VASANTRAONAIK LUN EY TST) ANS PRACTICAL MANUAL PATH - 365 Diseases of Field and Horticultural Crops and their Management - Il a For B.Sc. (Hons.) Agriculture | Semester VI (New) Compiled and Prepared by Dr. (Mrs.) M.G. Patil Prof. S.V. Waghmare Assistant Professor Assistant Professor Dr. KT Apet Head Department/of|Plant/Rathology, Collegeof Agriculture, VNMKV, Parbhani Name of Student Registration No. College of Agriculture : Academic Year Scanned with CamsScanrOF PRACTICAL MANUAL Course No. : PATH - 365 . Course Title : Diseases of Field and Horticultural Crops and their Management -II Semester : VI (New) Credits : 3 (2+1) INDEX ae Title of Exercise ae | ee No. No. Identification and histopathological studies of selected diseases of field and horticultural crops “covered in theory. Collection and preservation of disease specimen (Note: Students should submit 50 pressed and well-mounted specimens) : FIELD CROPS | 1. |Wheat: Rusts, Loose smut, Karnal bunt, 01 Powdery mildew, Alternaria blight and /ear Cockle 2 | Sugarcane: red rot, Smut, Wilt, Grassy shoot, | 67 Ratoon stunting and Pokka Boenfg OILSEEDS 3. | Sunflower: Sclerotinia stem rot and Alternaria 12 blight, Rust Downy mildew 4 | Mustard: Altenaria blight, White rust, Downy| 46 mildew and Sclerotinia stem rot. PULSES : 5. | Gram: Will, Grey mould and Ascochyta blight. | 49 Pea : Downy mildew, Powdery mildew and Rust, Wilt. a -6 | Lentil: Rust and Wilt 24 Linseed: Alternaria bud blight, Rust, Powdery mildew CASH CROPS 7 | Cotton: Root rot, Wilt, Anthracnose, and Black 27 arm, Dahiya diseases, Leaf curl of cotton, 2-4- D injury Scanned with CamscanrHORTICULTURAL CROPS Mango: Die back, Anthracnose, Mango 31 i ° malformation, bacterial blight and powdery mildew, Spongy tissue, Red. rust, Pink diseases, Loranthus, Stone graft Mortality, Lme induced chlorosis. 9 | Citrus: Citrus canker, Gummosis, Fruit Rot,| 39 Citrus grening, Anthracnose, Tristeza, Citrus Exocortis, Scab of citrus, Mottle leaf of citrtus 10 | Grape vine : Downy mildew,.Powdery mildew, | 47 Anthracnose, ‘Bacterial Canker, Grape fan-leaf virus 11 | Peach: Leaf curl. . 51 Apple : Scab, Powdery mildew, Fire blight and . Crown gall, Mosaic. Strawberry : Leaf spot. VEGETABLES 42 | Potato : Early and late blight, Black scurf, Leaf| 59 roll and Mosaic. 43 | Cucurbits : Downy mildew, Powdery mildew, | 62 Wilt, Angular leaf spot, Mosaic, TOSPO virus. 44 | Onion: Purple blotch and Stemphylium blight, | 68 Downy mildew, Smut, Smudge, Erwinta rot. 45 | Garlic : Neck and bulb rot, and Stemphylium| 74 blight, Blemish, Black mould. 46 | Chill: Anthracnose and Fruit rot, Wilt and leaf| 76 curl. Coriander: Stem gall, Powdery mildew, Wilt Turmeric : Leaf spot : ORNAMENTAL CROPS 17 | Marigold : Botrytis blight, Alternaria blight. 81 Rose : Dieback, Powdery mildew and Black leaf spot. 18 | Field visit for the diagnosis of field problems 85 L_| Syllabus 86 4g Scanned with Camscanr1 Preservation of diseases specimen. Exercise No. 1: (1) Rusts | (4) Powdery mildew (5) Alternaria blight (1) Rusts: Causal organisms : — 1. Black stem rust of wheat 2. Brown rust or leaf rust of Wheat — 3. Yellow rust or stripe rust of wheat. Identification and histo-pathological studies of selected diseases of Field and Horticultural Crops covered in the theory. Collection and Note : Students should submit 50 pressed and well-mounted specimens, I) FIELD CROPS : - Study of Wheat Diseases (2) Loosesmut (3) Karnal bunt, (6) Ear cockle Puccinia graminis tritici Eriks and Henn. Puccinia recondita Reb.ex. Desm. Puccinia striiformis West. —___ Black or stem rust ‘Yellow or stripe rust Brown or leaf rust Stalk affected most severely than leaf sheath, leaves and ears. Plant parts affected Attacks leaves most severely than leaf sheath, stalks and cars, Attacks the leaves almost exclusively, rarely the leaf sheath and very rarely the stalks. Uredopustules are larger, elongated running together and bursting early throwing up large fragment of the epidermis. Colour dark brown to brick red becoming dark gradually as teliospores are formed in the same pustulés, Found on all een parts of the plant. Uredosori Uredopustules are small, oval, do not run together, burst late, and with little displacement of the epidermis, Almost always arranged in long rows. Colour lemon yellow, found on all green parts of the plant. | Uredopustules are small but often larger than in yellow rust, oval or round, do not usually run together, burst early with a fringe of broken epidermis around them, Never arranged in Jong rows, colour bright orange when fresh, found chiefly on upper surface of leaves. Uredospores are red to brown in coldur. Oval in shape with 4 germ pores Uredospores Uredospores are lemon yellow, round in shape, 6-10 erm pores are present. Uredospores are bright orange in colour, after maturity becomes brown in colour, round and Scanned with Camscanr2 which are arranged at equatorial layers. 