8

Republic of the Philippines

CENTRAL BICOL STATE UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE
ISO 9001:2015 San Jose, Pili, Camarines Sur 4418
TÜVR 01 100 1934918 www.cbsua.edu.ph

COLLEGE OF DEVELOPMENT EDUCATION

Learning Module in
Grade 8 Physics -
Electricity
 This learning module belongs to:

_____________________________________________________
Name of Student

_____________________________________________________
_ Address

_____________________________________________________
_ Contact Number/ e-Mail

Foreword

To the learners:
This learning module (LM) have been cooperatively developed and
designed to meet your needs in learning High School Physics and is anchored
to the Most Essential Learning Competencies (MELC) of the DepEd Curriculum
Guide for Science 8. The goal of generating these print materials in a modular
manner is to aid and help you grasp physical topics, notably in the realm of
electricity, in the most basic, insightful, and comprehensible way possible. This
learning material is divided into three lessons: Lesson 1 deals with Basics of
Circuit Connection, Lesson 2 delves deeper into the notion of Ohm’s Law and
Electrical Resistivity, and Lesson 3 discusses the Advantages and
Disadvantages of Parallel and Series Connections. Series of supplemental
activities were incorporated in the last section of each lesson to wrap up all of
the topics covered and to help you learn better. During each laboratory
exercise, you, as an active and collaborative learner, will work in small or large
clusters since the main educational tool (Physics Multifunctional Instrument) to
be utilized is not limited to individual performance and requires the class to
operate as a whole. The developers of these modules hope that you, the
learners, will find them insightful and relevant in your Physics lessons.

God Bless you!

-The authors

About the authors

The developers of this learning module are pre-service teachers from the
College of Development Education of Central Bicol State University of
Agriculture in the names of James D. Guarnes, John Pin F. Nares, Justin R.
Mirando, Reynold C. Barcelona and Roselyn R. Rosco, who are 4th year
students and whose major field of specialization is Science. This module has
been developed in accordance with their research, "PMI: An Authentic
Instructional Tool in Teaching Electricity Concepts.” The authors have great
hopes that these modules and teaching tool materialized, can substantially
assist in the academe, particularly in the teaching of science.

Parts of the module

This module has the following parts and contents.

Introduction The introductory section will provide you with a

summary of the module's topic as well as the
learning competencies that are required of you.
Pre-Assessment This section will measure how much you already
know about the topic or will test your prior
understanding of the concept.
 Learning This is the abstraction section. It will give you with
Resource a brief and concise discussion of the issue
presented in order for you to properly understand
the topic.
Explore The explore section comprises exercises in which
you will be transferring what you have learnt by
undertaking activities that are applicable in real
life. The activities could be done individually or in
groups. (It is the application of learnt skills and
knowledge).
Discussion This part will ask you a central question to see
Board how well you comprehend what has been
discussed conceptually.

Post-Assessment This section will reassess how much you have

learnt thus far as you have completed the
program and will test your mastery of the topic.

References This section offers the learning materials,

references – books, electronic websites, journals,
etc. – that were used throughout the module.

How to use this module?

The following are some key reminders/tips in using this module for you to
have a meaningful learning experience:

1. Use the module with care. Do not, as much as, possible put any
unnecessary remarks/writings or tear any of the pages as you use the module.
A separate working sheet will be provided where you can write answers and jot
down notes.
2. Read carefully every instruction indicated in the learning module
especially in doing hands-on task(s).
3. Uphold honesty and deep sense of academic integrity as you go over
with the tasks in the module. Please do not copy or look in the answer key page
unless you really done answering. Key to correction page was attached for your
reference in evaluating your answer and to self-check your learning progress
and not for cheating.
4. Finish every lesson before proceeding to the next. Lessons are
presented and are arranged in sequential complex and are based from the
curriculum guide for science 8. Hence, it’s a must for you to fully understand
the basic/ preceding topics before moving on to succeeding lessons.
5. Once you have completed this module, please return it to your
teacher/facilitator. Should you have problems answering the tasks in this
module, do not hesitate to notify your teacher or facilitator. Your teacher is there
to help.

Keep in mind that you are not alone. We hope that you will obtain a
thorough understanding of the relevant competencies as a result of this
content. You've got this

Introduction
Today, the use, application, and significance of electricity cannot be
overstated. Look around and you will discover electrical applications observed
in our houses, school halls, street lighting and many more.

In this module, you will fully understand and have a clear idea on basic
electricity concepts and its real-life applications.

Specifically, this module will cover the following lessons:

Lesson 1: Circuit Connection Basics

Lesson 2: Ohm’s Law and Electrical Resistance
 Lesson 3: Advantages and Disadvantages of Series and Parallel Circuit
Connections

After going through this module, you are expected to:

 Identify the basic parts of an electrical circuit

 Construct a schematic diagram using common electrical symbols
 Infer the relationship between current, voltage and resistance (MELC-
S8FE-Ih-30)
 Apply the Ohm’s law in solving electricity problems
 Evaluate the total resistance, voltage and current in a network of
resistors connected in series and parallel.
 Explain the Advantages and Disadvantages of Series and Parallel
Connections (MELC- S8FE-li-31)

Pre- Assessment

Directions: Read each item carefully and choose the letter that corresponds to
the best answer to the questions. Write the answers in your work sheet.

1. A/an ________ is a closed loop through which current can flow.

A. Parallel
B. Series
C. Electrical Circuit
 D. Voltage

2. It is the movement of charges from the positive side to the negative side of
the battery.

A. Electron Current
B. Series
C. Parallel
D. Conventional Current

3. It is the movement of charges from the negative side to the positive side of
the battery.

A. Electron Current
B. Series
C. Parallel
D. Conventional Current

4. What represents this circuit element?

A. Load
B. Switch
C. Voltmeter
D. Battery

5. What represents this circuit element?

A. Load
B. Switch
C. Voltmeter
D. Battery

Learning Resource

LESSON 1: Circuit Connection Basics

Most conductive materials like that being used for electrical wirings
commonly copper and aluminum has free electrons and permits an electron
flow through it. For an electron to flow there must be a complete, uninterrupted,
and continuous path or connection to which these electrons can travel. If the
path happens to be broken or has gaps the electron’s flow will be cut off and the
circuit basically would become open, hence the entire circuit will not work either.
When current flows it carries energy to do work. This complete or closed loop in
which current can flow is termed electrical circuit.

