Republic of the Philippines

NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY

Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.:IM-ACCTG2-2NDSEM-2018-2019

College: College of Business Education

Campus : Bayombong Campus

DEGREE
PROGRAM BSBA COURSE NO. ACCTG 2
SPECIALIZATION Financial COURSE TITLE Managerial Accounting
Management
YEAR LEVEL 3rd Year TIME FRAME WK NO. 5-7 IM 03
NO.

I. UNIT TITLE/CHAPTER TITLE: JOB ORDER AND PROCESS COSTING

II. LESSON TITLE :

Lesson 1: Flow of cost in merchandising and Manufacturing company.
Lesson 2: Manufacturing Cost System
Lesson 3: Job Order Costing
Lesson 4: Process Costing
Lesson 5: Operation Costing

III. LESSON OVERVIEW

Accounting systems serve people both inside and outside an organization. The different
needs of external and internal users require different approaches to reporting
information. Chapter I outlined the differences between financial accounting, which is
primarily concerned with external reporting and managerial accounting which is primarily
concerned with internal reporting. Although the two branches differ in their objectives,
they share a common data base as well as some basic concepts.

Cost accounting is the subfield of accounting records, measures, and reports information
about costs. When costs are used inside the organization by managers to evaluate the
performance of operations or personnel, or as a basis for decision making, we say costs
are used for managerial accounting purposes. When costs are used by outsiders, such
as shareholders or creditors, to evaluate the performance of top management and make
investment decisions about the organization we say costs are used for financial
accounting purposes.

IV. DESIRED LEARNING OUTCOMES:

1. Describe the flow of Cost in a Merchandising Company and in a Manufacturing

Company.
2. Discuss the nature and characteristics of Job-Order Costing System, Process Costing
System and Operation Costing system.
3. Determine the basis in choosing between job order and process costing system.
4. Determine Product cost using Job Order and Process Costing.
5. Prepare cost production schedule
6. Discuss Operation Costing

V. LESSON CONTENT

Lesson 1: Flow of Costs in a Company

Merchandising companies such as computer stores, department stores, drugstores and retail
outlets, purchase the merchandise they sell to customers. Their product costs are the purchase
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price of the merchandise. When products are purchased, their costs are recorded as assets on
the statement of financial position under Merchandise Inventory. This account includes all goods
purchased for resale that were not sold, their costs are removed from the statement of financial
position and charged against sales revenues in the income statement. Selling and administrative
costs are charged also against income as operating expenses for the period in the income
statement.

Figure 3.1 illustrates the basic flow of costs in a merchandising concern.

The most complex cost classification systems are found in manufacturing organizations, where a
special statement must be prepared to determine the cost of goods sold. Figure 3.2 shows the
basic flow of costs in a manufacturing company.

Figure 3.2. Flow of cost in a Manufacturing Company

ACTION COST COLLECTED COST FLOW

TO INITIALLY AND THROUGH

Purchase MATERIALS
Materials INVENTORY

Pay direct
Laborers DIRECT LABOR WORK IN COST OF
FINISHED
PROCESS GOODS
GOODS
INVENTORY SALE
INVENTORY
Incur
Overhead MANUFACTURING
Costs OVERHEAD

Notice that costs move from one account to another in same sequence as products flow through
the factory to the customer. The starting point is the purchase of direct materials, which is
recorded as an asset in the Raw Materials account. As materials are used, their cost is removed
from the Raw Materials account and placed in the Work in Process account. The cost of direct
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materials still on hand in either account at period end will appear as an asset in their respective
accounts on the statement of financial position.

Direct labor costs are recorded as they are consumed unlike materials. Direct labor expires with
time and cannot be stored for use in a latter accounting period. As direct labor is used, the cost is
placed in the Work in Process account and the Salaries and Wages Payable account.
Manufacturing overhead is placed in the Work in Process account from depreciation charges, use
of indirect labor, expiration of insurance premiums, and use or expiration of other factors
necessary for manufacturing operations. The manufacturing overhead costs are recorded in
accounts such as Accumulated Depreciation, Prepaid Insurance, or Accounts Payable on the
statement of financial position. In the illustration, these accounts are in the Manufacturing
Overhead Accounts.

