BioSci 2-B

PROBLEM SET ON MENDELIAN INHERITANCE, GENETIC RATIOS, AND PROBABILITY

1. In garden peas, the genes for tall vine (D) and yellow seed (G) are dominant over their
respective alleles for dwarf (d) and green (g).
a. Symbolize a cross between a homozygous tall, green plant and a dwarf, yellow
plant.

DDgg (tall green) x ddGG (dwarf yellow)

D D

d Dd Dd

d Dd Dd
4/4 - Dd

G G

g Gg Gg

g Gg Gg
4/4 - Gg
Dd(4/4) x Gg(4/4) = DdGg (16/16) or ​1 DdGg (tall yellow)

b. Show the gametes possible from each parent and the F1.
Parent: DDgg x ddGG, Gametes: ​Dg and dG
F1: DdGg x DdGg, Gametes: ​DG, Dg, dG, and dg

c. Symbolize a cross between two F1 plants and complete the cross using the
forked-line method. Summarize the results for genotypes, phenotypes, genotypic
and phenotypic proportion.

D d

D DD Dd

d Dd dd
¼ - DD, ½ - Dd, ¼ - dd

G g

G Gg Gg

g Gg gg
¼ - GG, ½ - Gg, ¼ - gg
 DD GG (¼) DDGG (1/16) Tall Yellow
(¼)
Gg (½) DDGg (⅛) Tall Yellow

gg (¼) DDgg (1/16) Tall Green

Dd GG (¼) DdGG (⅛) Tall Yellow

(½)
Gg (½) DdGg (¼) Tall Yellow

gg (¼) Ddgg (⅛) Tall Green

dd GG (¼) ddGG (1/16) Dwarf Yellow

(¼)
Gg (½) ddGg (⅛) Dwarf Yellow

gg (¼) ddgg (1/16) Dwarf Green

Genotypic Proportion: ​DDGG (1/16), DDGg (⅛), DDgg (⅛), DdGG (⅛), DdGg
(¼), Ddgg (⅛), ddGG (1/16), ddGg (⅛), ddgg (1/16)

Phenotypic Proportion: ​9/16 Tall Green, 3/16 Tall Yellow, 3/16 Dwarf Yellow, 1/16
Dwarf Green

d. Based on the results of the F1 cross

I. What proportion of the progeny will be homozygous for at most one gene
pair?
DDGg (⅛) + DdGG (⅛) + DdGg (¼) + Ddgg (⅛) + ddGg (⅛) = ​¾

II. What proportion of the progeny will be heterozygous for at least one gene
pair?
DDGg (⅛) + DdGG (⅛) + DdGg (¼) + Ddgg (⅛) + ddGg (⅛) = ​¾

III. What proportion of the tall, yellow plants will be heterozygous for both
gene pairs?
DdGg (¼) / tall yellow plants (9/16) = ​4/9
2. Flower position, stem length, seed shape were three characters that Mendel studied. Each is
controlled by an independently assorting gene and has dominant and recessive expression
as follows:
Character Dominant Recessive
Flower position Axial (A) Terminal (a)
Stem length Tall (T) Dwarf (t)
Seed shape Round (R) Wrinkled (r)

If a plant that is heterozygous for all three characters were allowed to

self-fertilize, what proportion of the offspring would be expected to be as follows?

Cross: AaTtRr x AaTtRr

a. Homozygous for the three dominant traits?

= AA (1/4) x TT (1/4) x RR (1/4)
= ​1/64
b. Homozygous for the three recessive traits?
= aa (1/4) x tt (1/4) x rr (1/4)
= ​1/64
c. Heterozygous?
= Aa (1/2) x Tt (1/2) x Rr (1/2)
= ​⅛
d. Homozygous for axial and tall, heterozygous for seed shape?
= AA (¼) x TT (¼) x Rr (½)
=​ 1/32
e. Phenotypically like the F1?
= A_(3/4) x T_(3/4) x R_(3/4)
= ​27/64
3. Given an individual who is heterozygous for 5 loci
a. How many different gametes will this individual form? 2​5​ = ​32
b. If this individual is crossed with an individual that is homozygous dominant for the
first two characters but heterozygous for the last three characters, what proportion of
the progeny will be
P1/P2: AaBbCcDdEe x AABBCcDdEe

i. Genotypically like the first parent?