Figure 1. A simple
electric circuit

BASIC COMPONENTS OF CIRCUIT

In general, an electric circuit is consisting of electrical components that

are wired/ connected to each other. These components are of active or passive
type of electrical elements. Active elements are parts of a circuit which
possess energy, whereas passive elements are components that receive
energy from the source. Figure 1 above illustrates the 3 fundamental elements
of a circuit (but aren’t limited to those). The interconnections of bulb, conducting
wires and a dry cell make a complete and undisrupted path for electron to flow.
The first two are passive elements and the battery is the active one.

1. Power source – A component that supplies voltage (an electromotive

force that pushes the electrons through the conducting wires (measured
in Volts) and current (the rate of flow of electrons in Ampere).
2. Electrical loads – A device acting as resistor attached to the circuit that
is being energized. It converts/ transforms electric energy into other
forms. Examples include a lightbulb, a resistor and a motor. A load
converts electricity into heat, light or motion.
3. Conductor wires – Special type of wires/ medium where a current can
travel through.

However, most electric circuits have intentionally made gaps which are
provided by the addition of another component such that of an electrical switch.
An electrical switch is a controlling device used to open (inhibit electron flow)
or close (allow electron flow) a circuit and is operated manually or automatically.
The on-off mechanism allows us to either let current flow through or cut the flow
of electron in a
Ascircuit.
long as the circuit is complete, electric current will flow
through the wires and the electrical loads will function.

Any break or discontinuity along the conductive wire will prevent

the charge from flowing completely along the circuit. For a
sustained flow the loop/path must be unbroken.
 Electric circuits commonly are represented by used of symbols rather
than drawings before it are being assembled. Therefore, it is important that you
are familiar and know how to interpret common electrical symbols used for
diagraming a circuit. A schematic diagram is a graphical or visual
representation of the functionality and electrical components in a circuit. Below
are common symbols for schematic diagram for circuit.

COMMON ELECTRICAL SYMBOLS FOR CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Now, knowing these symbols, if we are to make a schematic diagram for

figure 1 it will appear to be like the one below.

CURRENT AND VOLTAGE

We mentioned previously that conductors have random free electrons on

it and these electrons could be made to move in a coordinated or uniform
manner given the path is continuous for the charge electrons (current) to flow.
Not only that, there should also be a source to provide push to move the charge
through. Voltage is the amount of potential energy between two points on a
circuit. It is also the work required to move a unit charge from one location to
another, measured in volts (V). Current, on the other hand, is the amount of
charge flowing through a cross-section of a conductor at a given time, it is
measured in Amperes (A)

CONVENTIONAL AND ELECTRON CURRENT

There are two notations to describe the direction of the actual flow of
electron in a circuit. Current is conventionally thought to move from positive
terminal (+) with surplus amount of charge to negative terminal (-) with
deficiency of charge. Thus, termed conventional current. It has been widely
accepted and thought to be correct that current flows from positive to negative.
However, the scientific and actual flow of the electron is from negative to the
positive end called electron current. Shown in figure 2 are the illustrative
directions of currents between these two.

Figure 2. Direction of current for both notations.

Explore

Activity 1: “What’s the element?”

Objective:
 Be able to identify the basic elements of a circuit.

Material/s needed:
  PMI (Physics Multifunctional Instrument)
 Activity/Working Sheets

Instruction: Refer to the Part 2 of the actual Physics Multifunctional

Instrument (PMI) setup and identify the unknown electrical components
in the picture below, determine whether it is a passive or active element
and draw their appropriate electrical symbol. Put your answers in the table.

Fill the 4
5 table.
Electrical
Passive or Active Electrical Symbol
Component
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Guide Questions:

Q1. Were you able to identify correctly all the components?

Q2. How did you know if the electrical component is an active or passive
element?
 Discussion Board

Now that you have explored the lesson and activity regarding
circuit connection basics, it’s time for you to share your learning among
your classmates through this next activity.

Instruction: Divide the class into two groups to allow for open discussion of the
two opposing current flow theories. You will find out which theory you will
defend by drawing lots. Then you'll have 5 minutes to brainstorm with your
groupmates about how you're going to present your group's point of view. Each
group will select three representatives to discuss the group's position on the
premise. Each representative will be given only two minutes to discuss their
thoughts on the subject. This activity will be conducted in the style of a debate.

Premise: Does current flow from positive to negative

(conventional current flow) or from negative to positive
(electron current flow)?

Rubrics for Grading:

 Organization and Clarity- 40%

 Presentation Style- 20%
 Use of Arguments- 60%
TOTAL 100%

Post- Assessment
Directions: Read each item carefully and choose the letter that corresponds to
the best answer to the questions. Write the answers in your work sheet.

1. A/an ________ is a closed loop through which current can flow.

A. Parallel
B. Series
C. Electrical Circuit
 D. Voltage

2. It is the movement of charges from the positive side to the negative side of
the battery.

A. Electron Current
B. Series
C. Parallel
D. Conventional Current

3. It is the movement of charges from the negative side to the positive side of
the battery.

A. Electron Current
B. Series
C. Parallel
D. Conventional Current

4. What represents this circuit element?

A. Load
B. Switch
C. Voltmeter
D. Battery

5. What represents this circuit element?

A. Load
B. Switch
C. Voltmeter
D. Battery

6-7. Using electrical symbols, draw a schematic diagram for a circuit with a
battery, a light bulb and an open switch.

8-9. Using the schematic diagram, you have drawn in item number 6, illustrate
the electron and conventional current flow using arrows.
10. Refer to the electrical drawing below and draw its schematic diagram.

RESISTOR

BATTERY

BULB

References

Alexander, C. & Sadiku, M. (2012). Fundamentals of Electric Circuits (5th ed.).

McGraw-Hill Education. https://btu.edu.eg/wp-
content/uploads/2020/03/Fundamentals-of-Electric-Circuits-5th-ed.pdf
Circuit diagrams. (n.d.). [Illustration]. Ggebooks.Com.
https://ggebooks.com/BOOK/2-electricity/2A-circuits.php

Conventional and Electron Flow. (n.d.). [Illustration]. Mr. Wong’s Class Website.
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fptop.only.wip.la%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwjfclass.net
%2F2017s2%2Felectricity&psig=AOvVaw3ezFe8AzpJ71JjflgtwRQm&ust
=1639635586661000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAsQjRxqFwoTC
NCn1-6Y5fQCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAD

Department of Education (2013) Science – Grade 8 Learner’s Module First

Edition, 2nd Floor Dorm G, Philsports Complex Meralco Avenue, Pasig
City, Philippines, 1600

Ohm’s Law: Resistance and Simple Circuits | Physics. (n.d.).

