Engineering Data

COMMERCIAL DIVISION Valve Sizing

INTRODUCTION Step 2 - Calculate the Cv

The control valve is the most important single element in any The focal point of all valve sizing is the flow coefficient (Cv).
fluid handling system. This is because it regulates the flow of a The Cv factor is defined as “the number of U.S. gallons per min-
fluid in the HVAC system. The automated valve is often referred ute of 60°F water that will flow through a fully open valve with
to as the final control element, and is certainly the most impor- a 1 psi drop across it.” This factor is determined by the construc-
tant part of any piping system. The system will not operate at an tion of the valve and will not change. Note that identical valve
efficient level without a properly sized valve. For valves that are sizes may have different Cv’s if the body or valve trim is differ-
too oversized, the results are poor controllability of the system ent. This value of Cv is probably the most useful piece of infor-
and may cause the valve to hunt or cycle. Valves that are too mation in sizing a valve.
undersized will require a larger pressure drop across the valve to There are two different methods of determining the
maintain adequate flow and may not provide the required capac- proper Cv. The first, and most simple, is to use sizing charts.
ity. The results of undersizing a valve will cause the pump to Note that there are different charts for Chilled or Hot Water
work harder and make the valve very susceptible to the effects of and Steam applications.
cavitation.
To properly select a control valve, it is helpful to have Water Sizing Charts
a general knowledge of fluid mechanics, and of the components To use the Water Sizing Charts, first determine the pressure drop
of a HVAC piping system. This section of the catalog is de- across the valve to be used. A pressure drop must exist across a
signed to assist you in the selection of the best control valve for control valve if flow is to occur. The greater the drop, the greater
your system. Included are the steps and specific formulas to help the flow at any fixed opening. The pressure drop across a valve
you size your valve assemblies correctly. The key to remember is varies with the disc position - from minimum when the valve is
that valve sizing in not an exact science and that often you must fully open to 100% of the system drop when the valve is fully
select from the best available option. closed.
To size a valve properly, it is necessary to know the
THE SIX STEPS full flow pressure drop across it. The pressure drop across a
There are six steps to correctly size a valve in a piping system. valve is the difference in pressure between the inlet and outlet
They are as follows: under flow conditions. When it is specified by the consulting
1) Gather information engineer and the required flow is known, the selection of a valve
2) Calculate Cv is simplified. But when the pressure drop is not known, it must
3) Select a Valve be computed or assumed. As a rule of thumb, most consulting
4) Correct for Fp engineers will allow you to use between 3 to 5 psi drop across a
5) Cavitation Check valve for sizing purposes.
6) Close-Off Check In the following example, lets say that the application
requires a 5 psi drop. Then determine how many GPM will be
flowing through the valve (194 GPM in this example). Go down
the “5 DELTA P” column until you see the closest number to the
Step 1 - Gather Information
GPM needed (190 GPM). Follow that row to the far left column
For selecting the best valve assembly for the application, the
under the Cv heading. You now know that you need a valve with
more information you can collect up front, the better. Below is a
a Cv rating of around 85.
check list of information required.

Valve Information
1) Service? Water, Steam, other Fluid Differntial Pressure (PSI)
2) Required Capacity? Water in gallons per minute (GPM), Cv
Delta P
Steam in lbs/hour
3) Desired Pressure Drop of Valve? 3-5 psi is normal 2 3 4 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
4) Temperature of Fluid? How hot or cold is the medium
5) System Pressure? Valve needs to withstand the pressure 70 99 121 140 157 221 271 313 350 383 414
6) Pipe Size? Fp correction may be required 74 105 128 148 165 234 287 331 370 405 438
7) Type of Valve? Ball, Globe, Butterfly
75 106 130 150 168 237 290 335 375 411 444
Actuator Information 85 120 147 170 190 269 329 380 425 466 503
1) Electric or Pneumatic?
2) Double Acting or Spring Return? Is spring return really 91 129 158 182 203 288 352 407 455 498 531
necessary?
100 141 173 200 224 316 - - - - -
3) Power Source? 120 V, 24 V, 80 psi air are normal
4) Control Signal? 4-20 mA, 0-10 VDC, 3-15 psi air 101 143 175 202 226 319 391 452 505 553 598
5) Close Off Requirements? Size of actuator needed
6) Accessories? Switches, feedback, etc. NOTE:
Ambient Temperature / Conditions? Weatherproof enclosure, These tables are based on water at 60°F.
heater, etc. Numbers in the Table are GPM.
 Engineering Data
COMMERCIAL DIVISION Valve Sizing

Steam Sizing Charts

The Steam Sizing Charts are used in the same way as the water tables. However, with steam different parameters are used. When
calculating Cv for steam you must first know the inlet pressure. With water the inlet pressure is not necessary, but with steam it is
absolutely necessary. Note that the column headings in the steam charts begin with the inlet pressure.
When sizing steam valves, different pressure drops are used depending on if the valve is for two position or modulating
control applications. Each inlet pressure column has two sub columns. The left sub column is for two position control. The right, or
higher pressure drop column, is for modulating control. You should not be alarmed at the seemly high delta pressure that is recom-
mended for steam. Because of the nature of steam and its heating abilities, it requires a high pressure drop for good control.
In the following example, first determine what the steam inlet pressure going to the valve will be (15 psi of steam in this
example). Determine if the application is for two position or modulating control (modulating in this example). The left sub column
under 15 psi is for two position, low pressure drop, the right sub column is for modulating, high pressure drop. Then determine how
many pounds per hour of steam will be passing through the valve. Go down the right sub column until you see the closest number to
the required lbs/hr of steam (3380 lbs/hr). Follow that row to the far left column under the Cv heading. You now know that you
need a Cv rating of around 75.

Inlet Pressure (PSI)

Cv 5 lbs 10 lbs 15 lbs 20 lbs

Delta P
0.5* 4 1* 8 1.5* 12 2* 14
56 521 1331 818 1942 1093 2448 1359 2860
65 604 1545 949 2254 1268 2842 1577 3320
70 651 1664 1022 2427 1366 3061 1698 3575
75 697 1783 1095 2601 1463 3279 1820 3830
85 790 2021 1241 2947 1658 3716 2062 4341
100 930 2377 1460 3488 1951 4372 2426 5107
115 1069 2734 1680 3988 2244 5028 2790 5873

Formulas for Cv
The second method of calculating Cv is by using mathematical equations. While the sizing charts are quick and easy, there are times
when you many need to calculate the exact Cv requirement. This may be the case if nothing on the chart comes close.
There are different formulas used to calculate the Cv depending on the line flow medium. Following are the formulas and example
solutions.
 Engineering Data
COMMERCIAL DIVISION Valve Sizing
 Engineering Data
COMMERCIAL DIVISION Valve Sizing

