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Worked Examples on Bridge Design with EUROCODES – St. Petesburg 17-18 April 2013 1

Design of concrete bridges

(EN 1992-2)

Approved by CEN on 25 April 2005

Published on October 2005

Supersedes ENV 1992-2:1996

Prof. Ing. Giuseppe Mancini

Politecnico di Torino
 Design of concrete bridges
(EN 1992-2)
Worked Examples on Bridge Design with EUROCODES – St. Petesburg 17-18 April 2013 2

- EN 1992-2 contains principles and

application rules for the design of bridges
in addition to those stated in EN 1992-1-1

- Scope: basis for design of bridges in

plain/reinforced/prestressed concrete
made with normal/light weight aggregates
 Design of concrete bridges
(EN 1992-2)
Worked Examples on Bridge Design with EUROCODES – St. Petesburg 17-18 April 2013 3

Section 3  MATERIALS

- Recommended values for Cmin and Cmax

C30/37 C70/85
(Durability) (Ductility)

- cc coefficient for long term effects and unfavourable

effects resulting from the way the load is applied

Recommended value: 0.85  high stress values during construction

- Recommended classes for reinforcement:

“B” and “C”
(Ductility reduction with corrosion / Ductility for bending and shear mechanisms)
 Design of concrete bridges
(EN 1992-2)
Worked Examples on Bridge Design with EUROCODES – St. Petesburg 17-18 April 2013 4

Section 4  Durability and cover to

reinforcement
 Design of concrete bridges
(EN 1992-2)
Worked Examples on Bridge Design with EUROCODES – St. Petesburg 17-18 April 2013 5

Penetration of corrosion stimulating

components in concrete
 Design of concrete bridges
(EN 1992-2)
Worked Examples on Bridge Design with EUROCODES – St. Petesburg 17-18 April 2013 6

Deterioration of concrete
Corrosion of reinforcement by chloride penetration
 Design of concrete bridges
(EN 1992-2)
Worked Examples on Bridge Design with EUROCODES – St. Petesburg 17-18 April 2013 7

Avoiding corrosion of steel in concrete

Design criteria
- Aggressivity of environment
- Specified service life

Design measures
- Sufficient cover thickness
- Sufficiently low permeability of concrete (in combination with cover
thickness)
- Avoiding harmfull cracks parallel to reinforcing bars
 Design of concrete bridges
(EN 1992-2)
Worked Examples on Bridge Design with EUROCODES – St. Petesburg 17-18 April 2013 8

Aggressivity of the environment

Main exposure classes:

• The exposure classes are defined in EN206-1. The main classes are:

• XO – no risk of corrosion or attack

• XC – risk of carbonation induced corrosion
• XD – risk of chloride-induced corrosion (other than sea water)
• XS – risk of chloride induced corrosion (sea water)
• XF – risk of freeze thaw attack
• XA – chemical attack
 Design of concrete bridges
(EN 1992-2)
Worked Examples on Bridge Design with EUROCODES – St. Petesburg 17-18 April 2013 9

Aggressivity of the environment

Further specification of main exposure classes in subclasses (I)
 Design of concrete bridges
(EN 1992-2)
Worked Examples on Bridge Design with EUROCODES – St. Petesburg 17-18 April 2013 10

Procedure to determine cmin,dur

EC-2 leaves the choice of cmin,dur to the countries, but gives the following
recommendation:

The value cmin,dur depends on the “structural class”, which has to be

determined first. If the specified service life is 50 years, the structural class
is defined as 4. The “structural class” can be modified in case of the
following conditions:
- The service life is 100 years instead of 50 years
- The concrete strength is higher than necessary
- Slabs (position of reinforcement not affected by construction process)
- Special quality control measures apply

The finally applying service class can be calculated with Table 4.3N
 Design of concrete bridges
(EN 1992-2)
Worked Examples on Bridge Design with EUROCODES – St. Petesburg 17-18 April 2013 11

Table for determining final Structural Class

 Design of concrete bridges
(EN 1992-2)
Worked Examples on Bridge Design with EUROCODES – St. Petesburg 17-18 April 2013 12

Final determination of cmin,dur (1)

The value cmin,dur is finally determined as a function of the structural

class and the exposure class:
 Design of concrete bridges
(EN 1992-2)
Worked Examples on Bridge Design with EUROCODES – St. Petesburg 17-18 April 2013 13

