8.

Multimedia Devices

In this chapter you will learn

To compare optical drive and disc technologies
To determine optical drive specifications and features from an
advertisement or specification sheet
To determine the best interfaces and ports used to connect optical drives
How to install, configure, and troubleshoot optical drives, sound, scanners,
camcorders, and digital cameras
How to use Windows to verify optical drives, audio ports, scanners, and
digital camera installations
How to install and configure other peripheral devices including barcode
readers, biometric devices, game pads, joysticks, digitizers, motion
sensors, smart card readers, and MIDI-enabled devices
How to provide support with a positive, proactive attitude

CompTIA Exam Objectives

What CompTIA A+ exam objectives are covered in this chapter?
901-1.1 Given a scenario, configure settings and use BIOS/UEFI tools on
a PC.
901-1.4 Install and configure PC expansion cards.
901-1.5 Install and configure storage devices and use appropriate media.
901-1.7 Compare and contrast various PC connection interfaces, their
characteristics and purpose.
901-1.12 Install and configure common peripheral devices.
902-1.5 Given a scenario, use Windows Control Panel utilities.
902-5.4 Demonstrate proper communication techniques and
professionalism.

Multimedia Overview
The term multimedia has different meanings for people because there are many
types of multimedia devices. This chapter focuses on the most popular areas—
optical drive technologies, sound cards, cameras, and speakers. These devices
collectively enable you to create and output sound, music, video, and movies.
The chapter is not intended to be a buyer’s guide for multimedia devices or an
electronics “how it works” chapter; instead, it is a guide for technicians with an
emphasis on installation and troubleshooting.

Optical Disk Drive Overview

Compact disc (CD), digital versatile disc or digital video disc (DVD), and Blu-
ray drives are collectively called optical disk drives (ODDs) because they use
optical discs that are read from, written to, or both. Optical discs are great to use
when creating or playing music CDs or movie DVDs, or for backing up data.
CDs are the older technology, but this technology is still in use today in
combination with DVD and Blu-ray disc (BD) technologies. Blu-ray discs tend
to be used for film distribution and for video games. Purchased applications tend
to be on CDs or more commonly, DVDs. Applications can also be downloaded
from a remote Internet location or remote site or available on a USB drive.
Drives can be obtained that can handle CD, DVD, and BD media. Figure 8.1
shows a BenQ CD drive and its various front panel controls.

FIGURE 8.1 BenQ CD drive front panel controls

A CD has pits or indentations along the track. Flats, sometimes called lands,
separate the pits. Reading information from a CD involves using a laser diode or
similar device. The laser beam shines through the protective coating to an
aluminum alloy layer, where data is stored. The laser beam reflects back through
the optics to a photo diode detector that converts the reflected beam of light into
1s and 0s. The variation of light intensity reflected from the pits and lands is
detected as a series of on/off signals that are then converted into binary code. CD
and DVD drives use red laser technology, whereas Blu-ray drives use blue-violet
laser technology. The blue-violet laser technology has a shorter wavelength,
which means that smaller data pit sizes can be used to create higher disc
capacities. This translates to more cost, too. Figure 8.2 shows an inside view of a
CD drive. The newer technologies operate in a similar fashion.

FIGURE 8.2 Inside a CD drive

Optical Drive Features

Optical drives that have an “R” designation can read only from a disk. Drives
that have an “RW” or “RE” designation can perform both reads and writes.
Drives with a “DL” designation use dual-layer technology where two physical
layers are available on the same side of the disc. The laser shines through the
first layer to get to the second layer. Table 8.1 lists common media used.
 TABLE 8.1 Optical writable media
Optical drives come in a variety of types, classified by the x factor: 1x (single-
speed), 2x (double-speed), 32x, 48x, 52x, and higher. Optical drives do not
operate at just a single speed, though; the speed varies depending on the type of
media being read and whether writing is being done. Table 8.2 shows the generic
transfer rates for the different x factors and types of optical drives.

TABLE 8.2 Optical drive transfer speeds

Tech Tip: How to read the numbers

ODDs are frequently shown with three consecutive factor numbers, such
as 52×32×52. The first number is the write speed, the second number the
read/write speed, and the third number is the maximum read speed that is
used when reading a disc.
 A lot of factors can influence how fast a drive transfers data, including how
much RAM the computer has, what other applications are running, how much
free hard drive space (virtual memory) there is, and the interface used to connect
the optical drive; even how much RAM is on the video card can influence an
ODD that has video content. Data is stored as one continuous spiral of data on
optical discs. This concept is shown in Figure 8.3. Data is, of course, in 1s and
0s, and spaced a lot closer, but the idea of one continuous spiral is important for
the write-once technologies. Pits on a DVD are half the size of a CD, and the
tracks are closer together so more data can be stored.

FIGURE 8.3 Optical disc

Tech Tip: Some optical drives cannot read Blu-ray discs

Some optical drives cannot read Blu-ray discs because CD/DVD drives
use a red laser, and Blu-ray drives use a blue-violet laser. Drives that have
both lasers are available.

The steps for copying files to a disc using Windows/File Explorer in Windows
follow:
 Step 1. Insert an optical disc. From the window that appears, select Burn
files to disc using Windows Explorer (Vista/7) or File Explorer (8/10).
Step 2. Name the optical disc and select the format type. Click OK.
Step 3. Open Windows/File Explorer and select any file(s) you want to
copy. Drag them to the optical disc drive in the left panel. Continue
for any files that may be in other folders.
Step 4. After selecting files, click the optical drive letter in the left panel.
All files should be listed in the right panel.
Step 5. Right-click the optical drive letter and select Close session.
One way to reduce transfer time when writing data to the drive is by having
buffer memory on the drive. When requesting data, the drive looks ahead on the
disc for more data than requested and places the data in the buffer memory.
Buffer memory holds the extra data in the drive and then constantly sends data
to the processor instead of the processor waiting for the drive’s slow access time.
But, buffer memory is not enough. Having little hard drive space or RAM can
still slow down or abort the recording process. Microsoft has a free utility called
Virtual CD-ROM Control Panel utility for Windows Vista and 7 that is used
when someone has an ISO disk image for a specific application or a backup disk
image. The utility allows the ISO file to be mounted or seen as a virtual optical
disk (and assigned a drive letter). A benefit of using such software is that you do
not have to burn the ISO image to a disc. Windows 8 and 10 have this feature
built into the operating system. Right-click on an .ISO or .IMG file and select
Mount.

Tech Tip: Keep the data coming

One problem with ODDs occurs when data is written to the disc. If the
drive does not receive data in a steady stream, a buffer underrun error
occurs, and the disc is ruined if it is a –R or +R disc. To avoid this
problem, avoid performing other tasks when burning data to disc.

One feature that you might use to compare if two drives have the same x
factor is the random access time. The random access time is the amount of time
the drive requires to find the appropriate place on the disc and retrieve
information. Another important comparison point is mean time between failures
(MTBF), which is the average number of hours before a device is likely to fail.
A closely related term that you might see instead of MTBF is mean cycles
between failure (MCBF), which is found by dividing the MTBF by the duration
time of a cycle (operations per hour). The MCBF is actually a more accurate
figure because drives are not used the same amount of time per hour. Keep in
mind that for any of these, the lower the number, the better the performance.
Both DVD and BD drives have region codes. The world is divided into six
regions for the DVD drive and three regions for a BD drive. The drive must be
set for the correct region code or the DVDs made for that area will not work.
Some drives allow the region code to be changed a specific number of times.
When a disc is inserted, the decoder checks which region it is configured for (or,
in the case of software decoding, which region the drive is configured for) and
then checks for the region code. If the two match, then the movie plays. Table
8.3 shows the region codes for DVD and Blu-ray drives.