25-30 x 17-20 um. 23-25 x 20-25 um. uredospores with 7-10 germ pores 16 x28 um. Teleutopustules are like || uredo but black, burst rather early. Found on all green Parts of the plant but least on the leaf blades. Teleutosori Teleutopustules like uredo but more flattened and dull black, do not burst through epidermis, found chiefly on under surface of leaves but also on green parts of the plant. Teleutopustules often absent, when present, resemble uredo but more flattened and dull black. Do not burst through epidermis. Found chiefly on leaves, very rare else where: Teliospores are two celled and pointed at the apex. Chestnut brown, 40-46 x 15- 20 um. Teliospores Teliospores are round in shape, with flattened apex. 35-63 x 12-20 um. Teliospores are round at apex. dd biotypes in India, irulent while race 21 and its biotypes are more prevalent. Races in India 18 races and bio types 14, 14A, 20, 20 and 38, 38A races are more prevalent. 18 races, Race 162, 162A, 162B and 77A, 77B more virulent and prevalent. Black or stem rust Yellow or stripe rust Brown or leaf rust sown wheat crop in hills, secondary infection through uredospores in the infected fields. Same as black rust. Berberis vulgaris Alternate hosts Thalictrum polygamum Mahonia acauifolia Bromus juponicus Through uredospores on self | Perpetuation ‘Same as black rust. Control measures : 1. Use of resistant varieties e.g. HD-2189, HD-4502, HD-2380, HD-2501, HD-2278, | MACS-2496, AKW-2501, N-8223, UP215, PBN-42, DWR-162, DWR-195, NI-9947, NIAW-34, NIAW-301.. The resistance may break down and the varieties may become susceptible in the course of time. : 2. Spraying of 1) Zineb. 0.25 % + 2% Urea or Mancozeb ~0.25 % + 2% Urea. Second spray of fungicides, if infection persists. | 3. Eradication and cleaning up of alternate and collateral hosts. 4, Indiscriminate use of nitrogenous fertilizers increase the susceptibility of the crop to rust disease. Application of potash and phosphatic fertilizers give tolerance. | | | Class Work; | 1. Cut transverse sections through stage of black stem rust of wheat, mount the section in lactophenol on glass slide and examine, sketch and label the drawings. | | 2, Study the comparative symptoms of the three rusts of wheat supplied to you « ) | : Scanned with CamScanr3 Exercise: ” 1 Explain annual recurrence of wheat rusts in India, 2. What is heteroecious rust? What do you understand by races? Why do we have less races of black stem rust in our country ? 3. Draw life cycle of heteroecious black stem rust of wheat. (2) Loose Smut: Causal organism ~ Ustilago tritici (Pers.) Rost. Symptoms: Affected ears on diseased plants emerge out of the flag leaf earlier than those of healthy plants. Usually entire ears rarely partial, are transformed into sori, which is covered with thin silvery membrane that bursts as soon as affected ears emerge form host leaf. Almost all the parts’ of ears except awns are, transformed. The olive brown black spores are easily blown away leaving the naked rachis behind. Etiology: , The spores are olive brown, lighter on one side, spherical or oval, 5-9 um in diam. The epispore has fine spines especially on the lighter side. Germination of spores by germ tube, which soon dies unless: the spores have fallen on feathery stigma. No sporidia are produced and diplodization takes place between the cells of germ tubes. In about three weeks, the hyphae reach the lower end of raphe and pass round the bottom of endospore to reach the scutellum and penetrate the embryo, where it remains in dormant state. The dormant mycelium is thick walled, oily and irregularly swollen. Disease cycle: The disease is internally seed borne and systemic. The infected grains can not be distinguished apparently from the healthy grains. The pathogen remains dormant within.the mature grain. When such seeds are sown, the dormant mycelium becomes active and grows keeping pace with the growing tip of the host. Secondary spread is by chlamydospores which are wind borne, Control measures: * : 1. Solar heat treatment — Soak the seeds in cold water for four to six hours and then "spread in thin layer on threshing floor or on galvanized iron sheets during summer in between 12.00 to 4.00 pm.