As products are completed and moved from the factory' to the storeroom, the accountant moves
direct materials, direct labor, and manufacturing overhead costs from the Work in Process account
to the Finished Goods account. Finally, when the products are sold, their total cost is transferred
from the Finished Goods account to the Cost of Goods Sold account.

Lesson 2: Manufacturing Cost Accounting Systems

Manufacturing companies use either job order, process costing or operation costing systems
to assign costs to products.
In designing any cost accounting system, accountants are required to make four decisions.

1. Will the system use historical costs or standard costs? Historical costs are actual costs
incurred in the past. Standard costs are estimates of what unit costs should be, based on
past costs and engineering estimates. The system described in this chapter uses historical
costs.

2. Will the system be a job order or a process cost accounting system? The answer to this
question depends on whether the product is produced in distinct batches or in a continuous
process.

3. Will the system be based on full absorption or direct costing of inventory? The choice will
determine whether fixed manufacturing overhead is included in the unit cost of inventory.
Full absorption costing includes fixed manufacturing overhead as a period cost rather
than an inventory cost.

4. What system will be used to assign overhead costs to products? Will the company use
plantwide or activity-based predetermined overhead rates? What and how many cost
drivers should be used?

Cost accounting systems can vary greatly depending on these decisions. For example, a standard
process costing system might be based on full absorption costing and a plantwide overhead rate.
A standard job order costing system might be based on direct costing and a departmental
overhead rate. Some combinations are more common than others. But to completely describe a
cost accounting system, all four decisions must be made.

Lesson 3: Job Order Costing

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Job order costing is used by manufacturers who make special orders, customized products, or
standard products produced in batches. With a job order cost system, costs are assigned to each
job. A job may be an order, a contract, a unit of production, or a batch performed to meet
customers’ specifications. For example, when repairing a television set, an electrician uses job
order costing to accumulate the costs of the repair job. The electrician collects the cost of repair
parts and the direct labor-hours spent in repairing the TV set. Overhead costs are applied using an
overhead rate. Accountants also use job order costing in the construction of commercial and
residential buildings, ships, and machines. For example, a printing company uses job order costing
because printers usually produce each printing order to customers’ specifications. Job order
costing is appropriate for companies making different components for inventory.

Figure 3.3: Flow of Cost in a Job-Order Costing

Summary of Accounting Procedures using Job Order Costing to a Manufacturing Company

1. Record the purchase and issue of materials with journal entries.

To record the purchase of materials, the accountant increases both the Materials Inventory (dr)
and Accounts Payable (cr) accounts. To record the issue of direct materials, the accountant
reduces the Materials Inventory (cr) account and increases the Work in Process Inventory (dr)
account by the amount shown on the materials requisition form. To record the issue of indirect
materials, the accountant reduces the Materials Inventory (cr) account and increases the Actual
Manufacturing Overhead (dr) account.

2. Record labor costs with journal entries.

To record the incurrence of direct, labor costs, the accountant increases the Work in Process
Inventory (dr) and Wages Payable (cr) accounts by total direct labor costs on a job. This total is
calculated from workers’ timecards. Indirect labor is recorded as an increase to the Actual
Manufacturing Overhead (dr) account and an increase to Wages Payable (cr).

3. Calculate a predetermined overhead rate and use it to assign overhead costs to a

job.

Because manufacturing overhead costs are common costs that benefit more that one job, the
manufacturing overhead costs incurred on a specific job cannot be measured. Instead they must
be assigned according to a ratio called the predetermined overhead rate. The predetermined
overhead rate is the ratio of total estimated manufacturing overhead costs for the year to the
expected manufacturing activity for the year, measured according to some cost driver, such as
direct labor costs. To assign, or apply, overhead costs, the accountant multiplies total monthly
output per job, measured by the chosen cost driver, by the predetermined overhead rate.
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4. Record applied manufacturing overhead costs with journal entries.

To record applied overhead, the accountant increases the Work in Process Inventory (dr) and
Applied Manufacturing Overhead (cr) accounts by the amount of overhead assigned to jobs, using
the predetermined overhead rate.

5. Complete a job cost sheet and calculate the average cost per unit of a job.

The cost of direct materials used, direct labor, and applied overhead is recorded on job cost
sheets. When a job is completed, these costs are totaled. The average cost per unit is determined
by dividing the total cost of the job (from the job cost sheet) by the number of goods units
produced.