TABLE 8.3 DVD/Blu-ray region codes

A nice feature to have in a drive is the ability to use the computer to label the
disc, such as Hewlett-Packard’s LightScribe. The drive and disc must support
this technology. Do not use the labels you can attach to the top of the disc. These
can come off or not be put on properly and cause vibration and read issues. Write
on the non-data side of the disc with a permanent marker as a last resort. Many
drive features or capabilities can be determined by looking at the symbols on the
front of the drive, as shown in Figure 8.4.
 FIGURE 8.4 Optical drive symbols

Optical Drive Interfaces and Connections

An optical drive can be internally mounted and attached to a PATA or SATA
interface, or the drive can be externally attached to a USB, IEEE 1394
(FireWire), eSATA, or eSATAp (combo SATA/USB) port. In both desktop and
portable computers, the SATA interface is the most common for internal devices
and USB for external devices. All-in-one computers, laptops, and ultrabooks
tend to have a slot-loaded drive (like a car optical disc player) instead of the
tray-loaded desktop models. Figure 8.5 shows a laptop with a slot-loaded drive.
 FIGURE 8.5 Slot-loaded optical drive
The following will help you decide which optical drive interface to
recommend:
Is the drive going to be internal or external? If it will be internal, open the
case to see if a drive bay is available. Check for a PATA or SATA interface
on the motherboard. If PATA is being used, remember that in desktop
models, two devices can connect to a single motherboard connector;
however, SATA requires one port for each device. Remember that internal
devices tend to be cheaper than external.
If the drive is internal, check that a power connection is available. A Y
connector or Molex-to-SATA power converter may have to be purchased.
If the drive is external, check what eSATA, eSATAp, USB, or IEEE 1394
ports are available. Some USB hard drives take two ports. Ensure the drive
comes with cabling or purchase separately.
Check with the customer about features such as buffer memory and writing
labels.
If the customer wants to upgrade the drive, find out why. Many times, slow
access is due to other components in the computer, not the drive.

Optical Drive Installation

One thing to be concerned about with an optical drive is whether the drive is to
be installed horizontally or vertically. Not all drives can be installed vertically.
The steps for installing an internal optical drive are almost identical to the
steps for installing a hard drive:
Step 1. Download the latest drivers before installation.
Step 2. Install any necessary mounting brackets.
Step 3. Ensure that a proper port/interface is available. Ensure that a power
connector is available. Set the appropriate configuration jumpers if
necessary. Refer to the drive documentation.
Step 4. Turn off the power. Remove power cords. Remove the laptop
battery.
Step 5. Install the drive.
Step 6. Attach the power and data cables.
Step 7. Enter BIOS/UEFI to check drive status. Ensure that the port is
enabled. Ensure that the drive is recognized. Note that you may need
to reboot the machine once to see this. If the drive is not recognized in
BIOS/UEFI (at least that there is a drive attached), recheck settings
and cabling.
Step 8. If necessary, install drivers and/or software as part of the installation
process. See Figure 8.6. Get the drive functional by using the driver
that came with the drive, if possible. Then, upgrade the driver once
the drive is recognized by the system.
 FIGURE 8.6 Installing software

Tech Tip: PATA connectivity

When connecting an optical drive to a PATA connector that already has a
drive attached to one of the PATA cable connectors, you have to know the
jumper settings on the already installed drive to correctly install the
optical drive. The installed drive settings may have to be adjusted when a
second device is added to the cable. The optical drive should be the slave
device.

For an external drive, download the latest drivers, ensure that you have the
correct port, attach external power to the device as necessary before attaching to
the port, attach the cable to the device, and attach the other end of the cable to
the computer. Again, you may need a driver upgrade and/or to install some
software as part of this process. Remember to check Device Manager to ensure
that the device is recognized by the operating system.

Tech Tip: Always test the installation

Test the installation by using the device—play something or write to a
 disc that you bring along. Ensure that the customer tries the disc and is
comfortable with the changes caused by the installation.

Troubleshooting Optical Drive Issues

Windows has troubleshooting tools in the Help and Support Center. Here’s how
you use them:
Step 1. In Windows Vista/7, click Start and select Help and Support. In
Windows 8 and 10, access the Search textbox.
Step 2. In Windows Vista, select the CDs and DVDs option.
In Windows 7, 8, or 10, type troubleshooting in the Search
textbox.
Step 3. In Windows 7, open the Hardware and Devices troubleshooter link
and progress through the wizard depending on the problem.
In Windows 8, select the first Troubleshooting option to be taken to
the Troubleshoot computer problems Control Panel > Hardware and
Sound.
In Windows 10, select the Troubleshooting Control Panel > Hardware
and Sound.
Step 4. Access the appropriate link that relates to the problem that is
occurring.

Tech Tip: Check the easy stuff first

Verify that the correct type of optical disc is in the drive, is inserted
correctly (label side up), and is not dirty or damaged. Test the disc in
another drive. Verify that the ODD has a drive letter. Check Device
Manager for errors.

The following is a list of problems, along with possible solutions and

recommendations:
If a drive tray cannot be opened, make sure there is power. Use
Windows/File Explorer to locate the drive, right-click the drive, and select
Eject. Some drives have an emergency eject button or a hole you can insert
a paperclip into to eject the disc. Refer back to Figure 8.1 to see an
example of the eject hole.
If a drive is not recognized by the operating system, check cables, the
 power cord, and the configuration (master/slave, cable select, SATA speed,
and the port enabled in BIOS/UEFI).
If a drive busy indicator flashes more slowly than normal, the disc or laser
lens may be dirty. Refer to the manufacturer’s recommendations for
cleaning. See the next section on preventive maintenance for details on
how to clean a disc.
If the drive cannot read a disc, ensure that the drive supports the disc being
used. Ensure the disc label is facing up. Ensure that the disc is clean and
without scratches. Try the disc in another machine or try a different disc to
see if the problem is with the drive or the disc.
If a drive is not recognized as a recordable device (from Windows
Explorer [Vista/7]/File Explorer [8/10], right-click or tap and hold briefly
on the drive letter, select Properties, look to see if the Recording tab is
missing), an updated driver or registry edit is probably needed.
If a DVD sound track works, but video is missing or distorted, check the
cabling. Verify the video drivers. Try changing the display resolution and
the number of colors.
If a message appears about an illegal DVD or BD region error or region
code error, change the region if possible. Otherwise, you can’t use the disc
without using a drive that matches.

Tech Tip: You can see video but can’t hear or vice versa
Verify that the computer has the hardware and software requirements for
DVD playback. Update the optical drive drivers.

If a drive reads only CDs and not DVDs or Blu-ray discs, update the
driver.
Some optical drive problems are resolved by using DirectX. DirectX
allows people who write software to not have to write code to access
specific hardware directly. DirectX translates generic hardware commands
into special commands for the hardware, which speeds up development
time for hardware manufacturers and software developers. DirectX may
need to be re-installed or upgraded. Access the DirectX Diagnostic Tool in
Windows by entering dxdiag in the Start/Run or Search dialog box.
Check to see whether there is a more recent driver for the drive.
If a drive keeps opening the tray, check for a stuck eject button. Check for
 a virus. Remove the data cable (but leave the power cable attached) to see
whether it is the drive or a signal being sent to the drive to open. If you can
hear sound from a DVD, but not a CD, get an updated optical drive driver.
If you continue to have errors when writing to a disc, clean the laser lens or
record at a lower speed. Avoid multitasking when writing.
If you get a message stating that the DVD decoder is not installed,
download a decoder from the DVD drive manufacturer or the computer
manufacturer if the drive came with the computer. A decoder makes it
possible for the disc images to be played/viewed through software on your
computer.
Not to worry if you get a message from an application that requires a disc
in a specific drive letter such as the case when you have added more
drives. You can change the drive letter using the Windows Disk
Management tool. Right-click the drive in the left panel and select Change
Drive Letter and Paths.
Blu-ray requirements are much more stringent—ensure all your video
drivers, DVD drivers, the display, and video cable are all compliant for
playing Blu-ray discs.

Preventive Maintenance for ODDs and Discs

CDs and DVDs have a protective coating over the aluminum alloy-based data
layer that helps protect the disc. Blu-ray has a requirement that the BD media be
scratch-resistant. They are less likely to need preventive maintenance. However,
fingerprints, dust, and dirt can still negatively affect CD and DVD performance.

Tech Tip: Handle discs with care

Always handle a disc by the edges and keep the disc in a sleeve or case to
aid in good performance. Never touch a disc’s surface, and store discs in a
cool location.

When reading information, the optical drive laser beam ignores the protective
coating and shines through to the data layer. Even if the disc has dirt on the
protective coating, the laser beam can still operate because the beam is directed
at the data layer rather than the disc surface. However, if dust or dirt completely
blocks the laser beam, the laser beam could be reflected or distorted, causing
distortion or data corruption. Special cleaning discs, cloths, and kits are available
for cleaning optical discs. A soft lint-free cloth and spit or glass cleaner works,
too. Figure 8.7 shows proper handling during the cleaning process.

FIGURE 8.7 Disc cleaning

Mild abrasives or special disc repair kits can be used to repair scratched discs.
Examples of mild abrasives include plastic, furniture, or brass polish. When
applying the abrasive, do not rub in circles. Instead, use the same technique as
cleaning. Start from the innermost portion and rub outward. The abrasive can
remove the scratch if it is not too deep. A wax such as furniture or car wax can
be used to fill the scratch if it is not removed by the abrasive.