Courses.Lumenlearning. Retrieved November 27, 2021, from
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/physics/chapter/20-2-ohms-law-
resistance-and-simple-circuits/

Physics Tutorial: Two Types of Connections. (n.d.). The Physics Classroom.

Retrieved November 27, 2021, from
https://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/circuits/Lesson-4/Two-Types-
of-Connections

Pre- Assessment

Directions: Read each item carefully and choose the letter that corresponds to
the best answer to the questions. Write the answers in your work sheet. Provide
solutions to items that requires calculations.
1. It refers to the amount of charge flowing through a cross sectional
conductor at a given time.
A. Current
B. Voltage
C. Resistance
D. Temperature

2. What is the SI unit of the electrical quantity being referred in item 1?

A. Volt
B. Ampere
C. Ohm
D. Kelvin

3. What will happen to the current if the voltage is tripled?

A. Doubled
B. Halve
C. Tripled
D. Remains constant

4. ______is the measure of the medium’s ability to slow down current flow.
A. Voltage
B. Current
C. Electrical switch
D. Resistance

5. It is the electromotive force that drives electrical charges through a

circuit.
A. Resistance
B. Power Source
C. Voltage
D. Current

6. Which of the following is true about relationship between current and

voltage?
A. When the voltage increases the current decreases
B. When the voltage decreases the current increases
C. When the voltage increases the current increases
D. When the voltage decreases the current remains unchanged

7. The following are factors affecting the resistance of wire, EXCEPT

A. Length
B. Cross-sectional area
C. Material composition
D. Current
8. Which among the following wire has the highest resistance?
A. Thin, long wires
B. Thin, short wires
C. Thick, long wires
D. Thick, short wires

9. An electronic device has a resistance of 30 ohm’s and a current of 20

Ampere, what is the voltage across the circuit?
A. 200 V
B. 400 V
C. 600 V
D. 800 V

10. What current flows through the bulb of a 3.00 V flashlight when its
resistance is 3.70 ohms?
A. 0.810 A
B. 0.833 A
C. 0.800 A
D. 0.821 A

11.
 Learning Resource
LESSON 2: Ohm’s Law and Electrical Resistance

OHM’S LAW

In lesson 1, you were able to identify the basics of components of a

simple circuit and able to interpret a circuit by schematic diagraming. You have
understood that for charges to flow an uninterrupted loop is needed for a circuit
to function fully. In this lesson, we are going to discuss in-depth the basic
electricity concepts particularly the relationship exists between current, voltage
and resistance – the Ohm’s law.

Current (I)

Technically, when we speak of current, we are referring to the amount of

charge/electron flowing through a cross sectional conductor at a given time.
Rewritten as;
∆Q
I=
∆t
Where;
I =¿ current (Ampere)
∆ Q=¿quantity of charge passing (Coulombs)
∆ t=¿ time (second)

Therefore, 1A = 1C/s

In simple terms, it’s the flow rate of electrons. Current is analogously

compared as a water running through the pipes. The SI unit in measuring
current is Amperes (A) shortly written as “Amps” named after the French
mathematician and physicist André-Marie Ampère, who paved the foundation of
electrodynamics and invented ammeter and electromagnets. In equation
current is denoted by using the uppercase letter “I”

Figure 1. Current flowing

through a cross section wire
Voltage (V)

Voltage is the electromotive force that drives electrical charges through a

circuit. Basically, the voltage is what pushes the current/charge as like
“pressure” that pushes water to flow in our water pipe analogy. Voltage is
denoted by uppercase letter “V” or “E”. The unit for Voltage is Volts in honor of
Italian Physicist, Alessandro Antonio Volta, who invented the electric battery
and whose works became significant in the understanding of electric circuit
theory. Voltage is measured when going from point A to point B and is equal to
the work that would have to be done, per unit charge, against the electric field
to transport the charge from point A to point B.

In symbols;
W
V=
q
Where;
V =voltage (volts)
W =work(Joule)
q=charge (Coulombs)

Resistance (R)

Resistance is the opposite of electrical conductivity. While conductivity

allows electron to flow, resistance is the opposition to the flow. Resistance is
the measure of the medium’s ability to slow down current flow. This means that
a material with good conductivity has poor resistivity (vice versa). In our water-
pipe analogy the size of the pipe is the resistance. There are several factors
that influence the current flowing through a cross section of a conducting wires
as show in the below figure.

Figure 2. Factors affecting

resistance
 For a wire of a length (L) and a cross-sectional area (A), the resistance
(R) is directly proportional to (L) and inversely proportional to (A).
Mathematically expressed as;

L
R=ρ
A
Where:
ρ=resistivity (Ohm’s)
L=length (meter)
A=Area (Meter square), therefore, units for resistivity are Ω.m

Factors affecting Resistance:

1. Resistivity ( ρ)– the nature of the material or what the material is made out
of. Different materials have varying resistivity. If the wire/ medium is made of
high resistive material, it has high resistivity.

2. Length (L) – increasing the length will increase the resistance of the wire
(vice versa). When the length of the conducting wire is increase, the electron
flow is impeded. The shorter the wire the lesser the resistance.

3. Cross-sectional Area (A) - When the cross-sectional area is increase,

electrons will flow easily, the number of electrons flowing will proportionally
increase but when the area is reduced the electrons flow will be restricted.
The
Ohm’s law

Ohm's law asserts that the voltage across a conductor is directly

proportional to the current flowing through it if all other physical conditions
including temperature stay constant.

Current-voltage relationship is written in symbols as;

V =IR
Where:
V =voltage ( Volts )
I =current ( Ampere )
R=resistance(Ohms )

Ohm’s law equation can be derived into the following equations

depending on the unknown quantity being computed for and for as long as any
two variables are given in a problem, the equation may be applied to look for
the third quantity.

To facilitate easy familiarization, you may use the ohm’s law triangle given
below.
 Figure 3. Derivations of formula depending on the missing value

Let’s try!
Now, let’s work on some sample problems using the Ohm’s law
equation.

Problem 1: A source has a current of 0.20 Amperes and has a resistance of

1000 ohms. Find the voltage of the circuit.