Valve Sizing Information for Steam Step 3 - Select A Valve

When sizing a valve for steam applications, three steps must be Now that you know what the Cv requirements are you can select
followed: the valve to fit the application. Select a control valve from ball,
1) Determine the proper pressure drop that should be used. glove or butterfly valve with an actuator from electric or pneu-
See Below matic, double acting or spring return, high or low pressure. Each
2) Calculate the absolute outlet pressure (P2) valve and actuator type has its own specific features and bene-
3) Calculate the valve flow coefficient (Cv) fits, as well as its suitability to different applications. Consider
the space requirements, pipe dimensions, function, valve disc
1) Pressure Drop and seat materials, corrosion protection, torque temperature
Two position Valves range and engineering specifications needed for the specific
Use 10% of available inlet pressure. service.
Modulating Valves When you have selected the type of automated valve
• Low pressure (15 PSIG or less): 80% of available inlet needed refer to the Cv charts in the appropriate section in this
pressure. manual. Select a valve with the closest Cv rating.
• For steam pressures greater than 15 psi: 42% of the abso- Before making the final selection, Steps 4 through 6
lute inlet pressure. must be taken.
• When Cv required is between two valve sizes and closer to
the smaller valve size, re-size for Cv using 42% of the abso- Step 4 - Correct For Fp
lute inlet pressure as pressure drop. Use the valve that is This is one of the most neglected areas of valve sizing. It is espe-
larger than the calculated Cv. cially important when using a very high capacity valve, such as a
• When Cv required is between two valve sizes, select the ball valve.
larger size. In sizing control valves, the control valve size will
Note: Do not size steam valves on higher system pressures using usually be smaller than the pipe in which it is installed. When-
a pressure drop greater than 42% of the absolute inlet pressure. ever pipe reducers are used, the flow of line fluid is disrupted,
thus lowering the effective flow coefficient (Cv) of the valve.
2) Absolute Outlet Pressure (P2) This phenomenon is called the piping geometry factor (symbol =
Once you have calculated the proper pressure drop you are in Fp).
position to calculate the P2 Please refer to the piping geometry tables in this sec-
P2 = Inlet Pressure - DELTA P + 14.7 tion (ball, globe, butterfly) of the catalog for adjustment factor.
For example: with an inlet pressure of 15 psi, and pressure drop In some cases you will need to increase the size of the valve to
of 12, you would calculate the P2 as follows: the next larger to get the required Cv for the system.
P2 = 15 psi - 12 psi + 14.7 To use the Adjusted Cv for Piping Geometry Factor
P2 = 3 psi + 14.7 Chart for ball valves, first find the pipe size at the top of the
P2 = 17.7 psi chart 1¼” in this example). Find the valve model along the left
3) Flow Coefficient (Cv) hand column (SD22-7130). Correlate the two columns to find
With the pressure drop and absolute pressure determined, you your effective Cc (3.50).
can now calculated the Cv.

Model Cv Pipe Size

No. NPT (nom)
3/4” 1” 1 1/4” 1 1/2”

SD22-7110 1/2” 1 1.00 .99 .99 .99

SD22-7120 1/2” 2 1.97 1.94 1.93 1.92
SD22-7130 1/2” 4 3.76 3.59 3.50 3.45
SD22-7730 1/2” 10 7.31 6.25 5.83 5.61
SD22-7140 3/4” 25 - 19.54 16.26 14.75
 Engineering Data
COMMERCIAL DIVISION Valve Sizing

Step 5 - Cavitation Check Valve Cavitation Indexes

When dealing with a non compressible fluid such as water and Valve Type Kc
with a high pressure drop, it is very important to verify that your Ball .22
valve will not suffer the effects of cavitation. Globe .50
Cavitation is a phenomenon that occurs in two stages in a liquid Butterfly .30
system. The first stage is the formation of voids or cavities
(bubbles) within the liquid system. As water passes through the Vapor Pressure Chart
valve, pressure is reduced dramatically - sometimes to the point Water Temperature Vapor Pressure
of a near vacuum. This enables water in essence to “boil” at very up to 100°F less than 1 (use 1.0)
low temperatures. Note that the boiling point of water can lower 107°F 1.2
from 212°F to room temperature in a vacuum. The second stage 113°F 1.4
is the collapse or implosion of these cavities back into the liquid 117°F 1.6
state. 122°F 1.8
The forming of vapor bubbles in itself can be a problem since 126°F 2.0
these bubbles restrict the flow of water through the valve. How- 132°F 2.4
ever, the second stage is a far worse problem. As the bubbles 141°F 3.0
move downstream from the orifice, the pressure stabilizes and 152°F 4.0
the bubbles collapse back to their original liquid state. When this 162°F 5.0
implosion occurs, all the energy from the surface tension forms a 170°F 6.0
micro jet. The energy is concentrated into a very small area. This 176°F 7.0
can virtually destroy the valve and can even destroy the sur- 182°F 8.0
rounding pipe. 188°F 9.0
While cavitation rarely happens in HVAC systems, it must be 193°F 10.0
avoided, as this phenomenon not only effects the capacity of the 202°F 12.0
valve but also causes noise, vibration, and erosion to the valve 210°F 14.0
trim and body. 212°F 14.7
The exact point when cavitation will begin is hard to pinpoint
due to many variables. Engineers have found the formula below
to be accurate.

Once you have calculated the maximum pressure drop across the
valve without causing cavitation, you must check the actual pres-
sure drop of the selected valve. It must have an actaul pressure
drop of less than the DELTA Pm. If the selected valve has too
great a pressure drop, then you must select a larger valve.
 Engineering Data
COMMERCIAL DIVISION Valve Sizing

Step 6 - Close-Off Check Some of the Rules applicable to the categories of valves are as
The valve must be able to close. This is a function of the actua- follows:
tor that is used on the valve to automate it. If too small an actua- 1) Two Position Control
tor is used, the actuator will not provide enough force to close A low pressure drop across the valve is desired. Take no
off against the line system pressure that affects the valve. If too more that 10% of the available system pressure as the drop.
large an actuator is used, the actuator will not be cost effective. If the pressure is not known, then choose a line size valve.
Keep in mind that for the system to function properly it is better For example: With an inlet pressure of 30 psi, the pressure
to oversize an actuator than undersize. drop of the valve should be 3 psi or less.
Note: 3-way valves do not normally require a high 2) Proportional Control, Varying Flow
close-off rating. This is due to the fact that these valves are only A high pressure drop across the valve is desirable. The
changing the direction of the flow and not stopping the flow. It delta pressure should be equal to the delta pressure across
is easier to divert a force than to stop it dead in it’s tracks. the coil. If the pressure is not known, then use 5 psi.
For the close-off ratings of a specific valve, please 3) Proportional Control, Varying Temperature
refer to the valve selection charts in the ball, globe or butterfly A low pressure drop across the valve is desirable. Take no
valve sections of this manual. less than 20% of the available system pressure as the drop.
The maximum pressure drop should be equal to 25% of the
While each engineered system is different, there are some gen- delta pressure through full load at full line flow.
eral practices used concerning how much pressure drop to take For Example: Given a system where the amount of water
across a control valve. Below are some rules of thumb. in the coil does not change, but where the valve is control-
ling the percentage of the constant flow coming from the
Basic Control Valve Categories boiler. By modulating the valve, the temperature of the wa-
Most of the control valves in the HVAC industry fall into one of ter entering the coil varies. In this type of system, a low
the following categories: pressure drop is desired across the valve. With 20 psi inlet
1) The control is a two position operation (both water and pressure, a 4 psi maximum drop across the valve is needed.
steam). 4) Proportional Control of Steam
2) Proportional control of water, the varying of the amount A very high pressure drop across the valve is desirable.
water flow. A) FOR 15 PSI STEAM OR LESS
3) Proportional control of water, the varying of the tempera- Take 80% of the inlet pressure or as the delta pressure or
ture of the water flow. choose a valve at least 1 size smaller than line size.
4) Proportional control of steam. For example: Given a system with an inlet pressure of 10
Basic Rules psi. The valve should be sized to have an 8 psi pressure
drop.
B) FOR GREATER THAN 15 PSI STEAM
Take 42% of the absolute inlet pressure (gauge pressure +
14.7 = absolute pressure)
For example: Given a system with an inlet pressure of 50
psi. The valve should be sized to have a pressure drop of
27.17 psi across the valve.

