eiadicopenties

whjch ae Peatod
Propen ies,
alte aimd inteival a
Known as pehiodiC pro?eh hies
Effechve_ Nuchat Chatge CEetf
Rpuks'm
Attraction

e-
Snq la e sustemu Rapulbion
ASO attrachia ame AttTachon
by nucous
+In a mul
eSustem th Sin
ho inngu Shal
acEs as a Shai dd
CUntor for nucl and the
diftenentiating
wi ngt
e du&td which e
Cape ienca full nuelia
ohaige
Ac tua nucloat dhage
by
by tha e in Com expeienc@d
ton)i8
Knou Qs etfechve nudha chage,
S 9iven y
12 no et poBon
H 0 S l a J n Constant, taksB
account oF 80Lning
efect
innyi e behwe0n
xKopulsion ogtel
known O caon in9 Shaild n
niahng.e
nuclau8 and ditf dntiaing e i s is

erfect
* tet dono tes tha no of profons
achualatractio
*tet giving haiy to
wnich Q
tha (e)S.
t PTO ton Swhich 0g Lsed
*0 no
to ove1 Coma C-e ODULsion

S oTbita -osbi tal

Sphw icaWy Summati c d-O7%bital
ess d? 4 fuBed foTbitG

S ovbital issphicolSummuttric
t Cove nucau& ful hus i E
 CQ.ate maumum SCH0ing
ttectf -orbi tal, i8 hi9hy
ditfuyed du to which i i s
vely pao 8hiLdo
1Shuisding
Poudet
S>p>d>t
*
*
Vahia hion ot ~eyt
Aong peviod: Zet in cuaca8
Alon 9roup : Ramain8 Sama or
docwacO8
2Atomic Radi:
Cpn cop huall atomic Radius is
dina du distance
uclaus aned e ot out mo8
beto ean
Sho but it is not b
to det eming iES Possihl
exolct yalug
ATDm iS Small
Atom ,cdloes not
bound ax haye we datinad
ave natu0 ot e
But apmiç Nadii canlbe
in bondad Stoui
calalatad
 Ty peb ot AtomicKadiub
)Coyolsnt Radius
Halt ot he dist a n a
oetuw eon tuoo CtomS
Covalont
bonclid by O
bond is known_ a
Covolmt Tadius
1 Covalont Radius d
CCR 2
Radius: (Sama atom)
) Homo atmic
Bonc Len
T (CRA daa9onc 2
A

(i) Hec1o atomic Radius

EN i s Same
1 da-e Y% +Ta

iS not tho Sama-

ifFN
b)if
 , Y Ou N ot
both atomS
it is Joss ong atom
Ot tTac thg tho and a
to Ot attracion aists
Vandowal's Radius-
Itis dai ned as
half ot th intesunucluat, distanca
in non bandd moo culas8
ta

1
(VR) daa VR)a -daa A
,

Vand uwplls Radii isSdo1

o U i oi d tat
daringd. on
mutals not appicabl for
* tor int gase
Racius 8 datinad gny Vandatwa
Vandovuoo adius
thon Covalat i8 9nati
radiu 9uaDH
Nandoi wo ev G weak
Metoic Kadrus
X Met aLc TMR) d
hathice

O Th idotina d a half qt The

dustgn, lbehoean tuwO no1est atomS
in Weely packed mattalic Jathico

2matailic Ivanddnuoadl
Yovodsnt
Peniodichy in Atumic Kadiu
ALan Peniod CLR)

to mght in any
On moving iJott
nowaS plup td which
PeioddshoC"e's A90 uWlad tpwad
Ou
Nucdlous Cnd n& Sie olacuacs

LR, Zn?, Sze

Along Group CT8)
On m oVing toP to bottom in any
9Toup et um unS the Sama buwE
no 9t inowaaS ing
dus to which, oSt bethw enn Nucdus
Ond oute\ e e inouOS, Si ze induaud
 Peniod
ARCHHe
dino He is init 9 an d
and its&
its
nacuu iS Vandc wadl, tho highaJt