Special considerations

In case of stainless steel the minimum cover may be

reduced. The value of the reduction is left to the decision
of the countries (0 if no further specification).
 Design of concrete bridges
(EN 1992-2)
Worked Examples on Bridge Design with EUROCODES – St. Petesburg 17-18 April 2013 14

- XC3 class recommended for surface protected by

waterproofing

Exposed concrete surfaces within (6 m) of the

carriage way and supports under expansion
joints: directly affected by de-icing salt
- When de-icing
salt is used Recommended classes for surfaces directly
affectd by de-icing salt: XD3 – XF2 – XF4, with
covers given in tables 4.4N and 4.5N for XD
classes
 Design of concrete bridges
(EN 1992-2)
Worked Examples on Bridge Design with EUROCODES – St. Petesburg 17-18 April 2013 15

Section 5  Structural analysis

- Linear elastic analysis with limited redistributions

Limitation of  due to uncertaintes on size effect

and bending-shear interaction

  0.85 (recommended value)

 Design of concrete bridges
(EN 1992-2)
Worked Examples on Bridge Design with EUROCODES – St. Petesburg 17-18 April 2013 16

- Plastic analysis

Restrictions due to uncertaintes on size effect and bending-shear

interaction:

0.15 for concrete strength classes  C50/60

xu

d 0.10 for concrete strength classes  C55/67
 Design of concrete bridges
(EN 1992-2)
Worked Examples on Bridge Design with EUROCODES – St. Petesburg 17-18 April 2013 17

- Rotation capacity

Restrictions due to uncertaintes on size effect and bending-shear

interaction:

in plastic
hinges
0.30 for concrete strength classes  C50/60
xu

d 0.23 for concrete strength classes  C55/67
 Design of concrete bridges
(EN 1992-2)
Worked Examples on Bridge Design with EUROCODES – St. Petesburg 17-18 April 2013 18

Numerical rotation capacity

 Design of concrete bridges
(EN 1992-2)
Worked Examples on Bridge Design with EUROCODES – St. Petesburg 17-18 April 2013 19

- Nonlinear analysis  Safety format

Reinforcing steel Prestressing steel Concrete

Mean values Mean values Sargin modified

mean values

1.1 fyk 1.1 k fyk 1.1 fpk

cf fck

cf = 1.1 s / c
 Design of concrete bridges
(EN 1992-2)
Worked Examples on Bridge Design with EUROCODES – St. Petesburg 17-18 April 2013 20

Design format

Incremental analysis from SLS, so to reach

G Gk + Q Q in the same step

Continuation of incremental procedure up to the

peak strength of the structure, in corrispondance
of ultimate load qud

Evaluation of structural strength by use of a

global safety factor 0

 qud 
R 
 0 
 Design of concrete bridges
(EN 1992-2)
Worked Examples on Bridge Design with EUROCODES – St. Petesburg 17-18 April 2013 21

Verification of one of the following inequalities

 qud 

 Rd E  G G   Q Q  R 

 
 O 

 qud 

E  GG   QQ  R   
  Rd . O 
 qud 
(i.e.) R  

 O' 

 qud 

 Rd  Sd E  g G   q Q  R 

 
 O 
 Design of concrete bridges
(EN 1992-2)
Worked Examples on Bridge Design with EUROCODES – St. Petesburg 17-18 April 2013 22

Rd = 1.06 partial factor for model uncertainties (resistence side)

With Sd = 1.15 partial factor for model uncertainties (actions side)
0 = 1.20 structural safety factor

If Rd = 1.00 then 0’ = 1.27 is the structural safety factor

 Design of concrete bridges
(EN 1992-2)
Worked Examples on Bridge Design with EUROCODES – St. Petesburg 17-18 April 2013 23

Application for scalar combination of internal actions

Safety format
and underproportional structural behaviour
E,R

R  
qud
  O  E D A

R qud  O 
 Rd F’ G’

R qud  O  F’’ G’’

 Rd  Sd

H’’ H’ C B
 g G   qQ max
qud qud q

 GG   QQ max O
 Design of concrete bridges
(EN 1992-2)
Worked Examples on Bridge Design with EUROCODES – St. Petesburg 17-18 April 2013 24

