QUARTER 2-HYBRID MODULE 2

UNDERSTANDING FACTS ABOUT

EARTHQUAKES
WEEK 2

1
 Let’s Learn

This enhanced hybrid module was designed and written with you in mind.
The scope of this enhanced hybrid module permits it to be used in different learning
situations. The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students.
The lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course. But the
order in which you read them can be changed to correspond with the textbook you
are now using.

The enhanced hybrid module is composed of the lesson about:

-Understanding Facts about an Earthquake

After going through this hybrid module, you are expected to:

1. differentiate epicenter of an earthquake from its focus

2. differentiate magnitude from intensity

Let’s Try

DIRECTIONS: Read and analyze each item carefully. Choose the letter of the correct
answer.
1. Which of the following measures the strength of shaking produced by the
earthquake at a certain location?
A. Focus C. Intensity
B. Epicenter D. Magnitude
2. It measures the energy released at the source of the earthquake.
A. Focus C. Intensity
B. Epicenter D. Magnitude
3. Which of these statements is/are true?
A. Intensity and magnitude are the same
B. Magnitude is expressed in Roman Numerals
C. Magnitude can be measured by the seismograph
D. Intensity is measured with the use of phonograph
4. In the illustration given below, the arrow is pointed to the _______.

2
 A. Epicenter B. Focus C. Intensity D. Magnitude
5. It is the location on the Earth where Earthquake starts.
A. Epicenter C. Intensity
B. Focus D. Magnitude
6. It refers to the location on the surface of the Earth directly above where the
earthquake starts.
A. Epicenter C. Intensity
B. B. Focus D. Magnitude
7. The place where the fault begins to slip is called ______.
A. Active faults C. Epicenter
B. Inactive faults D. rocks

8. Which is not a method of spotting an active fault?

A. Checking historical backgrounds
B. Observing the surroundings
C. Studying the vibrations
D. Interviewing survivors
9. It is an instrument used to measure and record details of earthquake.
A. seismogram C. seismograph
B. microscope D. stenograph
10. As you go away from the focus, the intensity ________.
A. increases C. does not change
B. deceases D. increases and decreases
11. Intensity is expressed in terms of ______.
A. Roman Numerals C. Both A and B
B. Hindu-Arabic Numerals D. In any way you like it
12. Juan Miguel was sitting in front of the television when he suddenly felt an
earthquake in which vibration is like passing a heavy truck, what intensity did he
felt?
A. I B. VI C. IV D. V
13. What intensity can destroy all man-made structure?
A. I B. IX C. X D. VIII
14. It caused an Earthquake in the past and can generate more in the future.
A. Active Epicenter C. Active Fault
B. Active Focus D. Active Vibration
15.The acronym PHIVOLCS stands for ______________________________.
A. Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology
B. Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seisnology
C. Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Sismology
D. Philippine Institution of Volcanology and Seismology

3
 Lesson
Understanding Facts About
2 an Earthquake

Let’s Recall

A. Guess to MATCH ME
Directions: Complete the word to match the definition.

1. S _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ R An instrument that responds to the ground motions

such as caused by earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and explosion.
2. F _ _ U _ The place inside Earth’s crust where an earthquake originates.
3. A _ T _ _ _ A fault that is likely become the source of other earthquakes.
4. I _ _ C _ _ _ _ A fault that do not display any seismic activity for than 10,000
years.
5. M _ G _ _ _ _ _ _ The rapid release of energy during an earthquake.

Let’s Explore
Label Me Please!
Direction: Label the following correctly. Choose your answer from the box below.
Define each term briefly after labeling the parts.

1 2

3 4 5

Focus Seismic wave Plate movement

Epicenter Fault

4
 Let’s Elaborate

FOCUS AND EPICENTER OF AN EARTHQUAKE

Epicenter is the position on the Earth’s surface directly above where the
earthquake started.
Focus (Hypocenter) is the location in the Earth where the earthquake starts.
Seismograph is a device that records earthquakes.

How Strong is an Earthquake?