6. Record actual manufacturing overhead costs with journal entries.

To record actual manufacturing overhead costs, the accountant adds these costs to the Actual
Manufacturing Overhead (dr) account. Actual overhead costs include the cost of indirect materials
and indirect labor as well as other indirect costs, such as insurance and utilities. Thus, expired
factory insurance simultaneously reduces the Prepaid Insurance account and increases the Actual
Manufacturing Overhead account. Factory depreciation would increase the Accumulated
Depreciation account; utilities costs, the Accounts Payable account.

7. Compute over- and underapplied overhead.

Because applied overhead costs are an average amount each month, whereas actual overhead
costs follows seasonal or irregular patterns, actual manufacturing overhead often differs from
applied overhead. To find the amount by which these costs were over- or underapplied, the
accountant compares total applied overhead costs to total actual overhead costs.

When applied overhead is greater than actual manufacturing overhead, the overhead is referred to
as overapplied. When applied overhead is less than actual manufacturing overhead, the overhead
is underapplied. Over- or underapplied overhead costs are usually subtracted from or added to
the cost of goods sold on the monthly income statement.

Manufacturing overhead may be over- or underapplied at month end because of seasonal

variations in actual overhead costs, an irregular occurrence of actual overhead costs, seasonal
variations in production volume, or inaccurate estimates of total manufacturing overhead or total
production output.

Although the first three causes will produce differences between actual and applied overhead on a
monthly basis, by year-end the differences will average out. No corrective act is needed. The last
cause, faulty estimates, can also produce over- or underapplied overhead at year-end as well as
at month end. If the differences are large, the predetermined overhead rate should be revised.

8. Calculate cost of goods manufactured and cost of goods sold.

You find the cost of goods completed during the month, called the cost of goods manufactured, by
analyzing activity in the Work in Process Inventory account over the past month. The process for
preparing the statement and calculating cost of goods manufactured is as follows:

+ Direct Materials Used

+ Direct labor
+ Applied Manufacturing Overhead
= Total Manufacturing Costs
+ Beginning Balance, Work in Process Inventory
- Ending Balance, Work in Process Inventory
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= Cost of Goods Manufactured

The cost of goods manufactured is used in preparing the statement of cost of goods sold. Cost of
goods manufactured can also be calculated by summarizing the cost of all jobs completed during
the period.

The statement of cost of goods sold can be considered an analysis of the Finished Goods
Inventory account. Preparing a statement of cost of goods sold and calculating cost of goods sold
is done as follows:

+ Cost of Goods Manufactured

+ Beginning Finished Goods Inventory
= Total Goods Available for Sale
- Ending Finished Goods Inventory
= Cost of Goods Sold

The cost of goods sold can also be calculated by multiplying the number of units sold times the per
unit cost shown on the job cost sheets. Cost of goods sold is used in preparing the income
statement.

Illustrative Problem 3.1. Job Order Costing in a Manufacturing Company

Pomelo Company is a manufacturing firm that uses job-order costing. On January 1, the beginning
of its fiscal year, the company’s inventory balances were as follows:
Raw Materials P200,000
Work in Process P150.000
Finished goods 300,000

The company applies overhead cost to jobs on the basis of machine-hours worked. For the current
year, the company estimated that it would work 750,000machine-hours and incur P4,500,000 in
manufacturing overhead cost. The following transactions were recorded for the year:

a. Raw materials were purchased on account, P4,100,000.

b. Raw materials were requisitioned for use in production, P3,800,000 (P3,600,000 direct
materials and P200,000 indirect materials).

c. The following costs were incurred for employee services: direct labor, P750,000; indirect
labor, PI, 100,000; sales commissions, P900,000; and administrative salaries, P2,000,000.
d. Sales travel costs were P170,000.
e. Utility costs in the factory were P430,000.
f. Advertising costs were PI,800,000.
g. Depreciation was recorded for the year. P3,500,000 (80% relates to factory operations, and
20% relates to selling and administrative activities).
h. Insurance expired during the year, PI00,000 (70% relates to factory operations, and the
remaining 30% relates to selling and administrative activities).

i. Manufacturing overhead was applied to production. Due to greater than expected demand
for its products, the company worked 800,000 machine- hours during the year.
j. Goods costing P9,000,000 to manufacture according to their job cost sheets were
completed during the year.
k. Goods were sold on account to customers during the year at a total selling price of PI
5,000,000. The goods cost P8,700,000 to manufacture according to their job cost sheets.