Given: I = 0.20 A Step 1: Identify the given

quantities in the problem and the
R = 1000 Ω unknown or required variable to be
solve for.
Required: V =?
Step 2: Decide what equation will
be applicable to the variable to be
Formula: V = IR
calculated.

Step 3: Substitute the given

Solution: V = IR
quantities to the formula then
simplify.
V = (0.20 A) (1000 Ω)

V = 200 V
Step 4: Check your final answer
and be sure to indicate the proper
SI unit for the computed value.

Follow the above steps as guide in solving ohm’s law problems.

Problem 2: A 110 volts power source applies a lamp with a resistance of 20

ohms. What is the amount of current flowing in the circuit?

Given: V = 110 V

R = 20 Ω

Required: I =?

Formula: I = V/R

Solution: I = V/R = (110 V) / (20 Ω) = 5.5 A

Problem 3: A power saw at the local hardware store boasts of having a 15-
Amp motor. Determine its resistance when plugged into a 120-Volt outlet.

Given: V = 120 V

I = 15 A

Required: R =?

Formula: R = V/I

Solution: R = V/I

R = (120 V) / (15 A)

R=8Ω

Your turn!
Evaluate the following:

1. A voltage of 90 V is applied to a resistor and the current flowing through

the wire has a value of 100 A. What is the resistance of the resistor?

2. A circuit contains 12 Voltage battery connected to a light bulb having the

resistance of 5 Ohms and the current reads 2.4 Ampere. What is the
current if we replaced the 12-V battery with 36 V?

3. If circuit with one resistor has a current of 12 Amps and a voltage of 60

V. What is the resistance?

4. What is the current in a 250 V circuit if the resistance is 3.6 Ω?

5. Calculate the voltage required to move 6 A through 20 Ω?

 Explore

Now that you are already familiar with the three basic electrical
quantities: current, voltage and resistance, you are tasked to perform
this activity and actually observe their relationship among each other.

ACTIVITY 2A “(I) (R)esists!”

Objective:

 Infer the relationships between Voltage, Current and Resistance

Material/s needed:

 PMI, Digital Multitester, a pen and paper.

Procedures:

For this activity, you will utilize the Part 1 of the PMI. You will examine
how does different classifications of wires affects the current flowing in it and at
the same time knowing which of each wire classification offers the greatest
resistance.

1. First close all the circuits by turning on Switches 1 to 3. Observe the meter
readings on each ammeter connected in series to each circuit. Record the
readings on the table below.

WIRE COLOR, LENGTH &

CURRENT READING (A)
DIAMETER

1. Red Copper Wire, 1m, 0.64mm

2. Red Copper Wire, 6m, 0.64mm

3. Blue Copper Wire, 6m, 0.25mm

2. After gathering the needed data, turn the switches off immediately.

Q1. According to the data you have collected, on which wire type does
current flow easier? How about the wire type that resist the flow of current
the most?
Q2. How does a wire’s diameter and length affect its resistance given that
same kind of material is used?

Q3. If we double the diameter of a wire, does the resistance of the wire
increase or decrease? How about shortening its length?

Q4. Base on your data on the table above, what can you infer regarding
the relationship between current and resistance?

ACTIVITY 2B “V.I.R. Relations”

Procedures:

1. First, prepare the digital multimeter inside the PMI. Refer to the User Manual
on how to measure DC Voltage. Turn on the digital multimeter and put it on 20V
DC Voltage. Since the power source you have is 12V battery, putting the tester
in 20V meter will give you the most accurate voltage reading.

2. Turn on switches 1 to 3. Then measure the voltage at each circuit connection

one at a time. (Red needle to the top tip of the switch and black needle at the
metal socket of the bulb). Repeat this step with the other two circuit
connections. Record your data on the table below.

3. To measure the amount of current flowing in each circuit, you can use the
digital multimeter if you want to double check the current reading in the
connected ammeter in each circuit. Refer to the User Manual as well on how to
operate the material for measuring DC Current. Repeat this step with the other
two circuit connections. Record your data on the table below.

Circuit Voltage Current Resistance

4. Given that you already have the value for voltage and current for each circuit
connection, using the formula for Ohm’s Law you should be able to compute for
the resistance of each connection. (You can also manually measure for the
resistances of each circuit with the digital multimeter). Switch off all the
connections afterwards.
Q1. Based on your findings, how would you characterize the relationship
between voltage, current and resistance?

Q2. What do you think will happen to the current if we doubled the
resistance or the circuit?

Q3. If we change the battery attached in the PMI into a 13V battery instead
of 12V, what do you think will happen? Will the circuit function the same?
Why or why not?

Discussion Board

Now that you have already studied and understand the relationship
among the 3 basic electrical quantities and what factors affects the resistance,
how are you going to answer the following questions to test whether you really
grasp the concept being studied? Write your answer in a separate paper. (5
points each).

Q1. What will you do if you want to light up a 12 volts bulb using 4pcs of
3V battery?

Q2. How does series and parallel circuit affect voltage and current?
 Post- Assessment

Directions: Read each item carefully and choose the letter that corresponds to
the best answer to the questions. Write the answers in your work sheet. Provide
solutions to items that requires calculations.

1. It refers to the amount of charge flowing through a cross sectional

conductor at a given time.
A. Current
B. Voltage
C. Resistance
D. Temperature

2. What is the SI unit of the electrical quantity being referred in item 1?

A. Volt
B. Ampere
C. Ohm
D. Kelvin

3. What will happen to the current if the voltage is tripled?

A. Doubled
B. Halve
C. Tripled
D. Remains constant

4. ______is the measure of the medium’s ability to slow down current flow.
A. Voltage
B. Current
C. Electrical switch
D. Resistance

5. It is the electromotive force that drives electrical charges through a

circuit.
A. Resistance
B. Power Source
C. Voltage
D. Current

6. Which of the following is true about relationship between current and

voltage?
A. When the voltage increases the current decreases
B. When the voltage decreases the current increases
C. When the voltage increases the current increases
 D. When the voltage decreases the current remains unchanged

7. The following are factors affecting the resistance of wire, EXCEPT

A. Length
B. Cross-sectional area
C. Material composition
D. Current

8. Which among the following wire has the highest resistance?

A. Thin, long wires
B. Thin, short wires
C. Thick, long wires
D. Thick, short wires

9. An electronic device has a resistance of 30 ohm’s and a current of 20

Ampere, what is the voltage across the circuit?
A. 200 V
B. 400 V
C. 600 V
D. 800 V