An earthquake can be described in two ways: intensity and magnitude. The

magnitude of an earthquake tells us how powerful or mild the shaking is.
The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) is a
provider institute of the Department of Science and Technology (DOST) this is mainly
mandated to mitigate screw ups that could stand up from volcanic eruptions,
earthquakes, tsunami, and different associated geotectonic phenomena. To describe
the intensity of earthquakes in the Philippines, the Philippine Institute of Volcanology
and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) employs the following scale.

Intensity Shaking Description

Scale
I Scarcely Perceptible to people under favorable circumstances.
Perceptible Delicately balanced objects are disturbed slightly. Still
Water in containers oscillates slowly.
II Slightly Felt Felt by few individuals at rest indoors. Hanging objects
swing slightly. Still Water in containers oscillates
noticeably.
III Weak Felt by many people indoors especially in upper floors of
buildings. Vibration is felt like one passing of a light
truck. Dizziness and nausea are experienced by some
people. Hanging objects swing moderately. Still water in
containers oscillates moderately.
IV Moderately Felt generally by people indoors and by some people
Strong outdoors. Light sleepers are awakened. Vibration is felt

5
 like a passing of heavy truck. Hanging objects swing
considerably. Dinner, plates, glasses, windows, and
doors rattle. Floors and walls of wood framed buildings
creak. Standing motor cars may rock slightly. Liquids in
containers are slightly disturbed. Water in containers
oscillate strongly. Rumbling sound may sometimes be
heard.
V Strong Felt generally by people indoors and by some people
outdoors. Light sleepers are awakened. Vibration is felt
like a passing of heavy truck. Hanging objects swing
considerably. Dinner, plates, glasses, windows, and
doors rattle. Floors and walls of wood framed buildings
creak. Standing motor cars may rock slightly. Liquids in
containers are slightly disturbed. Water in containers
oscillate strongly. Rumbling sound may sometimes be
heard.
VI Very Strong Many people are frightened, many run outdoors. Some
people lose their balance. Motorists feel like driving in flat
tires. Heavy objects or furniture move or may be shifted.
Small church bells may ring. Wall plaster may crack.
Very old or poorly built houses and man-made structures
are slightly damaged though well-built structures are not
affected. Limited rock falls and rolling boulders occur in
hilly to mountainous areas and escarpments. Trees are
noticeably shaken.
VII Destructive Most people are frightened and run outdoors. People find
it difficult to stand in upper floors. Heavy objects and
furniture overturn or topple. Big church bells may ring.
Old or poorly built structures suffer considerably
damage. Some well-built structures are slightly damaged.
Some cracks may appear on dikes, fishponds, road
surface, or concrete hollow block walls. Limited
liquefaction, lateral spreading and landslides are
observed. Trees are shaken strongly. (Liquefaction is a
process by which loose saturated sand lose strength
during an earthquake and behave like liquid).
VIII Very People are panicky. People find it difficult to stand even
Destructive outdoors. Many well-built buildings are considerably
damaged. Concrete dikes and foundation of bridges are
destroyed by ground settling or toppling. Railway tracks
are bent or broken. Tombstones may be displaced,
twisted, or overturned. Utility posts, towers and
monuments mat tilt or topple. Water and sewer pipes
may be bent, twisted, or broken. Liquefaction and lateral
spreading cause man- made structure to sink, tilt or
topple. Numerous landslides and rock falls occur in
mountainous and hilly areas. Boulders are thrown out
from their positions particularly near the epicenter.
Fissures and faults rapture may be observed. Trees are
violently shaken. Water splash or stop over dikes or
banks of rivers.
IX Devastating People are forcibly thrown to ground. Many cries and
shake with fear. Most buildings are totally damaged.
Bridges and elevated concrete structures are toppled or
destroyed. Numerous utility posts, towers and monument
are tilted, toppled, or broken. Water sewer pipes are bent,
twisted, or broken. Landslides and liquefaction with
lateral spreading’s and sand boils are widespread. The
ground is distorted into undulations. Trees are shaken
very violently with some toppled or broken. Boulders are

6
 commonly thrown out. River water splashes violently on
slops over dikes and banks.
X Completely Practically all man-made structures are destroyed.
Devastating Massive landslides and liquefaction, large scale
subsidence and uplifting of landforms and many ground
fissures are observed. Changes in river courses and
destructive seiches in large lakes occur. Many trees are
toppled, broken and uprooted.