Application for scalar combination of internal actions

Safety format
and overproportional structural behaviour
E,R

R  
qud
  O  E D
R qud  O  F’ G’
 Rd
F’’ G’’
R qud  O 
 Rd  Sd

H’’ H’ C B
 g G   q Q max qud q ud q
O
 GG   QQ max
 Design of concrete bridges
(EN 1992-2)
Worked Examples on Bridge Design with EUROCODES – St. Petesburg 17-18 April 2013 25

Application for vectorial combination of internal

Safety format
actions and underproportional structural behaviour
M sd,M rd

IAP
M qud 
q 
M  ud 
 O  A
q  B
D
M  ud 
 O 
 Rd C a

O q  N qud  Nsd,Nrd
N  ud 
 O 
 Rd q 
N  ud 
 O 
 Design of concrete bridges
(EN 1992-2)
Worked Examples on Bridge Design with EUROCODES – St. Petesburg 17-18 April 2013 26

Application for vectorial combination of internal

Safety format
actions and overproportional structural behaviour
M sd ,M rd

a IAP
A

M qud  A
b
q 
M  ud 
 O  B
C
D

q
M  ud

  Rd
O q  N q ud  N sd,N rd
N  ud   Rd
 O   O  q 
N  ud 
 O 
 Design of concrete bridges
(EN 1992-2)
Worked Examples on Bridge Design with EUROCODES – St. Petesburg 17-18 April 2013 27

For vectorial combination and Rd = Sd = 1.00 the safety

check is satisfied if:

 qud 
M ED  M Rd  
  0' 
and

 qud 
N ED  N Rd  
  0' 
 Design of concrete bridges
(EN 1992-2)
Worked Examples on Bridge Design with EUROCODES – St. Petesburg 17-18 April 2013 28

Concrete slabs without shear reinforcement

Shear resistance VRd,c governed by shear flexure failure:

shear crack develops from flexural crack
 Design of concrete bridges
(EN 1992-2)
Worked Examples on Bridge Design with EUROCODES – St. Petesburg 17-18 April 2013 29

Concrete slabs without shear reinforcement

Prestressed hollow core slab

Shear resistance VRd,c governed by shear tension failure:

crack occurs in web in region uncracked in flexure
 Design of concrete bridges
(EN 1992-2)
Worked Examples on Bridge Design with EUROCODES – St. Petesburg 17-18 April 2013 30

Shear design value under which no shear

reinforcement is necessary in elements
unreinforced in shear (general limit)

CRd,c coefficient derived from tests (recommended 0.12)

k size factor = 1 + √(200/d) with d in meter
l longitudinal reinforcement ratio ( ≤0,02)
fck characteristic concrete compressive strength
bw smallest web width
d effective height of cross section
 Design of concrete bridges
(EN 1992-2)
Worked Examples on Bridge Design with EUROCODES – St. Petesburg 17-18 April 2013 31

Shear design value under which no shear

reinforcement is necessary in elements
unreinforced in shear (general limit)

Minimum value for VRd,c

VRd,c = vmin bw d
 Design of concrete bridges
(EN 1992-2)
Worked Examples on Bridge Design with EUROCODES – St. Petesburg 17-18 April 2013 32

Annex LL  Concrete shell elements

A powerfull tool to design 2D elements
 Design of concrete bridges
(EN 1992-2)
Worked Examples on Bridge Design with EUROCODES – St. Petesburg 17-18 April 2013 33

Axial actions and bending

moments in the outer layer

Membrane shear actions and

twisting moments in the outer layer
 Design of concrete bridges
(EN 1992-2)
Worked Examples on Bridge Design with EUROCODES – St. Petesburg 17-18 April 2013 34

 Out of plane shear forces vEdx and vEdy are applied to the inner layer
with lever arm zc, determined with reference to the centroid of the
appropriate layers of reinforcement.