(This is called as Luthra's(1953)treatment who modified | hot water treatment to suit under Indian condition) | | 2. Hot water treatment — Soak the seeds for four to six hours to activate the dormant | mycelium, Then dip the seeds in water 53°C for 10 min, Dry the seeds and treat with seed protectants. (This treatment was develoed by Jensen1887) 3. Seed treatment with systemic fungicides like carboxin (Vitavax) 2.0 g/kg seed. OR-Carboxin+ Carbendazim at the rate of 2.5g/Kg seed Use resistant varieties, viz, Kalyan Sona 227, PV-18, WG-307, C-302. Scanned with CamScany4 Answer the-following: 1)Why soaking of seeds in cold water is necessary in hot water as well as solar hat Treatment? 2) Write a brief note on hot water treatment and solar heat treatment. 3) Which systemic fungicides are used for controlling the internally seed borne loose smut of wheat? . (3) Karnal Bunt: Causal organism : Neovossia indica (Mitra) Mundkur Symptoms : Kamal bunt becomes evident when the grains have developed. It is then found that some grains have been partially, rarely wholly, converted into black powdery mass enclosed by the pericarp. Not all the ears in a stool carry the disease and even on the same ear only few grains are smutted. Embryo is not always damaged. Such partially affected seeds are germinated. Due to irregular distribution of infected grains in the ears it has been presumed that they are result of air borne local infection. The spore mass remains covered by the pericarp but later reputures exposing the black powder. Etiology : The spores are smooth walled measuring 2-49 micron in diameter requires a long resting period, sporidia are produced in large number on short stout basidium. ‘The primary sporidia are needle shoped, secondary sporidia are sickle shaped. Perpetuation : Soil borne and air borne usually affecting only a few spiklets in an ear. Control measures : 1. Cultivation of susceptible varieties and continuous cropping of wheat in the same field should be avoided. 2. Deep ploughing during summer . Crop rotation 4. Common bunt can be controlled by seed treatment with carboxin (Vitavax). However karnal bunt spreading through air borne sporidia is very difficult to control with seed treatment. : (4) Powdery mildew : The disease is important in areas where humid conditions prevail during the growing season of the crop and is present throughout the world wherever wheat is grown. In India, the disease is serious in the northern as well as southern hill regions and appears sporadically in the North-Western plains, Scanned with Camscanr5 Symptoms ‘The fungus infects all the aerial parte of the plant, On the upper nurfiee of thie leven, the symptoms appent as sinall Hecke an whlel white to pmylnh powdery prowl nppeara, Later this turns to tinned mildew growth whieh eonsbitn of Nufly, superflelal powdery mans, Such areas enlarge with time, contesee and cover the complete leaf nurlice, On thene felons, condiophores are produced which hear contin, Aw the dlicane progeemion, small round black Peritheeial fruiting bodies appear in the powdery mass, whieh are viable a bluck dots Scattered over the mycelial mat. Under high humidity, the dense spread in very fast and the fungus covers all the plant parts including the leaves, leaf sheuthy, stem, glumes ete, ‘The Humber and size of leaves is reduced which are also twisted, crinkled and deformed, ‘The respiration of the plant is increased, ‘The plants become chlorotic and there is increase in water loss, Causal organism : Zrysiphe graminty sp. tittel (D.C,) Ei, Marehal, Etiology : The fungus perpetuates in the form of perithecia in the soil which release ascospores, ‘The ascospores germinate to produce a germ Wheat leaves through stomata and results in primary infection, grow ectophytically and small lesions are immediately produced Produce a large number of conidia in short time, ‘The conidia are released from the conidiophorgs and become air borne, ‘The conidia on germination produce a germ tube, which forms an appressorium from where the infection peg arises which penctrates the cuticle and sub cuticular walls of the host, during the off season ube which enters the The mycelium continues to which increase in size and Epidemiology : ‘The optimum temperature for conidial germination is 15-20 $c The infection takes place successfully at temperatures around 20 °C at a relative humidity 25-75 per cent. After production, the conidia loose their viability within 24 hours of liberation at lemperature above 20°C, The disease spread is inereased under high relative humidity, prolonged rains, high plant population and high fertilizers doses, 7 Control measui i) Grow resistant varieties, ii) Burn the crop refuse in the field after harvesting