10. What current flows through the bulb of a 3.00 V flashlight when its
resistance is 3.70 ohms?
A. 0.810 A
B. 0.833 A
C. 0.800 A
D. 0.821 A

11. What is the ohm’s law equation to be use when resistance is the
unknown quantity?
A. R = V-R
B. R = IV
C. R = V/I
D. R = Q/t

12. Calculate the resistance of the bulb of the following circuit that has a 0.5
Ampere current through it and a 150 Voltage across.
A. 500 Ω
B. 300 Ω
C. 400 Ω
D. 200 Ω

13. What is the current through 250 Ω resistor if the voltage drops across it
is 24 V?
A. 0.080 A
 B. 0.096 A
C. 0.142 A
D. 1.085 A

14. If the refrigerant draws 1.24 A at 120 V, what is its resistance?

A. 15.50 Ω
B. 213.10 Ω
C. 96.77 Ω
D. 75.49 Ω

15. The electrical resistance of the copper wire coil is 2.0 Ω. What current
runs through the coil when the voltage between the terminals is 3.0 V?
A. 0.05 A
B. 5.7 A
C. 11.08 A
D. 1.5 A
 References

Alexander, C., & Sadiku, M. (2012). Fundamentals of Electric Circuits (5th ed.).
McGraw-Hill Education. https://btu.edu.eg/wp-
content/uploads/2020/03/Fundamentals-of-Electric-Circuits-5th-ed.pdf

J. (2020, January 19). Ohm’s Law Formula. Technical Books Pdf. Retrieved
December 9, 2021, from https://www.technicalbookspdf.com/ohms-law-
formula/

Ohms Law - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics. (n.d.). Sciencedirect.Com.

Retrieved December 9, 2021, from
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/ohms-law

Ling, S. J. (2018, November 28). 5.4 Ohm’s Law – Introduction to Electricity,

Magnetism, and Circuits. Pressbooks. Retrieved December 9, 2021,
from https://openpress.usask.ca/physics155/chapter/5-4-ohms-law/

Electrical Current. (n.d.). [Illustration].Jobilize.Com. https://www.google.com/url?

sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fptop.only.wip.la%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.jobilize.com%2Fphysics2%2Fcourse
%2F9-1-electrical-current-current-and-resistance-by-openstax%3Fpage
%3D1&psig=AOvVaw2NeECXv6fnovmO7qqqoOLu&ust=163963845548
8000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAsQjRxqFwoTCJD9x7Sj5fQCFQ
AAAAAdAAAAABAI

Material and Shape Dependence of Resistance. (n.d.).

[Illustration].Texasgateway.Org. https://www.google.com/url?
sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fptop.only.wip.la%3A443%2Fhttps%2Fwww.texasgateway.org%2Fresource%2F33-
resistance-and-
resistivity&psig=AOvVaw1eQrzbyo5RX8BxU_62UmdK&ust=163963884
0563000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAsQjRxqFwoTCNj2t-
yk5fQCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAD

Resistivity of Common Metals. (n.d.). [Table]. Chegg.Com.

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F
%2Fwww.chegg.com%2Fhomework-help%2Fquestions-and-answers
%2Fattempting-identify-unknown-metal-using-electrical-properties-wire-
made-metal-diameter-129-q48137192&psig=AOvVaw2FR-
M_pvkLtTznH5yuH72V&ust=1639639231411000&source=images&cd=vf
e&ved=0CAsQjRxqFwoTCOjH-qam5fQCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAD
 Pre- Assessment
Directions: Read each item carefully and choose the letter that corresponds to
the best answer to the questions. Write the answers in your work sheet. Provide
solutions to items that requires calculation.

1. It is a type of circuit connection in which the current flows through

multiple paths/ branches.
A. Series
B. Parallel
C. Series-parallel
D. Closed circuit

2. In a series circuit, which of the following quantities is constant?

A. Current
B. Resistance
C. Voltage
D. Total resistance

3. Three resistors are connected in series across a 12 V battery, given R1

is120 Ω, R2 is 60 Ω and R3 is 40 Ω, what is the total resistance of the
circuit?
A. 180 Ω
B. 350 Ω
C. 420 Ω
D. 220 Ω

4. As the number of resistors in a series circuit increases, the overall

resistance __________and the current in the circuit___________
A. Increases, decreases
B. Increases, increases
C. Decreases, increases
D. Remains constant

5. As we added more resistors in parallel to a circuit, the total resistance of

the circuit_________ and the total current in the circuit________
A. Increases, increases
B. Decreases, increases
C. Increases, decreases
D. Remains constant
 Learning Resource

LESSON 3: Advantages and Disadvantages of Series and Parallel

Connections

Look around your house and observe that many of the electrical
equipment are connected independently among the other and that turning off
one won’t affect the functionality of another load. Are you familiar with this type
of circuit connection? This type of circuit connection is called parallel
connection. However, if the circuitry is said to have a single path across loads
wherein disconnecting one load from the circuit will automatically disrupt the
current flowing on the entire system, this is called be a series connection.

Today, the use, application, and significance of series and parallel circuit
connections cannot be overstated. The use of these common types of circuitries
can be observed in our houses, school halls, and street lighting and many
more. In the previous lesson you were introduced to the basic electricity
concepts. You were able to understand the relationships between current,
voltage and resistance.

Now, this lesson will focus and explain more on the types of circuit, your
knowledge of Ohm’s law will be use in analyzing circuit and you are able to
know the advantages and disadvantages of using one and the other in the
household.

TYPES OF ELECTRIC CIRCUIT

As mentioned in Lesson 1, circuit is an interconnection of electrical

elements. These elements or devices could be connected together in several
ways. The placement of elements determines the type of connection a circuit
has, whether the connection itself is a single closed loop or provides a
branching pathway for current. There are two types of circuit namely; series and
parallel connection but there is type of connection that could be of both; (series-
parallel) neither a series nor parallel. But we shall discus the two common
types.

1. Series Circuit
A circuit is said to be in series when all the components are connected in
such a way that the current has only one/ single path to traverse. In a series
connection, current flow through the electrical loads or resistors sequentially.
That is, the same current flowing through one resistor or load will flow to every
resistor or load connected. Supposed three resistors with given resistances
values are connected in series with a 20 V battery as shown in figure 3. If any of
the resistors fails or disconnected, the current will not flow completely, and none
of the rest of the resistors will work since the current is disrupted.

