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VOLUME 3 - Workshop Review Exercises

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VOLUME 3 - Workshop Review Exercises

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VOLUME III

Table of Contents

SECTION L WORKSHOP TRANSIENT STABILITY REVIEW STUDY CASES AND EXERCISES

SECTION L.1 MULTI MACHINE STABILITY
SECTION L.2 CRITICAL FAULT CLEARING TIME (CFCT)
SECTION L.3 GENERATOR START-UP
SECTION L.4 SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR STARTING
SECTION L.5 SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR OPERATION
SECTION L.6 GENERATOR FIELD DISCHARGE
SECTION L.7 MOTOR STARTING THROUGH VARIABLE FREQUENCY DRIVE (VFD)
SECTION L.8 DYNAMIC LOAD MODELLING
SECTION L.9 EFFECT OF UNDER-EXCITATION & OVER EXCITATION LIMITERS (UEL/OEL) IN
EXCITATION SYSTEMS
SECTION L.10 GENERATOR VAR CONTROL
SECTION L.11 LOAD SHARING
SECTION L.12 VOLTAGE STABILITY
SECTION L.13 INDUCTION MOTOR BUS TRANSFER
SECTION L.14 CROSS CURRENT COMPENSATION
SECTION L.15 DROOP V/S ISOCHRONOUS
SECTION L.16 HEAVY DUTY GAS TURBINE – GRID PARALLEL OPERATION WITH GRID ISLANDING
AND LOAD SHEDDING
SECTION L.17 RENEWABLES STUDY
SECTION L
WORKSHOP TRANSIENT STABILITY
REVIEW STUDY CASES AND
EXERCISES
SECTION L.1
MULTI-MACHINE STABILITY
ETAP Workshop Notes

Multi-machine Stability Study

Description
This example shows the stability between multiple synchronous generators in a network.
Development of example ETAP single line model for the purpose of transient stability is covered as
part of One Generator to Grid Transient Study. The system used for this study is already developed
with the corresponding study case scenarios; the participant shall open the solution ETAP model
and run the cases directly as tabulated in the next sheet.

Purpose
• Effect of the shaft damping on the system stability
• Effect of automatic voltage regulation (AVR) on the system stability
• Effect of Power System Stabilizer (PSS) on the system stability
• Effect of dynamic modeled loads on the system stability
• Effect of the inertia constant of generator unit on the system stability

File Details:
OTI File Location –MultiMachine -> IEEE Multi Gen Case.oti
Default library in the ETAP root directory of the version being worked upon.

System Information
The system is derived from IEEE published examples for transient stability studies. Figure 1
below shows the system one-line diagram which has 3 nos. of synchronous generators
interconnected through a transmission network and feeding load centers.

Figure 1: One-Line Diagram for Multi-Machine Stability Analysis

Multi-machine Stability Study

Procedure

Step 1
The following study case scenarios have been created for the transient stability analysis

Table 1: List of scenarios to be configured for this exercise

Case Revision Config Damping Exc/Gov PSS Loads Output
# 1 Base Normal None None None Lumped NoDamping
2 withDampin Normal Yes None None Lumped withDamping
3 g
ExcGov Normal None Yes None Lumped ExcGov
4 onePSS Normal None Yes One Lumped OnePSS
5 TwoPSS Normal None Yes Two Lumped TwoPSS
6 ExcGov MtrLoad None Yes None Lumped/motor MtrLoad
7 smallInertia Normal Yes None None Lumped smallInertia

Proceed to check the study case settings as provided in table 2 below:

Table 2: List of Actions in the Study Case

Event1 Fault Line3 at 2% location @ t = 0.1 sec.

Event2 Open CB9 and CB11 @ t = 0.184 sec.

Upon simulating the above cases, observe the graphs and note the summary of results tabulated
on the following page.

This document is confidential and proprietary to ETAP / ETAP Automation and may not be reproduced, published
or disclosed to others without written authorization of ETAP / ETAP Automation. All Rights Reserved. Page 2 of 2
Multi-machine Stability Study
Case
Revision Configuration Damping Exc/ Gov PSS Loads Output Remarks
Scenario
Faulted Transient Study Case
Faulted condition & absence of exciter and governor,
uncontrolled slow recovery of system voltage and
Case 1 Base Normal None None None Lumped NoDamping frequency.
Gen relative rotor angle swings to more than 120 degrees
for first 3 swings.
Due to damping factor controlling the rate of change of
rotor angle, initial rotor angle swings are improved and
Case 2 WithDamping Normal Yes None None Lumped withDamping
slightly below 120 degrees. However voltage and
frequency are still uncontrolled.
Presence of AVR/exciter and governor enables voltage
Case 3 ExcGov Normal None Yes None Lumped ExcGov and frequency to recover close to 100%; however fast
voltage stability is not achieved.
With one PSS in the system, voltage, frequency and
Case 4 OnePSS Normal None Yes One Lumped OnePSS
generator rotor angle stabilize within 15 seconds.
With two PSS in the system, voltage, frequency and
Case 5 TwoPSS Normal None Yes Two Lumped TwoPSS
generator rotor angle stabilize within 10 seconds.
With dynamically modelled loads, system frequency
Case 6 ExcGov MtrLoad None Yes None Lumped/motor MtrLoad
response is seen to improve but not stabilize.
Case 2 is re-run with smaller Generator inertia. With
smaller inertia, magnitude of first rotor angle and
Case 7 smallInertia Normal Yes None None Lumped smallInertia
frequency swing is higher, however settling time for rotor
angle and frequency responses is faster.
Note - All above scenarios are carried out for the same transient study case described below:-
Transient Study Flt_Line3 - Fault Applied on 2% length of Line 3 @ 0.1 sec (Line 3 is connected between Bus 7 & Bus 5)
Case - TS Line3_Open - Fault Cleared by tripping CB11 and CB9 @ 0.184 sec
Exciter Type ST1 - ETAP Sample Data
Governor Type ST - ETAP Sample Data
PSS Type PSS1A - ETAP Sample Data

Study for Critical Fault Clearing Time

Description: This example discusses the impact of critical fault clearing time on the stability of a
network. The system under study in TScase3 is already developed with the corresponding study
case scenarios; the participant shall open the solution ETAP model and follow the steps described
below.