 For the design of the inner layer the principal shear vEdo and its
direction o should be evaluated as follows:
 Design of concrete bridges
(EN 1992-2)
Worked Examples on Bridge Design with EUROCODES – St. Petesburg 17-18 April 2013 35

 In the direction of principal shear the shell element behaves like a

beam and the appropriate design rules should therefore be applied.
 Design of concrete bridges
(EN 1992-2)
Worked Examples on Bridge Design with EUROCODES – St. Petesburg 17-18 April 2013 36

 When shear reinforcement is necessary, the longitudinal force

resulting from the truss model VEdo·cotθ gives rise to the following
membrane forces in x and y directions:
 Design of concrete bridges
(EN 1992-2)
Worked Examples on Bridge Design with EUROCODES – St. Petesburg 17-18 April 2013 37

 The outer layers should be designed as membrane elements, using

the design rules of clause 6 (109) and Annex F.
 Design of concrete bridges
(EN 1992-2)
Worked Examples on Bridge Design with EUROCODES – St. Petesburg 17-18 April 2013 38

Annex MM  Shear and transverse bending

Webs of box girder bridges

 Design of concrete bridges
(EN 1992-2)
Worked Examples on Bridge Design with EUROCODES – St. Petesburg 17-18 April 2013 39

Modified sandwich model

 Design of concrete bridges
(EN 1992-2)
Worked Examples on Bridge Design with EUROCODES – St. Petesburg 17-18 April 2013 40

Edy
 Edxy
  Edxy
Edx

- Membrane elements Edx

 Edxy
 Edxy
Edy

Compressive stress field strength defined as a function

of principal stresses

If both principal stresses are comprensive

1  3,80
 cd max  0.85 fcd
1   
2

is the ratio between the two

principal stresses (  1)
 Design of concrete bridges
(EN 1992-2)
Worked Examples on Bridge Design with EUROCODES – St. Petesburg 17-18 April 2013 41

Where a plastic analysis has been carried out with  = el

and at least one principal stress is in tension and no
reinforcement yields
 s 
 cd max  f cd 0,85   0,85  
 f yd 
is the maximum tensile stress
value in the reinforcement

Where a plastic analysis is carried out with yielding of any

reinforcement

 cd max  fcd 1  0,032   el 

is the angle to the X axis of plastic
compression field at ULS is the inclination to the X axis of
(principal compressive stress) principal compressive stress in
  el  15 degrees the elastic analysis
 Design of concrete bridges
(EN 1992-2)
Worked Examples on Bridge Design with EUROCODES – St. Petesburg 17-18 April 2013 42

Model by Carbone, Giordano, Mancini

Assumption: strength of concrete subjected to biaxial

stresses is correlated to the angular deviation
between angle el which identifies the
principal compressive stresses in incipient
cracking and angle u which identifies the
inclination of compression stress field in
concrete at ULS

With increasing  concrete damage increases

progressively and strength is reduced accordingly
 Design of concrete bridges
(EN 1992-2)
Worked Examples on Bridge Design with EUROCODES – St. Petesburg 17-18 April 2013 43

Plastic equilibrium condition

 Design of concrete bridges
(EN 1992-2)
Worked Examples on Bridge Design with EUROCODES – St. Petesburg 17-18 April 2013 44

Graphical solution of inequalities system

0.50

0.45 Eq. 70
0.40 Eq. 72
Eq. 71
0.35

0.30 Eq. 69 x = 0.16

v 0.25 y = 0.06
0.20 nx = ny = -0.17
0.15 el = 45°
0.10 Eq. 73
0.05

0.00
0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 90.0

pl
 Design of concrete bridges
(EN 1992-2)
Worked Examples on Bridge Design with EUROCODES – St. Petesburg 17-18 April 2013 45

Experimental versus calculated panel strenght by Marti and Kaufmann (a)

and by Carbone, Giordano and Mancini (b)
 Design of concrete bridges
(EN 1992-2)
Worked Examples on Bridge Design with EUROCODES – St. Petesburg 17-18 April 2013 46

Skew reinforcement

Plates
conventions
 Design of concrete bridges
(EN 1992-2)
Worked Examples on Bridge Design with EUROCODES – St. Petesburg 17-18 April 2013 47

Equilibrium of the
section parallel to
the compression
field
 Design of concrete bridges
(EN 1992-2)
Worked Examples on Bridge Design with EUROCODES – St. Petesburg 17-18 April 2013 48

Equilibrium of the
section orthogonal to
the compression
field
 Design of concrete bridges
(EN 1992-2)
Worked Examples on Bridge Design with EUROCODES – St. Petesburg 17-18 April 2013 49