Pevi od 2:
ARC Ne>Li>Be>B >C>N>0 >E)
y
Nog nnt gase aL, tho Sahgest
EacmhonS
d-bloclk
3 ie Sc Ti V CT Mn Fe
Co Ni
a 22 2 24 25 26 2t Cu Zn
EC 28 29
et , Si ze Zett, ee" su? High Rep.
111112|1 Juga >e-e JuPuls ion fs ma
Dl1 111
e-e uPulsion indu aCA
Si ze
1Sc>Ti Zn> V
7Cr=Mn Fe:Cu)> Co>Ni
us atorm ic
fo d-lock elomgntS,Sam ains
tadiys figt dpcLaca, hon
Cons tant and finally incLaçA
Ogaur his phnomtna, i8 aNSO Tansiti0n m t raLtion':
dtenad to as
1
Boron Family CG-13)
B 2-s Orden: B<Ga<A & InsTL
Not bgdtf
Sizedf
A Z13
Gha z - 3 1
is almet bame dua to
n 2 -497 Size con taaction
T Z -81 kantha noid
COmpaad to A is
omalll Size ot aa ComtoLtian
ndl
transi tim Olosenveç
dua t Comtiaction
dhlock
iso hsevel

toanSi hin eloments, and aften

in d-block only. in aa
it is
dlamant8
P0sent
differanca betwean
S m a S i z e L a n t h a n o i o l Con trachion
*Veny_ is du to
In
Lanthanoiol Contxachion n bock

t a inoa et iatomic
eoments with. piohom g0es
nto
uumbeN,
egctya Nuu
N uuaa
u
wnidn
nucduuS u fo0
 Change inotgaas out eoctja e
intot8ub shll which
has Vy PoOT shgiLding, and
du to nuaa
Chage, Jss Shudc ing., utet Shall
O tightu purlid by
huclus Size Cont,gucrs
and nis phonomana i8 Known aS
hath Onoi'd Cont Tachi n

harthangic Comtsiach on opehatas

on danhand qnd. on á
eomont8 afbeu Janhanoicls
3) dblock

Sc C21) TC22)
Y CB9) TC4o)
La (s+) HFC42)
TiZr Hf
fsc 2Y2Laj cue
Lanthanoicl
ContraCtion
ecopt 9t 4d
Qnd O10 a met Sam
duL to hantho noicl Contacfion
Ionic Radiu The distane Detweln
Nuplus and e Ot eutSI Mest
Sha in. Cany i n is knaun s
CniCHaciis

Cahon Cve) Anid Cve

A
M M'te Ate
M Same nofuns AA Sama Totms
Mhas mo e than M A has moye than A

z eEe tett Sie

ef
vatio 2latom ahm 4anin
e Cloud ot anion is doeßely hald, So i
Can beeasiy 20latisecd or dformacl

Size of jon incaaOS on maving duun

th 97ou?
NgK<RoACS
Se LTe
C I

cloud
F c ron Can t Anion is koeelu
hald be easiuu Polanisec
So t
au deUTm ed
Size st ion inlaQS On moVing
down tho qoup
k9 iZ Nat<K <R<Cs
Be M Ca2 S* Ba
0 S1 2 Se Tez

2 FoSu cations et bame elument o

t Sam Petiod is h
Chal4e m ion malo Lwi
be Es Size
C CT*3 > >C
aschage 1, Ze+, si zes,
Fet Fets
Cu > G
Mnt z Mn Mt7
M
Fo,anions
higho i8
o same ea munt,
Thg pha19 On1on
mo wiloe he no Gfe
Ze iS Smoll, Si ze is hena
moaQ
O -2
NNFs
 A) Fon iSo elactvon ic. ions haye Sam n0
9t e's so in having highevolue
ot wi. be 3mulli iMSi ze
a fe+ iS maL for it,
ie 1Si ze _
-2

E Na T Mot2
A 13 N
lo IO

1Si ze N-3 7
2
F>Na >MgT>A
T2 13

aAsange tho toWowing in incuasinc

0Tcot Gt Sizè:
c II I I >I I
2 C N3 o
N-3 C4> N* >O*
M K At3
Epected
K M A03 >Li wTong
Eruhgm

fk>Lt >>Mg A
Cnma\ChOvqlsze) 4 aono KalotionShi
Kao
4,5 H C
H
Erphon 42H
20 2H
-2

