NPRE 441, Spring 2021

Quiz 1, 02-10-2021

Q1. (30 points): Plot the energy spectrum for all types of radiation emitted by 𝐻𝑔.

𝐻𝑔 → 𝑇𝑙 𝛽 𝜈̅  

𝐻𝑔

𝛽,  
100%, 
𝐸 , : 214 𝑘𝑒𝑉 

𝑇𝑙*

𝛾, 
5%,  𝐼. 𝐶.,  
279 keV  95% 
𝑇𝑙
Note:
1. The binding energies for k-shell, L-shell, and M-shell electrons in a 𝑇𝑙 atom are given in the
following table.

Binding energies for 203Tl

K 85.529 keV
LI 15.347 keV
LII 14.698 keV
LIII 12.657 keV
M 3.704 keV

2. Within the energy spectrum, please draw all the sub-spectra corresponding to beta particles, conversion
electrons, gamma rays, auger electrons, characteristics X-rays, etc. (25 points)
3. Whenever possible, please also mark on the individual sub-spectra with the following information: the
energy characteristics and relative intensity (probability of emission per 𝐻𝑔 decay) of each type of
particle. (25 points)
 




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ଵ଴ ୪୬ሺଶሻ
ͳͲ݉‫ ݅ܥ‬ൌ  ଵ଴଴଴ ൈ ͵͹‫ ݍܤܩ‬ൌ ͵Ǥ͹ ൈ ͳͲ଼ ‫ ߣ



ݍܤ‬ൌ ௧భȀమ

Žሺʹሻ
ߣோ௔ ൌ  ൌ ͳǤ͵͹ʹ͹ͺͳ͹Ͷͷ ൈ ͳͲିଵଵ ܵ݁ܿ ିଵ

ͳ͸ͲͲ‫ ݕ‬ൈ ͵͸ͷǤʹͷ݀ ൈ ʹͶ݄ ൈ ͵͸ͲͲ‫ݏ‬

ߣோ௡ ൌ ʹǤͳͲͲͳͶͲͷʹ͹ ൈ ͳͲି଺ ܵ݁ܿ ିଵ

ሺܽሻܶ݅݉݁‫ ݂݋ݕݐ݅ݒ݅ݐ݄ܿܽ݁ݐ݈݈݅ݐ‬ଶଶଶܴܾ݊‫݅ܥ݉Ͳͳ݋ݐ݌ݑ݈݀݅ݑ‬ǣ

”‘”‘„Ž‡ሺͳሻ

ߣ஺ ܰ஺௢
ܰ஻ ൌ ൫݁ ିఒಲ௧ െ ݁ ିఒಳ ௧ ൯

ሺߣ஻ െ ߣ஺ ሻ

‫ ݂݋ݕݐ݅ݒ݅ݐ݄ܿܽ݁ݐݎ݋ܨ‬ଶଶଶܴ݊ǡ ݉‫ݕܾ݊݋݅ݐܽݑݍ݁ݏݑ݋݅ݒ݁ݎ݌݄݁ݐݕ݈݌݅ݐ݈ݑ‬ሺߣோ௡ ሻǣ
ߣோ௡ ߣோ௔ ܰோ௔ǡ௢ ିఒ ௧
‫ܣ‬ோ௡ ሺ‫ݐ‬ሻ ൌ ߣோ௡ ܰோ௡ ൌ ൫݁ ೃೌ െ ݁ ିఒೃ೙௧ ൯

ሺߣோ௡ െ ߣோ௔ ሻ

‫ߣ ׶‬ோ௡ ‫ߣ ب‬ோ௔


ሺߣோ௡ െ ߣோ௔ ሻ ൎ ߣோ௡














݁ ିఒೃೌ ௧ ൌ ͳ

ఒೃ೙ఒೃೌ ேೃೌǡ೚
‫ܣ‬ோ௡ ሺ‫ݐ‬ሻ  ൌ ൫ͳ െ ݁ ିఒೃ೙௧ ൯ ൌ ߣோ௔ ܰோ௔ǡ௢ ൫ͳ െ ݁ ିఒೃ೙௧ ൯ 

ఒೃ೙

భబ೘಴೔
୪୬ሺଵିഊ ሻ
ଵ଴௠஼௜ ೃೌ ಿೃೌǡ೚
‫׵‬ఒ ே ൌ ൫ͳ െ ݁ ିఒೃ೙௧ ൯
‫ݐ׵‬ൌെ
ೃೌ ೃೌǡ೚ ఒೃ೙

ͶͲ ͳ
ܰோ௡ǡ௢ ൌ ൈ ൈ ͸ǤͲʹʹ ൈ ͳͲଶଷ ൌ ͳǤͲ͸ͷͺ ൈ ͳͲଶ଴ ݊‫
݈݅݁ܿݑ‬
ͳͲͲͲ ʹʹ͸
െͲǤʹͻʹ
‫ݐ׵‬ൌെ ൌ ͳ͵ͺͺͳʹǤͲ͹ʹ‫ ܿ݁ݏ‬ൌ ͵ͺ݄‫ܿ݁ܵʹ͵ݏ݊݅݉͵͵ݏݎ‬Ǥ