Objectives:

1. Determine Critical Fault Clearing Time (CFCT).

2. Observe first swing and second swing unstable situations.

File Details:
OTI File Location – IEEE9BusCFCT -> IEEE9BusCFCT.oti
Library File Location – Default library in the ETAP root directory of the version being worked
upon.

System Description
transient
The ETAP study cases
model are modified
is that as shown
same as that in the
used for thetable below.
Multi-machine stability study. In this case the

Study for Critical Fault Clearing Time

All the study case scenarios described below are already setup in the ETAP file. Run each
scenario/study case and observe the plot for the Generator Relative Rotor Angle for all generators
G1, G2 and G3.

Case Transient Output

Revision Configuration Remarks
Scenario Case Report
Sustained 3 phase fault is
applied. Initial Rotor angle
Case 1 Base Normal FaultLine3 FltLine3_Inf
swings exceed 180 degrees
@ 0.35 sec.
Fault Cleared in 300ms.
However rotor angle swing
Case 2 Base Normal 0.3s-F-L3 FltLine3_0.3
still exceeds 180 degrees @
0.35 sec.
Fault Cleared in 200ms.
Case 3 Base Normal 0.2s-F-L3 FltLine3_0.2 Rotor angle swing still close
to 180 degrees @ 0.55 sec.
Fault Cleared in 140ms.
0.14s-F- Rotor angle swing exceeds
Case 4 Base Normal FltLine3_0.14
L3 120 degrees in the second
swing @ 2.9 seconds.
Fault Cleared in 116ms.
0.116s-F-
Case 5 Base Normal FltLine3_0.116 Rotor angle swing is within
L3
120 degrees.
Note - Transient Stability Case is simulated with the following events: -
Event - FltLine3End @ 1
Action - Line3 Fault @ 0%
sec
Event - OpenLine3 @ 'x'
Action - CB9 Open & CB11 Open
sec
- 'x' changes based on fault clearing time on case by case basis

Generator Startup

Purpose
The purpose of this exercise is to simulate generator startup using UDM exciter and governor
models with sequence loading events.

Exercise File Details

OTI File Location – TScase9-GeneratorStartUp -> TScase9-GeneratorStartUp.oti
Library File Location – Default library in the ETAP root directory of the version being worked upon.
UDM File Location - TScase9-GeneratorStartUp -> UDM Models (Standard and modified
IEEE1 Exciter and ST1 Governor)

Study Description

This exercise has been designed to simulate the generator startup behavior using frequency
dependent model of generator in ETAP with
 standard exciter and governor model, which will be proven to be inadequate for
generator start up in this exercise.
 and Modified exciter and governor model after incorporating additional frequency and
voltage control features and V/Hz control cum limiters required for generator start up
from zero voltage and zero frequency to 100 % values respectively.

This generator startup studies are typically used in nuclear generation plants and under special
conditions when the connection to a power grid is lost and recovery of the power supply to
some critical loads is mandatory.

In these cases, stand-by generator (hydro unit in case of large nuclear power plants) is started
up from cold standby condition (with zero voltage and frequency) as an emergency condition
and progresses through acceleration and load acceptance stages, before finally reaching
steady state condition.

Typical standby generators for nuclear plant application are Hydro generators which are slow
speed salient pole generators. As such, the generator start up study in ETAP presently only
covers salient pole generators.
The exercise shows the need for following modification of the controllers which must be
present in order to properly accelerate and bring the generator up to speed and rated operating
voltage conditions.
 Modified Exciter model for generator start up in the exercise incorporates following
additions: -
 DC flashing circuit model addition (modeled by an RL circuit with a dc source)
required to supply excitation voltage to the field winding when the generator is
initially started from zero initial voltage and speed until the generator terminal
voltage is sufficiently high.
Note :- the dc field flashing circuit is modelled by an RL circuit with a dc source
 V/Hz limit and protection unit modelled to calculate he generator V/Hz value
(from V & f values). A higher than selected value of V/Hz reduces the excitation
voltage to the field winding through a low value selector incorporated in the
modified exciter-avr model for generator startup studies.
 V/Hz (voltage per Hz) control circuit to switch the dc flashing voltage from dc
field flashing mode to automatic voltage control mode (connecting the field
winding directly to the excitation and AVR system) based on a presetting value of

Generator Startup
V/Hz usually 0.35 per unit (depending on the field flashing dc voltage considered,
which in this example is 0.5 pu).

 Modified Governor model for generator start up in the exercise incorporates following
additions:-
 Gradual frequency reference change from low value at start up to higher value as
generator speeds up to full value to ensure generator mechanical power and
frequency is controlled in a ramped manner as generator starts up.

The exercise also includes startup of induction motors along with generator startup using
frequency dependent modelling of induction motor as well in ETAP.

FREQUENCY DEPENDENT SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR MODEL IN ETAP AS

USED FOR GENERATOR STARTUP STUDIES

Based on the manufacturer data sheet, the IEEE 2.1 synchronous generator model as per IEEE 1110
“ IEEE Guide for Synchronous Generator Modeling Practices in Stability Analyses” is used.

An equivalent circuit diagram of the model is shown in Figure below: -

Synchronous generator direct-axis and quadrature axis equivalent circuit.

This model does not include the frequency in its model parameters and thus allows independent
consideration of changes in frequency. Generator saturation characteristics are also
accommodated by adjusting model parameters.

