DAY LIGHTING -2

Contents:

Daylighting design, part1:

I. Building Design Recommendation forDaylighting

Daylighting design, part2:

I. GOALS OF DAYLIGHTING
II. SKY CONDITIONS
III. DAYLIGHT FACTOR DF
IV. DAYLIGHTING SOURCES
V. COMPONENTS OFDAYLIGHT
VI. GUIDELINES FOR INITIAL DAYLIGHTINGDESIGN.
VII. DESIGN ANALYSIS METHODS
VIII. DAYLIGHTING SIMULATION PROGRAMS
Daylighting design, part1:

Contents:

I. The Daylighting Opportunity

II. Energy Savings With Daylighting.
III. Human Factors In Daylighting Design.
IV. Daylighting Strategies
1. THE DAYLIGHTING OPPORTUNITY

 Designing with daylight can improve energy efficiency by minimizing the

use of electricity for lighting as well as reducing associated heating and
cooling loads.

 Daylighting is a critical design factor to those concerned about global

warming, carbon emissions, and sustainable design—in addition to visual
comfort. Research has found daylight to be an important factor influencing
human behavior, health, and productivity.

 Windows admitting daylight provide occupants with a view and a temporal

connection with the outdoors.
 2. Energy Savings with Daylighting
To obtain lighting energy savings in a building, six “essential” components
for daylighting design are recommended by the Illuminating Engineering
Society of North America (IESNA):

1. Plan interior space for access to daylight.

2. Minimize sunlight in the vicinity ‫راوج‬of critical visual tasks.
HOW?
3. Design spaces to minimize glare. HOW?
4. Zone electric lighting for daylight‐responsive control.
HOW?
5. Provide for daylight‐responsive control of electric lighting.
6. Provide for commissioning and maintenance of any
automatic controls.
3-HUMAN FACTORS IN
DAYLIGHTING
DESIGN

(a) Windows and View

(b) Productivity and Satisfaction

(c) Controlling Daylight in Interior Spaces

(d) Minimize Glare

Illumination & Acoustics

4. DAYLIGHTING
STRATEGIES
A variety of strategies are available to control and enhance
daylighting.
1. Design consideration in different region
2. Site design.
3. Orient the majority of the glazing north-south, with
secondary glazing to the west if necessary.
4. Building plan form.
5. Illuminate the ceiling as much as possible.
6. Protect against direct sunlight.
7. Balance light from the window wall with reflected daylight on
the opposite wall. (Aperture Strategies: Side-lighting & Top-
lighting )
1. DESIGNCONSIDERATIONS
IN DIFFERENTREGION

Daylighting in the tropical region:

- Use shading – to prevent the transmission of the direct sun beam.
- preventing brightness from exterior surfaces that reflects sunlight.

Daylighting in the arid region – hot & dry:

- Small windows
- High level of windows. (IRC reflected from
ceiling )
- Aperture opens to the Courtyard
4.2. -SITEDESIGN-
(sky exposure angle.)
Site obstructions such as neighboring buildings,
trees, and landforms will determine the
maximum available daylight on a site and the
maximum project envelope that will preserve
daylight access to adjacent properties
4.3. BUILDINGORIENTATION.

• Orient the majority of the glazing north-

south, with a maximum exposure to more
easily controllable daylight.
• South, is desirable because direct solar
radiation received by the south facade is
easier to control to prevent excess solar
gain. Daylight is relatively uniform.

• North light is the best for daylighting

because it is not direct and constant diffuse
skylight. It is facade is advantageous for
uniform and soft daylighting.

• Toward the east and west the sun is very

low—almost horizontal—so it is hard to
control.
4. BUILDINGFORM
Maximize perimeter to daylight.
Long and narrow footprints are better than square one for access to
daylight. Buildings can be arranged as a series of wings to minimize land
requirements while still allowing access to daylight. The space between
the wings should not be too narrow that they shade one another.

Although square buildings have lower heating loads, daylighting the

interior is difficult and the imbalance between perimeter heating loads and
interior cooling loads requires a complex HVAC system.

Multiple-story buildings benefit the most from narrow plans that keep
work areas within 10 meters of the exterior.
The effect of buildingform
on environmental control
strategies.

Refer to: Fig. 8.5 in the textbook.

The illustration shows how building

layout affects cooling, daylighting,
and heating opportunities.
5. -ILLUMINATETHECEILINGASMUCH ASPOSSIBLE.
Clerestory windows should locate as high as possible on the wall to
illuminate the ceiling and grab the maximum amount of daylight.
The light shelf is an extremely useful to reflect light falling above the vision
window up onto theceiling .