= Aa (1/2) x Bb (1/2) x Cc (1/2) x Dd (1/2) x Ee (1/2)
= ​1/32

ii. have nothing but dominant traits?

= A_ (1) x B_ (1) x C_ (3/4) x D_ (3/4) x E_ (3/4)
= ​27/64

iii. pure breeding?

= AA x BB x [CC or cc] x [DD or dd] x [EE or ee]
= (1/2) x (1/2) x (1/4 + 1/4) x (1/4 + 1/4) x (1/4 + 1/4)
= (1/2)(1/2)(1/2)(1/2)(1/2)
= ​1/32

iv. Phenotypically like the second parent?

= A_ (1) x B_ (1) x C_ (3/4) x D_ (3/4) x E_ (3/4)
= ​ 27/64

4. In man, two abnormal conditions, cataracts in the eyes and excessive fragility in the bones
seem to depend on two separate dominant genes. A man with cataracts and normal bones,
whose father had normal eyes, married a woman free from cataracts but with fragile bones.
Her father had normal bones. What is the probability that their first child will
Representation​:
A_= cataract aa = normal eye B_ = fragile bone bb = normal bone

Cross​: Aabb x aaBb

a. be free from both abnormalities?

aa (1/2) x bb (1/2) = ​¼

b. have cataracts?
A_ = (1/2) = ​½

c. have fragile bones but not cataracts?

aa (1/2) x B_ (1/2) = ​¼

d. have both cataracts and fragile bones?

A_ (1/2) x B_ (1/2) =​ ¼
5. In sesame plants, the one-pod condition (P) is dominant to the three pod condition (p), and
the normal leaf (L) is dominant to wrinkled leaf (l). Pod type and leaf type are inherited
independently. Determine the genotypes for the two parents for all possible matings
producing the following offspring:

a. 318 one-pod normal, 98 one-pod wrinkled

PPLl x ppLl
PPLl x PpLl
PPLl x PPLl

b. 323 three-pod normal, 106 three-pod wrinkled

ppLl x ppLl

c. 401 one-pod normal

PPLL x Any of the 9 possible genotypes
(PP or Pp or pp)(LL or Ll or ll)

d. 150 one-pod normal, 147 one-pod wrinkled, 51 three-pod normal, 48 three-pod

wrinkled
Consider pod conditions 150+147=297; 51+48=99=1, so 3:1 ratio
Pp x Pp
Consider pod shape 150+51=201; 147+48=195, so 1:1 ratio
Ll x ll
So, ​PpLl x Ppll

e. 223 one-pod normal, 72 one-pod wrinkled, 76 three-pod normal, 27 three-pod

wrinkled
Consider pod condition 223+72=295; 76+27=103; so, 3:1
Pp x Pp
Consider pod shape 223+76=299; 72+27=99; so, 3:1
Ll x Ll
So, ​PpLl x PpLl

6. If eight (8) babies are born on a given day,

(a) What is the chance that four will be boys and the other four will be girls?
(p+ q)8 = 1, 8, 28, 56, 70(p​4​ x q​4​), 56, 28, 8, 1
70 (½)​4​ (½)​4​ = ​35/128

(b) What combinations of boys and girls will most likely occur?
equal number of boys and girls

(c) What is the probability that at least one will be a girl?

1- 1p​0​q​8​ (prob of all boys) = 1- 1/2​8​ = ​255/256
7. A woman has a rare abnormality of the eyelids called ptosis, which makes it impossible for
her to open her eyes completely. The condition has been found to depend on a single
dominant gene (P). The woman’s father had ptosis, her mother had normal eyelids. Her
father’s mother had normal eyelids.
a. What are the most probable genotypes of the woman, her father, and her mother?
Woman = Pp
Father = Pp
Mother = pp

b. What is the probability of ptosis in their children if she marries a man with ptosis
whose mother had normal eyelids?
P p
P PP Pp
p Pp pp
¾ - Ptosis trait