Generator Startup
FREQUENCY DEPENDENT INDUCTION MOTOR MODEL IN ETAP AS USED
FOR MOTOR START STUDIES DURING GENERATOR STARTUP.

Similar as for generator, the equivalent circuit diagram of the induction motor model used in ETAP
is shown in Figure below:-

Frequency-dependent equivalent circuit model for double-cage induction machine.

This motor model also does not include the frequency in its model parameters and thus allows
independent consideration of changes in frequency

Setting in Transient Edit Case Tool Bar

To activate frequency dependent modelling for machines and network under heading “Frequency
Dependent Model” as below in the Dynamic Model Page in the Transient Edit Study Case Tool
Bar.

 CHECK ON “Use Dependent Models For Machines and Networks”

Generator Startup
System Information
The system is composed of turbine generator model with a sequential loading condition. The
turbine controls and excitation transfer functions are displayed below. The generator is a 15
MW turbine which
is started at 1.0 seconds.
The system SLD model is as given below

Figure: Simulation One-line Diagram

Generator Startup
Setup

Load the ETAP exercise project file along with library file from the location described in File Details
above.

Open the generator Gen1 in the ETAP model and observe the data entered in the generator Rating page,
Imp/Model page, Inertia page, Exciter and Governor pages. Note in this case the generator modelled is
13.8 kV, 15 MW, 0.85 pf, 95% efficiency, 4 pole. The impedance model is a sub-transient model of
salient pole machine with Xd” = 24%, Xd’= 37%, Xd= 115% with total machine inertia of 2.1 MW-
sec/MVA.

Open the motors Mtr1, Mtr2, Mtr3, Mtr4 and Mtr5 in the ETAP model and observe the data entered in the
motor Nameplate page, Model page, Inertia page & Load page. Observe the torque & current v/s speed
characteristics for all motors (Model page) along with the corresponding load torque v/s speed curve
selected (Load page).

The System details and cases and procedure for model set up are as covered in subsequent sections of this
exercise document.

Two (2) Revisions including BASE case have been created to study the 3 cases as above.
 Base case:- Generator with ETAP inbuilt IEEE ST governor and IEEE Type 1 exciter model made
in UDM (without additional generator start up components such as dc field flashing during
generator start up and without control of reference frequency, voltage and flux). The Governor &
Exciter UDM Models used are named “TScase9Exc” (UDM) and “TScase9Gov” (UDM)
respectively.
 Revision “GenStart”: - ETAP MODIFIED IEEE ST governor and IEEE Type 1 exciter model
made in UDM (with additional generator start up components such as dc field flashing during
generator start up and without control of reference frequency, voltage and flux). The Governor &
Exciter UDM Models used are “IEEE1Start” (UDM) and “GovStart” (UDM) respectively.

The study cases carried for this exercise with only the generator and with generator and the full system
including motors are as follows:

 No Load System Only With Generator, Generator Bus & A Branch For Only Generator Start Up.

Configuration
Study case Revision with Only Gen. Report Name Study Events With Only Generator
(See below) Other Systems
OFF
Only_Gen
GS1-OnlyGen Base GS1-OnlyGen Start Gen1 @ 1 sec

GS2-OnlyGen GenStart Only_Gen GS2-OnlyGen Start Gen1 @ 1 sec

 Full System with Generator & Motor Loads For Both Generator Startup & Motor Startup

Generator Startup
Revision Configuration Study Events With Generator & Full
Study case with Gen & Full Report Name
(See below) System System With Motor Loads

Normal Start Gen1 @ 1 sec, Close CB1 @ 15 sec,

GS3-Full Sys GenStart GS3-Full Sys
Close CB3 @ 24 sec, Close CB5 @ 27 sec

Case GS1-OnlyGen: - Initial Study with ONLY GENERATOR using ETAP Inbuilt standard
IEEE ST Governor and IEEE Type1 exciter (built in UDM)
Using ETAP inbuilt governor and exciter model made in UDM (without dc field flashing during
generator start up and without control of reference frequency, voltage and flux)

Figure: TScase9Gov Governor Model for Gen1 – Case1

Figure: TScase9Exc Exciter Model for Gen1-Case1

Procedure-Case1
Make sure the following parameters have been entered into the “GS1-OnlyGen” study case
“Case1”and that the generator has the specified standard models for both EXC and GOV. Use the
Base revision and name the output report “GS1-OnlyGen”.

Generator Startup
Generator Model
Generator Model ETAP Sub-transient Salient-Pole Model (IEEE
2.1
Governor Model Model with Frequency-Dependent)
TScase9Gov (UDM)
Exciter Model TScase9Exc (UDM)
Main CB SWITCH OFF “ISOLATESYSCB” PRE-
TRANSIENT
Configuration Only_Gen
Events
Event 1: Start Generator Start Gen1 @ 1 sec

The results of frequency response of initial study of generator startup with generator only using
standard governor and exciters without using additional generator start up components are as follows:

Generator Startup
The initial study of generator startup with generator only without using additional generator start up
components such as dc field flashing during generator start up and without control of reference
frequency, voltage and flux shows the following: -
 In standard governor model the reference setting of speed is selected to be unity whereas
generator speed is zero at start resulting in 100 % error at the output of the comparator feeding
the governor. This results in governor increasing mechanical power Pm even without increase
in any electrical output load at generator terminal. This results in uncontrolled increase in
generator speed (as shown in plot above) dependent on limits imposed in the model for the Pm.
The results are not acceptable and hence it is necessary to change the governor speed reference
set points in small steps from zero progressively as generator speeds up
 In standard exciter model the reference setting of voltage is selected to be unity whereas
generator voltage is zero at start resulting in 100 % error at the output of the comparator feeding
the exciter. This results in exciter increasing exciter voltage Efd even without increase in any
electrical output load at generator terminal. This results in uncontrolled increase in generator
voltage. The results are not acceptable and hence it is necessary to change the exciter voltage
reference set points in small steps from zero progressively as generator speeds up along with
modelling exciter field flashing dc source required at start as well as V/Hz limits and control
required.