Use of genetic algorithms (Genecop III) for the optimization of

reinforcement and concrete verification

Objective: minimization of global reinforcement

Stability: find correct results also if the starting point is very

far from the actual solution
 Design of concrete bridges
(EN 1992-2)
Worked Examples on Bridge Design with EUROCODES – St. Petesburg 17-18 April 2013 50

Section 7  Serviceability limit state (SLS)

- Compressive stresses limited to k1fck with exposure

classes XD, XF, XS (Microcracking)

k1 = 0.6 (reccommended value)

k1 = 0.66 in confined concrete (reccommended value)
 Design of concrete bridges
(EN 1992-2)
Worked Examples on Bridge Design with EUROCODES – St. Petesburg 17-18 April 2013 51

- Crack control
Reinforced members and Prestressed members with
Exposure
prestressed members with bonded tendons
Class
unbonded tendons

Quasi-permanent load
Frequent load combination
combination

X0, XC1 0,31 0,2

XC2, XC3, XC4 0,22

0,3
XD1, XD2, XD3
Decompression
XS1, XS2, XS3

Note 1: For X0, XC1 exposure classes, crack width has no influence on durability and
this limit is set to guarantee acceptable appearance. In the absence of
appearance conditions this limit may be relaxed.
Note 2: For these exposure classes, in addition, decompression should be checked
under the quasi-permanent combination of loads.

Decompression requires that concrete is in compression within a distance

of 100 mm (reccommended value) from bondend tendons
 Design of concrete bridges
(EN 1992-2)
Worked Examples on Bridge Design with EUROCODES – St. Petesburg 17-18 April 2013 52

For skew cracks where a more refined model is not available,

the following expression for the may be used:
1
 cos sin 
srm   
 srm,x srm,y 
 

where srm,x and srm,y are the mean spacing between the cracks
in two ideal ties arranged in the x and y directions. The mean
opening of cracks can than evaluated as:

wm  srm (    c, )

where  and c, represent the total mean strain and the mean
concrete strain, evaluated in the direction orthogonal to the crack
 Design of concrete bridges
(EN 1992-2)
Worked Examples on Bridge Design with EUROCODES – St. Petesburg 17-18 April 2013 53
 Design of concrete bridges
(EN 1992-2)
Worked Examples on Bridge Design with EUROCODES – St. Petesburg 17-18 April 2013 54

Expressing the compatibility of displacement along the

crack, the total strain and the corresponding stresses in
reinforcement in x and y directions may be evaluated, as
a function of the displacements components w and v,
respectively orthogonal and parallel to the crack direction.
 Design of concrete bridges
(EN 1992-2)
Worked Examples on Bridge Design with EUROCODES – St. Petesburg 17-18 April 2013 55

Moreover, by the effect of w and v, tangential and

orthogonal forces along the crack take place, that can be
evaluated by the use of a proper model able to describe
the interlock effect.
 Design of concrete bridges
(EN 1992-2)
Worked Examples on Bridge Design with EUROCODES – St. Petesburg 17-18 April 2013 56

Finally, by imposition of equilibrium conditions between

internal actions and forces along the crack, a nonlinear
system of two equations in the unknowns w and v may be
derived, from which those variables can be evaluated.
 Design of concrete bridges
(EN 1992-2)
Worked Examples on Bridge Design with EUROCODES – St. Petesburg 17-18 April 2013 57

Annex B  Creep and shrinkage strain

HPC, class R cement, strength  50/60 MPa with or

without silica fume

Thick members  kinetic of basic creep and drying

creep is different

Autogenous shrinkage:
Distiction between related to process of hydration
Drying shrinkage:
related to humidity exchanges

Specific formulae for SFC (content > 5% of cement by

weight)
 Design of concrete bridges
(EN 1992-2)
Worked Examples on Bridge Design with EUROCODES – St. Petesburg 17-18 April 2013 58

- Autogenous shrinkage

For t < 28 days fctm(t) / fck is the main variable

f cm  t   ca  t , fck   0
 0.1
f ck

f cm  t   f cm (t )  6
 0.1  ca  t , fck    f ck  20   2.2  0.2 10
f ck  f ck 

For t  28 days

 ca (t ,fck )  ( fck  20)  2.8  1.1exp(t / 96) 106

97% of total autogenous shrinkage occurs

within 3 mounths
 Design of concrete bridges
(EN 1992-2)
Worked Examples on Bridge Design with EUROCODES – St. Petesburg 17-18 April 2013 59