REQUIRED:

1. Prepare journal entries to record the preceding transactions.

2. Post the entries in (1) above to T-accounts (don’t forget to enter the beginning balances
in the inventories.)
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3. Is Manufacturing Overhead underapplied or overapplied for the year? Prepare a journal

entry to close any balance in the Manufacturing Overhead account to Cost of Goods
Sold. Do not allocate the balance between ending inventories and Cost of Goods Sold.
4. Prepare an income statement for the year.

Solution: Pomelo Company

1. Journal Entries:

a. Raw Materials 4,100,000

Accounts Payable 4,100,000

b. Work in Process 3,600,000

Manufacturing Overhead 200,000
Raw Materials 3,800,000

c. Work in Process 750,000

Manufacturing Overhead 1, 100,000
Sales Commissions Expense 900,000
Administrative Salaries Expense 2,000,000
Salaries and Wages Payable 4,750,000

d. Sales Travel Expense 170,000

Accounts Payable 170,000

e. Manufacturing Overhead 430,000

Accounts Payable 430,000

f. Advertising Expense 1,800,000

Accounts Payable 1,800,000

g. Manufacturing overhead 2,800,000

Depreciation expense 700,000
Accumulated depreciation 3,500,000

h. Manufacturing overhead 70,000

Insurance expense 30,000
Prepaid insurance 100,000

The predetermined overhead rate for the year would be computed as follows:

Predetermined overhead rate estimated total manufacturing overhead cost / estimated total
units in the allocation base
 P 4,500,000/ 750,000 machine hours
 P6 per machine hour

Based on the 800,000 machine hours actually worked during the year, the company would have
applied P4,800,000 in overhead cost to production; 800,000 machine hours x P6 per machine
hour  P4,800,000.

The following entry records this application of overhead cost:

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Work in process 4,800,000

Manufacturing overhead 4,800,000

b. Finished goods 9,000,000

Work in process 9,000,000

c. Accounts receivable 15,000,000

Sales 15,000,000

Cost of goods sold 8,700,000

Finished goods 8,700,000

2. Posting to T-Accounts

Accounts Receivable Raw Materials Accounts Payable

(k) 15,000,000   Bal. 200,000 (b) 3,800,000   (a) 4,100,000
    (a) 4,100,000     (d) 170,000
Bal. 500,000     (e) 430,000
Salaries and Wages Payable   (f) 1,800,000
  (c) 4,750,000 Work in Process Bal. 6,500,000
Bal. 150,000  (j) 9,000,000 Finished Goods
Cost of Goods Sold (b) 3,600,000   Bal. 300,000 (k) 8,700,000
(k) 8,700,000   (c) 750,000   (j) 9,000,000  
(i) 4,800,000   Bal. 600,000  
Bal. 300,000  
Manufacturing Overhead
(b) 200,000 (i) 4,800,000 Insurance Expense
(c) 1,100,000 Administrative Salary
(e) 430,000 Expenses (h) 30,000  
(g) 2,800,000
(h) 70,000   (c) 2,000,000  
4,600,000 4,800,000 Accumulated Depreciation
  Bal. 200,000 Prepaid Insurance   (g) 3,500,000
  (h) 100,000

Sales Advertising Expense Sales Travel Expense

k.) 15,000,000 700,000   170,000  
     

Sales Commission Expense Depreciation Expense

c) 900,000   1,800,000  
   

3. Manufacturing overhead is over applied for the year. The entry to close it out to cost of
goods sold is as follows:

Manufacturing overhead 200,000

Cost of goods sold 200,000

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4. Income Statement

POMELO COMPANY
Income statement
For the year ended December 31

15,000,00
Sales P 0
Less: Cost of Goods Sold (P8,700,000-P200,000)   8,500,000
Gross Margin P 6,500,000
Less: Selling and Administrative Expenses
Commission Expense 900,000
Administrative Salaries 2,000,000
SalesTravel Expense 170,000
Advertising Expense 1,800,000
Depreciation Expense 700,000
Insurance Expense 30,000 5,600,000
Net Income P 900,000

Lesson 4: PROCESS COSTING SYSTEM Concept and Application

Process Costing is used by manufacturers who mass produce large quantities of identical units in
a continuous flow. Using a process costing system, accountants accumulate cost for each
department for a time period and allocate them among all the products manufactured during the
period. They use process costing in ice cream processing, petroleum refining, and other industries
where there is a continuous production process. Direct material, direct labor, and applied factory
overhead are accumulated for each department for a period, usually a month. At the end of the
period, departmental cost is divided by the number of units produced to obtain a cost per unit.
Figure 3.4 shows the flow of costs in a Process Costing System.