Case GS2-OnlyGen1:- New Study with ONLY GENERATOR using ETAP modified IEEE ST
Governor and IEEE Type1 exciter (built in UDM) as required for proper generator start up.
Procedure=Case2

Step 1 Modifications required in governor-Case GS2

 Open the governor model for Gen1 and proceed to modify its transfer function with
the additional components as described in the following sub-steps.
 First copy the governor and save it as “GovStart”. Now proceed to modify the newly
created governor model by adding a speed proportionality controller. Figure 3 below
shows the additional components and their connections.

Figure 4: Gov Model Additional Components for GOVStart - Case 2

Generator Startup

 The values to be entered into each of the blocks are displayed below:

Block ID Parameter value

Wref1 constant 0.9473
Wref constant 0.1
Switch1 Threshold 12
Switch2 Threshold 1.1
Gain1 Constant 10

 The values for the Look-Up table element are displayed below:

 After entering these values, the model can be compiled using the “Iterative” method with
default settings.

 Complete Modified IEEE ST Governor for generator start up is shown in fig. below

Fig 3 GovStart modified Governor Model for Gen1

Figure: - Modified Governor Model GOVStart - Case 2

Generator Startup
Step2 Modifications required in Exciter - CaseGS2
 Open the exciter model and proceed to modify the model according to the
following steps.
 First copy the exciter and save it as “IEEE1Start”. Now proceed to modify the newly
created exciter model by adding the field flashing circuits and the Volt/Hz controls as
described in Figures below:

Figure : Additional Component for Exciter Model - Case 2

Generator Startup
 Go to each block to check the value of the block parameter which is shown on right corner of
the UDM screen.
 After creating the exciter model, proceed to compile it using the “direct” initialization
method with default settings.

Step3-Case2
Proceed to make sure that the following settings have been configured into study case 2 “GS2-
Only Gen” and that the newly created governors have been selected. Use revision “GenStart” to
select the new exciter and governor models. Also, name output report “GS2-OnlyGen”. Details
of this study are tabulated below.

Generator Model
Generator Model ETAP Sub-transient Salient-Pole Model (IEEE
2.1
Governor Model Model with(UDM)
GOVStart Frequency-Dependent)
Exciter Model IEEE1start (UDM)
Main CB SWITCH OFF “ISOLATESYSCB” PRE-
TRANSIENT
Configuration Only_Gen
Events
Event 1: Start Generator Start Gen1 @ 1 sec

After configuring the study case, revision and output report run transient stability.

The results of voltage and frequency response of new study of generator startup with generator only
using modified governor and exciters using additional generator start up control components are as
follows: -

Generator Startup

The new study of generator startup with generator using additional generator start up components such
as dc field flashing during generator start up and without control of reference frequency, voltage and
flux shows the following: -

 As frequency and voltage set reference points are increased progressively in small steps as
generator starts up and with initial field flashing with dc source and control of AVR through
V/Hz limiter and controller (added in modified governor and exciters in GovStart &
IEEE1Start), the generator voltage and frequency responses during startup are satisfactory.

Case 3: - Last Study with GENERATOR & Full System & Motor Loads using ETAP modified
IEEE ST Governor and IEEE Type1 exciter (built in UDM) As Required For Generator Startup

Procedure-Case 3

Step 1 the modification required in governor

 Use Revision “GenStart” with modified governor and exciter model attached to the
startup generator. The Models are as shown above in Case 2

Make sure the following parameters have been entered into the “GS3-FullSys” study case Case3
and that the generator has the modified models for both EXC and GOV. Use the “GenStart”
revision with modified models and name the output report “GS3-FullSys”.

Generator Model
Generator Model ETAP Subtransient Salient-Pole Model (IEEE
2.1
Governor Model Model with Frequency-Dependent)
TScase9Gov (UDM)
Exciter Model TScase9Exc (UDM)
Configuration SWITCH ON “ISOLATESYSCB” PRE-
TRANSIENT
Events
Event 1: Start Generator Start Gen1 @ 1 sec
Event 2: Add Load Close CB1 @ 15 sec

Generator Startup
Event 5: Start Motors Close CB3 @ 24 sec
Event 6: Add Load Close CB5 @ 27 sec
The results of voltage and frequency response of study of generator startup with generator using
modified governor and exciters using additional generator start up control components followed by
successive DOL starting of induction motors are as follows: -

Generator Startup

The plots show that the due to progressive ramping up of the generator voltage and frequency in a
satisfactory manner, the motors are seen to start smoothly as observed from the motor slip curves
shown above.

Synchronous Motor Starting

Purpose and Description

The purpose of this exercise is to model the synchronous motor and study its effects during the
motor start.

Procedure:
OTI File Location:-TS-Case20 Syn Mtr starting -> Sync Mtr Starting ->Syn_Mtr_start.oti
ETAP Library from: Default library in the ETAP root directory of the version being worked upon.
UDM file location: TS-case20 Syn Mtr starting->Sync Mtr Starting->UDM Models-> MTR-
1_EXC_AC8B.udm

Review System details as below

Synchronous Motor Starting

1. Note: synchronous motor name plate data as follows:

2. Rotor type is selected as salient pole and sub-transient impedance model.

Synchronous Motor Starting

3. Note Motor LR data from standard ETAP library as below:-

4. Observe Motor LR data Torque-Slip Curve.

Synchronous Motor Starting

5. Observe synchronous motor data in LR-Model page. Note LRC=447% and starting pf as
19%. With start or LR torque as 104.9 %.