iil) Spray fungicide mixture of Dithane M-45 and Karathane 25 WP @ 2 kyyha in 800- 1000 litres of water. For this make solution of & g Dithane M-45 and 2g Karathane 25 WP per 5 litres of water. About two to three sprays should be given at an interval of 10-15 days if the losses are expected to be very high. (5) Alternaria blight : Causal organism: Alternaria triticina Prasad and Prabhu Symptoms: Small, chlorotic, oval- or elliptical lesions app become irregular in shape, The chlorotic borders of the | light to dark brown in, colour. Les ear. As they enlarge, these lesions ions may become diffusedl‘and turn ions are difficult to distinguish from those caused by Scanned with CamScanrHelminthosporium spp. Infection usually starts on the lower leaves, but symptoms can be found on all plant parts. 7 . Etiology: The fungus survives as conidia on seed or as mycelia within seed. Sporulation on lower leaves provides inoculum that can be dispersed by wind, leading to secondary spread of the disease. Seed-bome inoculum often results in spike infections late in the crop cycle. Predisposition: High humidity or irrigation, as well as warmer temperatures (20 to 25 °C) favor infection and disease development. Bread wheat and durum wheat, as well as several related grasses, are the primary hosts. The disease is common in the eastern and central areas of the Asian Subcontinent. Alternaria leaf blight can be very severe if environmental conditions are favorable for disease development; major losses can resylt when susceptible cultivars are grown. Control measures : i) Grow resistant varieties, : ii) Disease is externally as well as intemally seed borne. Seed treatment by pre-soaking for four hours followed by a 10 minute dip in hot water at 52°C . iil) Foliar application of zineb OR mancozeb 0.2% can reduce disease severity. iv) Give adequate NPK fertilizers and irrigation. : . 6) Ear Cockle : Cause: Anguina tritici (Stein) Filipjev. Symptoms : a The infested plants may remain dwarfed and show generally twisted, rolled and ctinkled leaf blades. The glumes become more divergent and grains replaced by hard, dark coloured galls which are full of nematodes. The diseased ears are shorter and thicker than the healthy ones and keep green longer. Control measures : : : Use.gall free seeds. This can be done by floating the seeds in salt water, The seeds are treated with 20 % Salt solution and stirred vigorously. The affected seeds along with galls floating on the surface can be separated with seives. The healthy seeds settle down and can be used for sowing after washing and drying, . Scanned with Camscanr7 Exercise No. 2 Sugarcane (1) Red Rot : Causal organism : Imperfect stage: Colletotrichum Salcatum Went Perfect stage :Glomerella tucumanensis. Yon Arx arid’ Muller Symptoms : The first symptom of red rot is discolouration of the leaves wither and leaves droop. The withering will proceed and finally whole crown withers and cane dies within weeks time. In single stool most of the canes become evident. ‘The tissues are reddened through out the basal portion, mostly the vascular bundles. There may be crosswise white patches interrupting the reddened tissue. As the disease advances the entire stem rot and central tissue become pithy. The internodes shrink and when the cane split open; large-cavities may be found in the center. Pithy tissues tum brown with whitish mycelial growth of the fungus. Also embedded with are black minute bodies representing the acervuli, Leaves show symptoms in the form of dark red lesions in the midrib, which elongate, turning blood red with dark margins and later straw coloured center with minute black dots of acervuli, of young leaves. The margins and tips Etiology : The mycelium is thin, septate, hyaline and intracellular formation of aceryuli is the character of genus. They are minute black dots with setae. Conidia are borne singly on the conidiophorés aré single celled, falcate thin walted. Sometimes termistal or intercalary chlamydospores are formed. The primary source of infection is planting material, plant debris and chlamydospores. Secondary infection through conidia spread through irrigation water. Perfect stage G. fucumanensis produces globose perithecia in which clavate asci are produced, Each ascus contains 8 ascospores Control measures : 1) Selection of planting material from healthy cane and disease free area. 2) Setts are treated by dipping in 0.1% Carbendazim for 18 minutes at 52°C (Rangaswami 2002) 3) In standing crop if one of the stool infected, the canes are to be collected and destroyed by burning. Answer the following questions: Describe in short the red rot symptoms. 