NOTE: You should not be alarmed at the seemly high delta

pressure that is recommended for steam. Because of the nature of
steam and its heating abilities, it requires a high pressure drop
for good control.
 Engineering Data
COMMERCIAL DIVISION Valve Sizing

Damper Actuator Sizing

The number of actuators required for specific applications de-
pends on several torque factors. To determine the quantity of
actuators required for the installation:
• Obtain the damper torque ratings (ft-lb/ft2 or Nm/m2) from
the damper manufacturer.
• Determine the area of the damper.
• Calculate the total torque required to move the damper

Total Torque = Torque Rating x Damper Area

• Select the total quantity of actuators required:

Number of Actuators =
Torque Damper Torque Required

SF* x Actuator Torque (Refer to Specifications)

*Safety Factor: When calculating the number of actuators re-

quired, a safety factor should be included for unaccountable
variables such as slight misalignment, aging of the damper, etc.
A suggested safety factor is 0.80 (or 80% of the rated torque).
 Engineering Data
COMMERCIAL DIVISION Water Valve Sizing Table

Differntial Pressure (PSI) Differntial Pressure (PSI)

Delta P Delta P
Cv Cv
2 3 4 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 2 3 4 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
.04 .57 .69 .80 .89 1.26 1.55 1.79 2.0 2.2 2.4 65 92 113 130 145 206 251 291 325 356 385

.95 1.3 1.7 1.9 2.12 3.0 3.7 4.3 4.8 5.2 5.6 67 95 116 134 150 212 259 300 335 367 396

1.3 1.8 2.2 2.6 2.9 4.1 5.0 5.8 6.5 7.1 7.7 68 96 116 136 152 215 263 250 340 372 402

1.4 2.0 2.4 2.8 3.1 4.4 5.4 6.3 7.0 7.7 8.3 70 99 121 140 157 221 271 313 350 383 414

1.7 2.4 2.9 3.4 3.8 5.4 6.6 7.6 8.5 9.3 10.1 74 105 128 148 165 234 287 331 370 405 438

2 2.8 3.5 4.0 4.5 6.3 7.8 8.9 9.8 11 12 75 106 130 150 168 237 290 335 375 411 444

2.2 3.1 3.8 4.4 4.9 7.0 8.5 9.8 11 12 13 85 120 147 170 190 269 329 380 425 466 503

2.4 3.4 4.2 4.8 5.4 7.6 9.3 10.7 12 13 14 91 129 158 182 203 288 352 407 455 498 531

2.5 3.5 4.3 5.0 5.6 7.9 10 11 13 14 15 100 141 173 200 224 316 - - - - -

3.3 4.7 5.7 6.6 7.4 10.4 13 15 17 18 20 101 143 175 202 226 319 391 452 505 553 598

3.6 5.1 6.2 7.2 8.1 11.4 14 16 18 20 21 109 154 189 218 244 345 422 487 575 597 645

3.8 5.4 6.6 7.6 8.5 12.0 15 17 19 21 22 115 163 199 - - - - - - - -

4 5.7 6.9 8.0 8.9 12.7 15 18 20 22 24 145 205 251 290 324 459 562 648 725 794 858

5 7.1 8.7 10 11 15 19 22 25 27 30 160 226 277 320 358 506 620 716 800 876 947

5.5 7.9 9.5 11 12 17 21 25 28 30 33 170 240 294 340 - - - - - - -

6 8.5 10.4 12 13 19 23 27 30 33 36 179 253 310 358 400 566 693 801 895 980 1059

6.2 8.8 10.7 12 14 20 24 28 31 34 37 195 276 338 390 436 617 755 872 975 1068 1154

6.8 9.6 11.8 14 15 22 26 30 34 37 40 200 283 346 400 447 - - - - - -

7.4 10.5 12.8 15 17 23 29 33 37 41 44 235 332 407 470 525 743 910 1051 1175 1287 1390

7.5 10.6 13.0 15 17 24 29 34 38 41 44 250 354 433 500 559 791 968 1118 1250 1369 1479

8 11.3 13.9 16 18 25 31 36 40 44 47 275 389 476 550 - - - - - - -

8.2 11.6 14.2 16 18 26 32 37 41 45 49 290 410 502 580 648 917 1123 1297 1450 1588 1716

8.5 12.0 14.7 17 19 27 33 38 43 47 50 300 424 520 600 671 949 1162 1342 1500 1643 1775

9 12.7 15.6 18 20 28 35 40 45 49 53 350 495 606 700 783 1107 1356 1565 1750 1917 2071

10.5 15 18 21 23 33 41 47 53 58 62 390 552 676 780 872 1233 1510 1744 1950 2136 2307

11 16 19 22 25 35 43 49 55 60 65 425 601 736 850 - - - - - - -

12 17 21 24 27 38 46 54 60 66 71 440 622 762 880 984 1391 1704 1968 2200 2410 2603

15 21 26 3 34 47 58 67 75 82 89 680 962 1178 - - - - - - - -

16 23 28 32 36 51 62 72 80 88 95 1125 1591 1949 1250 - - - - - - -

17.4 25 30.1 35 39 55 67 78 87 95 104 1150 1626 1992 2300 - - - - - - -

25 35 43 50 56 79 97 112 125 137 148 1750 2475 3031 3500 - - - - - - -

30 42 52 60 67 95 116 134 150 164 177 1850 2616 3204 3700 - - - - - - -

33 47 57 66 74 104 128 148 165 181 195 2600 3677 4503 5200 - - - - - - -

35.8 51 62 72 80 113 139 160 179 196 212 2650 3748 4590 - - - - - - - -

40 57 69 80 89 126 155 179 200 219 237 3400 4808 5839 - - - - - - - -

42 59 73 84 94 133 163 188 210 230 248 4500 6364 - - - - - - - - -

45 64 78 90 101 142 - - - - - NOTE: These tables are based on water at 60°F

Numbers in the Table are GPM.
55 78 95 110 123 174 213 246 275 301 325

56 79 97 112 125 177 217 250 280 307 331

 Engineering Data
COMMERCIAL DIVISION Steam Valve Sizing Table

Inlet Pressure (PSI)

Cv 2 lbs. 5 lbs. 10 lbs. 15 lbs. 20 lbs. 25 lbs. 40 lbs. 50 lbs. 75 lbs. 100 lbs.
Delta P
0.2* 1.6 0.5* 4 1* 8 1.5* 12 2* 14 2.5* 16 4* 23 5* 27 7.5* 37 10* 48