3RΩ 3 6 RΩ2 R1 8Ω

RTotal

Figure 1. resistors connected in series

The total resistance is the algebraic sum of all the individual resistances
in the circuit. This means, that if we add resistors or loads, we are increasing
the overall resistance of the circuit. Consequently, a decrease in current will
occur. The equivalent resistance is always greater than any single resistance.

Rtotal =R 1+ R 2+ R 3+ … R n

Rtotal =8 Ω+ 6 Ω+3 Ω=17 Ω

When a current is made to flow in the circuit provided by the source, it

will flow straight towards resistor 1, resistor 2 and resistor 3 respectively as if
like a chain, there is a one loop for current flow before going back to positive
terminal of the battery (electron current flow) and so the total current must be
the same across resistors. In symbols;

I total=I 1=I 2 =I 3

Applying the Ohm’s law, since we already know the equivalent

resistance (Rtotal) and given the voltage of the battery (V), basically it should be
the total voltage along the circuit regardless the potential differences, it must be
the same as the source. We can compute for the third quantity. To find out the
current (I) flowing through the circuit we need to derive then the equation for
Ohm’s law.

V 20 V
I= = =1.18 A
R 17 Ω

Therefore, the same current of 1.8 A is flowing through the R 1, R2, and
R3.
 A voltage drop occurs when the voltage passes each resistor. However,
the total source voltage is the combined individual voltage drops of the resistors
expressed as;

V total =V 1 +V 2 +V 3 +… V n

To calculate the individual voltages across resistors we are again to

apply the Ohm’s law.

V 1=I 1 R1 =( 1.18 A )( 8 Ω )=9.44 V

V 2=I 2 R 2=( 1.18 A )( 6 Ω )=7.08 V

V 3=I 3 R 3=( 1.18 A ) ( 3 Ω )=3.54 V

When all the computed voltage drops are added it will be equal to the
battery’s voltage. In our case, the V total=20.06 which is approximately near to 20
voltage rating of the battery.

The current in series circuit is the same across resistors or

components and at any points along the circuit.

ADVANTAGES OF SERIES CIRCUIT

The following are the advantages of using series type of connection:

 Series circuit are basic and easy to analyzed as the current flows in
only one path and if faulty wires or break happens along the path it is
easy to spot and repair as the circuitry is simple to understand and is
not as complex as parallel.
 Series circuit do not overheat easily.
 Current across the circuit is the same.

DISADVANTAGES OF SERIES CIRCUIT

The following are the disadvantages of using series type of connection:

 If any of the components fails or terminated the entire circuit will not
work as the single conducting loop to which loads are connected and
current flows through is not complete.
 The more the resistors or components added the greater the
resistance, the lesser the current. If we add more electrical loads in
series there will be an observed dimming of light in the loads.
  Electrical loads/device can’t be operated independently. Most simple
series circuit has one functional electrical switch connected across
the loads. Switching it off will shut down the flow of current across the
loads.
 Very impractical to use in the household.

2. Parallel Circuit

In contrast with series circuit, parallel circuit connection has different

loops of connections. And unlike series, the current flowing across resistors
vary since the current has no single pathway and split to various branch. If the
circuit in figure 3 is made to parallel, it will be as the one shown below.

3Ω 6Ω 8Ω

Itotal I1 I2 I3

Figure 2. Resistors connected in parallel

The schematic above illustrates how current is flowing in multiple paths.

If the terminals of electrical elements share two common nodes, they are
parallel. A node is a junction or point in which two or more elements are
connected. In Figure 4. There are 4 nodes identified in the diagram,
represented by dots. From the source, current flows through the circuit and split
with some of the current going to the resistor 1 and other heading towards
resistors 2 and 3. Note that the amount of current flowing in every branch is not
the same however, when these individual currents are summed up it would still
be the same as the current outside branches. This can be written as;

I total=I 1+ I 2 + I 3

For instance, if we have the same circuit connection as fig. 4 with a 20 V

battery in parallel with those three resistors. Look at how current flows as
through the branches.
 V V V

A A A
A A A

The total resistance for parallel circuit is determined by taking the

reciprocal of the resistances of the resistors. Wherein the equivalent resistance
is always lesser than the value of the smallest resistance. Given the individual
resistance we can use the formula below to get the total resistance.

Given: R1=3 Ω , R2=6 Ω , R3 =8 Ω

1/ Rtotal=1/ R1 +1/ R2 +1/ R3 +… 1/ Rn

1 1 1
1/ Rtotal= + +
3 6 8

1
=0.33+0.17+ 0.125=0.625
R total

1
Rtotal = =1.6 Ω
0.625

All the components (resistors) received same amount of voltage.

Voltmeter represented by letter “V” in the diagram measures voltage and are
place in parallel with the circuit so as not to disrupt the current due to its high
resistance. The total voltage in the external circuit is of same value as that of
the voltage across branches and is also the same as the voltage of the source.
Hence, 20 volts flows through R1, R2, and R3.

V total=V 1 =V 2=V 3=20 V

The total current is the sum total of the individual currents through resistors.

I total=I 1+ I 2 + I 3

We do not know yet the individual currents on each resistor, however, we

can apply the Ohm’s law in this case to find these values.

V 20 V
I 1= = =6.67 A
R1 3 Ω

Following the same mathematical procedure, we get,

I 2=3.33 A , I 3=2.5 A

We can now use the equation to find the total current by substituting the
computed values for each resistor. We simply add the individual currents.

I total=6.67 A+3.33 A+2.5 A=12.5 A

Looking at it, meaning 12.5 amount of current leaving the negative

terminal of the source, at the junction point the magnitude of the current divides
as it passes through the three branches available in the circuit. Current splits off
at the first branching location (R1) and also to R2 and the remainder goes to
R3. The current differs across the components and that the amount of current
flowing on each branch depends on the resistance of the branch, that is, there
could be more current in a branch of lower resistance (vice versa) when these
individual currents combined, it will equal to the current outside the branches.
The total current will still be 12.5 A as it flows back to the positive terminal.

The symbol “A” is used to represent Ammeter. A device that measures

the rate or current in a circuit and is connected in series so the current flowing
through will pass the ammeter and because it has very little resistance it will not
affect the current.

The current flowing in the branches are not the same. The resistance of the
branch determine the amount of current that will flow to the branch.

In parallel, voltage across the branches is the same.