6. Note inertia data as follow:

Synchronous Motor Starting

7. Note Exciter selected standard IEEE-AC8B UDM model from UDM folder.

8. Note motor load library data selected from standard polynomial library “CLSD VALVE”.

Synchronous Motor Starting

9. Note data on starting Mode page, Note discharge resistance value of 0.2 Ohm and note
excitation application at 98 % speed in the starting Mode Page.

Synchronous Motor Starting

10. Open TS case name “ Start_Mtr1” . Note motor start at 1 sec in the Events Page with
simulation time of 20 sec.
11. Note Plot page of TS file selected to plot ‘Mtr-1’ in Syn. Motor & ‘Bus2’ in Buses.
12. Run Transient-stability with output report name as ‘Start_MTR1’.
13. Go to the plots, and check the results.

Machine Speed

Bus Voltage

Synchronous Motor Operation

Description
This exercise is designed to illustrate the behavior of different types of synchronous motor
controller functions including power factor control, Mvar control and automatic voltage
regulation and their effects on different types of transient stability disturbances which can be
simulated through the action list for synchronous motors.

Setup
Load the project file named “Tscase15-SynchMtrOp”. Open the library file
“etaplib1610.lib”

Exercise File Details

OTI File Location – TScase15-SynchMtrOp -> TScase9-GeneratorStartUp.oti Library File
Location – Default library in the ETAP root directory of the version being worked upon.
UDM File Location – Tscase15-SynchMtrOp -> UDM Models (Standard & modified IEEE
AC8B Exciter models)
System
Information
The two large synchronous compressors are rated at 25 MW each. They are large
compressors used in the oil and gas industry. The system has been simplified to allow fast
simulation and understanding of the behavior of the different controller configurations.
The controllers for the compressors have been modeled through the user-defined dynamic
model tool.

Figure 1: Large Compressor One-line Diagram

Synchronous Motor Operation

The exciters used in the exercise are IEEE Type AC8B as shown in Figure 3. The simple time
constant block with non-windup limiters have been modelled as per IEEE 421 implementation as
shown in Figure 2. The final UDM used in ETAP is as shown in Figure 4.

Figure 2: Simple Time Constant with Non-Windup Limiter

Figure 3: IEEE Type AC8B Exciter and AVR System Representation

Synchronous Motor Operation

Figure 4: UDM Model for IEEE AC8B Exciter with AVR Operating Mode

Table 1: Parameters used for AC8B Exciter and AVR System

Parameters Values Units

Rc 0 Pu
Xc 0 Pu
Tr 0 Sec
KP 1
KI 0.33
KD 0
TD 0.03
KA 1
TA 0.01
VRmax 10
VRmin 0
TE 1 Sec
KE 1
Efdmax 4.5
Note 1: KP, KI and KD value has been modified to a lower value to simulate a slower exciter response to the transients
f(u) is a function of Efd which is denoted by 1.013635 e (0.087093 x Efd) and is based on VRmax, Efdmax and KE

Synchronous Motor Operation

TO IEEE AC8B
AVR/EXCITER
BLOCK MODEL Efd
For details on iniCnst AS PER
required for initializing, refer PREVIOUS PAGE.
ETAP Help -> ‘User Defined
Models’ -> ‘Advanced
Transients’ chapter.

In this model, leading power

factor is considered as the
inverse of the magnitude of
the measured power factor.

Fig. Modifications to UDM Model for simulation of IEEE AC8B Exciter with PF Operating Mode

Synchronous Motor Operation

TO IEEE AC8B
AVR/EXCITER
BLOCK MODEL Efd
AS PER
PREVIOUS PAGE.

Fig. Modifications to UDM Model for simulation of IEEE AC8B Exciter with MVAR Operating Mode

Synchronous Motor Operation

Procedure

Run the Transient study with following scenario.

Case Study, Configuration and Revision Names

Mtr 1 Synch Motor in AVR Control &
Base Mtr 2 Synch Motor in Var Control
Revision
PFControl Both Mtr 1 and Mtr2 Synch Motor in PF Control
Normal_All Used for All studies
Configuration

ReduceVoltage Load Application of 20MVA static load with 85% pf @ t = 1s

Study Case
PosLoadImp Ramp up load on both the compressors by 50% @ t= 1s
Table: Legends for the revision and study cases

Configuratio
Scenario Revision n Study Case Output Rpt
VoltageRedu Base Normal_All ReduceVoltage ReduceTermVoltage
ReduceTermVoltage PF
Vred-PFCtrl PFControl Normal_All ReduceVoltage Control
LoadingImpac PFControl Normal_All PosLoadImp PosLoadImpact
LoadImpacAVR Base Normal_All PosLoadImp PosLoadImpactAVR
Note – Percentage loading on synchronous machines during pre-transient condition is 100% for
all study cases. In case of load impact study (PosLoadImp), synchronous motor load is ramped
by 50%.
Table: Scenario cases with configuration and output report name

Step 1 -> Scenario 1- VoltageRedu

Run scenario “VoltageRedu” (with Mtr1 in AVR mode and Mtr2 in Mvar mode) and observe
the plots for Relative Rotor angle & MVAr for both synchronous machines and Voltage at Bus 1.
The following can be inferred from the plots.

This scenario simulates a voltage drop at the compressor terminal voltage by adding a large load to
the bus. After the transient (as per results of bus voltage and motor Mvars given below), terminal
voltage brought back close to 100% by the Var support from the synch motor Mtr2 is operating in
MVAR control Mode. VAR support from both units correct the voltage at Bus “Bus1” to a value
near 100%. Here the AVR controlled motor Mtr1 supports all the added load Mvar with Mtr2
remaining at fixed Mvar due to its Mvar mode of operation.