.04 2.2 5.9 3.7 9.5 5.9 13.9 7.8 7.5 9.7 20.4 11.6 23.4 17.1 32.4 20.7 38.3 29.8 53 38.8 68
.95 5.2 14.8 8.2 2.6 13.9 32.9 18.5 41.5 23 48.5 27.5 55.5 40.6 77 49.2 90.9 70.8 126 92.2 161
.99 5.4 14.6 9.2 23.5 14.5 34.3 19.3 43.3 24 50.6 28.6 57.8 42.3 80.2 51.3 94.8 73.7 131 96.1 168
1.1 6 16.2 10.2 26.2 16.1 38.1 21.5 48.1 26.7 56.2 31.8 64.3 47 89.1 57 105.3 81.9 146 106.8 187
1.3 7.1 19.2 12.1 31 19 45.1 25.4 56.8 31.5 66.4 37.6 75.9 55.5 24.3 67.4 124.4 96.8 172 126.2 221
1.8 9.8 27 18.7 43 26.3 62.4 35.1 78.7 43.7 91.9 52.1 105.2 76.9 145.8 93.3 172.3 134.1 238 174.7 306
2.2 12 32.4 20.4 52 32 76 43 96 53 112 63.6 138.5 94 178 114 210.3 164 291 213.6 373
2.5 13.6 37 23 59 37 87 49 109 61 128 72 146 107 203 130 239 186 331 342 424
3.3 18 49 31 79 48 114 64 144 80 169 95 193 141 267 171 316 246 437 320 560
3.6 19.6 53 34 86 53 125 70 157 87 184 104 210 154 292 187 345 268 477 349 611
3.8 20.7 56 35 90 56 132 74 166 92 194 110 222 162 308 197 364 283 503 369 645
4.0 22 59 37 95 58 139 78 176 47 204 116 234 171 324 207 383 298 530 388 679
5 27 74 47 119 73 173 98 219 121 255 145 292 214 405 259 479 372 662 485 848
5.5 30 81 51 131 80 191 107 240 133 281 159 321 235 446 285 526 410 728 534 934
6 33 89 56 143 88 208 117 262 146 306 174 351 256 486 311 574 447 795 582 1018
6.2 34 91 58 147 91 215 121 271 150 317 179 362 265 502 321 593 462 821 601 1052
7.4 40 109 69 176 108 257 144 324 180 378 214 432 316 599 384 708 551 980 718 1256
7.5 41 111 70 178 110 260 146 328 182 383 217 438 320 608 389 718 559 994 728 1273
8.2 45 121 76 195 120 284 160 359 199 419 237 479 350 664 425 785 811 1086 796 1392
8.5 45 125 79 202 124 295 166 372 206 434 346 408 363 689 441 814 633 1126 825 1443
9.0 49 133 84 214 131 312 176 393 218 460 260 526 385 729 466 861 670 1192 874 1528
10.5 57 155 98 250 153 364 205 459 255 536 304 613 449 851 544 1005 782 1391 1019 1782
11 60 162 102 262 161 381 215 481 267 562 318 643 470 891 570 1053 819 1457 1068 1867
15 82 221 139 357 219 520 293 656 304 766 434 876 641 1215 777 1436 1117 1987 1456 2546
16 87 236 149 380 234 555 312 700 388 817 463 935 684 1296 829 1531 1192 2120 1553 2716
17.4 95 257 162 414 254 603 340 761 422 889 503 1016 743 1409 902 1665 1296 2305 1689 2954
25 136 369 232 594 365 867 488 1093 607 1277 723 1460 1068 2025 1296 2393 1862 3312 2427 4244
35.8 195 528 333 851 523 1241 699 1565 867 1828 1036 2091 1529 2900 1856 3427 2667 4742 3475 6077
40 218 590 372 951 584 1387 780 1749 970 2043 1157 2337 1709 3240 2073 3829 2980 5299 3883 6790
45 245 664 418 1070 657 1560 878 1967 1092 2298 1302 2629 1922 3645 2332 4307 3352 5961 4368 7639

NOTE: The steam capacity is indicated in pounds per hour. *For 2 position control.
This table is based on saturated steam. Higher Delta P for modulating control.
 Engineering Data
Steam Valve Sizing Table

Inlet Pressure (PSI)

Cv 2 lbs. 5 lbs. 10 lbs. 15 lbs. 20 lbs. 25 lbs. 40 lbs. 50 lbs. 75 lbs. 100 lbs.
Delta P
0.2* 1.6 0.5* 4 1* 8 1.5* 12 2* 14 2.5* 16 4* 23 5* 27 7.5* 37 10* 48
56 305 826 521 1331 818 1942 1093 2448 1359 2860 1620 3271 2392 4536 2903 5360 4171 7418 5436 9546

65 354 958 604 1545 949 2254 1268 2842 1577 3320 1881 3797 2777 5265 3369 6221 4842 8611 6310 11034

70 381 1032 651 1664 1022 2427 1366 3061 1698 3575 2025 4089 2991 5670 3628 6670 5214 9273 6795 11882

75 409 1106 697 1738 1095 2601 1463 3279 1820 3830 2170 4381 3204 6075 3887 7179 5587 9935 7280 12731

85 463 1253 790 2021 1241 2947 1658 3716 2062 4341 2459 4966 3631 6885 4406 8136 6332 11260 8251 14429

100 545 1475 930 2377 1460 3488 1951 4372 2426 5107 2893 5842 4272 8101 5183 9571 7449 13247 9707 16975

115 627 1696 1069 2734 1680 3988 2244 5028 2790 5873 3327 6718 4913 9316 5961 11070 8566 15234 11163 19521

145 790 2138 1348 3447 2118 5028 2829 6340 3518 7405 4195 8471 6195 11746 7516 13878 10801 19208 14075 24613

170 896 2507 1580 4042 2483 5895 3177 7433 4124 8682 4918 9931 7263 13771 8811 16271 12663 22519 16502 28857

200 1090 2949 1859 4755 2921 6935 3902 8744 4852 10214 5786 11684 8544 16201 10366 19143 14898 26494 19414 33950

235 1281 3465 2184 5587 3432 8149 4585 10275 5701 12002 6799 16065 10040 19036 12180 22493 17505 31130 22812 39891

275 1499 4055 2556 6538 4016 9536 5366 12024 6672 14044 7956 20447 11749 22277 14254 26321 20484 36429 26695 46681

350 1907 5161 3253 8321 5112 12136 6829 15303 8491 17875 10126 24828 14953 28352 18141 33500 26071 46264 33975 59412

425 2316 6267 3950 10104 6207 14737 8292 18582 10311 21705 12296 25704 18157 34427 22028 40678 31658 56300 41256 72143

440 2398 6488 4090 10461 6426 15257 8585 19238 10675 22471 12730 37388 18798 35642 22806 42114 32775 58287 42712 74689

640 3488 9437 5949 15215 9347 22192 12487 27982 15527 32685 18516 39725 27342 51844 33172 61257 47672 84781 62126 10839

680 3706 10027 6321 16166 9931 23579 13268 29731 16498 34728 19673 65722 29051 55084 35245 65085 50652 90080 66009 115429

1125 6131 16589 10457 26746 16430 39010 21950 49187 27294 57454 32547 67182 48063 91131 58310 107698 83799 149029 109206 190967

1150 6267 16958 10689 27340 16769 39877 22438 50280 27900 58731 33271 102234 49131 93156 59606 110710 85661 152341 111633 195210

1750 9537 25805 16267 41604 25558 60682 34145 76513 42457 89373 50629 108076 74764 141760 90705 167499 130354 231823 169876 297059

1850 10082 27280 17196 43982 27019 64150 36096 80885 44883 94481 53522 151890 79036 149860 95888 177070 137803 245070 179583 314034

2600 41469 38339 24167 61812 37972 90157 50730 113677 63079 132783 75220 154811 111078 210614 134762 248855 193669 344422 252388 441345

2650 14442 39076 24632 63001 38703 91890 51706 115863 64292 125337 76667 198625 113214 214665 137353 253641 197394 351046 257241 449832

3400 18529 50136 31604 80831 49656 117897 66339 148654 82488 173640 98365 - 145256 275419 176227 325426 253260 450398 330045 577143

4500 24524 66356 41828 - 65722 - 87802 - 109175 - 130189 - - - - - - - - -

5400 29429 79628 50194 - 78866 - 105362 - - - - - - - - - - - - -

7000 38148 - 65066 - 102234 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

10000 54498 - 92952 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

NOTE: The steam capacity is indicated in pounds per hour. *For 2 position control.
This table is based on saturated steam. Higher Delta P for modulating control.
 Engineering Data
COMMERCIAL DIVISION Ball Valve Selection

Adjusted Cv for Piping Geometry Factor (Fp)

2-WAY & 3-WAY
Pipe Size
Model NPT Cv
No. (nom) 1/2” 3/4” 1” 1-1/4” 1-1/2” 2” 2-1/2” 3” 4” 5” 6” 8”