- Drying shrinkage (RH  80%)

K( fck ) 72exp(0.046 fck )  75  RH   t  ts 106

 cd (t , ts , fck , h0 , RH ) 
(t  ts )  cd h02

with: K ( fck ) 18 if fck  55 MPa

K ( fck )  30  0.21 fck if fck > 55 MPa

 0.007 for silica  fume concrete

 cd  
 0.021 for non silica  fume concrete
 Design of concrete bridges
(EN 1992-2)
Worked Examples on Bridge Design with EUROCODES – St. Petesburg 17-18 April 2013 60

- Creep

  t0 
 cc  t , t0   b  t , t0    d  t , t0  
Ec 28

Basic creep Drying creep

 Design of concrete bridges
(EN 1992-2)
Worked Examples on Bridge Design with EUROCODES – St. Petesburg 17-18 April 2013 61

- Basic creep

t  t0
b  t , t0 , f ck , f cm  t0    b 0
 t  t0  bc 
 

 3.6
 f  t 0,37 for silica  fume concrete
with: b0   cm 0

 1.4 for non silica  fume concrete


  fcm  t 0  
 0.37 exp  2.8  for silica  fume concrete
  fck 
bc 

 0.4 exp  3.1 fcm  t 0   for non silica  fume concrete
  
  fck 
 Design of concrete bridges
(EN 1992-2)
Worked Examples on Bridge Design with EUROCODES – St. Petesburg 17-18 April 2013 62

- Drying creep

d (t , ts , t0 , fck , RH , h0 )  d 0  cd (t , ts )   cd (t0 , ts )

 1000 for silica - fume concrete


with: d 0 
 3200 for non silica - fume concrete

 Design of concrete bridges
(EN 1992-2)
Worked Examples on Bridge Design with EUROCODES – St. Petesburg 17-18 April 2013 63

- Experimental identification procedure

At least 6 months

- Long term delayed strain estimation

Experimental
Formulae
determination
 Design of concrete bridges
(EN 1992-2)
Worked Examples on Bridge Design with EUROCODES – St. Petesburg 17-18 April 2013 64

- Safety factor for long term extrapolation lt

 Design of concrete bridges
(EN 1992-2)
Worked Examples on Bridge Design with EUROCODES – St. Petesburg 17-18 April 2013 65

Annex KK  Structural effects of time

dependent behaviour of
concrete

Creep and shrinkage indipendent of each other

Assumptions Average values for creep and shrinkage within

the section

Validity of principle of superposition (Mc-Henry)

 Design of concrete bridges
(EN 1992-2)
Worked Examples on Bridge Design with EUROCODES – St. Petesburg 17-18 April 2013 66

Type of analysis Comment and typical

application
General and incremental step-by-step These are general methods and are
method applicable to all structures. Particularly
useful for verification at intermediate
stages of construction in structures in
which properties vary along the length
(e.g.) cantilever construction.
Methods based on the theorems of linear Applicable to homogeneous structures with
viscoelasticity rigid restraints.

The ageing coefficient method This mehod will be useful when only the
long -term distribution of forces and
stresses are required. Applicable to
bridges with composite sections (precast
beams and in-situ concrete slabs).

Simplified ageing coefficient method Applicable to structures that undergo

changes in support conditions (e.g.) span-
to- span or free cantilever construction.
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Worked Examples on Bridge Design with EUROCODES – St. Petesburg 17-18 April 2013 67

- General method

0  1 0 (t , ti ) 
n
 c (t )    (t , t0 )      ti    cs  t , ts 
Ec (t0 ) Ec (28) i 1  Ec  ti  Ec (28) 


A step by step analysis is required

- Incremental method

At the time t of application of  the creep strain cc(t),

the potential creep strain cc(t) and the creep rate are
derived from the whole load history
 Design of concrete bridges
(EN 1992-2)
Worked Examples on Bridge Design with EUROCODES – St. Petesburg 17-18 April 2013 68

The potential creep strain at time t is:

d  cc (t ) d  (, t )

dt dt Ec 28
t  te

under constant stress from te the same cc(t) and

cc(t) are obtained
 cc  t   c  t , te    cc  t 

Creep rate at time t may be evaluated using the creep

curve for te

d  cc (t ) c  t , te 
  cc  t 
dt t
 Design of concrete bridges
(EN 1992-2)
Worked Examples on Bridge Design with EUROCODES – St. Petesburg 17-18 April 2013 69