H+ e H
1P,e CiP,2e3
Whan H S fomg from H
H,
hosuis Nange dacaaL in
tho
Lef becauSe t LOO incwa
in no 0f e whic indu0 CLS
e e 9PuliOn du to hich
Size HInOLaay tumendousy
LoniSahian En194
Fo k - kZe

Me M AH E
I soted
Gase.oud Ctom
Unit ot IE evlatdm
lev 6x 1o"T
 AHhaat ot eochon

4H>O AH<o
Heat absosbed Heat Rolocsecl
tndothmic Exothohmic

uCCoSire IE
N e i r t a a

A M e IEL
Cahon M

M +e
MM 3) M
to ama elomant LIE> IE>IE1
gt Cahon, it is diffhicul t
atte fosmati on of incased
tomove ebecause
SuccosSive E a a hiqht
Kef, So

FactasAfechingLE

Ste ot Atom Lon

ha19e will be he Size
willoe, the FoA, easie wi Q
Smal
loethe. movol gte Ond h u s
IE w i loe m a
TE
LE L
Size
) Effechve Nuclaot Change- O Teniod CLett Raht)
is the valu Gt kett, mogi uwi
Higho
be tho attrach on On L R, Si ze *ET IET.
mosl w i oe IE. fhus moving along a peuod

1TE tet Caroup To? Bottom)

renota ting awe Top bottom, Si ze IEJ
thus moving alonq ldown a_roup
enthation, poo Higho is thg. IE S
mo Wi o7bi tol
aWso dupends beIE, ie IE Aanarnge eloments 9t P, , 's in
moved
on ihe e to be inouaing o d u 1 9E I
IE CSP>d>f P1: H<He
) Eloct Tonic Conjg usahon: P2 Li Be CN OF Ne
and
tulyiod Halt fod 1S
mos
to
onbitals,
roloda So i is
g Ony on0jump dus to n n eophon

ha
SmovE e rom
LF high:
,

them düthicult LB4Be<c<0<NF <Ne J

making
Holt Fi0ao P3:1Na, <AI<Mg < Si< S4P<c0<ATt
Fully Fi ud in
a)Ashange G,, G2elemants
Iaands Caio dicity) inswsiy 9 t JE

S Ko 4 K<Na< Li
Ba< Su Co <Mq<Be
ao
nd PakTE,1E2
Nitro9n
of Ozygen aIE,IE., IE, et an elomant aq
so, tO0, lboO kT Imo uSpec hyell
in eS
Cal.culatè no ot valonco
N2 2p Aalt flad ThO elament

àina th0 is o Jange dutfeunco lbetuvean

1IE,
( N) >
IE, Co) IE2 E3, which incicaUDS thgT,thNA
N Should oe cnange 9t h o tor
mo vl st3"in , a a elumo,t
>Aalt fad 2 e s ihi valuna Shol

IE. CN) < IE, Co) a n q e ih0 foWouing

Q)AONdit
in indüasin
a) Com?ate IE, TE2 @f Ot IE
and' Manga nOBe: Chomium
FeFe, Fe, Fe3
Fe3Fe>Fee
Cr S
Mn LAT d s NN,N 4N
LE, C7 <Mn) Sd

IE CC> Mn) ,
LO 'y 4Sc
L
Au ErgPhon
A
Highest IE Helium A LAu
Lowest IE Ceasium noid ContotaChion
d u a to antmais
SiteoF Sma Au
 NoTE Qame, elamants TE does Ezpected 5>AQ Gia > In 7TLX
dupend an net
ondy Chai9 e eleroniq COmi9
iS ConSicdaa d
IE