2)Describe the etiology of asexual and sexual stage. 3)Comment on feasible sett treatment for the control of red rot. (2) Smut : Causal organism — Ustilago scitaminea Syd. Symptoms: Affected plants produce a whip like structure, several feet in length and much curved Snitself. Tecomes out from the central spindle at the apex. In its earlier stages, the smut like Scanned with CamScanyrpeu wer on this whip-like outgrowth is covered by a whit, silvery, thin membrane, which Epon ruptures and flakes off exposing dense black powdery dust. eerie tlee pericytes Whip like structure is the mass of chlamydospores(teleutospores). The chlamydospores are enchinulate, light brown and spherical 5-10 microns in diameter. The sugarcane has no dead season and hence the pathogen gets ready host. Blown off spores fall on the base ofthe leaf sheath, buds or injured. canes and get the entry and travel upwards. The disease perpetuates by ether ‘Planting smutted canes. By spores bone on buds, ii)By infection of buds on standing canes, iv)Ratooning of smutted canes. Secondary spread of the pathogen is by wind and irrigation water, Control measures : os Removal of smutted canes in thick cloth of gunny bags and their destruction. Discourage the practice of ratooning Avoid planting of sets from smutted canes. Use setts from healthy fields. Disinfect the setts before planting by (a) H.W.T. at 52°C for 1 hour or Hot moist air treatment at 54°C for 8 hours.(Vala ef al ., 1992,Singh 2003) : Dipping the setts in 0. 5% vitavax or Bavistin solution for 10 min.(Waraitch 1986) Use of resistant varieties i) | Co.449,527,658,974,1148,6806,7108,7319 (Agnihotri1983) Bol 1,22,24 (Singh 2005) iii) CO. 7219, COM-8014 and COM- 7125, CO-62175, CO-7704, g ‘The varieties which are resistant may break down resistance and become susceptible o in due course of time. weep Exercise: 1.Why this smut is called as whip smut? ~ 2. How primary and secondary infection of this smut occurs? 3.Descibe i)hot water treatment ii) Hot moist air treatment for sugarcane setts. (3) Sugarcane Wilt : Cause: Cephalosporium sacchari Bull. Symptoms ¢ The earliest symptoms appears late in the season as yellowing and withering of crown leaves, follo OF reddich “4 EY "pid drying of the cane. The internal tissue of the cane becomes brown deh brown in colour but there is no transverse white bands as seen in the red rot AY TI, The stem becomes light and hollow making them worthless for milling. A foul Snell is noticed after splitting the infected canes. Cottony mycelial growth can be seen in the ies, Dith cavit La Scanned with Camscanr‘The pathogen persists as mycelium in plant residue, Infected setts serve as the means of primary inoculum. See eae petted tenet ene They are hyaline, thin walled and septate and produce many coiophors as lateral branches. The conidophores and ae simple or branched and aseptate bear the numerous micro conidia on the tips. Micro conidia are hyaline, ovoid or oblong ellipsoidal, aseptate, single celled , and measure 4-12 x 1-3 um, No macro conidia are produced. Predisposing factor / Favourable conditions : - The disease symptoms appear during the monsoon and post monsoon periods, affected plants are present either singly or in small groups. High day temperature is 30-35 °C. Low humidity - 50-60%. Low soil moisture and alkaline soils, Control measures : i) Select-canes from completely healthy fields for planting - ii) _Allthe infested canes together with their leaves and roots should be completely burnt, iii) Noratoon should’be kept in the infested fields. iv) Dip cane setts in 0.25 per cent solution of Agallol or Aretan for five minutes before slanting. vy) Grow resistant varieties recommended for the particular area. vi) Soil treatment or setts treatment with boron and zine at the rate of 40 ppm has been teported to reduce the wilt infestation. (4) Grassy shoot : Causal organism: Mycoplasma like Organism (MLO) _ Symptoms : The disease is characterised by the production of number of thin tillers from the base OF the infested cane. This growth gives rise to bunch of tillers having pale yellow or completely chlorotic an : id white leaves. Cane formation does not take place in stich tillers. Disease seriously affect the yield and quality of juice. Etiolgy: iced 40 i found to present in the sieve cells of infected plants. Two types of bodies are oticed, sph 0 rical bodies of 300-400 nm diameter and filamentous bodies of 30-53 um diameter. . Transmission ; Disease is readil Spreads by the use of in indosacchari, Aphis Svgatcane, the disease ly transmitted by sap inoculation and by cutting knife but mostly it fected cane setts. In nature, it spreads by aphids, Aphis maydis, Aphis acchari, The disease is caused by a phytoplasma. In addition to also infect number of hosts. Control Measures ; Eradication of diseased cane, Scanned with Camscanr10 2) Useof! healthy cane setts for replanting. 