A seismometer is a device that detects ground vibrations like earthquakes,

volcanic eruptions, and explosions.

The strength of an earthquake is assessed by examining the earthquake's

impact in various locations. Inspections are carried out on houses, buildings, and
other structures. People are asked what they saw (the cabinet fell over), how they felt
(I was terrified), and what they did (ran out of the house).

Another way of describing the strength of an earthquake is by magnitude.

Recall that rocks bend along a fault, energy is stored little by little. When the rocks
suddenly snap, the stored energy is released.

The released energy can be calculated by scientist and is called the Magnitude
of an Earthquake. Obviously, the greater the magnitude, the stronger the
earthquake. To distinguish the two, intensity is expressed using Roman numerals (I,
II, III) while magnitude uses Hindu-Arabic numerals (2, 3, 4).

Earthquake with a magnitude of 2 may or may not be felt. Those that are felt
by most people have a magnitude of 4. Magnitude 6 quakes can lead to a lot of
damage in highly populated areas.

Earthquakes with a magnitude of 7 can cause severe damage. A magnitude 8

or 9 quakes results I widespread destruction, especially near epicenter. Luckily only
one or two occur every year.

How long will the earthquake last? Usually only a few seconds. The strong
shaking of the ground during moderate to large earthquakes usually lasts between
10 to 30 seconds.

EARTHQUAKE SAFETY
Staying calm is the first step in earthquake safety precautions.

• When an earthquake starts, get your emergency readiness kit. Remember

to Drop, Cover, and Hold On.
• Get down on the ground beneath a table or work area. Keep your emergency
readiness kit so you'll have the supplies you need
• Keep clear of windows—glass may smash from the shaking.
• Never stand beneath objects that can drop on top of you like an expansive
bookcase.
• If you’re in bed, cover your head and neck with pillows.

7
 • If you’re outside, move away from buildings which can collapse. Stay in an
open zone where there are no trees, buildings, or control lines.
• If you’re driving when an earthquake strikes, pull over to a huge open zone
that’s not beneath trees or power lines. Set the parking brake. Remain in the
vehicle.
• If you’re at school, work, or any shopping zone don’t take the elevator. Take
the stairs.

Let’s Dig In
Activity 1: Read the situations below and come-up with a generalization on
earthquakes’ safety.

Situation 1:
Maria lives in the province of Ilocos Sur. Their house is made up of wood and is
slightly elevated from the ground by means of bamboo poles. It is a 50-year old house
own by their family. When a magnitude 4 earthquake hit the province of Ilocos Norte, their
house was completely destroyed.
Process Questions:
1. According to the correlating intensity of a magnitude 4 earthquake, what
should have been a very observable effect? Support your answer.
2. Why do you think their house crumble with a magnitude 4 earthquake?
3. What precautionary measures should they undertake?
Situation 2:
Your friend’s house is near West Valley Fault. His house is made up of concrete
with wider columns and beams. These columns and beams are reinforced by steel beams
that are of greater diameter than what is required. Moreover, the house is not full of
lighting fixtures and glass panels.

Process Questions:
1. If ever the fault line near your friend’s house move, would his house be
damaged?
2. What advantage does have wide columns and beams have when an
earthquake strikes?
3. What best practice can be learned from your friend’s house design?

Let’s Remember

Putting It Together!!!

After knowing the terms associated with earthquakes, you are now ready to
complete the graphic organizer below. Remember to put the word Earthquake at
the center of the organizer.

8
Process Questions:
1. What is an earthquake?
2. How is an earthquake different from faults?
3. What is the difference between an earthquake’s focus and its epicenter?
Magnitude of an earthquakes from intensity?
4. What scales are used in determining the magnitude and the intensity of an
earthquake?

Let’s Apply

Activity 2: Build Me a Condominium

A real estate development company is planning to build a 508-meter condominium in one

of the places listed below. Your friend, an agent of the company, is asking for your opinion
on which of the places should the company build the high-rise building. Choose the place
from the list below and complete the box that follows. You may look at a political map for
you to locate the place. You can also do online research about the place.

Place Code Location

A Sagbayan, Bohol
B Bayawan City, Negros Oriental
C Sogod, Southern Leyte
D Hinatuan, Surigao del Sur
E
Bonifacio Global City, Taguig

9
 My chosen place is ____________________________________________________.

I chose this place because _______________________________________________.