c. What is the probability that the first child of the couple is a ptotic girl?
¾PP * ½XX(female) = ​3/8

d. If the above couple decides to have 5 children, what is the probability that 2 will have
ptosis and 3 will have normal eyelids?
1, 5, 10, 10, 5, 1
10(3/4)​2​(1/4)​3​ = ​45/512

e. What is the probability that if they have 6 children the first, third, and fourth child will
be ptotic but the second, fifth and sixth will have normal eyelids?
= (3/4)(1/4)(3/4)(3/4)(1/4)(1/4) = ​27/4096

f. If they plan to have 5 children, which combination of ptotic and normal eyelids will
most likely occur?
(p+q)​5​ = 1, 5, 10, 10, 5, 1
5 p​4​q​1​ = 5 x (¾)​3 x​ (¼)​2​ = ​405/1024
8. In man, the autosomal gene (A) for absence of molars (affected) is dominant to its allele (a)
for presence of molars (unaffected). A certain couple both heterozygous for this character
plan to have five (5) children.

A a
A AA Aa
a Aa aa

Let p = affected; q= unaffected

a. Determine the probability that:

i. All children will be affected.
1 x p​5​q​0​ = 1 x 3/45 x 1 = ​243/1024

ii. In any order, three will be affected and 2 unaffected.

​
10p​3​q​2​ = 10 x (¾)​3​ x (¼)​2 = ​135/512

iii. The first two will be unaffected, the next two affected and the last again
unaffected.
(1/4)(1/4)(3/4)(3/4)(1/4) = ​9/1024

iv. The first child is an affected girl?

(AA or Aa) x (XX) = 3/4 x 1/2 = ​3/8

V. Which combinations of affected and unaffected children will most likely occur?
4 affected 1 unaffected (5(¾)​4​(½)​1​)
 PROBLEM SET ON DOMINANCE RELATIONS AND MULTIPLE ALLELES

1. A palomino horse is a hybrid exhibiting a golden color with a lighter mane. A pair of
alleles that show incomplete dominance is known to be involved in the inheritance of
these coat colors. Genotypes homozygous for the (​D​) allele are chestnut-colored
(reddish), heterozygous genotypes are palomino-colored, the genotypes homozygous
for the (​D’​) allele are almost white and called ​cremello​
.
a. From matings between palominos, determine the expected
palomino:non-palomino ratio among the offspring.

D D’

D DD DD’

D’ DD’ D’D’

Expected Ratio: 1 palomino : 1 non-palomino

b. What percentage of the non-palomino offspring in part (a) will breed true? ​100%
(DD and dd are both non-palomino and true-breeding, 2/2)

c. What kind of mating will produce only palominos?

True breeding chestnut (DD) and a true-breeding ​cremello (​D’D’)

2. A man is suing his wife on the grounds of infidelity. Their first child and second child,
whom they both claim, are of blood groups O and AB, respectively. The third child,
whom the man disclaims, is blood type B.
a. Can this information be used to support the man’s case? Briefly explain.

I​A i

I​B I​A​I​B I​B​i

i I​A ii

No, children of blood types AB, O, and B can be produced.

b. Another test was made in the M-N blood group system. The 3​rd child was group
M, the man was group N. Can this information be used to support the man’s
case? Briefly explain.
L​M L​M

L​N L​M​L​N L​M​L​N

L​N L​M​L​N L​M​L​N

Or
 L​M L​N

L​N L​M​L​N L​N​L​N

L​N L​M​L​N L​N​L​N

Yes, since the M-N blood group system exhibits codominance, if the father has
blood group N, their offspring could only be N or MN, but not M.

3. In shorthorn cattle, coat colors are governed by codominant pair of alleles C​R and C​W​.
The homozygous genotype C​R​C​R produces red, the other homozygote produces white,
while the heterozygote produces roan (a mixture of red and white). The presence of
horns is produced by the homozygous recessive genotype ​pp and the polled condition
by its dominant allele ​P​. If roan cows heterozygous for the horned gene are mated to a
horned, roan bull, what phenotypic ratio is expected in the offspring?