Tech Tip: Cleaning discs

When using a cleaning cloth, wipe the disc from the inside (near the
center hole) to the outside of the disc (not in a circular motion) on the side
of the disc that has data.

A special component of the optical drive, the laser lens (also known as the
objective lens) is responsible for reading information from the disc. If the laser
lens gets dust, dirt, or moisture on it, the drive may report data or read errors.
Some drives have the lens encased in an airtight enclosure and others have a
self-cleaning laser lens. If the drive does not have this feature, look for a laser
lens cleaning kit. Also, the laser lens can be cleaned with an air blower like ones
used on a camera lens. Cleaning the laser lens should be part of a preventive
maintenance routine. Some drive manufacturers include a special plate to keep
dust away from the internal components. In any case, keep the disc compartment
closed to prevent dust and dirt from accumulating on the laser lens and other
drive parts.

Introduction to Audio
Video and sound technologies are important today. No multimedia chapter would
be complete without mentioning sound (and other devices such as digital
cameras covered later). Sound is important to the end user, but sound is also
important to the technician such as when the computer does not boot.
Motherboards have a small integrated speaker or one that attaches to
motherboard pins that allows POST sounds to be heard even if the more
advanced sound system is not working. Figure 8.8 shows the motherboard
speaker.

FIGURE 8.8 Motherboard speaker

A review of sound ports on the motherboard is good, too, at this point. Ports
for speakers and headphones are typically 1/8-inch (3.5mm) connectors that
accept TRS (tip ring sleeve) connectors. Figure 8.9 shows common motherboard
sound ports.
 FIGURE 8.9 Motherboard audio ports
Notice in Figure 8.9 the connection for Sony/Philips Digital Interface Format
(S/PDIF). S/PDIF is the newest type of sound port. S/PDIF can be used to carry
digital audio signals between audio devices and stereo components or the output
of a DVD or BD player in a PC to a home theater or some other external output
device. S/PDIF ports can attach using an RCA jack attached to coaxial cable or a
TOSLINK connector attached to a fiber-optic cable.
One connection that is not shown in Figure 8.9 is an older 15-pin female
MIDI port. Musical instrument digital interface (MIDI) is used to create
synthesized music. Traditionally, a MIDI device such as a digital piano keyboard
would connect using the MIDI interface and the traditional microphone or line
out ports. MIDI instruments today typically have a USB connection. If not, a
cable converter can be purchased. A MIDI device is considered to be both an
input and output device.
Optical drives have the capability to produce sound, usually through a front
headphone jack and through a connection to sound through the motherboard or
an installed sound adapter. Audio discs can be played on these drives, but the
sound does not sound as good through the drive’s headphone jack as it does
through a stereo system or speakers. Figure 8.10 shows how an audio device
connects to a sound card. Figure 8.11 shows typical sound card ports and the
types of devices that might connect to these ports. Table 8.4 shows the colors
that are normally found on sound ports.
FIGURE 8.10 Audio ports on an adapter and an audio cable

FIGURE 8.11 Sound card port connectivity

 TABLE 8.4 Sound port colors

Theory of Sound Card Operation

Sound cards have a variety of options that can include an input from a
microphone, an output to a speaker, a MIDI interface, and the ability to generate
music. Take the example of bringing sound into the computer through a
microphone connected to a sound card. Sound waves are shown as an analog
waveform, as shown in Figure 8.12.

FIGURE 8.12 Sound waves

Computers work with digital signals (1s and 0s), so a sound card must convert
an analog signal to a digital format to send the sound into a computer. Sound
cards can also take the digital data from optical disc media and output the sound
to the speakers. To convert an analog waveform to 1s and 0s, samples of the data
are taken. The more samples taken, the truer the reproduction of the original
signal.
The first sound cards made for the computer sampled the data using 8 bits.
Eight 1s and 0s can give a total of 256 (28 – 256) different values. The analog
waveform goes above and below a center value of 0. Because one of the 8 bits
denotes negative or positive value, only 7 bits can represent sampled values. 27 =
128. The values can be 0 through +127 or 0 through –127. (The total value range
is between –127 and +127.) Figure 8.13 shows an example of sampling.

FIGURE 8.13 8-bit sampling

The more samples taken by a sound card, the closer the reproduction is to the
original sound signal. The sound card frequency response is dependent on the
sample rate. This is also known as the sample rate or sample frequency. For a
good reproduction of sound, the sound wave is sampled at twice the range
desired. For example, a person’s hearing is in the 20-Hz to 20-kHz range. Twice
that range is approximately 40,000 samples per second. The frequency response
for a musical CD is 44,100 samples per second, a good quality sound
reproduction for human ears. The first sound cards for computers used eight bits
to sample the sound wave and had a frequency response of approximately
22,000 samples per second (22kHz). The sound produced from the original
sound cards was better than the beeps and chirps previously heard from the
computer. The sound was still grainy, better than an AM radio station, but not as
good as an FM radio station or a musical disc.
Next, 16-bit sound cards arrived for computers. The number of possible levels
sampled with 16 bits is 65,536 (216 = 65,536). When positive and negative levels
are sampled, the range is –32,767 to +32,767. The frequency response with 16-
bit sound cards is 44kHz, the same resolution as stereo audio CDs. 24-bit
sampling results in a 96-kHz sample rate that is sometimes called the audio
resolution. The increase in the number of sampling levels and the frequency
response allow sound cards to produce quality sound equal to audio discs. See
Figure 8.14 for an example of 16-bit sampling. Keep in mind that when more
samples are taken, the sound card provides a better frequency response (see
Figure 8.15). DVDs require a 48-kHz sampling rate for audio output. Therefore,
sound card sampling rates should be a minimum of 48kHz for DVDs and
44.1kHz for CDs.

FIGURE 8.14 16-bit sampling

 FIGURE 8.15 Digitized sound

Installing Sound Cards

The steps involved in installing a sound card are similar to the steps involved in
installing any other adapter. Refer to the manufacturer’s instructions when
installing devices and adapters.
Step 1. Power off the computer, remove the computer case, and locate an
empty expansion slot (making sure it is the appropriate type of slot).
Step 2. Attach appropriate cables, such as the audio cable, from the optical
drive to the adapter.
Step 3. Attach external devices, such as speakers. Attach power to the
external devices as necessary.
Step 4. Power on the computer. Windows should detect that new hardware
has been installed (if Windows does not, use the Hardware and Sound
Control Panel> Add a device link.
Step 5. Load the appropriate device drivers for the sound card.
Once a sound card is installed, there are normally other programs and utilities
from the sound card manufacturer that you can install as you would any other
application.

Tech Tip: Disable motherboard sound when installing an adapter

If you install a sound card into a computer that has sound built into the
motherboard, you must disable the onboard sound before installing the
new adapter.

Sound Cards Using Windows

With Windows Vista/7/8/10, the Hardware and Sound Control Panel link is used
to change sound and adjust multimedia settings. Most people control volume
through a notification area volume control icon located in the lower-right portion
of the screen. This icon can be used to mute or adjust sound.
Audio drivers are vastly improved in Windows to accommodate multiple
streams of real-time audio and allow a kernel-mode process to handle audio
management. This means that the operating system can control all aspects and
improve audio performance. Digital audio can be redirected to any available
output including USB and IEEE 1394 (FireWire).
 Tech Tip: If sound is not coming from the computer
Look for the Mute checkbox or icon located in the volume control in the
notification area and ensure that the volume is not muted.

Windows also includes a set of Application Programming Interfaces (APIs),

which are commands that developers use to communicate with the sound card.
DirectX has specific APIs that have commands relating to audio. In DirectX,
Microsoft adds such things as DirectSound3D that has more 3-D audio effect
commands, supports hardware acceleration, and allows simulation of audio
sounds in certain environments, such as a tunnel or underwater. It allows
software and game developers to create realistic audio environments such as
muffling effects and audio directional effects (that is, the direction a sound
comes from).
You can tell whether a device has integrated sound or a sound adapter
installed by inspecting the Sound, video and game controller category in Device
Manager. Figure 8.16 shows a screen capture of Device Manager from a
computer that has integrated sound on the motherboard. Note that integrated
sound may be located in the System devices or Other devices categories.
 FIGURE 8.16 Integrated sound in Device Manager
Microphones are commonly used in conference calls and Voice over IP (VoIP)
calls. VoIP is a technology where phone calls are digitized and transmitted using
a data network rather than using a traditional corporate digital voice network or
the public switched telephone network (PSTN)—in other words, the traditional
phone network. Microphones can be attached to a headset, a separate device,
integrated into the computer display, or integrated into the device such as with
mobile devices. To see your microphone settings on a Windows device, use the
Hardware and Sound Control Panel, in the Sound section locate and select
Manage audio devices, and click the Recording tab. Figure 8.17 shows an
integrated microphone built into a laptop. Once you select the microphone, you
can use the Properties button to adjust the microphone settings.
 FIGURE 8.17 Integrated display microphone

Speakers
Most people connect speakers to a sound card or integrated sound ports. The
quality of sound is personal (see Figure 8.18); sounds that are acceptable to one
person are not always acceptable to someone else. Table 8.5 shows some
features to look for in speakers.
FIGURE 8.18 Sound quality is personal
 TABLE 8.5 Speaker features
Most computers come with internal or external speakers. Sometimes the
external speakers produce poor quality sound. Also, some of the external
speakers are battery- or AC-powered, which might not be desired. One speaker
commonly connects to the sound card port, and the other speaker is daisy-
chained to the first speaker. Some speakers have an external volume control. Be
mindful of this as it is another thing to check for when sound does not occur.
Figure 8.19 shows computer speakers that are USB-powered.