SD22-7110 1/2” 1 1.0 1.00 .99 .99 .99 - - - - - - -

SD22-7120 1/2” 2 2.0 1.97 1.94 1.93 1.92 - - - - - - -

SD22-7130 1/2” 4 4.0 3.76 3.59 3.50 3.45 - - - - - - -

SD22-7730 1/2” 10 10.0 7.31 6.25 5.83 5.61 - - - - - - -

SD22-7140 3/4” 25 - 25.0 19.54 16.26 14.75 13.44 - - - - - -

SD22-7740 3/4” 33 - 33.0 22.72 17.96 15.98 14.36 - - - - - -

SD22-7150 1” 35 - - 35.0 31.09 27.35 23.81 22.33 - - - - -

SD22-7750 1” 47 - - 47.0 38.60 32.60 26.72 24.68 - - - - -

SD22-7160 1-1/4” 47 - - - 47.0 43.97 37.55 34.48 32.90 - - - -

SD22-7760 1-1/4” 81 - - - 81.0 67.90 49.46 43.00 40.04 - - - -

SD22-7170 1-1/2” 81 - - - - 81.0 68.02 58.85 54.26 50.11 - - -

SD22-7770 1-1/2” 105 - - - - 105.0 80.47 66.36 59.98 54.51 - - -

SD22-7180 2” 105 - - - - - 105.0 97.89 90.09 81.66 77.84 - -

SD22-7780 2” 210 - - - - - 210.0 165.91 134.60 110.40 101.50 - -

SD22-7790 2-1/2” 440 - - - - - - 440.0 329.80 217.25 184.32 169.93 -

SD22-7200 3” 390 - - - - - - - 390.0 307.77 257.37 233.90 213.49

SD23-7020 1/2” 2 2.0 1.97 1.94 1.93 1.92 - - - - - - -

SD23-7030 1/2” 6 6.0 5.26 4.81 4.51 4.41 - - - - - - -

SD23-7040 3/4” 12 - 12.0 11.21 10.47 10.03 9.59 - - - - - -

SD23-7050 1” 14 - - 14.0 13.71 13.34 12.86 12.61 - - - - -

SD23-7060 1-1/4” 21 - - - 21.0 20.71 19.90 19.40 19.11 - - - -

SD23-7070 1-1/2” 30 - - - - 30.0 29.18 28.31 27.75 27.15 - - -

SD23-7080 2” 50 - - - - - 50.0 49.17 48.08 46.66 45.92 - -

SD23-7090 2” 91 - - - - - 91.0 86.25 80.77 74.53 71.60 - -

 Engineering Data
COMMERCIAL DIVISION Globe Valve Selection

Adjusted Cv for Piping Geometry Factor (Fp)

2-WAY SCREW TYPE (1/2”-2”)
Pipe Size
Model NPT Cv
No. (nom) 1/2” 3/4” 1” 1-1/4” 1-1/2” 2” 2-1/2” 3” 4” 5” 6”

SDS2-J001 1/2” .73 .73 .73 .73 .73 .73 - - - - - -

SDS2-S001 1/2” 1.0 1.0 1.0 .99 .99 .99 - - - - - -

SDS2-S002 1/2” 1.6 1.6 1.58 1.57 1.56 1.56 - - - - - -

SDS2-J002 1/2” 1.8 1.8 1.78 1.76 1.75 1.74 - - - - - -

SDS2-S003 1/2” 2.5 2.5 2.44 2.39 2.36 2.35 - - - - - -

SDS2-S004 1/2” 4.0 4.0 3.76 3.59 3.50 3.45 - - - - - -

SDS2-J005 1/2” 4.6 4.6 4.24 4.00 3.88 3.82 - - - - - -

SDS2-S006 3/4” 6.3 - 6.3 6.18 6.04 5.96 5.86 - - - - -

SDS2-J007 3/4” 7.3 - 7.3 7.11 6.91 6.78 6.64 - - - - -

SDS2-S010 1” 10.0 - - 10.0 9.89 9.75 9.56 9.45 9.39 - - -

SDS2-J012 1” 11.6 - - 11.6 11.43 11.21 10.92 10.77 10.68 - - -

SDS2-S016 1-1/4” 16.0 - - - 16.0 15.87 15.50 15.26 15.11 14.96 - -

SDS2-J019 1-1/4” 18.5 - - - 18.5 18.30 17.74 17.38 17.17 16.94 - -

SDS2-S025 1-1/2” 25.0 - - - - 25.0 24.52 24.0 23.65 23.28 - -

SDS2-J029 1-1/2” 28.9 - - - - 28.9 28.16 27.38 26.87 26.32 - -

SDS2-S040 2” 40.0 - - - - - 40.0 39.57 39.00 38.23 37.81 -

SDS2-J047 2” 46.2 - - - - - 46.2 45.54 44.68 43.53 42.92 -

2-WAY SCREW TYPE (2-1/2“-6”)

Pipe Size
Model NPT Cv
No. (nom) 2-1/2” 3” 4” 5” 6” 8” 10” 12” 14” 16”

SDF2-J051 2-12” 51.0 51.0 50.73 49.97 49.46 49.15 - - - - -

SDF2-S063 2-1/2” 63.0 63.0 62.50 61.09 60.17 59.61 - - - - -

SDF2-J083 3” 83.0 - 83.0 81.88 80.67 79.84 78.93 - - - -

SDF2-S100 3” 100 - 100.0 98.07 95.99 94.62 93.10 - - - -

SDF2-J150 4” 150 - - 150.0 148.58 146.68 144.12 142.73 - - -

SDF2-S160 4” 160 - - 160.0 158.28 155.99 152.92 151.26 - - -

SDF2-J240 5” 240 - - - 240.0 238.28 233.36 230.16 228.20 - -

SDF2-S250 5” 250 - - - 250.0 248.06 242.53 238.93 236.75 - -

SDF2-J350 6” 350 - - - - 350.0 344.78 339.11 335.30 332.78 -

SDF2-S400 6” 400 - - - - 400.0 392.26 383.97 378.46 374.86 -

 Engineering Data
COMMERCIAL DIVISION Globe Valve Selection

Adjusted Cv for Piping Geometry Factor (Fp)

3-WAY SCREW TYPE (1/2”-2”)
Pipe Size
Model NPT Cv
No. (nom) 1/2” 3/4” 1” 1-1/4” 1-1/2” 2” 2-1/2” 3” 4” 5” 6”

SDS3-J001 1/2” .73 .73 .73 .73 .73 .73 - - - - - -

SDS3-S001 1/2” 1.0 1.0 1.0 .99 .99 .99 - - - - - -

SDS3-S002 1/2” 1.6 1.6 1.58 1.57 1.56 1.56 - - - - - -

SDS3-J002 1/2” 1.8 1.8 1.78 1.76 1.75 1.74 - - - - - -

SDS3-S003 1/2” 2.5 2.5 2.44 2.39 2.36 2.35 - - - - - -

SDS3-S004 1/2” 4.0 4.0 3.76 3.59 3.50 3.45 - - - - - -

SDS3-J005 1/2” 4.6 4.6 4.24 4.00 3.88 3.82 - - - - - -

SDS3-S006 3/4” 6.3 - 6.3 6.18 6.04 5.96 5.86 - - - - -

SDS3-J007 3/4” 7.3 - 7.3 7.11 6.91 6.78 6.64 - - - - -

SDS3-S010 1” 10.0 - - 10.0 9.89 9.75 9.56 9.45 9.39 - - -

SDS3-J012 1” 11.6 - - 11.6 11.43 11.21 10.92 10.77 10.68 - - -

SDS3-S016 1-1/4” 16.0 - - - 16.0 15.87 15.50 15.26 15.11 14.96 - -

SDS3-J019 1-1/4” 18.5 - - - 18.5 18.30 17.74 17.38 17.17 16.94 - -

SDS3-S025 1-1/2” 25.0 - - - - 25.0 24.52 24.0 23.65 23.28 - -

SDS3-J029 1-1/2” 28.9 - - - - 28.9 28.16 27.38 26.87 26.32 - -

SDS3-S040 2” 40.0 - - - - - 40.0 39.57 39.00 38.23 37.81 -

SDS3-J047 2” 46.2 - - - - - 46.2 45.54 44.68 43.53 42.92 -

3-WAY SCREW TYPE (2-1/2“-6”)