C​R​C​W​Pp x C​R​C​W​pp

Fork line Method:

P p

p Pp pp

p Pp pp

½ - Pp, ½ - pp

C​W C​R

C​W C​W​C​W C​W

C​R C​R​C​W C​R​C​R

¼ - C​R​C​R​, ½ - C​R​C​W​, ¼ - C​R​C​R

Pp (½) C​R​C​R​ (¼) C​R​C​R​Pp (⅛) Polled Red

C​R​C​W​ (½) C​R​C​W​Pp (¼) Polled Roan

C​W​C​W​(¼) C​W​C​W​Pp (⅛) Polled White

pp (½) C​R​C​R​ (¼) C​R​C​R​pp (⅛) Horned Red

C​R​C​W​ (½) C​R​C​W​pp (¼) Horned Roan

C​W​C​W​ (¼) C​W​C​W​pp (⅛) Horned White

 Punnett Square:

Phenotypic Ratio: 1 (Polled Red) : 2 (Polled Roan) : 1 (Polled White) : 1 (Horned Red) :
2 (Horned Roan) : 1 (Horned White)

4. Give the genotypic and phenotypic ratio expected in the progeny of the following
crosses: (Note: the answer required requires more than one cross)

Remember: C​+​ > C​ch​ > C​h ​ > C

a. full-colored x Himalayan: ​8 Crosses

C​+ C​+

C​h C​+​C​h C​+​C​h

C​h C​+​C​h C​+​C​h

1 Full-colored
1 C​+​C​h

C​+ C​ch

C​h C​+​C​h C​ch​C​h

C​h C​+​C​h C​ch​C​h

1 Full-colored : 1 chinchilla
1 C​+​C​h ​: 1 C​ch​C​h

C​+ C​h

C​h C​+​C​h C​h​C​h

C​h C​+​C​h C​h​C​h

1 Full-colored : 1 himalayan
1 C​+​C​h ​: 1 C​h​C​h
 C​+ C

C​h C​+​C​h C​h​C

C​h C​+​C​h C​h​C

1 Full-colored : 1 himalayan
1 C​+​C​h ​: 1 C​h​C

C​+ C​+

C​h C​+​C​h C​+​C​h

C C​+​C C​+​C
1 Full-colored
1 C​+​C​h ​: 1 C​+​C

C​+ C​ch

C​h C​+​C​h C​ch​C​h

C C​+​C C​ch​C
1 Full-colored : 1 chinchilla
1 C​+​C​h ​: 1 C​+​C : 1 C​ch​C​h :​ 1 C​ch​C

C​+ C​h

C​h C​+​C​h C​h​C​h

C C​+​C C​h​C
1 Full-colored : 1 himalayan
1 C​+​C​h ​: 1 C​+​C : 1 C​h​C​h ​: 1 C​h​C

C​+ C

C​h C​+​C​h C​h​C

C C​+​C CC
2 Full-colored :1 himalayan : 1 albino
1 C​+​C​h ​: 1 C​+​C : 1 C​h​C​h ​: 1 CC

b. chinchilla x albino: ​3 crosses

C​ch C​ch
 C C​ch​C C​ch​C

C C​ch​C C​ch​C
1 Chinchilla
1 C​ch​C

C​ch C​h

C C​ch​C C​h​C

C C​ch​C C​h​C
1 Chinchilla : 1 himalayan
1 C​ch​C​ ​: 1 C​h​C

C​ch C

C C​ch​C CC

C C​ch​C CC
Chinchilla : albino
1 C​ch​C​ ​: 1 C​h​C​h

c. chinchilla x Himalayan: ​6 crosses

C​ch C​ch

C​h C​ch​C​h C​ch​C​h

C​h C​ch​C​h C​ch​C​h

1 Chinchilla
1 C​ch​C​h

C​ch C​h

C​h C​ch​C​h C​h​C​h

C​h C​ch​C​h C​h​C​h

1 Chinchilla : 1 himalayan
1 C​ch​C​h ​: 1 C​h​C​h

C​ch C

C​h C​ch​C​h C​h​C

C​h C​ch​C​h C​h​C

1 Chinchilla: 1 himalayan
1 C​ch​C​h ​: 1 C​h​C

C​ch C​ch

C​h C​ch​C​h C​ch​C​h

C C​ch​C C​ch​C
1 Chinchilla
1 C​ch​C​h ​: 1 C​ch​C

C​ch C​h

C​h C​ch​C​h C​h​C​h

C C​ch​C C​h​C
1 Chinchilla : 1 himalayan
1 C​ch​C​h ​: 1 C​ch​C​ :1
​
C​h​C​h​ : 1 C​h​C