FIGURE 8.19 USB speakers

Tech Tip: How to choose speakers

Listen to them without headphones, using an audio (non-software) disc.

USB, IEEE 1394 (FireWire), and wireless solutions can also be used to
provide connectivity for speakers. Digital audio is sent over the bus, and an
external speaker converts the signal into sound. When audio is converted inside
the computer, interference from internal electronic components and external
sources (especially if an expansion slot does not have an adapter installed and
the case has an opening) can cause audio interference. The drawback to USB is
that it puts more work on the CPU. However, in today’s multi-core processor
environment, this may not be an issue. The following is a list of extras to look
for in speakers:
An external volume control
Headphone jacks
Headphone and microphone pass-through connectors (so you do not have
to dislodge the computer to reach the jacks)
AC adapter
Connectors for the speakers to connect to the sound card
7.1 and 5.1 surround sound
Four- or six-speaker system
Two speakers are normally joined by a cable that may or may not be
removable. Figure 8.20 shows the single power cable, a thin cable just right of
center that goes to the computer, and the cable on the right that plugs into the
second speaker.
When speakers power on, they sometimes emit a popping sound. This is
normal, but if the sound continues, the speaker is probably picking up
interference from the computer or another device. Try moving the speakers
farther away from the computer.
 FIGURE 8.20 Speaker connections

Troubleshooting Sound Problems

The best place to start troubleshooting sound problems is to check the easy stuff
first. Here are some basic steps to get started:
Step 1. Are speakers plugged into the correct port on the sound card?
Step 2. Is the volume control muted? If so, take it off mute.
Step 3. Is the volume control on the speakers turned up?
Step 4. From within Windows, does the device appear to be playing without
sound being heard? In this case, the problem is definitely in the sound
system.
Step 5. Do the speakers have power?
The following is a list of common sound problems and solutions:
If a speaker is emitting unwanted sounds, make sure there are no empty
adapter slots in the computer. Next, check the speaker wires for cuts, move
the sound card to another expansion slot, and move the speakers farther
away from the computer. Finally, move the computer away from the
offending device or the offending device away from the computer. If the
 speakers produce a humming noise and are AC powered, move the speaker
power cord to a different wall outlet. Plugging the speakers into the same
circuit as the computer is best.
If sound is a problem or if any solution directs you to update your sound
driver, access Device Manager and expand the Sound, video, and game
controllers, System devices, or Other devices option. Locate and right-click
the integrated sound or the sound card and select Properties. Select the
Driver tab and use the Update driver button.
If the sound card is not working, check Device Manager to see whether the
sound card is listed twice. If there are two entries for the same sound card,
remove both of them by clicking each entry and clicking the Remove
button. Restart Windows, and the operating system should detect the
adapter and either install a device driver or prompt for one. For best
results, use the latest device driver from the sound card manufacturer or
computer manufacturer in the case of integrated ports. Note that frequently
this is provided through an operating system update.
In Windows Vista or 7, if you do not see a sound icon in the bottom right
corner of the screen, access the Appearance and Personalization Control
Panel > in the Taskbar and Start Menu section, select Customize icons on
the taskbar link > locate the Volume icon. Use the drop-down menu to
select the Show icon and notifications option.
In Windows 8 if you do not see a sound icon on the screen, access the
Appearance and Personalization Control Panel. In the Taskbar and
Navigation section, select Customize icons on the taskbar. Select the
Notification area tab and locate the Volume icon. Use the drop-down menu
to select the Show icon and notifications option.
In Windows 10, if you do not see a sound icon on the screen, access
Settings > System > Notifications & actions > Select which icons appear
on the taskbar link > locate the Volume icon > select the On side.
If no sound emits from the computer, you can always use the Windows
audio troubleshooter. Search Windows Control panels by typing the word
troubleshooting. In the Hardware and Sound section, select the
Troubleshoot audio playback link.
If audio is low (see Figure 8.21) no matter what sound is played, the
speakers may not be amplified speakers or they may not be connected to
the correct sound card port. Also, do not forget to check the computer
sound settings through the icon in the notification area. Check Device
 Manager to see if a yellow question mark is beside the sound card. If so,
right-click the sound card, select Properties, and then check the Device
status section to see the issue. Many issues require driver updates.

FIGURE 8.21 Low or no sound

If one disc does not output sound, but other discs work fine, the disc may
use a later version of DirectX than the one installed. Check the
recommended DirectX version for the disc. Also, the disc may have a
problem.
If building a computer, install the sound card after installing the video
card, hard drive, and optical drive, but before anything else. Some sound
cards are inflexible about system resource changes.
For headphone issues, ensure the cable attaches to the correct line
out port. Determine if you want the speakers disabled. Normally, if you
plug into the headphones’ line out port, the speakers cut off.
If sound does not come out of the optical drive after the drivers and
software load, try the following troubleshooting tips:
Be sure an audio disc is inserted into the drive.
If sound no longer comes out of the speakers, check the speaker cables.
Check the proper installation of the audio cable.
 Ensure that the speakers or headphones connect to the drive or to the
sound card or integrated sound port.
If using speakers, check the insertion of the cable jack into the proper
port on the sound card. Verify that the speakers have batteries installed
or an AC adapter connected.
If using headphones, verify that the headphones work on another device
before using them to test the drive.
Get updated drivers from the sound card manufacturer’s website.
If the monitor’s image quality decreases after installing a sound card
with speakers, move the speakers farther away from the monitor.

Scanners
A scanner is a popular input device that allows documents including text and
pictures to be brought into the computer and displayed, printed, emailed, pressed
to an optical disc, and so on. A scanner is commonly built into a multifunction
device (MFD) such as a printer, scanner, copier, and/or fax machine. These are
also called all-in-one devices (AIO). The most common types of scanners are
listed in Table 8.6. Figure 8.22 shows a flatbed scanner. Figure 8.23 shows a
barcode reader. Portable and handheld scanners are being made obsolete due to
cameras in mobile devices.

TABLE 8.6 Types of scanners

 FIGURE 8.22 Flatbed scanner

FIGURE 8.23 Barcode reader

Figure 8.24 outlines how a flatbed scanner works.
 FIGURE 8.24 How a flatbed scanner works
Scanners normally attach to a computer using one of the following ports, but
USB is the most common connectivity option.
USB
IEEE 1394 (FireWire)
RJ-45 Ethernet
Wireless
 USB devices are easy to install, and USB hubs allow system-integrated USB
ports to be turned into multiple USB ports. To install a USB scanner, always
follow the manufacturer’s directions. The following steps are generic:
Step 1. Install software and drivers.
Step 2. Unpackage and unlock or remove special packaging.
Step 3. Connect the data or network cable as well as the power cable.
Step 4. Power on the scanner. Some scanners have a calibration process that
needs to be performed. There may be a special switch or push button
that locks/unlocks the scan head.
Step 5. Configure options and default settings.
Step 6. Scan a document to test it.
Step 7. Ensure that the customer is trained and has all scanner
documentation.
A scanned image can be saved in several formats. When scanning a document
or graphic for web pages, select PNG, PDF, JPEG, or GIF format. The most
common graphic file formats are listed in Table 8.7. There are many terms
associated with scanning, and Table 8.8 lists the most common of them.

TABLE 8.7 Scanner file formats

 TABLE 8.8 Scanner terms
Resolution is an important concept when scanning a document or photo.
When scanning something, always think about whether the output is intended for
the printer or the monitor. Setting the scanner’s resolution to the maximum
amount for every scan is not a good idea. Table 8.9 shows some sample
resolutions for scanning.