Pipe Size
Model NPT Cv
No. (nom) 2-1/2” 3” 4” 5” 6” 8” 10” 12” 14” 16”

SDF3-J054 2-12” 54.0 54.0 53.69 52.78 52.18 51.82 - - - - -

SDF3-S063 2-1/2” 63.0 63.0 62.50 61.09 60.17 59.61 - - - - -

SDF3-J080 3” 80.0 - 80.0 79.0 77.90 77.16 76.33 - - - -

SDF3-S100 3” 100 - 100.0 98.07 95.99 94.62 93.10 - - - -

SDF3-J157 4” 157 - - 157.0 155.37 153.21 150.29 148.72 - - -

SDF3-S160 4” 160 - - 160.0 158.28 155.99 152.92 151.26 - - -

SDF3-J237 5” 237 - - - 237.0 235.34 230.60 227.51 225.62 - -

SDF3-S250 5” 250 - - - 250.0 248.06 242.53 238.93 236.75 - -

SDF3-J344 6” 344 - - - - 344.0 339.04 333.65 330.01 327.61 -

SDF3-S400 6” 400 - - - - 400.0 392.26 383.97 378.46 374.86 -

 Engineering Data
COMMERCIAL DIVISION Butterfly Valve Selection

Adjusted Cv for Piping Geometry Factor (Fp)

2-WAY / 3-WAY SERIES 31 (2”-8”) at 60° ROTATION
Pipe Size
Model NPT Cv
No. (nom) 2” 2-1/2” 3” 4” 5” 6” 8” 10” 12” 14”

NYL2/3-x020 2” 61 61 59 57 55 54 - - - - -

NYL2/3-x025 2-1/2” 107 - 107 104 98 94 92 - - - -

NYL2/3-x030 3” 154 - - 154 147 140 136 131 - - -

NYL2/3-x040 4” 274 - - - 274 265 255 242 235 - -

NYL2/3-x050 5” 428 - - - - 428 418 393 378 370 -

NYL2/3-x060 6” 567 - - - - - 567 545 524 510 501

NYL2/3-x080 8” 1081 - - - - - - 1081 1048 1008 980

Adjusted Cv for Piping Geometry Factor (Fp)

2-WAY / 3-WAY SERIES 31 (10”-20”) at 60° ROTATION
Pipe Size
Model NPT Cv
No. (nom) 10” 12” 14” 16” 18” 20” 22” 24” 26”

NYL2/3-x100 10” 1710 1710 1671 1617 1572 - - - - -

NYL2/3-x120 12” 2563 - 2563 2516 2441 2374 - - - -

NYL2/3-x140 14” 3384 - - 3384 3338 3258 3182 - - -

NYL2/3-x160 16” 4483 - - - 4483 4432 4340 4246 - -

NYL2/3-x180 18” 5736 - - - - 5736 5682 5577 5466 -

NYL2/3-x200 20” 7144 - - - - - 7144 7087 6971 6843

 Engineering Data
COMMERCIAL DIVISION Butterfly Valve Selection

Adjusted Cv for Piping Geometry Factor (Fp)

2-WAY / 3-WAY SERIES 31 (2”-8”) at 90° ROTATION
Pipe Size
Model NPT Cv
No. (nom) 2” 2-1/2” 3” 4” 5” 6” 8” 10” 12” 14”

NYL2/3-x020 2” 144 144 127 111 96 90 - - - - -

NYL2/3-x025 2-1/2” 282 - 282 245 187 165 154 - - - -

NYL2/3-x030 3” 461 - - 461 340 274 246 223 - - -

NYL2/3-x040 4” 841 - - - 841 664 538 442 406 - -

NYL2/3-x050 5” 1376 - - - - 1376 1132 808 700 649 -

NYL2/3-x060 6” 1850 - - - - - 1850 1360 1101 988 929

NYL2/3-x080 8” 3316 - - - - - - 3316 2633 2142 1898

Adjusted Cv for Piping Geometry Factor (Fp)

2-WAY / 3-WAY SERIES 31 (10”-20”) at 90° ROTATION
Pipe Size
Model NPT Cv
No. (nom) 10” 12” 14” 16” 18” 20” 22” 24” 26”

NYL2/3-x100 10” 5430 5430 4487 3667 3219 - - - - -

NYL2/3-x120 12” 8077 - 8077 6892 5590 4974 - - - -

NYL2/3-x140 14” 10538 - - 10538 9360 7942 6998 - - -

NYL2/3-x160 16” 13966 - - - 13966 12640 10872 9607 - -

NYL2/3-x180 18” 17214 - - - - 17214 15902 13962 12454 -

NYL2/3-x200 20” 22339 - - - - - 22239 20756 18296 16308

 Engineering Data
COMMERCIAL DIVISION Butterfly Valve Selection

Adjusted Cv for Piping Geometry Factor (Fp)

2-WAY SERIES 41 (2-1/2”-12”) at 60° ROTATION
Pipe Size
Model NPT Cv
No. (nom) 2-1/2” 3” 4” 5” 6” 8” 10” 12” 14” 16” 18”

MKL2-x025 2-1/2” 78 78 77 74 72 - - - - - - -

MKL2-x030 3” 123 - 123 119 116 113 - - - - - -

MKL2-x040 4” 250 - - 250 243 236 225 - - - - -

MKL2-x050 5” 360 - - - 360 354 338 329 - - - -

MKL2-x060 6” 510 - - - - 510 494 478 468 - - -

MKL2-x080 8” 1060 - - - - - 1060 1029 992 963 - -

MKL2-x100 10” 1630 - - - - - - 1630 1596 1548 1509 -

MKL2-x120 12” 2530 - - - - - - - 2530 2485 2412 2348

Adjusted Cv for Piping Geometry Factor (Fp)

2-WAY SERIES 41 (2-1/2”-12”) at 90° ROTATION
Pipe Size
Model NPT Cv
No. (nom) 2-1/2” 3” 4” 5” 6” 8” 10” 12” 14” 16” 18”