Figure 3.4. Flow of Costs - Process Costing System

Summary of Accounting Procedures using Process Costing in a Manufacturing Company

1. Costs are accumulated and cost per unit is calculated.

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Process costing is used when products are produced continuously, that is, when there are no
distinguishable starting and stopping points in the production process. When using this method,
you accumulate costs by activity and calculate cost per unit by activity at the end of a specified
time period, usually a month. Cost per unit is calculated by dividing activity costs by units
processed.

A cost summary summarizes costs and units for an activity when process costing is used. It is a
useful tool, especially when computations are complex, such as when partially completed units
must be accounted for.

2. Prepare journal entries to record manufacturing costs and transfers.

The journal entries used to transfer costs between activities in process costing are basically the
same as those used in job order costing. The way you calculate the unit costs needed to make the
journal entries, however, is different.

Journal entries transfer separate costs from one production activity to another to Finished Goods
Inventory. Other journal entries are required to add direct materials costs, direct labor costs, and
applied manufacturing overhead to each production activity.

3. Calculate equivalent units when resources are added uniformly.

Partially completed units are often in inventory at the end of a period. Since some of the period’s
production costs belong to those partially completed units, their cost must be calculated according
to equivalent units rather than physical units.

Prior department costs are rarely added uniformly. Instead, they are added at the start of the
process. Conversion costs, however, are almost always added uniformly. And direct materials are
usually added in a lump at some point in the production process, but are sometimes added
uniformly, as in a mixing process. When resources are added uniformly throughout the production
process, equivalent units are found by estimating the percentage of completion or effort put into
the partially completed units. That percentage is then multiplied by the number of physical units.
Since direct materials costs, prior department costs, and conversion costs may differ in their
percentage of completion, equivalent units must be calculated separately for each cost category.

4. Calculate equivalent units when resources are added in a lump.

When a resource is added in a lump, 100 percent of the resource is added at a specified time in
the production process, often at the start. Prior department costs and direct materials costs are
usually added this way. When they are, equivalent units equal the number of physical units that
have passed this point. For resources added in a lump at the start, equivalent units equal the
number of units started. For resources added in a lump at the end of the production process,
equivalent units equal the number of units completed.

5. Using equivalent units calculate the unit cost for all types of costs and record them
on a cost summary report.

The first step in calculating unit cost is to analyze the flow of physical units. This task can be done
by using a bar diagram. Next, equivalent units must be calculated for each cost category. This is
done by multiplying the number of physical units by the percentage of completion in each
category. The same process is used for units started and completed and for ending inventory,
whether the moving average or the FIFO cost flow assumption is used. Equivalent units of
beginning inventory are treated differently under each assumption, however. Finally, the cost per
unit is found by dividing the total monthly cost of each cost category by equivalent units for that
category.
6. Calculate unit cost using the moving average method, and use it to compute the
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cost of completed units and ending work in process.

When an activity using a moving average has partially completed units on hand at both the
beginning and end of the month, the costs of the beginning inventory are averaged with the
current month’s production costs. This average unit cost is then used to calculate the cost of
goods transferred to finished goods and the cost of ending work in process.
7. Calculate unit cost using the FIFO method, and use it to compute the cost of
completed units and ending work in process

When the FIFO method is used, the costs of beginning work in process are separated from
current costs. Using the current month’s costs and equivalent units, a unit cost is calculated for
each cost category. The unit costs are used to calculate (1) the cost of completing beginning work
in process and (2) the cost of units started and completed during the month. Finally, unit costs are
used to calculate the cost of partially completed work in process at month end.

Because the moving average method is slightly easier and yields almost the same result as FIFO,
most companies use a moving average.