Answer the following questions:

1. What considerations did you make in choosing the place where the condominium
should be built?
2. Which of the considerations you made weighted more than the others?
3. Would you build a condominium near a body of water? Or would you rather build
it near a highway? Why or why not?
4.How do you determine the right place for building a high-rise condominium?
5.Should the movement of the Earth be considered when planning to build a high-
rise condominium?

Let’s Evaluate

Direction: Choose the letter of the best answer.

1. The natural shaking of the earth due to the release as rocks move along a fault
is _________.
A. fault C. earthquake
B. frequency D. coverage
2. Which of the following measures an earthquake’s intensity based on the
observed effects on people and structures?
A. Richter scale C. Centigrade scale
B. Modified Mercalli scale D. The moment magnitude scale

Study the illustration below, and answer questions 3-5.

.

3. Point A, where slip initiated during earthquake is called the ________.

A. dip C. focus
B. epicenter D. scarp
4. Point B is called the earthquake ____________.
A. dip C. focus
B. epicenter D. scarp
5. Point C is called the ________.
A. epicenter C. seismic wave
B. fault D. dip of the earthquake
6. Who developed the procedure used to measure the size of an earthquake?
A. Art Smith C. James Hutton
B. Edward Sheridan D. Charles Richter

10
7. Which of the following can be triggered by an earthquake?
A. tsunami C. intense ground shaking
B. a landslide D. all of these
8. Which of the following can trigger a tsunami?
A. undersea earthquakes C. undersea landslides
B. the eruption of an oceanic volcano D. all of these
9. Which of the following statements best describes the state of earthquake
prediction?
A. Scientists can accurately predict the time and location of almost all
earthquakes.
B. Scientists can accurately predict the time and location of about 50% of all
earthquakes.
C. Scientists can characterize the seismic risk of an area but cannot yet
accurately predict most earthquakes.
D. Scientists can accurately predict when an earthquake will occur.
10. Earthquakes are common in the Philippines because it is in an area called ____.
A. Southeast Asia C. Earthquake Prone Area
B. Pacific Ocean D. Pacific Ring of Fire

References
Tarbuck, E.J., & Lutgens, F.K. (1999). Earth, An Introduction to Physical Geology (6 th
Ed.). Upper Saddler River, NJ: Prentice Hall

http://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph

http://myscienceschool.org/index.php?/archives/9662-WHAT-HAPPENS-AT-THE-
FOCUS-OF-AN-EARTHQUAKE.html

https://earthquake.usg.gov/

http://www/geerassociation.org/GEER_Post%20EQ%20Reports/Duzce_1999/kay
nasli1.htm

https://www.gns.cri.nz/Home/Learning/Science-Topics/Earthquakes-and-Faults

http://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph

http://www.GeologyPage.com

https://www.livescience.com/37052-types-of-faults.html

https://www.sanfoundry.com/engineering-geology-interview-questions-answers-
classification-faults-03/

https://uh.edu/~jbutler/physical/chap10mult.html

https://www.earthquakeauthority.com/California-Earthquake-Risk/Personal-
Preparedness/Seven-Steps-to-Earthquake-Safety

11
 Development Team of the Module

Writer: MISCHELLE S. VILLAVICENCIO - (NIS)

Content Evaluators: Lynette Pearl A. De Leon, Teacher I. BNHS

Language Editor:

Layout Artist: ALIGN LAURENCE P. MARAVILLAS –Teacher II- GRPMHS-MAIN

HYBRID MODULE TEAM:

DR. MELEDA POLITA – SDS (Ret.)
DR. REA MILANA-CRUZ – (School Principal IV-WBNHS)
JAYAR E. LONGASA – MT I (WBNHS)

Management Team:
DR. MARGARITO B. MATERUM - Schools Division Superintendent
DR. GEORGE P. TIZON -SGOD - Chief
DR. ELLERY G. QUINTIA -CID - Chief
DR. MARIVIC T. ALMO - Education Program Supervisor- Science

For inquiries, please write or call:

Schools Division of Taguig city and Pateros Upper Bicutan Taguig City

Telefax: 8384251

Email Address: [email protected]

12
13