For unloading procedures

|cc(t)| > |cc(t)|

and te accounts for the sign change

 ccMax (t )   cc (t )   ccMax (t )   cc (t )   c t , te 

d  ccMax (t )   cc (t )  c  t , te 
  ccMax (t )   cc (t )  
dt t

where ccMax(t) is the last extreme creep strain reached before t

 Design of concrete bridges
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Worked Examples on Bridge Design with EUROCODES – St. Petesburg 17-18 April 2013 70

- Application of theorems of linear viscoelasticity

J(t,t0) an R(t,t0) fully characterize the dependent properties

of concrete

Structures homogeneous, elastic, with rigid restraints

Direct actions effect

S (t )  Sel  t 
t
D(t )  EC  J  t ,  dDel  
0
 Design of concrete bridges
(EN 1992-2)
Worked Examples on Bridge Design with EUROCODES – St. Petesburg 17-18 April 2013 71

Indirect action effect

D(t )  Del  t 
1 t
S (t )   R  t ,  dSel  
EC 0
Structure subjected to imposed constant loads whose initial
statical scheme (1) is modified into the final scheme (2) by
introduction of additional restraints at time t1  t0

S2  t   Sel ,1    t , t0 , t1  Sel ,1
t
  t , t0 , t1    R  t ,  dJ  , t0 
t1

R  t , t0 
  t , t0 , t 
0   1  E t 
C 0
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(EN 1992-2)
Worked Examples on Bridge Design with EUROCODES – St. Petesburg 17-18 April 2013 72

When additional restraints are introduced at different times

ti  t0, the stress variation by effect of restrain j introduced at
tj is indipendent of the history of restraints added at ti < tj
j
S j 1  Sel ,1     t , t0 , ti  Sel ,i
i 1

- Ageing coefficient method

Integration in a single step and correction by means of 
(0.8

t  Ec (28)   Ec (28) 
  E ( )  28  t ,  d     E (t )    t , t0 28  t , t0   t0 t
 t0  c   c 0 
 Design of concrete bridges
(EN 1992-2)
Worked Examples on Bridge Design with EUROCODES – St. Petesburg 17-18 April 2013 73

- Simplified formulae

 (, t0 )   (t1 , t0 ) Ec (t1 )

S  S0   S1  S0 
1    , t1  Ec (t0 )

where: S0 and S1 refer respectively to construction and

final statical scheme

t1 is the age at the restraints variation

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Worked Examples on Bridge Design with EUROCODES – St. Petesburg 17-18 April 2013 74

Annex OO  Typical bridge discontinuity

regions

Strut and tie model for a solid

type diaphragm without
manhole
 Design of concrete bridges
(EN 1992-2)
Worked Examples on Bridge Design with EUROCODES – St. Petesburg 17-18 April 2013 75

Strut and tie model for a solid

type diaphragm with manhole
 Design of concrete bridges
(EN 1992-2)
Worked Examples on Bridge Design with EUROCODES – St. Petesburg 17-18 April 2013 76

Diaphragms with indirect

support. Strut and tie
model

reinforcement

Diaphragms with indirect

support. Anchorage of the
suspension reinforcement
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Worked Examples on Bridge Design with EUROCODES – St. Petesburg 17-18 April 2013 77

Diaphragms with indirect

support. Links as
suspension reinforcement

Diaphragm in monolithic diaphrag

joint with double m
diaphragm:
Equivalent system of
struts and ties.
pier

longitudinal
section
 Design of concrete bridges
(EN 1992-2)
Worked Examples on Bridge Design with EUROCODES – St. Petesburg 17-18 April 2013 78

Torsion in the deck slab

and reactions in the
supports

Model of struts and ties

for a typical diaphragm of
a slab
 Design of concrete bridges
(EN 1992-2)
Worked Examples on Bridge Design with EUROCODES – St. Petesburg 17-18 April 2013 79

EN 1992-2  A new design code to help in

conceiving more and more
enhanced concrete bridges
 Design of concrete bridges
(EN 1992-2)
Worked Examples on Bridge Design with EUROCODES – St. Petesburg 17-18 April 2013 80

Thank you for the

kind attention