Illustrative Problem 3.5. Process Cost Flows and Reports

Boysen Home Paint Company produces exterior latex paint, which it sells in one-gallon
containers. The company has two processing departments - Processing and Finishing. White
paint, which is used as a base for all the company’s paints, is mixed from raw ingredients in the
Processing Department. Pigments are then added to the basic white paint, the pigmented paint is
squirted under pressure into one-gallon containers, and the containers are labeled and packed for
shipping in the Finishing Department. Information relating to the company’s operations for April
follows:

a. Raw materials were issued for use in production: Processing Department, P85,100; and
Finishing Department, P62,900.
b. Direct labor costs were incurred: Processing Department, P33,000; and Finishing
Department, P27,000.
c. Manufacturing overhead cost was applied: Processing Department, P66.500; and Finishing
Department, P40,500.
d. Basic white paint was transferred from the Processing Department to the Finishing
Department, PI 85,000.
e. Paint that had been prepared for shipping was transferred from the Finishing Department
to Finished Goods, P320,000.

REQUIRED

1. Prepare journal entries to record items (a) through (e) above.

2. Post the journal entries from (1) above to T-accounts. The balance in the Processing
Department’s Work in Process account on April 1 was PI5,000; the balance in the Finishing
Department’s Work in Process account was P7.000. After posting entries to the T-accounts,
find the ending balance in each department’s Work in Process account.
3. Prepare a production report for the Processing Department for April. The following additional
information is available regarding production in the Processing Department during April:

Production data:
Units (gallons) in process, April1: Materials 100% 3,000
completed; Labor and Overhead 60% completed
Units (gallons) started into production during April 42,000
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Units (gallons)completed and transferred to the 37,000

Finishing Department
Units (gallons) in process, April 30; materials 50% 8,000
completed, Labor and Overhead 25% completed

Cost Data:
Work in Process Inventory, April 1:
Materials 9,200
Labor 2,100
Overhead 3,700
Total Work in Process 15,000

Cost added during April

Materials 85,100
Labor 33,000
Overhead 66,500
Total Cost added during April 184,600

Solution: Boysen Home Paint Company

1. Journal entries

a. Work in Process - Processing Department........... 85,100

Work in Process - Finishing Department............... 62,900
Raw Materials................. 148,000

b. Work in Process - Processing Department.......... 33,000

Work in Process - Finishing Department............. . 27,000

Salaries and Wages Payable 60,000

c. Work in Process - Processing Department.......... 66,500

Work in Process - Finishing Department............. 40,500

Manufacturing Overhead. 107,000

d. Work in Process - Finishing Department............. 185,000

Work in Process - Processing Department 185,000
e. Finished Goods .................................................. 320,000
Work in Process - Finishing Department 320,000

2. Posting

Work in Process - Processing Work in Process - Finishing

Department Department
Beg. Bal. 15,000 Beg Bal. 7,000
(a) 85,100 (d) 185,000 (a) 62,900 (d) 320,000
(b) 33,000   (b) 27,000
(c) 66,500   (c) 40,500
Bal. 14,600 (d) 185,000
Bal. 2,400

Salaries and Wages Payable

  (b) 60,000 Manufacturing Overhead
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  (c) 107,000
Raw Materials
  (a) 148,000

Finished Goods
(e) 320,000  

BOYSEN HOME PAINT COMPANY

Production Report- Processing Department
For the month ended April 30

Quantity Schedule and Equivalent Units

Units (gallons) to be accounted for:
Work in Process, April 1 (Materials, 100%;
Labor& Overhead, 60% completed) 3,000
Started into Production 42,000
Total Units to be (gallons) accounted for 45,000

Equivalent Units of Production (EUP)

Overhea
Units (gallons) to be accounted for as follows Total Materials Labor d
Transferred to Finishing Department 37,000 u 37,000 u 37,000 u 37,000 u
Work in Process, April 30 (Materials, 50%;
Labor& Overhead, 25% completed) 8,000 u 4,000 u* 2,000 u** 2,000 u***
Total Units (gallons) accounted for (EUP) 45,000 u 41,000 u 39,000 u 39,000 u