C​ch C

C​h C​ch​C​h C​h​C

C C​ch​C CC
2 Chinchilla : 1 himalayan : 1 albino
1 C​ch ​C​h ​: 1 C​ch​C​ ​: 1 C​h​C : 1 CC
 PROBLEM SET ON GENE INTERACTION/MODIFIED RATIOS

1. Pigment in mouse fur is only produced when the C allele is present. Individuals of the cc
genotype are white. If color is present, it may be determined by the A, a alleles, AA or
Aa results in agouti color while aa results in black coats.
a. What F1 and F2 genotypic and phenotypic ratios are obtained from a cross
between AACC and aacc mice?

Parent:​ AACC X aacc

F1:

A A

a Aa Aa

a Aa Aa
4/4 - Aa

C C

c Cc Cc

c Cc Cc
4/4 - Gg
Aa(4/4) x Cc(4/4) = AaCc (16/16)
Genotypic ratio: ​1 AaCc
Phenotypic ratio: ​1 Agouti

F2:

A a

A AA Aa

a Aa aa
¼ - AA, ½ - Aa, ¼ - aa

C c

C CC Cc

c Cc cc
¼ - CC, ½ - Cc, ¼ - cc
 AA (¼) CC (¼) AACC (1/16) Agouti

Cc (½) AACc (⅛) Agouti

cc (¼) AAcc (⅛) White

Aa (½) CC (¼) AaCC (⅛) Agouti

Cc (½) AaCc (¼) Agouti

cc (¼) Aacc (⅛) White

aa (¼) CC (¼) aaCC (1/16) Black

Cc (½) aaCc (⅛) Black

cc (¼) aacc (1/16) White

Genotypic ratio: ​1 AACC : 2 AACc : 1 AAcc : 2 AaCC : 4 AaCc : 2 Aacc : 1 aaCC : 2

aaCc : 1 aacc

Phenotypic ratio: ​9 Agouti : 3 Black : 4 White

b. In three crosses between agouti females whose genotypes where unknown and
males of the aacc genotype, the following phenotypic ratios were obtained. What
are the genotypes of the female parents?
- 8 agouti and 8 white
1 agouti : 1 white (AaCc : Aacc)
aacc : ​AACc

- 9 agouti and 10 black

1 agouti : 1 black (AaCc : aaCc)
aacc : ​AaCC

- 4 agouti 5 black and 10 white

1 agouti : 1 black : 2 white (AaCc : aaCc : [Aacc & aacc])
aacc : ​AaCc
2. In rats the following genotypes of two independently assorting autosomal genes
determine coat color:

A_B_ gray
A_bb yellow
aaB_ black
aabb cream

A third gene on a separate autosome determines whether or not any color will be
produced. The CC and Cc genotypes allow color according to the expression of the A
and B alleles. However, the cc genotype results in albino rats regardless of the A and B
alleles. Determine the F1 phenotypic proportion of the following crosses:

a. AAbbCC x aaBBcc
1 (Aa) x 1 (Bb) x 1 (Cc) = ​1 AaBbCc, All gray

b. AaBBCC x AABbcc
1 (A_) x 1 (B_) x 1 (Cc) = ​1 A_B_Cc, All gray

c. AaBbCc x AaBbcc
AaBb x AaBb = 9/16 A_B_, 3/16 A_bb, 3 aaB_, 1 aabb
Cc x cc = 1/2 Cc, 1/2 cc

Cc (½) A_B_ (9/16) A_B_Cc (9/32) Gray

A_bb (3/16) A_bbCc (3/32) Yellow

aaB_ (3/16) aaB_ Cc (3/32) Black

aabb (1/16) aabbCc (1/32) Cream

cc (½) A_B_ (9/16) A_B_cc (9/32) Albino

A_bb (3/16) A_bbcc (3/32)

aaB_ (3/16) aaB_cc (3/32)

aabb (1/16) Aabbcc (1/32)