MKL2-x025 2-1/2” 160 160 152 134 126 - - - - - - -

MKL2-x030 3” 185 - 185 173 162 156 - - - - - -

MKL2-x040 4” 375 - - 375 354 331 304 - - - - -

MKL2-x050 5” 790 - - - 790 734 620 566 - - - -

MKL2-x060 6” 1350 - - - - 1350 1120 961 884 - - -

MKL2-x080 8” 2800 - - - - - 2800 2352 1982 1784 - -

MKL2-x100 10” 4300 - - - - - - 4300 3784 3252 2928 -

MKL2-x120 12” 6650 - - - - - - - 6650 5940 5118 4578

 Engineering Data
COMMERCIAL DIVISION Butterfly Valve Selection

Materials Selection Guide for Resilient Seated How to Use this Guide
Butterfly Valves
State at Room Temperature
Introduction This condition identifies the physical state of the corrosive me-
The Bray Material Selection Guide for butterfly valve seats and dia at room temperature as follows:
discs is intended to be used exactly as its name implies - as a G - Gas
guide to aid in selection of the most cost effective butterfly valve L - Liquid
materials. The information tabulated herein is based upon valve S - Solid
usage experience, data from elastomer, metal and other suppli-
ers, data from customers and experienced elastomer compound-
ers, and data from published standard references and literature. Disc Materials and Seat/Disc Materials
Though Bray believes these material recommendations to be Under each grouping, the primary materials offered has been
valuable in selecting appropriate materials, one must recognize upgraded for their suitability to the media and the conditions
there are a variety of factors which exist for each specified field stated. The grading system is as follows:
application. Some of the factors which must be considered are
temperature, concentration, velocity, aeration, pressure, presence A– Recommended, generally little or minor effect based
of other materials in the media, operating frequency, flow condi- on valve usage experience and recommendations
tions, suspended abrasive particles, etc. Each of these factors from suppliers.
may have a severe effect on the performance of the material. In
addition, these factors can exist in field applications in an end- B– May sometimes be used depending upon the
less number of different combinations. As a result, it is not pos- conditions of application such as concentration and
sible to develop a material recommendation chart which ac- temperature. Testing is recommended before
counts for all the given combination of factors for each corrosive full-scale usage.
media. In addition, the grade of elastomers and the compound
itself will determine elastomer performance. With this under- N– Not Recommended for usage.
standing, Bray explicitly states:
Blank – Insufficient evidence available.
No representation, guarantee, warranty, or responsibility, express
or implied, is made by the Bray Material Selection Guide herein
because of the complexity and infinite combinations of concen- Recommended Materials for Disc and Seat/Disc
tration mixtures, flow conditions, temperatures and other appli- For each media and condition, we have placed an asterisk by the
cation lies solely with the customer and/or engineering company disc and seat material recommended by Bray. The material given
hired by the customer to assist him. Bray cannot guarantee the an asterisk depends on two factors:
accuracy of this Material Selection Guide nor assume responsi- 1) The material is rated A for compatibility with the media con-
bility for the use thereof. If one is in doubt, it is always best to ditions;
test first. 2) it is the most economical material offered as a disc in combi-
nation with the most economical seat material.
 Engineering Data
COMMERCIAL DIVISION Butterfly Valve Selection

Physical State

Nylon Coated
Ductile Iron

Ductile Iron

Aluminum

316 S.S.

Buna-N
Bronze

EPDM

PTFE
Corrosive Media Condition Condition

Ethylene Glycol L <100°F A* A A A A* A A

Freon 11 G N B A* A <70°F N A* A
Freon 12 G N B A* A B A* A
Freon 13 G N B A* A B A* A
Freon 13B1 G N B A* A B A* A
Freon 21 G N B A A* N N A*
Freon 22 G N B A A* N N A*
Freon 113 G N B A* A N A* A
Freon 114 G N B A* A B A* A
Freon 114B2 G N B A A* N B A*
Freon 115 G N B A* A A* A
C318 G N B A* A B A* A
Glycois G A* A A A A* A A
Propylene Glycol L <150°F B A* B B N A* A
Steam and Hot Water L <250°F N A* A A <250°F A* N A
Water, Brackish L N A* A A A* A A
Water, Carbonated L N A* N A A* A A
Water, Chilled L N A* A A A* A A
Water, Chlorine L <4% B A* <4% N N A*
Water, Chlorine, Saturated L B A* A N A
Water, Chlorine, High Content L N A* A B A* A A
Water, Cooling L N A* A A A* A A
Water, Deionized, Demineralized L N A* N A A* A A
Water, Distilled L N A* N A A* A A
Water, Fresh L N A* A A A* A A
Water, Hot Water Heating L N A* A A A* N A
Water, Paint Spray Reclamation L B A* A A A* A A
Water, Salt, Sea Water L N A* A A A* A A
Water, Swimming Pool (Chlorinated) L N A* A A A* A A
 Engineering Data
COMMERCIAL DIVISION Control Valve Terminology

Actuator - That part of an automatic control valve which causes Direction of Flow - The correct flow of the controlled fluid
the valve stem to move. through the valve is usually indicated on the valve body. If the
flow of the fluid goes against the indicated direction, the disc
Absolute Pressure - 14.7 + gauge pressure (psi). can slam into the seat as it approaches the closed position. The
result is excessive valve wear, hammering, and oscillations. In
Ambient Temperature Rating - Temperature surrounding an addition, the actuator must work harder to reopen the closed
actuator or valve body. valve since it must overcome the pressure exerted by the fluid on
top of the disc rather than have the fluid assist in opening the
Angled Body - A two way valve body that has end fittings at valve by exerting pressure under the disc.
right angles to each other.
Diverting Valve - Three-way valve that has one inlet and two
Authority, Valve - The ratio of valve pressure drop to total outlets. Water entering the inlet port is diverted to either if the
branch pressure drop at design flow. The total branch pressure two outlet ports in any proportion desired by moving the valve
drop at design flow. The total branch pressure drop includes the stem.
valve, piping coil, fittings, etc.
Dynamic Pressure - The pressure of a fluid resulting from its
Butterfly Valve - A valve with a cylindrical body, a shaft, and a motion. Total Pressure - Static Pressure = Dynamic Pressure
disc that rotates on an axis. The position of the disc determines (Pump head).
the fluid flow. They can be used in two way or three way mixing
or diverting valve applications for two-position or proportional End Fitting - Part of the valve body that connects to the piping.
water control. Union, screwed, flared, sweat, and flanged are typical examples
of end fittings.
Booster Pump - Pump used in secondary loops of hydropic sys-
tems to raise pressure for that selection of the system. Equal Percentage Characteristics - In a valve having an equal
percentage characteristic, like movements of the valve stem at
Cavitation - The forming and imploding of vapor bubbles in a any point of the flow range changes the existing flow an equal
liquid due to decreased, then increased, pressure as the liquid percentage regardless of existing flow. Example: suppose a valve
flows through a restriction. stem has been lifted 30 percent of its total lift and the flow at this
time is 3.9 gal/min. Now assume that the valve opens an addi-
Compressible Fluids - Capable of being compressed. Gas and tional 10 percent of its full travel and that the flow increases to
Vapor are compressible fluids. 6.2 gal/min or 60 percent increase. Next, suppose that the valve
stem moves an additional 10 percent so that it is now 50 percent
Contoured Plug - Shaped end of valve disc that controls the open. The flow now will be 10/gal/min or another 60 percent
flow of the medium through the valve. Used for smaller sized increase in flow.
equal percentage valves.
Flanged-End Connections - A valve that connects to a pipe by
Control Loop - Chain of components which make up a control bolting a flange on the valve to a flange screwed onto the pipe.
system. If feedback is incorporated it is a closed loop; if there is Flanged connections are typically used on large valves only.
no feedback, it is an open loop system.
Flashing - Conditions resulting when the pressure downstream
Controlled Medium - Whatever fluid is being controlled - hot of a control valve is less than the upstream vapor pressure caus-
water, chilled water or steam. ing part of the liquid to change to a vapor. In effect the liquid
suddenly flashes to a vapor. This high velocity two-phase steam
Close-Off Rating - Maximum allowable pressure drop (inlet to may cause mechanical difficulties and may call for the valve to
outlet) that the valve body will tolerate when fully closed. The be made of more resistant materials than for single-phase flow.
power available from the actuator usually determines the close-
off rating. Flow Characteristic - Relation between flow through the valve
as the stem travels is varied between 0 and 100 percent.
Critical Pressure Drop - The pressure drop across a valve
which causes the maximum possible velocity of steam through Flow Characteristic, Inherent - Flow characteristic when con-
the valve. stant pressure drop is maintained across the valve.

Close-Off Rating of Three Way Valves - The maximum pres- Flow Characteristic, Installed - Flow characteristic when pres-
sure difference between either of the two inlet ports and the out- sure drop across the valve varies as dictated by flow and related
let port for mixing valves, or the pressure difference between the conditions in system in which the valve is installed.
inlet port and either of the two outlet ports for diverting valves.
Flow Coefficient, Cv - The quantity of water, in gallons per
Design Conditions - Space temperature conditions that require minute at 60°F, that will flow through a given valve with pres-
the full heating or cooling requirements of a system. sure drop of 1 PISA (also called capacity index).

