where = volume ratio and ቀ భ ቁ = linear ratio.
௏మ ூమ ௏మ ூమ
D

(v) Construction / Locus

RE

1. Locus of points equidistant from A and B = Perpendicular bisector of AB.

PA

2. Locus of points equidistant from AB and BC = Bisector of ∠ABC.

E

3. Locus of points having constant distance from AB = Parallel line above or below AB with given
PR

distance.
4. Locus of points having constant distance from A = A circle with centre A and radius equal to
given distance.
5. Locus of points X such that ∠AXB 90o = A semicircle with AB as diameter.
6. Locus of X such that ∠ABX = 90o = A perpendicular line to AB at B.

(vi) Symmetry

1. Line symmetry = If an object is folded along a line and one part coincide with another part, then
the line is a line symmetry of the object.

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 Mathematics B (4MB1) Revision Notes

2. Rational symmetry = If an object is rotated 360o through a suitable centre, the number of times
it covers the same place is equal to number of rational symmetry.

A
IDH
MR
B
NO
AR
BY
D
RE
E PA
PR

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 Mathematics B (4MB1) Revision Notes

13.Algebra
Indices

1. Am x an = a m + n
2. am / an = am – n
3. (am)n = amn
4. a0 = 1
ଵ
5. a –n =
௔೙
భ
6. ܽ೙ = n√a
೘
7. ܽ ೙ = n√am = (n√a)m

A
IDH
Quadratic Equation

ି௕േξ௕మ ିସ௔௖

MR
1. If ܽ‫ ݔ‬ଶ ൅ ܾ‫ ݔ‬൅ ܿ ൌ Ͳ, ‫ ݔ‬ൌ
ଶ௔

Inequality
B
NO
1. Name of inequality symbols:
(i) less than (<)
AR

(ii) greater than (>)

(iii) less than or equal to (≤)
BY

(iv) greater than or equal to (≥)

2. When we multiply or divide by a negative number, the inequality is reversed.
D

3. If ‫ ݔ‬൐ ܽ and ‫ ݔ‬is an integer, immediate right-hand side integer of ܽ is the smallest value of ‫ݔ‬.
RE

4. If ‫ ݔ‬൏ ܾ and ‫ ݔ‬is an integer, immediate left-hand side integer of ܾ is the largest value of ‫ݔ‬.
PA

5. If ‫ ݔ‬൐ ܽ, ‫ ݔ‬൏ ܾ and ‫ ݔ‬is an integer, take the whole number ݈ betwween ܽ and ܾ.
6. ‫ ݔ‬൐ ܽ and ‫ ݔ‬൏ ܾ can be combined as ܽ ൏ ‫ ݔ‬൏ ܾ.
E

7. Integer number: The numbers which are not decimal or fraction are called integer number.
PR

Integer numbers are always whole number. Positive integers are 1, 2, 3, 4… Negative integers
are -1, -2, -3, -4… The number 0 is also considered as integer.

Variation

1. ‫ ݕ‬varies as x or y varies directly as ‫ ݔ‬or ‫ ݕ‬is proportional to ‫ݔ‬. All three statement have the same
meaning for these, ‫ ݕ‬ൌ ݇‫ݔ‬.
2. ‫ݕ‬varies inversely as ‫ ݔ‬or ‫ ݕ‬is inversely proportional to ‫ݔ‬, both the statement have the same
௞
meaning and for these, ‫ ݕ‬ൌ .
௫

Factor / Remainder Theorem

1. If ሺ‫ ݔ‬൅ ܽሻ is a factor of ݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ, ݂ሺെܽሻ  ൌ Ͳ.

Page 39
 Mathematics B (4MB1) Revision Notes

2. If ݂ሺ‫ݔ‬ሻ is dived by ሺ‫ ݔ‬൅ ܽሻ, remainder is ݂ሺെܽሻ.

Prime Factor, LCM, HCF

1. For LCM, take all factors and highest power.

2. For HCF, take only common factor and lowest power.

Factorisation

1. ܽଶ െ ܾ ଶ ൌ ሺܽ െ ܾሻሺܽ ൅ ܾሻ

Evaluation

1. The number ܽ ൈ ͳͲ௡ is in standard form when ͳ ൑ ܽ ൏ ͳͲ and n is positive or negative integer.
2. Number facts:

A
(i) Rational number: Fraction numbers, whole numbers and decimal numbers which can be

IDH
ହ ଽ
written in fraction are called rational number. ǡ ǡ ʹͷǤ͸͹ǡ ͲǤʹͷǡ ͲǤ͵͹ͷ etc are rational number.
ଵ଻ ଵଷ
(ii) Irrational number: The numbers which are not rational number are called irrational number.

MR
ߨǡ ξʹǡ ξͷ etc are irrational numbers.

Sequence B
NO
1. For arithmetic progression (A.P.), ܶ௡ ൌ ܽ ൅ ሺ݊ െ ͳሻ݀
AR

2. For ܶ௡ is given, to find T1, T2, T3, T4, T5……….., put n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 in the Tn expression.
BY
D
RE
E PA
PR

Page 40