Step 2 -> Scenario 2 - VRed-PFCtrl

Synchronous Motor Operation

Run scenario “VRed-PFCtrl” (with both Mtr1 & Mtr2 in PF control mode) and observe the
plots for Relative Rotor angle & MVAr for both synchronous machines and Voltage at Bus 1. The
following can be inferred from the plots.

This scenario should be similar to the one used in Step 1, except that both compressor controllers
are operating in PF control mode. PF setting for both the synchronous compressors are 98%
(leading). Since both motors are in PF control mode, their pre and post disturbance Var
contributions remain the same. Hence, the entire Var required for the newly added load is
supplied by the grid connected through a 100MVA, 69/13.8kV grid tie-in transformer (operated
in manual off-circuit tap changer mode with nominal tap) thus lowering the voltage at Bus 1 and
not recovering to pre-disturbance conditions. Although not included as part of the study, the
voltages can recover if on-load tap changer is added to the Grid connecting transformer.

Step 3 -> Scenario 3 – Loading Impac

Run scenario “LoadingImpac” (with both Mtr1 & Mtr2 in PF control mode & Mtr loading
increased from initial 100% loading by additional 40% in the transient). The purpose of this
step is to verify the stability of the compressors and the reactive power output. Observe the plots for
Relative Rotor angle & MVAr for both synchronous machines and Voltage at Bus 1 from which the
following can be inferred.

The final power factor of the synchronous motors do not return to the original value of 98% leading,
after the increase in real power demand of the synchronous motors. The addition of mechanical load
has caused a voltage drop thereby reducing breakdown torque /power of the machine [Pmax, where
Pmax = Efd.Vt/X * sin (del) + Vt2/2 (Xd-Xq)/(Xd.Xq)] which is dependent on terminal voltage and
Efd. Both Vt and Efd are seen to reduce considerably resulting in reduced Pmax capability for
accommodating the 40% load ramp-up. This has resulted in relative rotor angle of the machines
exceeding 90 deg without recovering to within normal values. The results show high relative rotor
angle of the motor with respect to grid. It is expected that control of bus voltage would have
increased the breakdown torque/power and accommodated the sudden ramp-up of synchronous
motor load. This aspect has been studied in the next scenario wherein one of the machine exciter is
set to AVR mode for controlling the bus voltage.

Step 4 -> Scenario 4 – Loading ImpacAVR

Run scenario “LoadingImpacAVR” (with both Mtr1 in AVR mode & Mtr2 in Mvar mode &
Mtr loading increased by 40% beyond its rating). This case is the same as Scenario 3 (i.e. 40%
ramp-up of synchronous load).

Observe the plots for Relative Rotor angle & MVAr for both synchronous machines and Voltage at
Bus 1 from which the following can be inferred.

Due to one of the synchronous machine exciter set in AVR mode, control of terminal voltage and
field excitation voltage is maintained resulting in adequate breakdown power being available to
cater to the sudden load ramp requirement. This ensured the recovery of rotor angle and terminal
voltage to normal values without machines going out of stability.

Synchronous Motor Operation

Generator Field- Discharge

Purpose and Description:

This exercise is designed to illustrate a system which experiences a fault near a generator. This is
to study output of generator fault current decay after generator CB trip with and without modelling
of generator field discharge features (i.e.by Field Discharge Resistor or by Negative Field
Discharge).

It should be noted that without model of field discharge feature, generator fault current will decay
very slowly.

Exercise File Details:

OTI File Location – GEN_FIELD_DISCHARGE_NEW-> TScase16-FieldDisch.oti
Library File Location – Default library in the ETAP root directory of the version being worked upon.
UDM File Location - GEN_FIELD_DISCHARGE_NEW-> UDM Models-> Gen
1_EXC_AC8B.udm
and Gen 1_EXC_AC8BRD.udm & Gen 1_EXC_AC8BNEG.udm

As part of the exercise three (3) cases as below have been carried out for fault at generator terminal
to study response of generator fault current decay for each of these cases.

 Case with Standard IEEE AC 8B UDM model (Without Field Discharge) by simulation of
fault for 100 milli-sec followed by tripping of generator CB and generator excitation.
 Case with Modified IEEE AC 8B UDM model (Modelled incorporating Field Discharge
Resistor) by simulation of fault for 100 milli-sec followed by tripping of generator CB.
 Case with Modified IEEE AC 8B UDM model (Modelled incorporating Negative Field
Discharge Feature) by simulation of fault for 100 milli-sec followed by tripping of
generator CB.

Three (3) Revisions including BASE case have been created to study the above 3 cases.
 Revision ‘Base’:- Generator with standard IEEE AC8B exciter-AVR modelled in UDM
 Revision ‘RDUDM’:- Generator with modified IEEE AC 8B exciter-AVR modelled in
UDM incorporating field discharge resistor.
 Revision ‘NegField’:- Generator with modified IEEE AC 8B exciter-AVR modelled in
UDM incorporating negative field discharge

The study cases carried for this exercise is as follows:

Revision
Scenario Name Study case (See above) Report Name Remark
Fault for 100 milli-sec on ‘Gen-Bus’ followed by
FLT-LOSS_EXC FLT- FLT-
Base
LOSS_EXC LOSS_EXC tripping of ‘Gen-CB’ and generator excitation
Fault for 100 milli-sec on ‘Gen-Bus’ followed by
FLT-FDR FLT-FDR RDUDM FLT-FDR
tripping of ‘Gen-CB’ with Field Discharge Resistor
Fault for 100 milli-sec on ‘Gen-Bus’ followed by
FLT-NEGF FLT-NEGF NegField FLT-NEGF tripping of ‘Gen-CB’ with Negative Field Discharge

Generator Field- Discharge

The comparison of fault current decay results of these studies is as shown below:

Generator Fault Current Decay

35000
30000
25000
20000
15000
10000
5000
0
5.90E-02
0.118
0.177
0.236
0.295
0.354
0.413
0.472
0.531
0.59
0.649
0.708
0.767
0.826
0.885
0.944
1.003
1.062
1.121
1.18
1.239
1.298
1.357
1.416
1.475
1.534
1.593
1.652
1.711
1.77
1.829
1.888
1.947
0

With Exciter Trip With Fld Discharge Resistor With Neg Fld Feature

Generator Field- Discharge

Procedure:

1. Open the project file and note the system details.

2. Observe grounding page, with grounding type selected as Xfmr-Resistor. Note neutral
transformer data as shown below.

Generator Field- Discharge

3. Note selected exciter page of Gen-1 which is standard IEEE-AC8B UDM model.

4. In transient stability module, Run ‘FLT-LOSS_EXC’ scenario for first case.

5. Note its Events page modelled for 3 phase fault on Gen-Bus at 0.1sec and second event as
loss of excitation of generator at 0.2sec with tripping of Gen-CB.
6. Note simulation time as 2 sec.
7. Note plots selected.
8. Run Transient-stability with output report name as ‘FLT-LOSS_EXC’.

Generator Field- Discharge

1. The TS study result plot shows the slowly decaying current coming from the generator for
case 1 without field discharge features as per TS plot output below

Case:2 Exciter With Field Discharge resistor

Figure A: Equivalent Circuit using Field Discharge resistor in Excitation Circuit of Generator

2. Modification require for FDR in standard AC8B exciter is:

Generator Field- Discharge

3. Complete modified model incorporated FDR.

4. Run scenario ‘FLT-FDR’

5. See results below which show faster reduction in fault.

Generator Field- Discharge

Case:3

Figure B: Equivalent Circuit using Negative Voltage Source in Excitation Circuit of Generator

6. Modification require for Neg Field Discharge in standard AC8B exciter is:

7. Complete modified model incorporated with negative field.

Generator Field- Discharge

8. Run scenario with ‘NegField’.

9. See results below which shows more faster reduction in fault compare to FDR.

10. The below result of 3 cases shows that Neg Field Discharge has fast fault decay of
Generator for its terminal fault.

Generator Fault Current Decay

35000
30000
25000
20000
15000
10000
5000
0
5.90E-02

1.18
0.531

1.829
0

0.118
0.177
0.236
0.295
0.354
0.413
0.472

0.59
0.649
0.708
0.767
0.826
0.885
0.944
1.003
1.062
1.121

1.239
1.298
1.357
1.416
1.475
1.534
1.593
1.652
1.711
1.77

1.888
1.947

With Exciter Trip With Fld Discharge Resistor With Neg Fld Feature

VFD Simulation

Description
This exercise is designed to illustrate the transient behavior of variable speed drives (VFD) for
motor (induction motor) starting purposes.

Purpose
The purpose of these simulations is to show how to configure VFD starting in transient module
of ETAP. This exercise will explain the behavior of VFD and motor connected to it during
different scenarios

Exercise File Details

OTI File Location – Tscase17-VFD -> TScase17-VFD.oti
Library File Location – Default library in the ETAP root directory of the version being worked
upon.
System Information
One 1500 HP motor is connected to VFD1. VFD1 has a frequency control starting scheme. The
system has one generator. The system has been simplified to understand the different scenarios
like Motor Start- Step frequency, and Motor Start- Ramp frequency. The System SLD is as
below:-

Figure 1: Large Induction Motor One-line Diagram

VFD Simulation

ETAP TS Scenario with case details, report and other TS run aspects.

Scenario Study Case Revision Configuration Output Rpt

Base Motor Start-
MotorStart-
TS (Used For Stepped Normal StepFrequencyControl
StepFrequency
Frequency Control)
Motor Start-
RampFrequen
FrequencyControlRam Motor Start-
cy TS Normal
pVFD RampFrequencyControl

Note: - In TS study case motor accelerated at 1 second.

Results are studied in the ETAP & reviewed as per the case analysis given below

Case 1 (Stepped frequency during VFD Start with x20 % increase per step from o to 100 %
frequency with V/Hz kept constant)

Run Case Study TS for ‘Motor Start- Step frequency’ using Revision “Base“. This scenario
will simulate the Mtr1 starting using frequency controlled starting through VFD1 based on
stepped increase in frequency. The stepped frequency control scheme cannot start the Mtr1
as there is high current drawn from the system due the 20 % frequency step which dips the
motor voltage and flux resulting in VFD shut-down as per transient graphical results below .
With stepped increase in motor reference frequency results in high slip as motor frequency
applied at each step always be higher than the motor cum driven load speed increase. This
results in jigh motor slip dependent on extent of step increase in frequency applied resulting
in motor and VFD input current , high supply source dip and VFD shut down.

VFD Simulation
Figure:- Motor slip with steeped increase in frequency

Case 2 (Ramped up of frequency)

Run Case Study TS for ‘Motor Start- Ramp frequency’ using Revision
“FrequencyControlRampVFD “

Run scenario ‘Motor Start- Ramp frequency’. This scenario will simulate the Mtr1 starting
using frequency controlled starting through VFD1 based on ramp up of frequency. The
frequency is ramped up in this model from 0 to 100% in 8 second with V/Hz kept constant.
The transient results of the case as given below shows the with motor reference frequency
when increased closely with motor cum driven load speed increase, the motor slip is close to
zero right from start resulting in control of motor and VFD input current enabling satisfactory
start and source system voltage profile

Figure:- Motor slip with Ramped up of frequency

Result:-
 Results shows percentage step increase in frequency causes increase in motor and VFD current
resulting in reduced voltage and flux and VFD shut off.
 Smooth ramp up of frequency is essential for VFD motor start since motor speeds up closely
with motor frequency (Synchronous speed) that is increased in a smooth ramp manor.

Dynamic Load Simulation

Purpose and Description:

This exercise introduces the concepts of dynamic load models in ETAP transient stability module.