TABLE 8.9 Scanner resolutions

A scanner’s plate glass needs to be cleaned periodically (see Figure 8.25). To
test the cleaning, scan a full page without a document loaded onto the scanner.
See if the results yield any smudges or streaks. Use these best practices:
 The best cleaning method is to put optical surface cleaning fluid on an
anti-static cleaning cloth and then wipe the glass.
Never spray cleaner directly on the glass.
Do not use rough paper towels.
A commercial glass cleaner or water can be used.
Always remove all cleaner residue from the glass.
Do not press down on the glass.
Do not use an abrasive or corrosive solvent.
Keep the glass dust-free.

FIGURE 8.25 Scanner glass cleaning

Tech Tip: Protect the scanner glass

Be careful with sharp objects such as staples around a scanner. A
scratched or damaged glass surface results in permanent marks on
scanned images.

Video Recording
Video recording capabilities can be built into a computer or a mobile device, an
attachment to a computer, or a standalone digital camera or camcorder used for
the purpose of taking photographs or recording movies. A digital camera has a
sensor that converts light into electrical charges or digital 1s and 0s. A digital
camera resolution is measured in pixels. The resolution is the number of
horizontal and vertical pixels the camera can use to display an image. Today,
digital camera resolution technology has evolved into megapixels (MP). A
camera’s photosensors determine how many pixels can be used. Common
resolutions for integrated tablet cameras and smartphones are now comparable to
digital cameras.

Tech Tip: Caring for a digital camera

Remove disposable (alkaline) batteries from a digital camera when it’s not
being used for an extended period so they do not leak battery fluids into
the camera.

Some cameras store the photographs or movies on flash media (mini-SD,

micro-SD, xD, Compact Flash, and so on) or hard drives, usually in the JPEG
file format, but some cameras can save in RAW or TIFF formats. Table 8.10
shows camera storage media. Figure 8.26 shows a digital camera with flash
storage to the side. Table 8.11 lists common file formats.

TABLE 8.10 Digital camera data storage

 FIGURE 8.26 Digital camera with flash memory

TABLE 8.11 Digital camera file formats

Camcorders are similar to digital cameras in that they store still images and
videos, but they are better for creating and storing videos. Camcorders
commonly connect to computers or directly to a hard drive so that the videos can
be transferred and stored. Digital cameras and camcorders can connect to the
computer via USB, mini-USB, IEEE 1394 (FireWire), and mini-FireWire.
Attach the cable from the camera to the computer. Power on the camera or
camcorder and follow the directions given on the screen. Frequently on a
computer, a dialog box appears asking if you want to transfer images/videos.
Some camera/camcorder manufacturers provide software that allows you to
modify the images or movies.
 An alternative is to remove the media storage card and install it into a memory
card reader. A memory card reader or multi-card reader is a popular device that
many people attach externally or have integrated into a computer or mobile
device. A reader has multiple slots that allow different memory media to be read.
This device is called many names, and common ones include 15-in-1 reader, 8-
in-1 reader, or 5-in-1 reader (depending on how many different slots or types of
memory modules it accepts). The reader instantly recognizes inserted memory
cards, which can be copied into the computer and manipulated. The media card
slots are assigned drive letters that are accessible through Windows/File
Explorer. Figure 8.27 shows one of these readers.

FIGURE 8.27 Memory card reader

Tech Tip: No drive letter

If the media does not appear in Windows/File Explorer, the reader may
have been temporarily uninstalled. Use the Safely Remove Hardware and
Eject Media tool in the notification area, unplug the cable from the port,
and reinsert the cable to ensure the operating system recognizes the
reader. If the card reader or ports are still not available or if they are
integrated into the computer, restart the computer.

Another popular type of digital camera is a webcam, which is short for web
camera—a digital camera that attaches to a PC for use in transmitting live video
or recording video. Web cameras can also attach to VoIP phones and activate
when a phone session occurs for instant web conferencing. Some webcams have
a small visor that can be flipped over the lens to prevent video when desired.
Figure 8.28 shows a wired webcam, but keep in mind that one can connect
wirelessly or be integrated into the display or mobile device.
 FIGURE 8.28 Webcam
To access an integrated camera in a flat panel display, you normally use a
Control Panel or software that comes with the camera, such as the Logitech
Webcam Software shown in Figure 8.29. If you ever get a “Bandwidth
exceeded” message when you have a camera being used, try lowering the
camera’s resolution in whatever software is being used.

FIGURE 8.29 Logitech Webcam control software

 Regardless of what multimedia device is integrated or connects to a computer,
all devices attach and install similarly. When installing a new device for a
customer, don’t forget to allow the customer to test the device while you are still
there. Also, remember to leave all documentation related to the installation with
the customer. He paid for the device and is entitled to the documentation.

Installing and Configuring Other Peripheral Devices

Other peripheral devices commonly connect to the computer via a USB port.
Each device may be configured with software and possible drivers provided by
the manufacturer. Many USB devices have drivers provided with the Windows
operating system. Let’s examine a few that you might see.

Barcode Scanners
A barcode scanner has already been mentioned. These devices commonly
connect via USB cable or wirelessly. You might have to reset it by turning off
and back on or reattaching to the computer. Some scanners respond to a specific
bar code that, when scanned, resets the barcode scanner to defaults, adds the
time and date after a barcode scan, omits the first digit, adds four zeros to the
beginning of the barcode, and other modifications.

Biometric Devices
A biometric device is commonly used to authenticate someone or prove identity
such as a retina scanner or fingerprint reader (see Figure 8.30). These are
discussed more in Chapter 18. To install a fingerprint reader, always follow the
manufacturer’s instructions. Following are the common steps used:
Step 1. Install the software provided by the manufacturer.
Step 2. Attach the fingerprint reader to the computer and ensure the device
is recognized by the system. Use Device Manager to verify this if
necessary.
Step 3. Use the fingerprint software to register users who are allowed to
access the system.
Step 4. Verify the configuration by powering off the computer and have
each user practice accessing the system.
 FIGURE 8.30 Fingerprint reader
Use Device Manager to verify that Windows recognizes the biometric device.
Device Manager has a category for biometric devices. Sometimes biometric
devices are integrated into computers and mobile devices and require the device
be enabled through BIOS/UEFI. It is important to use a BIOS/UEFI password so
that someone cannot bypass the biometric device by simply disabling it in
BIOS/UEFI.
Apple provides Touch ID with its devices. Touch ID allows a fingerprint to be
used to unlock the device as well as make online purchases. Touch ID is built
into the home button so that the fingerprint can be detected without actually
pressing the button.
Microsoft Windows 8.1 provides a fingerprint management application as part
of the operating system. This eliminates the need for a fingerprint reader
manufacturer from having to provide software. To access the option, access
Settings > Accounts > Sign-in options. If a fingerprint reader is attached or
integrated into the device, the option will be available.
Similarly, Microsoft Windows 10 supports Windows Hello, a biometric device
application that supports facial recognition and fingerprint detection. The facial
recognition uses iris-scanning technology. To configure Windows Hello, access
Settings > Accounts > Sign-in options.
Most biometric software requires configuration with the persons who will be
allowed access. This requires that the technician either train the computer user
how to do this or multiple service calls might have to be made. Sometimes
biometric devices require that the software be re-installed. Biometric devices
also commonly require preventive maintenance such as wiping the surface of the
fingerprint scanner or cleaning the lens of an iris scanner.

Game Pad, Joystick, and Motion Sensors

A game pad (see Figure 8.31), joystick (see Figure 8.32), and motion sensors
are used to interact with games. These devices commonly come with software
that if misplaced can usually be downloaded from the manufacturer’s website
and used to customize the control buttons. Game pads, joysticks, and motion
sensors have hardware and software minimum requirements. Game pads and
joysticks attach to USB ports and are verified through Device Manager.

FIGURE 8.31 Game pad

 FIGURE 8.32 Joystick
Motion sensors are used to detect movement. The motion sensor may be a
device that connects to the game console, be integrated into the game console, or
be in a hand controller. Usually these devices have an accelerometer that detects
and transmits details related to movement, direction, and degree of acceleration.
A camera may be part of the system.
Some motion sensors require external power bricks. External motion sensors
are normally placed on a stable surface. Those that connect to computers usually
do so through a USB port or connect wirelessly. Software is used to calibrate the
device.

Digitizers
A digitizer (see Figure 8.33) provides input into such documents as architectural
drawings, technical plans, and photos. It can also be used to draw electronic
pictures.
 FIGURE 8.33 Digitizer
Digitizers come with a pen that may or may not need a battery. Some pens
have replaceable end(s). The digitizer commonly connects through a wired USB
connection or it can be wireless. The digitizer tablet comes with software that
commonly allows the pen and digitizer tablet buttons to be customized for what
the button does and the speed in which some of the buttons react. Some
digitizers come with diagnostics that are part of the software.