6. PROTECTAGAINSTDIRECTSUNLIGHT
Daylight and sunlight are two terms that should
not be confused. Daylight is describedas
“the diffuse light of the overcast sky, similar in all
orientations, bright above and dark at thehorizon…
soft and cool ofboth temperature and color.
”Sunlight is warmer and stronger.
4.7. ROOMGEOMETRY
The configuration of fenestrations has a significant impact on the distribution of
daylight within a room. The different fenestration types are discussed below:

4.7.1. Side Windowdesign

Higher windows and the use of light

shelves with clerestories will give alarger
depth of penetration fordaylight.

Toget daylight on the interior wall aswell

as the window wall, use a skylight or roof
monitor near the interior wall, or simply
place the opposite wall no more than 2.5
times the window head height from the
The higher the window, the deeper the
window wall daylighting zone
1. .Side Windowdesign
a)Minimizing contrast between the window and the wall by
splaying or rounding the inside edges of the window.

Window will create less glare if the adjacent walls are not dark
relative to the window. Splaying or rounding the edges will create a
light transition that is more comfortable to the eye.
4.7.1. Side Windowdesign

b) Window sizing.

The average daylight factor equation can be used to estimatethe

require window-to-wall ratio (WWR) for adequatedaylighting.

(Expressed as a fraction)

Where,
A glazing is the net glazing area (window area minus mullions and framing, or
approximately 80% of the opening)
A cross Wall is the gross exterior wall area (width of the bay by floor-to-floor
height)
4.7.1. Side Windowdesign

c) Glazingtechnology

The solar spectrum can be broken into

three main groups:
-Ultraviolet (UV) energy is mostly
invisible and embodies only about
7 %of the energy in sunlight.
-Infrared (IR) energy is also
invisible and contains about 46 %of
the energy in the solarspectrum.
-Visible (light) spectrum contains
about 47 %of the energy in the
solar spectrum .( Brian M. Deal,Rober,….
1998.(p19))
.
Careful choice of glazing is one of the most direct ways in which designer can
control the indoor climate.

Glass and tints :Tints are absorptive materials that absorb a portion of the
incident solar radiation, (gray, bronze, blue andgreen.)

Solar control films: Most retrofit films will improve the performance of the
glazing but are typically not as effective as glass that is coated during
manufacture.

Gaze fills: Double- and triple-pane window voids were air-filled. The most
common alternative gas fills are inert gases.

Switchable glazing: Switchable optical windows, or smart windows, havethe

ability to change their physical properties based on predetermined
conditions.

Reflective coatings; low-e: were developed in the early 1970s, Most low-e
coatings reflect 40 to 70 percent of infrared, Low-e usually a thin layer of
silver or tin oxide on theglass surface.
4.7.2.Top-light.
There are several top-lighting
methods:
 Skylights and
 clerestories.
 Sky light
Skylights are an effective means of getting
What is the recommended skylight slope in
daylight deeper into the building plan, but
a building located in Najran city?
are only useful on the top floor of the Najran Latitude: +17.5 (17°30'00"N)
building...
Kimbell Gallery: Louis
Kahn
skylight detail
Sustainable lighting design, part2:
Contents:
I. GOALS OF DAYLIGHTING
II. SKY CONDITIONS
III. DAYLIGHT FACTOR DF
IV. DAYLIGHTING SOURCES
V. COMPONENTS OF DAYLIGHT
VI. GUIDELINES FOR INITIAL DAYLIGHTING DESIGN.
VII. DESIGN ANALYSIS METHODS
VIII. DAYLIGHTING SIMULATION PROGRAMS
I. Goals of Daylighting
Why daylight?

1. Improved aesthetics

2. Good daylighting design is beneficial to health.

3. Daylighting to humans is important in that it is necessary for visual comfort and
providing psychological needs

4. Using natural light from the sun costs nothing to the environment but pays big
dividends to buildingoccupants.
5. Reduce lighting costs. The overall objective of daylighting is to minimize the
amount of artificial light and reduce electricitycosts.

6. it can also lower HVACcosts as well. Electrical lighting produces a lot of heat,
whereas, if properly controlled, natural lighting generates hardly any heat atall.
 II. SKYCONDITIONS
(a) Standard Overcast Sky
(b) Clear Sky With and Without Sun
(c) Partly Cloudy Sky

Table: Typical of the range of illumination we

commonly experience during our lives are:
Bright sunlight 100,000 lux
Dull, overcast day 5,000 lux
General office 500 lux
Domestic lounge 50 lux
Moonlight 0.1 lux
The amount of light striking the earth’s surface varies by
latitude due to the angle of incidence and amount of light
absorbed by the atmosphere.
III. Daylight FactorDF
When a building is designed to rely
on daylighting, a major design
concern is the daylight factor (DF),
which is expressed as the ratio of
interior illuminance (Ei) to available
outdoor illuminance (EH) under
overcast skies.
Illumination & Acoustics-daylighting

Recommended
Daylight FactorDF
 Average Minimum
Area Daylight daylight

Example Commercial Buildings:

factor factor

General office 5% 2%
Classroom 5% 2%
Dwellings:
Kitchen 2%
Living room 1%
Example 1 Bedroom 0.5%

Calculate the illuminance at a point in a room given the daylight factor of

5% if the external illuminance is 9500 lux.