Cost per Equivalent Units

Cost to be accounted for:
Work In Process-beginning 15,000 9,200 2,100 3,700
Cost added to Processing Department 184,600 85,100 33,000 66,500
Total Cost to be accounted for 199,600 94,300 35,100 70,200
Divided by EUP 41,000 u 39,000 u 39,000 u
Cost Per Unit (gallon) 2.3 0.9 1.8 = P 5.00

Cost Reconciliation:
Transferred to Finishing Department (37,000 units x P 5.00) 185,000
Work in Process, April 30:
Materials (4,000 units x P2.3) 9,200
Labor (2,000 units x P0.9) 1,800
Overhead (2,000 units x P1.80) 3,600
Total Cost Accounted for 199,600

*8,000 total units x 50% complete

**8,000 total units x 25% complete
***8,000 total units x 25% complete

Direct materials + Direct labor = Prime Cost

Direct labor + Overhead = Conversion Cost

Notes:
1. Total Units to be accounted for. The total units was computed based on the given data,
that there was a beginning work in process at the beginning of the month in the processing
department, plus the number of units started to process during the month with a total of
45,000 units.
2. Equivalent Units of Production. Out of the total 45,000 units processed for the month of
April, 37,000 units were already 100% completed and transferred to Finishing Department
and 8,000 units were still unfinished at the end of the month. The unfinished units are
called Work-in Process Inventory end. It was mentioned that all materials were already put
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IM No.:IM-ACCTG2-2NDSEM-2018-2019

into production or 100% complete, meaning, all materials needed for the 8,000 units were
already put in production, only that it was not finished. Hence, the labor and other overhead
costs are only 50% complete.
3. Cost per Equivalent Units. Cost of Beginning inventory was given including the cost
incurred for the department during the month. It was only categorize as to materials, labor
and overhead. Total cost per category divided by EUP to compute for the cost per unit for
material, labor and overhead. The total cost per unit which is P5 is the cost we used to
compute for the cost of the 37,000 units transferred to the finishing department.
4. Cost Reconciliation. The total cost incurred for the month amounting to P199,600 will be
allocated to the 37,000 units completed/transferred and the 8,000 units Ending Inventory.
5. The 8,000 units ending inventory for the month of April in the Processing
Department will be its Beginning Inventory for next month, May.

Lesson 5: OPERATION COSTING

Operation costing is a mix of job costing and process costing, and is used in either of the
following situations:

 A product initially uses different raw materials, and is then finished using a common
process that is the same for a group of products; or
 A product initially has identical processing for a group of products, and is then finished
using more product-specific procedures.

In both cases, you use a mix of job costing and process costing to compile the cost of a product;
this mixed costing environment is called operation costing. The job costing element is based on
the concept that you can assign costs to specific products, which is the case when something is
produced in units of one or in very small quantities. The process costing element is based on the
concept that you allocate the cost of producing a large group of products equally to all the products
in that group, since they are manufactured in an identical manner.

In short, operation costing is most applicable to the more complex manufacturing environments
that require a mix of different types of production processes in order to create goods.

Examples of Operation Costing

A company manufactures watches in lots of 1,000. The watch casings and workings for all 1,000
units are identical, so the company simply adds up the cost of the production run and divides by
1,000 units to arrive at the per-unit cost. In addition, watch bands are custom-made for the wrist
size of the customer, and use a variety of unique materials. These costs are compiled for each
individual watch. Thus, we have process costing for one portion of the production process (the
watch casings and workings) and job order costing for another portion (the watch bands). When
combined, this is operational costing.

An example of the reverse situation is when a product initially has unique raw materials, but is then
finished using a common process. For example, a company builds unique, custom-designed race
cars. It uses job costing to compile the cost of each car. However, all cars are then run through a
paint shop, which is essentially a fixed cost. The cost of the paint booth is allocated equally to all of
the cars run through it, which is process costing. Thus, we use job costing for the first part of the
production process and process costing for the second part.