3) Giving up practice of ratooning for 4 years at least. 4) Moist hot air 54°C for 8 hours or hot water treatment at 52°C for 1 hour (Rangaswami 2002), . 5) Spraying with metasystox or Follidal in standing crop twice a month for control of aphids. (5) Ratoon stunting : Cause: Clavibacte xyli sub sp, xyli Leifvonia xyli (Davis et al.) ‘Symptoms : 50 The affected crops remain stunted with short and thin canes, The leaves are pale and roots are poorly developed. The characteristic symptom can be seen in the split canes as pink discoloration of the growing point. A yellow-orange, pink-red or reddish brown discolouration occurs with individual vascular bundles in the nodes of mature canes. The ratoons display symptoms more than the older canes. The disease spreads through seed setts and ratoon crops. Etiology The disease, which was originally thought to be caused by a virus or by a mycoplasma like organism, has now been definitely identified as Clavibacter xpli sub sp. xyli or Leifsonia pli Davis et al). The fastidious, xylem-inhabiting, gram positive, coryne form bacteria, measure 1.0 - 40x0.3-0.5 p insize. There are non-motile and non-spore forming. Sometimes, they cccur in chains and appear like filaments. Mode of survival and spread : The pathogen oyer seasons in infected sugarcane plants and propagative materials, such as seed-canes. Plants growing from infected setts develop the disease invariably. ‘The bacterium is sap transmissible and is spread by cutting knives, by implements used in cultural Operations and also by harvesting equipments. Rodents, such as field rats, rabbits, wild pigs ttc. also aid in the transmission of the bacteria through injuries they cause to the standing canes. The disease continues to spread to different countries through infected sugareane germ plasm, Control measures : ) Grow resistant varieties, it) Plant setts only from healthy canes. fii) Hot air treatment of cane seeds at 54 °C for eight hours is effective in destroying the causative agent, Do not ratoon the diseased crop. Teal seed canes with Agallol or Aretan after hot air treatment before planting. iv) y Scanned with Camscany1 (6) Pokka Boeng : Causal organism : Fusarium moniliforme Symptoms : . The characteristics symptoms of Pokkah Boeng disease are the appearance of chlorotic patches towards the base of the young leaves, in acute cases disease shows distortion of stalk with external and internal cut like lesions and rotting of apical part of stalk. Under field conditions, the disease may develop many variations from the general symptoms, but the final result is usually a malformed or damaged top and stalk. ‘The base of affected leaves is often narrower as compared to normal leaves. Knife cut symptoms of the disease were reported, Characteristics of pathogen - Etiology : Fusarium moniliforme showed different colour purple mycilium and for pigmentation of metabolites medium. ‘The growth of conidia range from 9.3 - 29.7 width, mycelium width of ranged in between 1.75 - 7.00 was generally dense in delicately floccose to felted with po of macro conidia. for its mycelium pale white, pink and also during the growth on artificial #M in length and 2.7 - 6.0 uM in HM. Mycelium of F. moniliforme ywdery appearance due to formation Effect of environmental factors : ‘Temperature is an important natural factor governing the distribution of a pathogen and it grows and sporulates luxuriantly in a temperature range of 20-30 °C in both in-vitro and in-vivo condition. Minimum, optimum and maximum temperature for growth pathogen are 10-15°C, 30 OC and 35-40 °C, respectively. The severe incidence of the disease occurred in the range of temperature between 20 to 32 °C with high humidity up to 70-80 % and cloudy weather in rainy season from July to September. We also found the incidence of the disease in the month of July to September when humidity range from 79.0 - 85.5, temperature ranging 29.0 - 30.0 °C and rain fall is high. Temperature ranging from 20-30 °C and humidity ‘anging fom 75-85 % is the best suitable for the growth of Fusaium pathogen. Control measures : ) Spraying of Bavistin @ 1 grit. of water or Blitox 0.2% or Copper oxychloride or 0.3 ie Dithane M45 3 grit. of wate. i Two to three sprayings with an interval of 15 days interval. Scanned with CamScanv