Therefore:
Internal illuminance = ( Daylight factor x External illuminance ) / 100%

Internal illuminance = ( 5 x 9500 ) / 100%

Internal illuminance = 475 lux

 Example Area
Average
Daylight
Minimum
daylight
factor factor
Commercial Buildings:
• Example 2 General office
Classroom
5%
5%
2%
2%
Dwellings:
Kitchen 2%
• Calculate the illuminance at a point in a
Living room
Bedroom
1%
0.5%

domestic kitchen if the average external

illuminance is 5000 lux.

• From the above table the recommended daylight

factor for a kitchen is 2%.
• Internal illuminance = ( Daylight factor x External illuminance )
/ 100%

• Internal illuminance = ( 2 x
 Daylighting and sunlight?

IV. Daylighting Sunlight is the direct

component of light while
Sources daylight is the total light
from the sky dome.

Daylight sources may be categorizedas

Direct (direct sunlight and diffuse skylight).
Indirect (light from reflective or translucentdiffusers
that were originally illuminated by primary or other
secondary sources).
 V.COMPONENTSOFDAYLIGHT
Understanding the components of daylight is important to the
design of apertures and the selection of materials. Daylight
illuminance in a building consists of threecomponents:
1. Sky component (SC)
2. Externally reflected component (ERC)
3. Internally reflected components (IRC1 +IRC2

DF is the sum of these three

components, each calculated
individually for each location.
DF = SC + ERC + IRC.
V. COMPONENTS OF DAYLIGHT

1. Sky component (SC): is the portion of total daylight illuminance at

a point received directly from the area of the sky visible through an
aperture.
COMPONENTS OF DAYLIGHT

2. Externally reflected component (ERC): represents light reflected

from exterior obstructions onto the point under consideration. This does
not include ground‐reflected light. ERC is of significance only in built‐up
areas (where there are structures opposite an aperture)

…and can be estimated as the portion of the SC for that area of

obstructed sky, reduced by the percentage of the sky obstructed (RD)
and the reflectance factor (RF) of the obstruction; that is,

ERC = SC × RD × RF

Example:
if 25% of the sky is obstructed by a building
with a 20% RF, we have
ERC = SC × 0.25 × 0.20

For this particular example, then

ERC = 5% of SC
COMPONENTS OF DAYLIGHT

3. Internally reflected components (IRC1 + IRC2): represents the light

received at the point under consideration that has been reflected from
interior surfaces. IRC is subdivided into reflected skylight (IRC1) and
reflected ground light (IRC2)
VI. Guidelines for Initial DaylightingDesign

• Guidelines useful for the designer during theconceptual and

schematic stages of design. These guidelines assume
overcast sky conditions:
Continued--Guidelines for Preliminary DaylightingDesign

(a) The 2.5H Guideline

Fig. 8.30 Section shows the 2.5H guideline, which assumes

that sufficient daylight for the desk plane will be delivered at a
depth 2.5 times the height of the window above the desk plane.
 Continued- Guidelines forPreliminary Daylighting Design

(b) The 15/30 Guideline

Fig. 8.31 Plan shows the 15/30

guideline, which assumes that
sufficient daylight will be delivered to
the desk plane at a 15‐ft (4.6‐m)
distance from the window wall. The 15‐
to 30‐ft (4.6‐ to 9.1‐m) daylight zone
will need supplementary electric
lighting, and the zone beyond 30 ft (9.1
m) will receive virtually no daylight.
Continued- - Guidelines for Preliminary Daylighting Design

• (c) The Sidelighting and

Toplighting Daylight Factor
Guideline
The size of windows, clerestories,
or skylights may be estimated by
using the simple formulas in Table
8.5,

Parts A and B, which provide target

daylight factor values. These design
guidelines consider two factors: the
height of the window in the wall and
the window or skylight area FIG. Daylight Factor
compared to the floor area for each Design Estimates for
daylit space. Overcast Sky Conditions
(Table 8.5, in the textbook)
 VIII. DESIGNANALYSISMETHODS

In the following sections, several interior daylighting analysismethods

are described:

(a) CIE Method.

A simple, rapid, straightforward, and
reasonably accurate daylighting
calculation method.
 Continued--DESIGNANALYSIS METHODS

This system is based upon the

daylight factor described previously as
applied to the standard overcast CIE
sky.

Dresler developed a set of more

than100 curves covering rooms of
varying proportions and fenestration.
A typical curve is shown in Fig.
 Continued--DESIGNANALYSIS METHODS

(a) CIE Method.