9/32 Gray, 3/32 Yellow, 3/32 Black, 1/32 Cream, ½ Albino
 d. AaBBCc x AaBBCc
AaBB x AaBB = ¾ A_BB, ¼ aaBB
Cc x Cc = ¾ C_, ¼ cc

C_ (¾) A_BB (¾) A_BBC_ (9/16) Gray

aaBB (¼) aaBBC_ (3/16) Black

cc (¼) A_BB (¾) A_BBcc (3/16) Albino

aaBB (¼) aaBBcc (1/16)

9/16 Gray, 3/16 Black, ¼ Albino

e. AABbCc x AABbcc
AABb x AaBb = ¾ AAB_, ¼ AAbb
Cc x cc = ½ C_, ½ cc

C_ (½) AAB_ (¾) AAB_C_ (3/8) Gray

AAbb (¼) AAbbC_ (1/8) Yellow

cc (½) AAB_ (¾) AAB_cc (3/8) Albino

AAbb (¼) AAbbcc (1/8)

3/8 Gray, ⅛ Yellow, ½ Albino

3. In a unique species of plants, flowers may be yellow, blue, red, or mauve. All colors may
be true-breeding. If plants with blue flowers are crossed to red-flowered plants, all F1
plants have yellow flowers. When carried to an F2 generation, the following ratio was
observed:

9 yellow: 3 blue : 3 red : 1 mauve

In still another cross using true-breeding parents, yellow-flowered plants are

crossed with mauve-flowered plants. Again all F1 plants had yellow flowers and the F2
showed the same 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio.

a. Describe the inheritance of flower color by designating which genotypes give rise
to each of the four phenotypes.

A_B_ Yellow
A_bb Blue
aaB_ Red
aabb Mauve

b. Determine the F1 and F2 results of a cross between true-breeding red and

true-breeding mauve-flowered plants.

aaBB (red) x aabb (mauve)

F1:

A A

a Aa Aa

a Aa Aa
4/4 = 1 Aa

b b

b bb bb

b bb bb
4/4 = 1 bb
Aa(4/4) x bb(4/4) = Aabb (16/16)
Genotype: ​1 Aabb
Phenotype: ​1 red

F2:

A a

A AA Aa

a Aa aa
¼ - AA, ½ - Aa, ¼ - aa

b b

b bb bb

b bb bb
4/4 = 1 bb

bb (1) AA (¼) AAbb (¼) Red

Aa (½) Aabb (½)

aa (¼) aabb (¼) Mauve

Genotype: ​¼ AAbb, ½ Aabb, ¼ aabb or 1 AAbb : 2 Aabb : 1 aabb

Phenotype: ​¾ Red, ¼ Mauve or 3 red : 1 Mauve
4. A cross was done between two true-breeding zucchini. One has green fruit and the
other has yellow fruit. The F1 plants are all green, but when crossed the F2 plants
consist of 9 green : 7 yellow.
a. What type of gene interaction is involved?
Complementary genes/duplicate recessive epistasis

b. Using A,a and B,b to represent the alleles for each gene pair, show the results of
the Parental and F1 cross.
Parental​: AABB x aabb
F1:
A A

a Aa Aa

a Aa Aa
4/4 - Aa

B B

b Bb Bb

b Bb Bb
4/4 - Bb
Aa(4/4) x Bb(4/4) = AaBb (16/16)
Genotypic ratio: ​1 AaBb
Phenotypic ratio: ​1 green

F2:

A a

A AA Aa

a Aa aa
¼ - AA, ½ - Aa, ¼ - aa

B b

B BB Bb

b Bb bb
¼ - BB, ½ - Bb, ¼ - bb
 AA (¼) BB (¼) AABB (1/16) Green

Bb (½) AABb (⅛) Green

bb (¼) AAbb (⅛) Yellow

Aa (½) BB (¼) AaBB (⅛) Green

Bb (½) AaBb (¼) Green

bb (¼) Aabb (⅛) Yellow

aa (¼) BB (¼) aaBB (1/16) Yellow

Bb (½) aaBb (⅛) Yellow

bb (¼) aabb (1/16) Yellow

Genotypic ratio: ​1 AABB : 2 AABb : 1 AAbb : 2 AaBB : 4 AaBb : 2 Aabb : 1 aaBB : 2

aaBb : 1 aabb

Phenotypic ratio: ​9 Green : 7 Yellow

c. What proportion of the F2 plants will be true breeding?