Smart Card Readers

A smart card reader can attach to a PC or mobile device, connect to a point of
sale (PoS) system, be integrated into a keyboard, or be an expansion card that
can be inserted into a laptop. Smart card readers are used with credit cards that
have a special embedded chip that holds data. The chip is read by the smart card
reader. Smart cards can require contact or they can be contactless. Smart card
readers are also used with a common access card (CAC) issued to active duty
military personnel, government employees, and civilian contractors. Figure 8.34
shows a smart card reader.
 FIGURE 8.34 Smart card reader
External smart card readers commonly attach to the USB port but can be a
wireless connection. Download the latest driver from the manufacturer’s website
and install it. The device can be verified in Device Manager. Device Manager
has a smart card reader section, but the device may show up under unknown
devices when a device driver has not been installed properly. You may have to
install a security certificate provided by the employer.
A technology called near field communication (NFC) is related to a smart card
reader. With NFC, NFC-enabled devices can be in close proximity to an NFC
reader in order to perform financial and ticketing types of transactions. More is
covered on NFC in Chapter 11.

Soft Skills—Attitude
A technician’s attitude (see Figure 8.35) is one of his or her greatest assets.
Some consider having a good attitude as simply being positive at work, but this
is not the entire picture.
 FIGURE 8.35 Your attitude is important
A technician with a good attitude has the following traits:
Is proactive, not reactive. A good technician actively looks for a solution
rather than waiting for someone to instruct him or her.
Projects confidence. A technician that lacks confidence is easily spotted
by end users. A confident technician isn’t arrogant, but instead is secure in
the knowledge that a problem can be solved.
Seeks solutions instead of providing excuses. A positive person does not
continually apologize or talk in a subservient tone. For example, a positive
technician explains issues such as late deliveries in a professional, positive
manner.
Accepts responsibility for actions taken. If you forget something or take
a misstep, then you should apologize and explain to the customer what
happened. Truth goes a long way with customers. A positive technician
does not constantly shift blame to other departments or technicians. Even if
the other department or technician is responsible, the person with a
positive attitude handles the customer and then talks to the other
department or technician about the problem.
Deals with priority changes professionally. In the IT field, computer and
 network problems arise that cause us to reprioritize tasks weekly, daily, and
even hourly. These are normal occurrences and a person with a positive
attitude understands this.
Cooperates and enjoys working with others. A positive attitude is
contagious, and others like being around it.
Maintains professionalism even when working with a co-worker who
is unethical, unprofessional, or uncooperative. A technician with a good
attitude does not let someone else’s poor attitude be a negative influence.
Embraces problems as challenges to learn and develop skills.
Sometimes, after joining the IT field, a technician becomes complacent
and does not seek new skills. The IT field requires that you constantly
improve and refine your skills. See a tough problem as a challenge, not a
burden. With such an attitude, problems will not frustrate you but will
serve as a catalyst for an advancement or make you a better technician.
You should exhibit all these traits consistently to establish a positive mental
attitude and make it part of your daily habits.

Chapter Summary
Install ODDs using the same rules of configuration as for SATA and PATA
hard drives.
Use the appropriate media for the type of drive installed.
Don’t multitask when writing data to an optical disc.
Optical drives and discs have region codes that must match.
When purchasing an optical drive, features to look for include ample
buffer memory and reduced random access times, MTBFs, and MCBFs.
For stuck optical discs, use the Eject option from Windows/File Explorer
or the emergency eject hole.
Keep the laser lens clean.
Wipe dirty discs in an inward-to-outward (not circular) motion.
It’s important to ensure that device and video drivers are up-to-date.
DirectX (dxdiag) is used to troubleshoot multimedia issues.
A decoder must be installed for video to play from a disc correctly.
A motherboard normally has a small speaker used for POST codes when
sound does not work properly.
If a sound card is installed, disable the motherboard sound ports.
 The higher the sampling rate, the better the audio quality.
For sound issues, check muting, volume controls, cables, and device
conflicts.
Microphones are used for VoIP and are tested/managed through the
Recording tab of the Sound window.
Scan documents at a resolution suited for the final output (print, web,
display).
Do not spray cleaner directly on the scanner glass, but do keep the glass
clean.
Digital cameras commonly have storage media that can be removed and
attached directly to a PC or mobile computer using a memory card reader.
Webcams can be integrated into a display or mobile device or an external
unit that is used for conference calls or recording video.
When installing and configuring common peripheral devices, always
follow manufacturer’s directions. Commonly software is provided to
configure device options.
A technician should have a positive attitude and project confidence, be
proactive, and maintain professionalism when working with others.

A+ Certification Exam Tips

Review the disc media types and capacities before the exam.
Ensure that you know how to install and configure an optical drive, a
sound card, and a scanner.
Know that a digital camera transforms light into 1s and 0s.
Know the various types of flash-based storage media and technology
including Compact flash, SD, miniSD, microSD, and eMMC.
Know common sound issues and the easy fixes for them.
Maintaining a positive attitude and projecting confidence are the
professionalism and communication skills that are part of the 220-902
exam.
Review the installation tips for other peripherals including barcode reader,
biometric devices, game pads, joysticks, digitizer, motion sensor, smart
card reader, digital camera, microphone, webcam, camcorder, and MIDI-
enabled device.
Key Terms
amplification 378
attitude 392
barcode reader 382
BD 362
biometric device 390
Blu-ray 362
buffer memory 365
CD 362
decoder 370
digitizer 392
DirectX 370
DVD 362
dxdiag 370
fingerprint reader 390
frequency response 374
frequency response range 378
game pad 391
joystick 391
laser lens 371
MCBF 365
MIDI 372
motion sensor 392
ODD 362
power rating 378
random access time 365
region code 365
scanner 382
shielding 378
smart card reader 393
webcam 389
Review Questions
Consider the following optical drive specifications as you answer Questions
1–7:
SATA interface half-height internal BD-ROM
Max. 4X BD-ROM/BD-RE SL and 4X BD-ROM/BD-R/BD-RE DL
CAV reading
Max. 8X DVD-ROM/+R/+RW/+RDL/-R/-RW/-RW DL CAV reading
Max. 32X CD-ROM/R/RW CAV reading
Random access times: BD—250ms; DVD—160ms; CD—150ms
Buffer size 2MB
System requirements for HD Blu-ray playback: Intel Pentium D 3.0+,
1GB+ of RAM, Vista/Windows 7, HDCP capable display, or TV for
digital output.
1. Which SATA version is being used?
[ 1 | 2 | 3 | Cannot be determined from the information given ]
2. Can Blu-ray discs be created on this unit? How can you tell?
_________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
3. Pretend you are adding this device to a computer. What is the maximum
number of devices (if any) that can be on the same cable that connects this
drive to the motherboard?
[ None | 1 | 2 | Cannot be determined from the information given ]
4. What does the term random access time mean?
____________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
5. What is the purpose of buffer memory?
__________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
6. Can a DVD±RW disc be read in this drive? How can you tell?
________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
 7. What does BD-RE DL mean?
__________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
8. What Apple biometric technology supports fingerprint recognition?
[ Hello world | Touch ID | IT ID | Watch me ]
9. Select the non-sound port. [ RJ-45 | S/PDIF | TOSLINK | RCA | 1/8-inch
TRS ]
10. Which optical media has the highest capacity? [ DVD | CD | BD ]
11. Which drive would have two lasers?
a. A drive that can handle an 8.5-GB single-sided dual-layer disc
b. A drive that can handle a double-sided single-layer disc
c. A drive that can handle a 25-GB dual-layer disc
d. A drive that can handle a DVD or a Blu-ray disc
12. A PCIe sound card is being installed. Which two steps are most likely
going to be done by the technician? (Select two.)
a. Upgrade the power supply.
b. Install a driver.
c. Flash the BIOS/UEFI.
d. Disable the integrated ports in BIOS/UEFI.
e. Configure jumpers on the adapter.
f. Delete the integrated port drivers.
13. Which utility is best used to troubleshoot sound issues?
[ Disk Management | DirectX | BIOS/UEFI diagnostics | Device Manager ]
14. Why should a battery be removed from a camera that is not used very
often?
a. in case the battery leaks
b. in order to preserve the saved files on the memory card
c. to keep the battery charged
d. to keep the battery cool
15. A user has attempted a scanner installation to the computer’s front USB
ports because all the back ports were taken. However, the scanner will not
function. What should the technician try next?
a. Replace the scanner.
 b. Replace the USB port.
c. Re-attach the USB cable that leads from the front panel to the
motherboard.
d. Add a version 2.0 or higher USB hub to the back USB port.
16. [ T | F ] Paper towels are okay to use to clean a scanner.
17. [ T | F ] Part of the installation process for a tablet is to calibrate the
camera.
18. Which multimedia device requires calibration as part of the installation
process?
[ camera | sound card | scanner | optical disc drive ]
19. Which item would more likely be used with a digital camera than with a
scanner?
[ flash media | 1.8-inch hard drive | laser lens | optical cleaning cloth ]
20. Which scenario is one that most shows a positive attitude?
a. A technician returns a borrowed disc to a team member after having the
disc more than six months.
b. A technician leaves documentation for a newly installed optical drive
with the customer, even though the customer treated the technician
poorly during the installation.
c. A technician eagerly helps reorganize a wiring closet for the company.
d. A technician smiles when an angry customer is taking out her computer
problems on the technician.