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IM No.:IM-ACCTG2-2NDSEM-2018-2019

VI. LEARNING ACTIVITIES

Exercise 1. Calculating Cost of Goods Per unit using Job Order Costing
(Show Computation)

Problem 1. Sandy Corporation manufactures a specialty line of dresses using a Job-Order

using a Job-Order cost system. During January, the following costs were incurred in completing
Job H-1: (Show solutions, choices are given for reference only)
Direct materials P27,400
Direct Labor 9,600
Administrative Costs 2,800
Selling Costs 11,200

Factory overhead was applied at the rate of P50 per direct labor hour, and Job H-1 required 400
direct labor hours. If Jo H-1 resulted in 4,000 good dresses, the cost of goods sold per unit is
a. P9.25 b. P14.25 c. P14.95 d. P17.75

Problem 2. Rainee Sportswear manufactures a specialty line of T-shirts using a Job-Order Cost
system. During March, the following cost were incurred in completing JOB-Acctg2:
Direct Materials P13,700
Direct Labor 4,800
Administrative Cost 1,400
Selling 5,600
Factory overhead was applied at the rate of P25 per machine hour, and Job-Acctg2 required
800 machine hours. If Job-Acctg2 resulted in 7,000 goods shirts, the cost of goods sold per unit
would be
a. 6.50 b. 6.30 c. 5.70 d. 5.50

Exercise 2: Manufacturing Cost data for the three Company, which uses a job order cost
system, are presented below.
Company A Company B Company C
Direct Materials used P (a) P 83,000 P 63,150
Direct labor 50,000 100,000 (h)
Manufacturing overhead
applied 42,500 (d) (I)
Total Manufacturing Costs 165,650 (e) 250,000
Add: Work in Process 1/1/2020 (b) 15,500 18,000
Total Work in Process 201,500 (f) (j)
Less: Work In Process
12/31/2020 (c) 11,800 (k)
Cost of Goods Manufactured 192,300 (g) 262,000

Required: Indicate the missing amount for each letter. Assume that in all cases
manufacturing overhead is applied on the basis of direct labor cost and the rate is the
same.

VII. ASSIGNMENT

Assignment 1. Laird Corporation incurred the following transactions.

1. Purchased raw materials on account P 46,300.

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2. Raw Materials of P 36,000 were requisitioned to the factory. An analysis of the materials
requisition slips indicated that P 8,800 was classified as indirect materials.
3. Factory labor costs incurred were P 53,900, of which P 49,000 pertained to factory
wages payable and P 4,900 pertained to employer payroll taxes payable.
4. Time tickets indicated that P 50,000 was direct labor and P 3,900 was indirect labor.
5. Overhead costs incurred on account were P 80,500.
6. Manufacturing overhead was applied at the rate of 150% of direct labor cost.
7. Goods costing P 88,000 were completed and transferred to finished goods.
8. Finished goods costing P 75,000 to manufacture were sold on account for P 103,000.
Required: Journalize the transactions. (Omit explanations.)

Assignment 2. Charot Lungs Inc., manufactures an antacid product that passes through two
Departments, the Chesmis Department and Kulong Department. Data for the Chesmis
Department for the month of May is presented below:

Beginning work in process:

Units in process 80,000 gallons
Stage of completion with respect to materials 80%
Stage of completion with respect to conversion 75%
Units started in production during the month 760,000 gallons
Units completed and transferred out to Kulong Department 790,000 gallons
Ending work in process:
Units in process 50,000
Stage of completion with respect to materials 60%
Stage of completion with respect to conversion 20%

The cost of the beginning inventory was P68,600 for materials, P30,000 for labor and P48,000
for overhead. Cost added during May are P907,200 for materials, P370,000 for labor and
P592,000 for overhead.

Required: Prepare a Cost of production schedule for the Chesmis Department for the
month of May. (Follow format given in the module above)

VIII. EVALUATION (Quiz/Exam will be given via Google Classroom)

IX. REFERENCES

Agamata, F. (2019). Managerment Services, 2019 Edition, A Comprehensive Guide:

Conanan Educational Supply

Barfiled, J., Raiborn, C., Kinney, M. (2013). Cost Accounting: Traditions & Innovations,
5Th Edition. Singapore: Thomson Learnings Asia

Cabrera, Ma. Elenita and Cabrera, G. (2017). Management Accounting- Concepts and
Applications, 2017 Edition. Conanan Educational Supply

Harina, Ricardo M. (2012). Management Accounting for Informed Business Decisions.

Madaluyong City, Philippines: National Bookstore

Weygandt, J., Kieso, D., Kimmel, P., (2005). Managerial Accounting: Tools for Business
Decision Making, 3rd Edition. USA: Susan Elbe

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