Flow Rate - The amount of fluid passing a given point per unit
of time. Units are gallons per minute (gpm) for water and pounds
per hour for steam.
 Engineering Data
COMMERCIAL DIVISION Control Valve Terminology

Flow Rate - The amount of fluid passing a given point per unit Pressure Drop (AP) - The difference in pressure between inlet
of time. Units are gallons per minute (gpm) for water and pounds and outlet of the control valve.
per hour for steam.
PSI - Pounds per square inch. PSIA - Pounds per square inch
Full Port - Maximum flow capacity possible for particular end absolute. PSIG - Pounds per square inch gauge.
fitting size.
Rangeability - The ratio of the maximum controllable flow to
Gauge Pressure - Pounds per square inch (psi)as read on a the minimum controllable flow. For instance, a valve with a ran-
gauge. geability of 50 to 1 having a total flow capacity of 100 gal/min,
fully open, will control flow accurately down as low as 2 gal/
GPM - Gallons per minute. min. The valve may or may not have tight shut-off.

Incompressible - Description of liquids, because their change in Rated Flow - For a coil this is the flow through the coil which
volume due to pressure is negligible. will produce full rated heat output of the coil.

Laminar Flow - Also known as viscous or streamlined flow. A Reduced Port - Smaller flow capacity that is possible for par-
non-turbulent flow regime in which the stream filaments glide ticular end fitting.
along the pipe axially with essentially no transverse mixing. This
occurs at low Reynolds numbers, is usually associated with vis- Reducer - A pipe fitting that is used to couple a pipe of one size
cous liquids, and rarely occurs with gas flows in valves. Flow to a pipe of a different size. When flow is from the smaller pipe
rate varies linearly with DELTA P. to the larger pipe an increaser may be used.

Linear Characteristics - This flow-lift relationship, if plotted Reynold’s Number - A dimensionless criterion of the nature of
on rectilinear coordinates approximates a straight line, giving flow in pipes. It is proportional to the ratio of dynamic forces to
equal volume changes for equal lift changes, regardless of per- viscous forces: the product of diameter, velocity, and density
cent of valve opening. divided by absolute viscosity.

Load - The demand on the mechanical equipment in a HVAC Saturated Steam - The maximum amount of vapor that can exist
system. at specific temperature and pressure.

Load Change - A change in building heating or cooling require- Screwed-End Connection - A valve with threaded pipe connec-
ments as a result of lights, machinery, people, outside air tem- tion. Valve threads are usually female, but male connections are
perature variations, solar effect wind etc. available for special applications. Some valves have an integral
union fitting for easier installation.
Maximum Pressure and Temperature - The maximum pres-
sure and temperature limitations of fluid flow that a valve can Seat - The stationary portion of the valve which when in contact
withstand. These ratings may be due to valve packing, body, disc with the movable portion (valve disc, stem, etc.) stops flow com-
material, or actuator limitations. The actual valve body ratings pletely.
are exclusively for the valve body and maximum pressure and
temperature ratings are for the complete valve (body and trim). Spring Range - Control pressure range through which the signal
Note that the maximum pressure and temperature ratings may be applied must change to produce total movement of the con-
less than the actual valve body ratings. trolled device from one extreme position to the other.

Mixing Valve - Three way valve having two inlets and one out- Actual Spring Range - Control pressure range that causes total
let. The proportion of the fluid entering each of the two outlets movement under actual conditions to overcome forces due to
can be varied by moving the valve stem. Not suitable for divert- spring force, fluid flow, friction, etc.
ing applications.
Nominal Spring Range - Control pressure range that causes
Normally Closed (N.C.) - Condition of the valve upon a loss of total movement when there is no external force opposing actua-
power or control signal to the actuator. tor.

Normally Open (N.O.) - Condition of the valve upon a loss of Static Pressure Rating - Maximum pressure (inside to outside
power or control signal to the actuator. the body) that will tolerate before leaking. Pressure varies with
temperature.
Packing - Material used to seal the valve stem so that the con-
trolled medium will not leak. TFE V rings and graphite rings are Stem - The cylindrical shaft which is moved manually or by an
typical materials used. actuator to which the throttling plug, ball, or disc is attached.

Port - Flow controlling opening between the seat and disc when Straightway Body - A two way valve body that has end fittings
the valve is wide open. on opposite sides.

Positive Positioner - Device that eliminates the actuator shaft Stroke - The total distance that the valve stem travels or moves.
positioning error due to load on the valve. Also known as lift.
 Engineering Data
COMMERCIAL DIVISION Control Valve Terminology

Superheated Steam - Steam at a temperature higher than satura- Two Way Valve - Valve with single flow path-one inlet and one
tion temperature at the given pressure. outlet.

System Pressure Drop (DELTA P) - The difference in pressure Uncontrollable Flow - The flow rate at low load conditions that
between supply and return mains in a hydropic system. causes the valve to hunt or cycle. Typically occurs within the
first 10% of valve stroke.
Total Pressure - The sum of the Static Pressure and the Dy-
namic Pressure. Valve - A controlled device which will vary the rate of flow of a
controlled medium such as water or steam.
Three-Way Valve - Valve with three connections, one of which
is a common and two flow paths. Valve Body - The portion of the valve casting through which the
Bypass or Diverting Valve - Common connection is the controlled medium flows.
only inlet: Fluid entering this connection is diverted to either
outlet. Valve Disc - A movable part of the valve which makes contact
Mixing Valve - Two connections are inlets and the common with the valve seat when the valve is closed.
is the outlet. Fluid from either or both inlets is selected to go
out the common connection Valve Flow Characteristic - The relationship between the stem
travel, expressed in percent of travel, and the flow of the fluid
Tight Shut-Off - A valve having tight shut-off that will have through the valve, expressed in percent of full flow.
virtually no flow or leakage in its closed position.
Valve Guide - The part of the globe valve throttling plug which
Trim - All parts of the valve which are in contact with the flow- keeps the disc aligned with the valve seat.
ing media but are not part of the valve shell or casting. Disc,
stem, ball, throttling range packing rings, etc., are all trim com- Valve Pressure Drop - Portion of the system pressure drop
ponents. which appears across the valve. For valve sizing this drop is
across a fully open valve.
Turbulent Flow - A flow regime characterized by random mo-
tion of the fluid particles in the transverse direction as well as Wiring Diagram - A small eroded area or thin slit on a valve
motion in the axial direction. This occurs at high Reynolds num- seat or plug. This is the result of a high velocity fluid acting on
bers and is the type of flow most common in industrial fluid sys- the surfaces when the valve is just above the seat.
tems. Flow varies as the square root of DELTA P.

Turndown - Ratio between maximum usable flow and minimum

controllable flow. The turndown is usually less than rangeability.

CONVERSION FACTORS
1 lb./sq. in 2.04 inches mercury 1 U.S. Gallon Water 0.83 imperial gallons
1 lb./sq. in 2.3 feet water 1 Liter 0.264 gallons
1 lb./sq. in 27.7 inches water 1 lb. Water 454 grams
1 kg./sq. cm 14.2 lb./sq. in 1 lb. Water 7000 grains
1 U.S. Gallon Water 231 cubic inches 1 lb. Steam/hr 1000 Btu/hr.
1 U.S. Gallon Water 8.33 pounds 1 Ton (refrigeration) 12,000 Btu/hr.
1 Cubic Foot 1728 cubic inches 1 EDR (steam) 240 Btu/hr. (coil temp. = 215°F)
1 Cubic Foot Water 62.4 pounds water 1 EDR (water 200 Btu/hr. (coil temp. = 197°F)
1 Cubic Foot Water 7.5 U.S. gallons 1 MBH 1000 Btu/hr.
1 Cubic Meter 264 U.S. gallons 1 Watt 3.41 Btu/hr.

R
CONTROLS
Commercial Division
A Division of BRAY INTERNATIONAL, Inc.
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requirements and material selection for your intended application. The right to ©1999 Bray International. All rights reserved. B-1-2 9/99
change or modify product design or product without prior notice is reserved. Bray® is a registered trademark of BRAY INTERNATIONAL, Inc.