Exercise

Exercise 8.1 Multimedia Device Research

Objective:
To be able to use the Internet to locate device drivers and
technical specifications
Parts:
A computer that has Internet access
Procedure:
Using the Internet, find the cost, latest device driver, and most
important technical specification for the devices found in Table
 8.12.

TABLE 8.12 Multimedia Device Information

Activities

Internet Discovery
Objective:
To obtain specific information on the Internet regarding a
computer or its associated parts
Parts:
Computer with access to the Internet
Questions:
Use the Internet to answer the following questions.
1. Find a website that sells external optical drives. List the cost of one drive
and the website URL.
_______________________________________________________________________
2. What is the cost of a disc that works in a DVD±RW drive? List the cost
and website URL.
_______________________________________________________________________
3. Find the driver version for a Sound Blaster Audigy Rx PCIe adapter that is
going in a 64-bit Windows 8.1 computer. Document the driver download
filename and URL where you find this information.
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
4. An HP G4050 Scanjet scanner attaches to a Windows Vista computer.
When the scanning software is accessed, the error “The computer cannot
communicate with the scanning device” appears. List the six recommended
steps.
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
5. The president of a company purchased a Canon EOS Rebel T4i digital
camera. Which type of memory media does this camera accept? Write the
answer and URL where you find the answer.
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
 6. A customer has a Plextor PX-891SAF DVD+/RW drive. How much buffer
memory does the drive contain and which interface(s) does it support?
Write the answers and website URL where you find the information.
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________

Soft Skills

Objective:
To enhance and fine-tune a technician’s ability to listen,
communicate in both written and oral form, and support people
who use computers in a professional manner
Activities:
1. List some tips for determining whether a computer has an optical drive
installed, as if you were stepping through it over the phone with a customer
who is not a technician. Using your instructions, practice with a classmate.
2. The class is divided into groups of five. Each group makes a list of three
categories that relate to multimedia devices. The five groups share their
lists and determine which group works on which category. In 30 minutes,
each team comes up with five answers with corresponding questions for
their category. The answers are rated from 100 to 500 with 100 being the
easiest question. The teams play Jeopardy! with the rule that the teams
cannot choose their own category.

Critical Thinking Skills

Objective:
To analyze and evaluate information, and apply information to
new or different situations
 Activities:
1. For this activity, you need an advertisement of a sound card, including the
technical specifications. Make a list of all terms related to the card that you
do not know. Using books, the Internet, or other resources, research these
terms and define them.
2. Form teams of two. Several multimedia devices are needed. The devices
are numbered. Each team selects a number and installs, configures, and
tests the associated device. Each team documents its installation and shares
its experience (including lessons learned) with the rest of the class.

Labs

Lab 8.1 Sound and Optical Drives in Windows

Objective:
To be able to use the tools provided with Windows to manage
sound devices and optical media drives
Parts:
A computer with Windows 7, 8, or 10 loaded, has an optical drive
installed, and that has Internet access
Procedure:
Complete the following procedure and answer the accompanying
questions.
Note:
Parts of this lab may be different due to the hardware installed
and the version of Windows installed.
1. Power on the computer and log in to Windows 7, 8, or 10.
2. Access the Sound Control Panel.
Which tabs are shown in the window?
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
Which is the default playback device?
_______________________________________________________________________
3. With the default playback device selected, click the Configure button.
Which audio channels are available?
 _______________________________________________________________________
4. Select the Test button.
What was the result?
_______________________________________________________________________
5. Click the Cancel button and ensure the Playback tab is selected. Click
Properties. The Speakers Properties window opens.
What jack information displays?
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
6. Click Properties.
What is the device status?
______________________________________________________
7. Select the Driver tab.
What is the driver version?
_____________________________________________________
What is the purpose of the Roll Back Driver button?
_______________________________________________________________________
Can the audio be disabled from this window?
_______________________________________
8. Click Cancel. From the Speakers Properties window, click the Advanced
tab.
How many bits are used for sampling?
_____________________________________________
What is the frequency response?
__________________________________________________
9. Click Cancel. Select the Recording tab.
What is the default recording device?
______________________________________________
10. Select the Sounds tab. In the Program (Windows 7)/Program events
(8/10) window, select any task that has a speaker icon to the left of it.
These sounds are an easy way to check for issues without having to
download a sound file. Click Test.
Did sound emit? [ Yes | No ]
11. Select the Sound Scheme drop-down menu.
 Which options are available?
_______________________________________________________________________
What is the checkbox used for in this section?
_______________________________________________________________________
12. Click Cancel. Close the Control Panel window.
13. Open Windows Explorer (Windows 7)/File Explorer (8/10) and select
Computer (7)/This PC (8/10) from the left panel. In the right-panel, right-
click the optical drive. Notice the Eject option, which can be used to eject a
stuck disc.
14. Point to the Share with option and select Advanced Sharing. The optical
drive properties window opens. The Sharing tab allows you to share a disc
with others.
15. If you closed the last window, go back into the optical drive properties and
select the Hardware tab. In the All disk drives: window, select the optical
drive. Select Properties.
What is the device status?
_______________________________________________________________________
16. In the Properties window, select the DVD region tab if a DVD drive is
installed.
What is the DVD region code? Write Not applicable as your answer if a
CD drive is installed.
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
17. Select the Driver tab.
Which version of the driver is installed?
___________________________________________
What is the date of the driver?
___________________________________________________
18. Use the Internet to determine whether a newer device driver is available.
Show this driver to the instructor or lab assistant.
Instructor initials: _____________
19. In the device’s properties window, click Cancel.
20. In the original optical drive properties window, select the Customize tab.
What types of things can be customized from this tab?
 _______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
21. Click the Cancel button. Close the Windows Explorer (7)/File Explorer
(8/10) window.

Lab 8.2 Optical Drive Installation Lab

Objective:
To install, configure, and test an optical drive
Parts:
A computer with Windows loaded
Anti-static wrist strap or glove
An optical drive with accompanying cable and mounting
equipment if necessary
Procedure:
Complete the following procedure and answer the accompanying
questions.
1. Obtain an optical drive designated by the instructor or student assistant.
Which type of drive is this? [ CD-ROM | CD-R | CD-RW | DVD-R |
DVD+R | DVD±RW | DVD-R DL | DVD+R DL | BD-R | BD-RE ]
List the drive manufacturer and model number.
_______________________________________________________________________
If possible, determine whether a driver is available and list the website on
which you located this
information._____________________________________________________________
Which type of interface does the optical drive use? [ PATA IDE | SATA |
SCSI | Parallel | USB | FireWire ]
2. Power off the computer, remove the power cord, open the computer, and
determine whether a cable and interface are available to install the drive. If
not, obtain them from the lab supplies, instructor, or lab assistant.
3. Configure the drive as necessary for the type of interface being used.
Which drive settings did you select, if any?
_______________________________________________________________________
4. If appropriate, install the drive into the computer and attach power.
 5. If an external device is being installed, a device driver may need to be
installed at this point. Always refer to the device installation instructions.
Whether the drive is internal or external, attach the correct interface cable
to the drive.
6. Power on the computer, load a device driver (if necessary), and ensure that
the operating system recognizes the drive. Troubleshoot as necessary until
the drive works.
Which tests did you perform to ensure the drive works?
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
7. Tell the instructor when the drive is successfully installed.
Instructor initials: _____________
8. Remove the drive and reinstall the computer cover. Power on the
computer and ensure BIOS/UEFI errors do not appear.
Instructor initials: _____________