O O
IF O 4040)
ioouS? ecive st Confi9: AQ
E
)NoTE Fp? caiomS, highS is th
ChaiGe_ moO wi loe Ondon TB >TL > aa >AL In
ha I
Smallaat otall
A(IE)at Change an iaony B
AQ TianSition Contrachion (Sizel,IET)
3) NOTE F o r anignS , ighoi is
Chanqe Cmaqnifdol) h
smaWlhh In
TO
TO
Loanthanoid Cont Csize, IET)
w iU N ' H d a ) smalb
he
Casnbon Famiy
IE anion Si Cae S Po
Chan9 e an in C
Si ae> Ph>Sn
Eraphan8 ot TE Onde
C >

hanthano iol
bonon Famil ihis is, bec awse
Contyachon optateS on

B AL In Chang n9 Ord
TL Lead,
3d-Blak AS1an9e tefoALocoinq 0idos
OidA GTauduic
in, iiUUOSin
natusa'-
G Sd 4
4d 43d
G iaO, CO, N,0,Beo, B,03
4,5,6, 1O Bd <4d< Sol
G ki,0< Be0 <B.0,< C<N,O
+8,9,u,12 4d <3d < Sdl Thus Non Metallic Oaides- Audic
IoniSation Enthalpies Metulc Oidas
Applic ai on ot IE: CEA)
EJact ron Affinity:- elechon
O Babic, Nansa allso tfewd to
as
Metalic fouwe Inveubely prop It is
Oid Sing Yous en
7 to IE -
9aun enthan y CAHege)
EAo AHegeO
R,Metallic CaT And it EALO AHeeO
Metals Noose e easi whan
s e d whgn
aloased
I t is ena19y
+hoO d d e Y
Babic chooctoT et Oido- e is addedt
iS to ,Outen most
iSoa n d _ g a s e o u S
Ojbit o t aV
1 Basic
Otom, S knoUn
Stungth IE as. Echon Afhinity
Qnd thQ EnthalPy
Basic as
Change iS knouwN
E, Basic EGE
Na,O is Joss oosic than K A+e A A Cgaeous)
Succasw e Elacrron Affinity AH 140
O te AH +h O
Acg
Acg)+e Ag) EA,:e AH=600
gencial Net O+2e
outA+e A
AH7O aduways Thuus to fp7m 0id iqn
to upPJ bookT Imol
wehave

th net FA
A +2e A Factoss Affecting Eluchon Athinity
AHO Atom: EA
EAe iS nomay
couwe fo Peitive (4H<o)
O Size ot Si2e
to an, AniOn
we have
hom
Cie EAZ) Eltective Nudoa Change-
th Oye Com
orEA2
-e apuwion thu
CAH70) we EA Eet
have to Conigunatiom ot

Ln ths formahon
Supply enigy ENec topnic
ESornant:-
qt Poly valnt or piy
a hat, fllad,
ass
aso7o7 ebed yis tile
Emantsshols
havir
havin wi be jalue tantw
e thy would
uP e t o a
EA fo tako Contraton,
Gtgaeous,
isi4OkTIm o Oy Gen otom Aecse a
tohis
Stabg
thoiEA vclute ? is vey
ue ou, O i n iS,- DKTmol du oT
Oo itCan be znd
Cal culot e194, Tped At timS
+o 1
qabepuuso
d
tomo ian) fTom
 E x c
P E
T I O N

fOndi: Ne<N <Be <8<Li<c<0<F

ns n-Ddns* nsn nsinp m o r Staba
Eunda in E4- Erphoms
Peni od Noblo nas-
R , Ze+, Size nstnn+1) S'
ns np OnStao
thws Stab
am apeIod EA noole 4Qses yaluu
EA
tost nGQtive bécause
S
vey osS) ULt
9o e s intooeccmLs highly
8, zet ami hfehe s h a
which
to iES i h i eiay
mcs Sam U n s t a a l duc