ߣோ௡
ሺܾሻ‫ ݐݎ݁ݐ݂݂ܽ݋ݕݐ݅ݒ݅ݐܿܣ‬ൌ ʹ‫ ݏݎܽ݁ݕ‬ൌ ͸ͳ͵ͳͳͷʹͲͲܵ݁ܿǤ
ܷ‫ݍܧ݃݊݅ݏ‬Ǥ

ሺͳሻǣ

‫ܣ‬ோ௡ ሺ‫ݐ‬ሻ ൌ ߣோ௔ ܰோ௔ǡ௢ ൫݁ ିఒೃೌ ௧ െ ݁ ିఒೃ೙௧ ൯
୪୬ሺଶሻ ୪୬ሺଶሻ
ି௧ ௧ ି௧ ௧
‫ܣ‬ோ௡ ൌ ͳǤͶ͸͵ ൈ ͳͲଽ ቆ݁ ೃೌభȀమ െ݁ ೃ೙భȀమ ቇ

‫ܣ‬ோ௡ ൌ ͳǤͶ͸ͳ͹ ൈ ͳͲଽ ‫ݍܤ‬

ሺܿሻ‫ ݐݎ݁ݐ݂݂ܽ݋ݕݐ݅ݒ݅ݐܿܣ‬ൌ ͳͲͲͲ‫ ݏݎܽ݁ݕ‬ൌ ͵Ǥͳͷ͸ ൈ ͳͲଵ଴ ܵ݁ܿǤ

୪୬ሺଶሻ ୪୬ሺଶሻ
ି௧ ௧ ି௧ ௧
‫ܣ‬ோ௡ ൌ ͳǤͶ͸͵ ൈ ͳͲଽ ቆ݁ ೃೌభȀమ െ݁ ೃ೙భȀమ ቇ

‫ܣ‬ோ௡ ൌ ͻǤͶͺ͸Ͷ ൈ ͳͲ଼ ‫ݍܤ‬

ሺ݀ሻܴܽ‫
ݏ݁݅ݐ݅ݒ݅ݐ݂ܿܽܿ݅݅ܿ݁݌ݏ݄݁ݐ݂݋݋݅ݐ‬

‫ܯ‬ǣ ‫
ݏݏܽ݉ݎ݈ܽ݋ܯ‬
ߣோ௡ ሺ݉ோ௡ ܰ஺௩௢ Ȁ‫ܯ‬ோ௡ ሻ
‫ܣ‬ோ௡ Ȁ݉ோ௡ ߣோ௡ ܰோ௡ Ȁ݉ோ௡ ݉ோ௡
ܴܽ‫ ݋݅ݐ‬ൌ  ൌ ൌ
‫ܣ‬ோ௔ Ȁ݉ோ௔ ߣோ௔ ܰோ௔ Ȁ݉ோ௔ ߣோ௔ ሺ݉ோ௔ ܰ஺௩௢ Ȁ‫ܯ‬ோ௔ ሻ
݉ோ௔
Žሺʹሻ
ൈ ‫ܯ‬ோ௔
ߣோ௡ ൈ ‫ܯ‬ோ௔ ‫ݐ‬ோ௡ଵȀଶ ‫ݐ‬ோ௔ଵȀଶ ൈ ‫ܯ‬ோ௔ ͳ͸ͲͲ ൈ ͵͸ͷǤʹͷ ൈ ʹʹ͸
ܴܽ‫ ݋݅ݐ‬ൌ ൌ ൌ ൌ ൌ ͳǤͷͷ͹Ͷ ൈ ͳͲହ 
ߣோ௔ ൈ ‫ܯ‬ோ௡ Žሺʹሻ ‫ݐ‬ோ௡ଵȀଶ ൈ ‫ܯ‬ோ௡ ͵Ǥͺʹ ൈ ʹʹʹ
ൈ ‫ܯ‬ோ௡
‫ݐ‬ோ௔ଵȀଶ



Q3. (30 points) Serial Decay

Consider a general case of serial decay scheme involving 4 isotopes, 𝐴 → 𝐵 → 𝐶 → 𝐷, with the final product D
being a stable isotope. The decay constants for isotopes A, B and C are 𝜆 , 𝜆 , and 𝜆 respectively.
Assume that at t=0, there is only isotope A exists, whose activity is 𝑄 . Please derive the equations for the activities
𝑄 , 𝑄 , and 𝑄 from A, B and C as a function of time.

Hint: For the first-order linear differential equation of the form

(1)

Eq. (1)

(2)

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Question 1 (30 points)
Main Spectra (20 points)
Sub Spectra (10 points)

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