Solution Manual for B. P. Lathi Signal Processing and Linear Systems Oxford University Press(Oxtord University Press (Oxford New York ‘Athens Auclland Bongkok Bogti Buenos Aes Calcutta ‘Cape Town Chennsi Dares Salam Dethi Florence Hong Kong. Istanbul Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madd Metboume Mexico City" Mumbsi NNaiobi Pais’ Sto Paulo Shanghai Singapore Taipei Tokyo Toro Waraw nd srsociated companies in Berlin Toadan Copyright © 2001 by Oxford University Press, nc. Published by Oxfoed Univesity Pres, Ine. 198 Madison Avenue, New York, New York, 10016 ‘tp wr oup-osa org Oxford isa registered iademask of Oxford University Press Allright reserved. No pat ofthis publication maybe reproduced, stored ina rticvl system, or transmted, in any form or by any means, lecronie, mechanical, photocopying reording, or alherwise, ‘without the price permission of Oxford University Press. Library of Congress Cataloging in-Publication Data ISBNOA9- Printing mmber: 987654321 Printd inthe United States of Ameri on cidfve paperChapter 1 11-1 For parts (a) and (b) By= | sinteae [ cos 2tdt =n +0= 5 B= [entrant [ad [owaaar tone co) ay [ cosnot anal a=} [con zea] = te 0)~ te see freoran Ey= [ (eae 11-3 (a) Ex = f(a = 2. By = fp(aPde + fe(-1at (tae =a, Beye f (aya =4 ‘Therefore Bray = Be + By (ayaatn By = [Cores [ cvrae [rae (fae = ae EL = [orw Bem [ara [Cores [C orante wwe can show that Ex-y = 4m Therefore Bxiy = Be + By a 5 © Ben [Cae [" capaewn 8px [ora tye [ras [orane Bae (“ora f Therefore, in genetal Evey # Be + By [ (eae = 64/7 nro fiwra [oerus swum rr} [ea 64c8/7Sign change of a signal docs not affect its power. Multiplication of a signal by a constant c increases the power by a factor © has Prem Ef" soreode= gm tf" Svea ‘The integrals of the cross-product terms (when k 4 r) are finite because the integrands are periodic signals (niade up of sinusoids). These terms, when divided by T — oo, yield zero. The remaining terms (k =r) yield mdf Simran Sos wim Py 1.1-6 (a) Power of a sinusoid of amplitude C is C2/2 [Bq, (1.6a)) regardless of its frequency (w # 0) and phase. ‘Therefore, in this case P = (10)%/2 = 50. (b) Power of a sum of sinusoids is equal to the sum of the powers of the sinusoids (Ea. (1.5b)). Therefore. in this ease P= OO" 4 OOF = 178, (c) (10 +2 sin 3t) cos 10t = 10cos 10¢ + sin 13t ~ sin St. Hence from Eq. (1.5b) P= OO" +} +} = 51 (4) W0con Secon 10¢= con 51+ 15 Hence trom Eq. (1.56) P= 2 + (6) 10sin Stcos 10t = S(sin 1 ~ in St. Hence from Eq. (1.58) P= SY + GBF = 25 (£) 2°" conot = } [e+ oX°"9)]. Using the result in Prob. 1-1-5, we obtain P = (1/4) + (1/4) = 1/2 aaa Salt) = HE- + AUC 1) $51) = FE-1)+ ALE +N) Lal) = fE- 05) + E+ 0.8) ‘The signal ft) can be obtained by (i) delaying f(t) by 1 second (replace ¢ with ¢~ 1, (ji) then by a factor 2 (replace ¢ with ¢/2), (ii) then multiply with 1.5. Thus fs(0) = 1.5/(4 ~ 1). 