Tu G Gl6
dcu _rcup valu
umimse 2n di Gf - Gi
EA 5 6,,and emLnt

wich
:
it
ta
irnan
S
Cr
 A B ENCA > B)
T s 9 e sto 3 3?d
S ho which
hol
A
STEe, S o So ENCA4B)
ea e easidy accomodated
Mar 1 aluOt
* Valug FN. dopends upgn yalot
Min EA, IE Th elomaht, h e
E A, I E mo
EA - C
Maz i tho
EN
Ondh t EA for G Diffeonco inEA, EN-
1EACCO>F>Br I ) EJactron Afhniiy
EDechro Negahivify
) Ondn ot EA for GGl6 Proenty Gtisodaad ro?enty, c o N n t
o n d d y C o v a l n t

EACS> Se >Te 0 9aseou atdm hond

Th is is aolahve

EACI) EACS) * Thi_ had absolulr

Has no unit
iodine Vaus:
OniE: evlatom *
Sulphus kTImoW

Elactro Negotviy
EN ot Atbm
Affechng
Tendoncy Oany Gtom to a ttract
Shaod
Factoa8
Pay ot,e D ads
itelf it a
COval nty, bondod DTEN Size ct atbm
mooculis known 0 Ectoo
Negatvi ty.
ffec hve Nucia Chatge Can cOmdud
it
Thut q
inLOWS, the mos w l
s hetr

e# xEN beitS

Chate mCaim EN 7 S Char

1Gu S
th Chatqe Cn Cahn, ie1EN CS?> SP* >sp
e+ nc , Thw E N ncwaces
Oadu ot EN SO S Chnectr
SChaudI
S ChaLCTUT

T <Mnt4 <Mntt

4)Can9e on Anion EN Peicdiuty

ISnds in

Cno Tg
ducuaAs t
Cn Anion Pnicd R tet
onga peicd ENT

2) aTup
Hu budisanon Gt Atom te Sam, Size

As () tet FN
SueShanudS,
S muh
we dowh a 9Toup
 Mulli kun deale
EN GH Mukn
EN
EN iS ths avehaqe
EN: Elechon Afhinity
Ion Enngy

Apaicatian otEN
FoN CO >I:S-C> P H Nomaynclatuw
ovalont bond S
frmsd
Ound cant
EN SCais non matas, and Com?
oy
oy
2 n o n mitas A
khau s
Campound. and in pinaTy
S au bingu Nm Meta han
deteminL,
nc
thod
u wye
n using the tdcnng COm_ N iS &tTFen wiH
ComOund
mQw ide, and n a m ct Jass
tta
Suti witten hiut
Can S
EN Gtom
aun Scaie odine Chioico doido
Linus Pauing dyode?ede Poros TideCn da
,

a mgthod to and Suanve vauus hos Hexa Fluon

Sulpkuf
EN Usng. in

imiG
Chanc tor
2) Covalnt bond
 Ne t h any bon iS I00 1on i
MeraC ,Non MetaC Chotuctor-
Or00 Cavalunt each bun d Lou EN Metalic Chabic)
Of High EN>Nan Metac
we
Covalnt chahuc07
Os
Natu t
C Aidic)
AOH type ot moda.cules-
inic =16x|AXl+ 3S
2

Char AOH A + OH
Hamay
Hamoy Smith En Base
AX>diffesunCa in EN
Callculai, 7 9t ion iC ChooctaS1 in AOH AO + H*
HE bond Acidic

* I t behaves, ko a base uhon -OH

atpmiC
Sbondod to metals | Poly
Cation ete
IC x + 3S(I9) F - Na OH, CaCoH)2 NH, OH ,

304 3Sx361 Non mutals. ,thay

3 0 3S it is bondacd,to
Ocid ,Alcohod (Ro)
thus HE Boic A cid BCoH)3
is covaknt E A4
AX
i) Stnangth et Bond A

Moa is tha
dffeun ca in A 14,
ENbetyeon a to m S, moL A-0+ H
iS ha 8tabili ty A O-H ma. +CAcid)
mosL ioni¢|Poar
Gmo Bae) AO +
Eg Stalbilshy (HE> HCA> HBa> HI) AT+OH CBase)
 Natuse of Onude-
Acdic Ocude Oide which
actS wih o ase and thiS
On dusSo inq in waten
tormS Ox aids
RL Oxido + H0 Oy Aid
Oy Acid
03 Nan Metal, O, H
E-HS04 CH bondid to O)
Hydota
E Acid
H c o NM,H
NMH