1/16 AABB + 1/16 AAbb + 1/16 aaBB + 1/16 aabb = ​¼

d. What proportion of the green plants will be true breeding?

1/16 AABB / 9/16 Green = ​1/9

e. If true breeding yellow plants of the genotype AAbb totaled 32, how many plants
would be expected for each genotype and phenotype?
1 AABB = 32
2 AABb = 64
2 AaBB = 64
4 AaBb = ​128
Green = 288

1 AAbb = 32
2 Aabb = 64
1 aaBB = 32
2 aaBb = 64
1 aabb = ​32
Yellow = 224
 f. Indicate the phenotypes and proportions of a test cross of the F1 plants.
AaBb x aabb

A a

a Aa aa

a Aa aa
½ - Aa, ½ - aa

B b

b Bb bb

b Bb bb
½ - Bb, ½ - bb

Aa (½) Bb (½) AaBb (¼) Green

bb (½) Aabb (¼) Yellow

aa (½) Bb (½) aaBb (¼) Yellow

bb (½) aabb (¼) Yellow

Genotype: ​¼ AaBb, ¼ Aabb, ¼ aaBb, ¼ aabb
Phenotype: ​¼ Green : ¾ Yellow

5. Two pairs of alleles govern the color of onion bulbs. A pure-red strain crossed to a pure
white strain produces an all-red F1. The F2 was found to consist of 47 white, 38 yellow,
and 109 red bulbs.
a. What epistatic ratio is approximated by the data?
9 red: 3 yellow : 4 white

b. What is the name of this type of interaction?

Recessive epistasis
 c. If another F2 is produced by the same kind of a cross, and eight bulbs of the F2
are found to be of the double recessive genotype, how many bulbs would be
expected in each phenotypic class?
1 AABB x 8 = 8
2 AABb x 8 = 16
2 AaBB x 8 = 16
4 AaBb x 8 = 32
9 red x 8 = 72

1 aaBB x 8 = 8
2 aaBb x 8 = 16
1 aabb x 8 = 8
4 white x 8 = 32

2 Aabb x 8 = 16
1 AAbb x 8 = 8
3 yellow x 8 = 24

6. Give the genotypes and phenotypes of the parents and progeny in the cross giving the
following segregation in the progeny. Use your own gene representations and give the
type of gene action/interaction involved for each character.

99 gray coat, brown eyes, dwarf

33 black coat, brown eyes, dwarf
44 white coat, brown eyes, dwarf

A_B_ = gray coat

A_bb = black coat
aabb and aaB_ = white (aa is epistatic to B) coat
CC = brown (independent gene action)
dd = dwarf (independent gene action)

Parents: AaBbCCdd x AaBbCCdd

CCdd (1) AA BB (¼) AABB (1/16) Gray
(¼)
Bb (½) AABb (⅛) Gray

bb (¼) AAbb (⅛) Black

Aa (½) BB (¼) AaBB (⅛) Gray

Bb (½) AaBb (¼) Gray

bb (¼) Aabb (⅛) Black

aa (¼) BB (¼) aaBB (1/16) White

Bb (½) aaBb (⅛) White

bb (¼) aabb (1/16) White

Genotypic ratio: ​1 AABBCCdd : 2 AABbCCdd : 1 AAbbCCdd : 2 AaBBCCdd : 4
AaBbCCdd : 2 AabbCCdd : 1 aaBBCCdd : 2 aaBbCCdd : 1 aabbCCdd

Phenotypic ratio: ​9 gray coat, brown eyes, dwarf (A_B_CCdd) ; 3 black coat , brown
eyes, dwarf (A_bbCCdd); 4 white coat, brown eyes, dwarf (aaB_CCdd and aabbCCdd)