Different types of load models for distribution systems are present like exponential, polynomial,
comprehensive and dynamic load. This exercise unlocks a tremendous capability of the program
to model custom load behavior.

Setup
OTI File Location:-TS-Case19 DynamicLoads -> TScase19-DynLoads.oti
ETAP Library from Default library in the ETAP root directory of the version being worked upon.
UDM file location: TS-Case19DynamicLoads->UDMModels-
>Lump2_GENLOAD_conventional.udm and Lump2_GENLOAD_polynominal.udm

System Information

Open SLD and note the system details.

Note two separate systems each fed from their respective generators. Also note the following loads
connected

System 1 With Lump1 Conventional Built-in Load Model

Conventional Load Lump2 Conventional UDM Model
System 2 With Lump3 Polynomial Built-in Load Model
Polynomial Load Lump4 Polynomial UDM Model
Only Use Revision “Base” for this study

The system has been modelled with a large external load application to cause voltage and
frequency dip in the system with results monitored to study MW & Mvar load consumptions of
Lump1, Lump2, Lump3 & Lump4 loads with inbuilt model and with UDM built dynamic load
model

If the MW & Mvar consumption of inbuilt and dynamical UDM modelled systems give same
results, then the exercise validates the performance on dynamic UDM models.

Dynamic Load Simulation

Details of SLD and load models are covered below:

Dynamic Load Simulation

Model for Conventional type load Lump1&Lump2

 Conventional Inbuilt model of Lump1 & Lump2

 80 % constant power & 20 % Static

 Conventional UDM model of Lump1 & Lump2 as below

If Ptotal=Pt=4.25MW as modelled in the load then,

P=Pt* (0.8+0.2Vt^2)= Pt0.8+ Pt0.2Vt^2= 4.250.8+4.250.2Vt^2=3.4+0.85Vt^2

If Qtotal=Qt=2.634 MVAr as modelled in the load then,

Q=Qt* (0.8+0.2Vt^2)= Qt0.8+ Qt0.2Vt^2= 2.6340.8+2.6340.2Vt^2=2.107+0.526Vt^2

This equation is true if 0.8 P.U. of the total load is constant power load & remaining 0.2 P.U load
is constant Impedance load. Where constant Impedance load varies in proportion to Vt^2 and
Constant power Load is independent of Vt.

Dynamic Load Simulation

Model for Polynomial type load Lump3 & Lump4

 Polynomial Inbuilt model of Lump3 & Lump4

Where P0= 3MW, p1= 0.334, p2=0.333, p3=0.333, Kpf= 1.7

Q0= 1.75MVAR, q1=0.5, q2=0.1, q3=0.4, Kqf= -1.1

 Polynomial UDM model of Lump3 & Lump4 as below

Equation for Polynomial type load:

Where P0= 3MW, p1= 0.334, p2=0.333, p3=0.333, Kpf= 1.7

Q0= 1.75MVAR, q1=0.5, q2=0.1, q3=0.4, Kqf= -1.1

Dynamic Load Simulation

Procedure:

1. Run TS case name ‘LA’ where an external load of 10 MVA was switch ON through CB
on each of System 1 & 2.
2. In TS study case editor of LA note that, plots are selected for Bus2, Bus3, Bus5 & Bus6
along with Lump1, Lump2, Lump3 & Lump4 loads.
3. Also note that in study case, Lump load are checked on for dynamic model.
4. Observe the results.

Bus Frequency at Bus1 & 2

Bus Voltage at Bus1 & 2

Dynamic Load Simulation

Bus Frequency at Bus5 & 6

Bus Voltage at Bus5 & 6

5. Note that results are same as with built in and UDM load model.

This document is confidential and proprietary to ETAP / ETAP Automation and may not be reproduced, published
or disclosed to others without written authorization of ETAP / ETAP Automation. All Rights Reserved. Page 6 of 6
SECTION L.9
EFFECT OF UNDER-EXCITATION &
OVER-EXCITATION LIMITERS
(UEL/OEL) IN EXCITATION SYSTEMS
TS case 31 – Excitation Sys with OEL & UEL

Description
This exercise provides an example on how to simulate the effect of an over excitation and under
excitation limiter (OEL & UEL). An excitation system is provided with both functions already created
and enabled. The exercise also illustrates how to introduce transients which can show the behavior of the
limiters. The exciter model is based on IEEE AC7B 2016 and the UEL and OEL are similar in nature to
those coupled to this type of excitation system.

Purpose
The purpose of this exercise is to introduce the concepts of OEL & UEL. The intent is also to show what
kind of conditions can lead to these elements influencing the transient behavior of the excitation system.

Setup
Load the project file named “TScase31-Exc_OEL_UEL”. Open the library file “etaplibXXXX.lib”
(example etaplib1610.lib where XXXX is your current ETAP version number)

System Information
Note that typically the OEL and UEL functions are not modeled for most excitation systems because of
their slower operating times. Both functions work only after the duration of the overload reaches a
predetermined limit. Most of the time the transient behavior has been corrected by other protective device
functions such as under and over voltage protection.

The test system chosen for this example represents the most basic test setup which can be used when
checking the performance of OEL/UEL models. The system represents a generation system transferring
power to the interconnection grid and local load. Changes in the grid voltage affect the generator output
and cause the machine to reach the over or under excitation limits. The system contains a system with
both OEL and UEL functions enabled and an equivalent one with those functions disabled.

Figure 1.a shows a possible implementation of the OEL control based on IEEE 421.5-2016 (figure 42).
Figure 1.b shows a possible implementation of the UEL control based on the same standard.

Figure 1.a and 1.b – OEL (left) and UEL (right) based on IEEE 421.5-2016

Note: that the models implemented in this exercise are not the same but follow similar fundamental
operation.