Non mttalic oudes o aicuc

in natu
E
Co + 2 NaOH Na, COg + H,0

SOa HO HSO4
Non Rdo
Nore Acid Be RanctionsOuanol
HudolySis KxmS nol
RTdo
basic Oxides Oido, which Juacts
wit ocid onand dussoWving in
wal it formS HudiooLidog

F Na,0,K0, ZnO, Fe0, Fe,Og,

CaO etc

Met Ealic oiides a a basic in

NatuuQ
NaaS0 HO
Nao +HSO4
Aco adE
Bose
Na0 +t Ha0 2 NaO
Hydoofde
Base
Higho is tho ON ot the elamant
mosL w i l be,
Oida
natua ) iS apglicgblg
iES Qidicmetfaluc, n o n - m e t a l c
t o both
OidS
acidic than S0
SOgiS momoi0 basic hon N,Og
NO iS
 Audic MnO<MnO, <Mn O< M0
Natutu
Acidrc

MnOa +H20 Mangnic Aud

Mangnic Aciol
Mn,O tH20 HMnOL
remang nic Agd

a) AStnangethtolo unn9
9 nin
in Oteln
ÜIIng
aci duc nat L:
Nag0, COj, N,0, CuO, hi20
NO 0 CuO CO
N O
SblockK Non Metols
moda motalfc)

>Acidic Natuo. inc

Basic Natura inc
K
10odc Na0< L20 4 Cu0<
Co< N,Os
a) Neutnal Orida
T nith Suac
with aids nos base
E N0, NO,NO
A) Amphoteic Oidos h e Oidos
ac with both acids a8 we0l
CUS bases
TBe Sn Ga AL Po
EnPo
Beono Cna,O Al0 Zno PbO
SnO2 PoO
Eq zn0 +2HC n C +H0
Zno+2NaoHNag~nO, +H,0
Na Zn O0 Sodium Zincate
Poa.dict os dos ot Band Ang
NH3 NF3, NCI3
NHa has
Among NHa, N SCDnc
mo Ose neah
N in NHa

H
H F F

dOaNC
dorital
Paiy due
CA
id
tD
a a c a n t yacant
which
N hason
Back Bonod
C
NO

L
CA C CL CI
C
Dus to his tho stuc tus becomas
S2) mangularPana U oi th
BAC130), Mus8
NCA NH NF
 Solubity Ondon Tsnds
o ALkali /ANKi East Metal Hydoo aidus
Hydhahom Enpgy /Soyation encigy
moa foxsmay1, ions uE
Qathco e19 dopend on tha2
ectennt OFOSOL, oenwen hlnn,
iS Proponnal to (292
tuus a ' w e move2 e
S , Hyd
dwnAnCU Lathicó
welweW a enong 4dc
but E doops Tapid uy
tuus
Eneqy Ralaased Huc -Lathce
i n a c o Kolaseod

in acOS ; inaaco >olubiu

in tuSin
Thus Soubty O+ hudioi dus
inWaCOS_NTVing dowYm
he rou
LiCOH)< NaloH) <ROH<R6oH<Cs (oH)
Alkd mtal. hyd7oaidos
1BeCoH) MaLoH) < Ca CoH),<S7 (OH}z
ACO A k a l Ecerth Metal
Hydroidos
 AkaleI Akali Eath Metal Canlonais-
Some as thut for hycdsncaicus
iCOa< Na,COgK, COs Rb^C0gSOa
Be co< Ma Coz<Cac0g ST Co 2ba Co
Exhan

ADkal /Akali Eonth Metal Sulphat

Du to tha Jange size ot So2
OnS h Hy d1ation E n0N9
dyops tag t e hath Latce
thyus oubj Lity E
Sul pias docHNa coas d o u
h 9TOuP
in walo whid BeSOsoubl
aS04 iS
PPE
Liz SO, > Na,S0,>K280> Ro S0 >S, SO.
Be So >
Mqs0> CaSO
SO
>
SaSoL>BaSO, e