41,8-2. All the signals are shown in Fig. S132. Foe) 44 : { Flere) expanding =f 2] tt 3 64 3 o> “4 “a #G at aie? af 2 $) 1\/* a t> 24 $0 30 ete ot 74 Fig. 51.82 1.8-3 All the signals are shown in Fig. $1.3-3 44 $A) Cc “4 Gs) Pa a] $8) o oe 6 => Fata) wean Fig. S1.3-32 y ’ ce at G 4 eo] t>~ 6 7 ° 4 os 2 t> 14-1. All the signals are shown in Pig. $1.41 142 Salt) = A(C+ ule + 1) — ule} + (-2¢-4-4)fu(t) — ule —2)] = aCe + ut +1) — 6tult) + Bult) + (21 —A)u(e—2) J) = Blue) = ult = 2)] + Qt = 8)fult ~ 2) — u(t — 4)] = Pale) ~ (CF ~ 2¢+ 8)u(e ~ 2) ~ (Bt ~ s)ult— 4) 143 ey [ espa PWdte= Ey, Egy [iucore [ P(a)ds = By Bron = [ue-mPam [ Pe)de= Fr Bran= [” Wooran Frans [uer-opa=? f” Perde= y/o, Em =f Uweirane f” Peden ob, Baws f (os(ey? de =o! £ Plde= oy ded Using she fact that /(2)6(«) = f(0)6(z), we have (a) 0 (b) $560) (©) $60) (A) ~48(C= 1) (@) pAyHlw +3) (F) Kélw) (se L! Hpita's rule) 1.45 In these problems rememnber that impulse 6(z) is located at x = 0. Thus, an impulse 6(¢~r) is located at 7 = t, ‘and s0 0n (a) The impulse is located at r = ¢ and f(r) at 7 = tis f(0). Therefore [ S(r)6(t =n) dr = H(0) (b) The impulse 8(r) is at 7 =O and f(t—r) at r = Os f(t). Therefore [ S(r)flt = Ndr = 0) Using similar arguments, we obtain (1 (0 (ee (5 (w) s-1) (a) @ 4 Bes OC © 4 Aa ={ Oo 2 t= a @ > rents 34 a t7 @ Fig. S1.4-7 1.4-6 (a) Recall that the derivative of a fmetion at the jump discontinuity is equal to an impulse of strength equal to of discoutinity. Hence. df /dt contains impulses 46(¢ + 4) and 26(t ~ 2). In addition, the derivative the interval (4, 0), and is 1 over the interval (0, 2). ‘The derivative is zero for t <4 and £ > 2. ‘The result is sketched in Fig. S1.4-6a. (b)Using the procedure in part (a), we find d?f/a¢? for the signal in Fig, P1.4-2a as shown in Fig. S1.4-6b, 14-7 (m) Recall that the area under an impulse of strength k is k. Over the interval 0 < t < 1, we have woe [re (Over the interval 0.< <3, we have wow fades (Coes AUt=3, the impulse (of strength unity) yields an additional term of unity. Thus, ostst -t 1st<3 vos [ides fenecs ff senndentseayei= toa () (th = [1h ~ 6¢~ ~ 1) ~ 6(2 ~ 2) ~ 6(2 ~ 8) + --Jde = tule) — u(t ~ 1) ~ u(t ~2)~ u(t ~~ 41.4-8 Changing the variable ¢ to —2, we obtain [ (Ost) 4 [Ocoee [sos [onlay as = 60) ‘This shows that [ (0)6(-#) at = 6(0) Therefore 5(8) = 5(-1) 9 Letting at = z, we obtain (for « > 0) [0 s100 0 [22 tte)4e= L000 Stay fora < 0, we show that this integral is ~Le(0). Therefore [eps qe = afew ‘Therefore a) = te)14-10 (a) [sosa- swewrs,= [7 sonra =o fsnnae= 50) LALA (a) 12 = 493 (b) eM coe Bt = 0.5fe-87" 4 e-FIN], Therefore the frequencies are s12 = -3+)3 (e) Using the argument in (b), we find the frequencies si2= 2453 (4) 43 a. 3 ° and fa(t) + 0.5|cos wot u(t) — cos(—wot)u(—t)] = 0.5|coswot u(t) ~ coswot u(—t)) (e) felt) = 0.5|sinwot + sin(—wot}] = 0 and f.