Adding resistance in parallel provides another path for

current, and more current flows.

ADVANTAGES OF PARALLEL CIRCUIT

The following are the advantages of using parallel type of connections:

 Unlike in series, each of the component or electric loads could be

turned off independently without breaking the current flowing from
other loads.
 The electrical loads receive full amount/ equal of voltage from the
source, same voltage flows throughout the components.
  The circuit will still work even if one of the loads is terminated, worn
out, removed or stops. The rest of the component will still function and
the entire current flow is not affected or cut off.
 If any faulty break happens in the circuit, the current can still travel
through different paths as in parallel current is not passing on a single
loop.

DISADVANTAGES OF PARALLEL CIRCUIT

The following are the disadvantages of using parallel type of connection:

 Requires the use of many wires.

 It is difficult to repair and identify which loop is damaged as the wired
connections and branches are many.
 More current is needed when more electrical component is added,
consequently, decreasing the resistance, the risk of overloading/
overheating is there.

Explore

Activity 2: “Investigating Series & Parallel Circuit”

Objective: Demonstrate understanding of series and parallel circuit connection

Note: The goal of this activity is for you to know and understand the
differences and similarities between Series and Parallel Connections, as
well as to recognize their potential advantages and disadvantages if
applied in real-life. In doing this demonstration activity, you will work by
group (composed of at most of 2 operators of the PMI and a discussant of
the observations). Each group will be given set of instructions to follow. As
each group perform their respective tasks, the discussant will present their
group’s observations.

Material/s needed:

 PMI (Physics Multifunctional Instrument)

 Activity/ Working sheets

Instructions for Group 1 (SET A) Series

1. Turn on Switch 5, which is labelled outside the PMI, for the Series
connection.
 Q1. What did you notice after turning on the switch based on the
light emitted by the bulbs? Do they have the same level of
brightness? Fill out a separate sheet of paper with your response.

2. Turn off the switch and then remove Bulb A from the bulb socket by
pushing it down and rotating it counter clockwise. Then, re-turn the
switch on.
Q2. List down your observation. What happen to the other bulb
connected in series with Bulb A? Why?

3. Turn the switch off once more. This time, you will compare the difference
when a significant number of loads are supplied with electricity in the
connection to only one load attached. Connect the alligator clip for the
power of the digital ammeter to the bottom of Switch 5 and reconnect
Bulb A to the circuit.

Image 1. Connect the

alligator clip to the
bottom of Switch 5

Turn back on the switch. Examine the brightness of the bulbs' light
and record the current reading in the meter.

4. Then, turn off the circuit and remove Bulb A by pushing it down and
rotating it counter clockwise. Clip one end of the alligator clip provided
inside the PMI to the wounded conducting wire near Bulb A and touch
the other end to the copper circle inside the bulb socket.

Image 2. Remove Bulb

A from the bulb socket
 Image 3. Clip the alligator
clip to the wounded
conducting wire (near
Bulb A) and touch the
copper circle of the bulb
socket)

Turn on the
light. Examine the brightness of the bulbs' light and record the current

Q3. What are your observations regarding the brightness of the

light bulbs on the two situations? Why do you think so?

5. Turn off the switch, disconnect the alligator clip used and put back Bulb
A.

Instructions for Group 2 (SET B) Parallel

1. This time you will explore parallel circuits. First, turn on Switch 1, 2 and
3. Observe how the components are arrange and how current flow from
the whole circuit.
Q1. What do you observe in the intensity of light emitted by each
bulb? (i.e. dim or bright)

2. Turn off Switch 3 and then remove Bulb C from the bulb socket by
pushing it down and rotating it counter clockwise.

Image 4. Remove Bulb C

from the bulb socket

Then, re-turn the switch on. (Repeat this step for Bulb B and C.)
 Q2. List down your observation. What happens to the other bulb
connected in parallel with the detached bulb? Were the other bulbs
still lit on or off after removing the bulb? Why do you think so?

3. Next, using the digital ammeter compare the current flow reading at each
circuit.
Q3. What did you observe in terms of their current readings? Are
they similar or different? Why is that so?

CRITERIA FOR GRADING:

Presentation- 40%

Accuracy of the Data Presented- 40%

Organization and Teamwork- 20%

TOTAL 100%

Think about it!

What are your realizations or implications

regarding the importance of series and parallel
connections in real-life applications after
completing the activity? When and where are
these connections most commonly used?

Discussion Board

Now that you have explored the lesson and activity regarding parallel
and series connection along its advantages and disadvantages, it’s time
for you to share your learning among your classmates through this next
activity where you will showcase your creativity and technological skills.
 You are going to create a short vlog with a maximum duration of 3
minutes. You have the free will to choose your video recording and editing
tools. The central theme for the vlog will be “Advantages of Parallel
Connection in Households”. Please be guided accordingly with the criteria for
grading.

CRITERIA FOR VLOG MAKING:

Creativity/ Concept- 20%
Accuracy/ Quality of Content- 50%
Relevance to the Theme- 30%
TOTAL 100%

Post- Assessment

A. Multiple Choice

Directions: Read each item carefully and choose the letter that corresponds to
the best answer to the questions. Write the answers in your work sheet.

1. It is a type of circuit connection in which the current flows through

multiple paths/ branches.
A. Series
B. Parallel
C. Series-parallel
D. Closed circuit

2. In a series circuit, which of the following quantities is constant?

A. Current
B. Resistance
C. Voltage
D. Total resistance

3. Three resistors are connected in series across a 12 V battery, given R1

is120 Ω, R2 is 60 Ω and R3 is 40 Ω, what is the total resistance of the
circuit?
A. 180 Ω
B. 350 Ω
C. 420 Ω
D. 220 Ω
 4. As the number of resistors in a series circuit increases, the overall
resistance __________and the current in the circuit___________
A. Increases, decreases
B. Increases, increases
C. Decreases, increases
D. Remains constant

5. As we added more resistors in parallel to a circuit, the total resistance of

the circuit_________ and the total current in the circuit________
A. Increases, increases
B. Decreases, increases
C. Increases, decreases
D. Remains constant

B. MODIFIED TRUE OR FALSE

Directions: Read each statement carefully. Write T if the statement is true and
F if it is false. If false, underline the word or phrase making the statement false.

_________ 6. Series circuit are basic and easy to analyzed as the current flows
travels in only one path.

_________ 7. One of the disadvantages of parallel circuit is that it requires the

use of many wires.