Lab 8.3 DirectX Diagnostics in Windows 7, 8, or 10

Objective:
To be able to use the DirectX tool provided with Windows 7, 8, or
10
Parts:
A computer with Windows 7, 8, or 10 loaded and with
administrator rights and Internet access
Procedure:
Complete the following procedure and answer the accompanying
questions.
Note:
This lab may vary due to the equipment installed and the
Windows version and service pack.
1. Power on the computer and log in to Windows 7.
2. Click the Start button, in the Search programs and files textbox, type
dxdiag and press or select the dxdiag link. The DirectX tool
may ask you if you want to check that the drivers are digitally signed
 and/or to allow an Internet connection for an update. Click Yes.
After the tool is shown and the System tab is displayed, which DirectX
version is running?______
How much RAM is installed in the computer?
______________________________________
What is the size of the page file?
_________________________________________________
How much of the page file is currently used?
_______________________________________
3. Click the Next Page button. The next tab displays.
What notes, if any, appear on the tab?
_______________________________________________________________________
4. Ensure you are on the Display tab.
How much RAM is on the video adapter?
_________________________________________
Are any DirectX features enabled? If so, which ones?
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
Research the words RAM, video adapter, and DirectX on the Internet to
help with this answer and give a brief description of the features.
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
5. Ensure the Sound tab is selected.
What is the device type used?
__________________________________________________
What is WDM? If you do not know, research it on the Internet.
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
Which driver file is used?
 ______________________________________________________
What does WHQL logo mean? If you do not know, research this term on
the Internet.
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
6. Click the Input tab.
List any direct input devices displayed.
_______________________________________________________________________
7. Expand any USB devices in the Input Related Devices section.
List any USB devices that are considered to be input devices.
_______________________________________________________________________
8. Close the DirectX Diagnostics window.

Lab 8.4 Installing a Sound Card and Speakers in Windows 7, 8, or

10
Objective:
To install and configure a sound card
Parts:
A computer with Windows 7, 8, or 10 loaded and an available
expansion slot
Sound card with drivers or Internet access
Optional audio disc
1. Before powering on the computer, determine the current audio
capabilities.
How many sound ports are integrated into the motherboard?
___________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
Draw each port and list the purpose of the port. If you do not know, use the
Internet to research the computer
model.___________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
2. Connect power to the speakers and attach the speakers to the computer if
 necessary.
3. Power on the computer and log in to Windows. Access the Hardware and
Sound Control Panel. Select the Sound link.
On the Playback tab, how many playback devices are listed?
___________________________
4. Right-click the icon that represents the speaker(s) that are enabled and
select Properties.
Which name is currently assigned the output device?
_________________________________
5. Click in the General tab textbox and change the name to something more
meaningful.
List the name
assigned.________________________________________________________
Which output jacks are available for this output device?
_______________________________________________________________________
What controller is controlling the speakers?
________________________________________
6. Click the speaker controller Properties button.
Which driver version is installed?
________________________________________________
7. Close the Properties window. Back in the Speakers Properties window,
select the Levels tab.
Which settings can you control on this tab?
_______________________________________________________________________
The tabs that are available vary depending on the speakers installed.
Which tabs are available for the speakers on your computer?
_______________________________________________________________________
8. Select the Advanced tab. Test the quality of the sound output using the Test
button. Troubleshoot the system if a sound does not emit.
How many bits are used in converting analog sounds into digital audio?
__________________
9. Select the Default Format drop-down menu. Notice how this is the
window where you allow applications to control or change the speaker
settings.
 List two other available formats if possible.
_______________________________________________________________________
10. Click Cancel twice to close the Speaker Properties windows. Power off
the computer.
11. Power on the computer and enter the BIOS/UEFI Setup program.
Which key or process did you use to enter Setup?
____________________________________
12. Locate and disable the integrated sound ports. Save the settings and exit
BIOS/UEFI Setup.
13. Log in to Windows.
14. Using whichever method you would like ensure that sound does not emit
from the speakers.
Which method did you use?
_______________________________________________________________________
15. Shut down the computer and remove the power cord.
16. Access the computer expansion slots and if necessary, remove any slot
covers or retention bars.
17. Install the sound adapter into an empty expansion slot and ensure it fits
snugly into the slot. Re-install any retention bar as necessary.
18. Attach the power cord and power on the computer. The computer should
detect that a new device has been installed. You may be prompted for a
device driver and to restart the computer in order to use the new adapter. If
you don’t have a device driver, go to a computer that has Internet access
and download the appropriate driver for the sound card you installed. Note
that you may have to power down the computer and look at the sound card
(and possibly remove it) in order to get the appropriate model required to
download the correct driver.
19. Attach the speakers to the appropriate ports on the newly installed sound
card.
20. Using any method, including previously demonstrated methods or by
playing an audio disc, test the new sound card.
21. Access Device Manager and expand the Sound, video and game
controllers section.
22. Right-click the newly installed sound card and select Properties.
 Which I/O address does the adapter use?
___________________________________________
What is the device status?
_______________________________________________________
Instructor initials: _____________
23. Power down the computer and remove the power cord.
24. Unplug the speakers from the sound card. Remove the sound card and
attach any slot covers.
25. Power on the computer and access BIOS/UEFI Setup.
26. Enable the integrated sound ports and save the settings.
27. Attach the speakers to the motherboard speaker port.
28. Attach the power cord. Boot the computer and log in to Windows again.
Test the speakers.
29. Return all parts to the proper location.

Lab 8.5 Installing a USB Scanner

Objective:
To be able to install a USB scanner and driver on a Windows-
based computer
Parts:
USB scanner, USB cable, scanner driver, scanner
software/utilities, computer with Windows loaded
Procedure:
The procedures outlined below are guidelines. Refer to the
scanner’s installation instructions for exact procedures.

Installing the Scanner Driver

1. Insert the scanner driver media into the drive. Sometimes you must also
select which type of interface connection is going to be used. If this is the
case, select USB. The software installer sometimes includes additional
software programs that can be used to control the scanner and to
manipulate scanned images. Many drivers require the computer to be
restarted once the installation process is complete.

Connecting the Scanner

 2. Some scanners ship with a carriage safety lock. If this is the case, remove
the safety lock.
3. With the computer powered on, connect one end of the USB cable to the
scanner’s USB port and attach the other end to a USB computer port or a
USB hub port.
4. If necessary, attach the power cable to the scanner. Attach the other power
cable end to an electrical outlet.
5. Power on the scanner.
6. Optionally, if the scanner has a calibrate routine, execute the calibration.

Using the Scanner

7. If the scanner software program(s) did not install during driver
installation, install the scanner software programs now.
8. Insert a document to be scanned.
9. Access the scanner software program through the Start button and scan the
document.
Instructor initials: _____________

Lab 8.6 Changing the Drive Letter of an Optical Drive Using the
Disk Management and diskpart Utility
Objective:
To reassign the optical drive letter
Parts:
Windows computer with administrator rights
Procedure:
Complete the following procedure and answer the accompanying
questions.
1. Using Windows/File Explorer, determine the current optical drive letter.
What drive letter is being used by the ODD drive?
__________________________________
2. In Windows 7, from the Start button menu in the Search program and files
textbox, type Disk Management and press . In Windows 8/10,
use the Administrative Tools Control Panel to access and open the
Computer Management tool. Expand the Storage section so that the Disk
 Management option is available. Select Disk Management.
3. Locate the optical drive in the bottom half of the Disk Management
window.
4. Right-click or tap and briefly hold the drive icon in the left side of the
panel where the drive letter is located and select Change Drive Letter and
Paths.
5. Select Change and use the Assign the following drive letter: drop-down
menu to select a different drive letter.
What drive letter did you choose?
_________________________________________________
6. Click OK and Yes to the notification that some programs might not work
properly.
7. At a command prompt, type diskpart and press . Type list
volume and press . Look down the Type column for an optical
drive and locate the drive to be changed. Ensure that the drive letter in the
Ltr column is the same drive letter written down in Step 5.
Write the volume number that is listed in the same row as the optical
drive.__________________________________________________________________
8. At a command prompt, type select volume x (where x is the number
you wrote in Step 7). A message appears, stating that the volume is
selected. If the message does not appear, recheck your steps, starting from
the beginning of the lab.
9. Type assign letter=x (where x is the newly assigned drive letter). A
message appears, stating that the drive letter assignment was successful. If
this message does not appear, redo the exercise.
10. Use Windows Explorer (Vista/7)/File Explorer (8 or 10) to verify the
reassignment, refreshing the screen if necessary. Show the instructor or lab
assistant your reassigned drive letter.
Instructor initials: _____________
11. In the diskpart utility or the Disk Management window, return the
drive to the original drive letter. Refer to the answer to the question in Step
1 if you do not remember the original drive letter. Use Windows
Explorer/File Explorer to show the instructor or lab assistant that the drive
letter has been reassigned.
Instructor initials: _____________