(t) = 0.5[sinwot — sin(—wot)) inwat pipettes enced cette oneal asia z Cay ft & ee 7 ete olt= be ll wy oltey lo te ‘o> 4 fo & Se , fe fy 7 7 |o [Ot Gy Ee a | G) Fig. S1.5-1 If f(¢) and y(t) are the input and outpnt, respectively, of an ideal integrator. ther u(t) = fontr= fi sovees (r)dr = x) +f f(r) dr L.7-1 Only (b),and (h) are linear, All the remaining are nonlinear. This can be verified by using the procedure ‘ligeussedin Exaniple 1.10 1.7.2 (a) ‘The system is time-invariant because the input f(¢) yields the output y(t) = f(t —2). Hence. if the input is F(t T), the output is /(¢~ T ~ 2) = ylt~T), which makes the system time-invariant. (b) The system is time-varying. The input /(t) vields the output u(t) = f(t). Thus. the output is obtained by changing the sign oft in f(t). Therefore. when the input is f(¢—T). the output is f(-¢—T) = /(-[t+ 7) = W(C+T). which represents the original output advanced by (not delayed by 7).ars Lr Lr (c) The system is time-varying. The input f(t) vielis the output y(t Input. Thus, the output is obtained by repla delayed by T), the output is flat —T) = f(alt ~ is time-varying (4) The system is time-varying. The input f(t) yields the output y(t) = f(t). For the input f(t — 7), the output is {f(¢—T). which ix not £/(@) delayed by T. Hence the system is time-varying (©) The system is time-varying. The output is a constant, given by the area under f(t) over the interval jt] < 5. Now, if f(t) is delayed by T, the output. which isthe area under the delayed J(), is another constant. But this ‘output is not the same as the original output delayed by 7 Hence the system is time-varying. (8) The system is time-invariant. The input f(e) yields the output y(t). which is the square of the second derivative of f(¢). If the input is delayed by T, the output is also delayed by T. Hence the system is time Flat), which is a scaled version of the in the input with at ‘Thus, if the input is f(t - 7) (/(®) £]), which is f(at) delayed by T/a (not T'). Hence the system: We construct the table below from the first three rows of data. Because of the linearity property of the system), ‘we can multiply any row by a constant. We can also add (or subtract) any two rows. Let rs denote the jth row. Row 10) (0) za(0) oft) n ° 1 -1 etu(t) 2 o 2 1 et(at + 2)u(0) “®) “1 -1 2u(t) o 1 ° (e+ Deu) qu) 0 - Gets nu fu) -1 (set + tet + 1) 4) ° ° (et + tem + 2)ule) Im our case, the input f(t) = u(t +5) ~ u(t — 5), From rr and the superposition and time-invariance property, wwe have ult) = ro(t-+5) = ro(e= 5) [er 4 206+ 5)eM49 4 2} ult + 5) — [eH 4 20 — 5)e- 9 4.2] ult — 5) I the input is K/(t), the new output y(t) is w= END) = HUA D) Hence the homogeneity is satisfied. Also fom (f/f) and fa + ve = (f2)*/(Fa) But fit fam (hhh fa) én tin From the hint itis clear that when 1.(0) = 0, the capacitor may be removed, and the circuit behaves as shown, in Fig. $1.7-5. It is clearly zero-state linear. To show that itis zero-input nonlinear, consider the circuit with J(t) = 0 (zero-input). The current y(¢) has the same direction (shown by arrow) regardless of the polarity of v (because the input branch is a short). Thus the system is zero-input nonlinear. =©® L = R Figure $1.7-5 6