_________ 8. Series circuit overheat easily.

_________ 9. Parallel circuits are difficult to repair and identify which loop is
damaged.

_________ 10. Current across the parallel circuits are the same.
 References

Physics Tutorial: Series Circuits. (n.d.). Physicsclassroom.Com. Retrieved

December 9, 2021, from
https://www.physicsclassroom.com/Class/circuits/u9l4c.cfm

Physics Tutorial: Parallel Circuits. (n.d.). Physicsclassroom.Com. Retrieved

December 9, 2021, from
https://www.physicsclassroom.com/Class/circuits/u9l4d.cfm

Alexander, C., & Sadiku, M. (2012). Fundamentals of Electric Circuits (5th ed.).
McGraw-Hill Education. https://btu.edu.eg/wp-
content/uploads/2020/03/Fundamentals-of-Electric-Circuits-5th-ed.pdf

Ling, S. J. (2018b, November 28). 6.2 Resistors in Series and Parallel –

Introduction to Electricity, Magnetism, and Circuits. Pressbooks.
Retrieved December 10, 2021, from
https://openpress.usask.ca/physics155/chapter/6-2-resistors-in-series-
and-parallel/

Classroom, E. (2021, April 12). Series and parallel Circuits - Well Explained.
Electrical Classroom. Retrieved December 10, 2021, from
https://www.electricalclassroom.com/series-and-parallel-circuits/

64.36 -- Light bulbs in series and parallel. (n.d.). Web.Physics. Ucsb.Edu.

Retrieved December 10, 2021, from
https://web.physics.ucsb.edu/%7Electuredemonstrations/Composer/Pag
es/64.36.html
SUMMARY

 An electric circuit is any arrangement of materials that permits electrons

to flow.
 A circuit is consisted of a power source, connecting wires, a load, and a
switch.
 The switch serves as a gap or cut for current to flow in a circuit. Closing
the switch permits electron to pass through while opening the switch will
prevent current flow.
 The load attached in the circuit will only work if there all the other
components are connected with each other and forms a closed loop.
 In general, an electric circuit is consisting of electrical components that
are wired/connected to each other. These components are of active or
passive type of electrical elements. Active elements are parts of a
circuit which possess energy, whereas passive elements are
components that receive energy from the source.
 A schematic diagram is a graphical or visual representation of the
functionality and electrical components in a circuit.
 When there is a net flow of charges along the materials, electric current
exists. This is measured by the amount of charge moving across a point
in a conductor per unit time or simply, I=q/t.
 Current flow is categorized into 2 theories, conventional and electron
current flow theories. Conventional current flow suggests that the
direction of the current is from the positive terminal going to the negative
terminal. However, electron current flow suggests the other way around
from negative terminal going to the positive terminal.
 Current is measured in amperes using an ammeter. It is connected in
series with the load/s.
 Voltmeter is used to measure potential difference or voltage between two
points in a circuit. It is connected parallel to the load. It is measured in
volts.
 Batteries produce DC Current. In a DC circuit, electrons move slowly in
the conductor.
 Resistance is a property of a material to resist or reduce the flow of
electric current.
 Vibrating atoms of a conductor provides obstacle to electron flow giving
rise to the resistance of the conductor.
 Ohm's law asserts that the voltage across a conductor is directly
proportional to the current flowing through it if all other physical
conditions including temperature stay constant.
 Factors affecting resistance are: length (L), cross-sectional area (A), kind
of material and temperature.
 Resistance is directly proportional to length and inversely proportional to
the cross- sectional area of the conductor.
 The placement of elements determines the type of connection a circuit
has, whether the connection itself is a single closed loop or provides a
branching pathway for current.
 In a series connection, current has only one route which is why if two or
three bulbs are connected in series and one gets busted, the other two
will not lit up since there will be an interruption or disconnection for the
electron flow but in a parallel connection current divide to each load in
separate paths and goes back to the source.
 Applying Ohm’s Law for Series Connection,
o IT=I1=I2=I3…
o VT=V1+V2+V3+…
o RT=R1+R2+R3+…
 Applying Ohm’s Law for Parallel Connection,
o IT=I1+I2+I3…
o VT=V1=V2=V3=…
o 1/RT=1/R1+1/R2+1/R3+…
 Answer Key
by
UnknownLesson 1: Circuit Connection Basics
Author is
licensed
under Pre-assessment

1. C
2. D
3. A
4. B
5. D
CONVENTIONAL
FLOW
Post-assessment

1. C 8-9.
2. D
3. A
4. B
5. D
ELECTRON FLOW
6-7.

10.
Lesson 2: Ohm’s law and Electrical Resistance

Pre-assessment

1. A 6. C 10. A
2. B 7. D I = V/R
3. C 8. A = 3.00 V / 3.70
Ω
4. D 9. C V = IR = 0.810 A
5. C = (20 A) (30 Ω) = 600 V

Post-assessment

1. A 6. C 10. A
2. B 7. D I = V/R
3. C 8. A = 3.00 V / 3.70
Ω
4. D 9. C V = IR = 0.810 A
5. C = (20 A) (30 Ω) = 600 V

11. C 14. C
12. B R = V/I
R = V/I = 120 V / 1.24 A
= 150 V / 0.5 A = 96.77 Ω
= 300 Ω
13. B 15. D
I = V/R I = V/R
= 24 V / 250 Ω = 3.0 V / 2.0 Ω
= 0.096 A = 1.5 A

Your Turn!

1. R = V/I 3. R = V/I 5. V = IR
= 90 V / 100 A = 60 V / 12 A = 6 A (20 Ω)
= 0.9 Ω =5Ω = 120 V

2. I = V/R 4. I = V/R
= 36 V / 5 Ω = 250 V / 3.6 Ω
= 7.2 A = 69.44 A
Lesson 3: Advantages and Disadvantages of Series and Parallel

Pre-assessment

1. B
2. A
3. D
Rtotal =R 1 Ω+ R 2 Ω+ R 3 Ω
Rtotal =120 Ω+ 60 Ω+ 40 Ω=220 Ω

4. A
5. B

Post-assessment

A.
1. B
2. A
3. D
Rtotal =R 1 Ω+ R 2 Ω+ R 3 Ω
Rtotal =120 Ω+ 60 Ω+ 40 Ω=220 Ω

4. A
5. B

B.
6. T
7. T
8. F overheat easily
9. T
10. F the same