Lecture 22 : Standard requirements of Illumination and

glare for various habitable spaces as per functions.

Learning outcome: Able to analyze the situation based lighting schemes

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Lighting Basics :

1. Luminous Flux
2. Luminous Intensity
3. Illuminance
4. Luminance

Candela, Lux, and Lumens

these all are separate standards for
measuring different kinds of lighting
effects.

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Luminous flux :

Luminous flux is the time rate of flow of light as

measured in lumens.

It is a measure of the total light emitted by a

source and is most commonly used for
measurement of total lamp output.

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Luminous intensity :
The candela is the unit of intensity (I) and
is analogous to pressure in a hydraulic
system.
It is sometimes called "candlepower" and
describes the amount of light (lumens) in a
unit of solid angle. This unit of solid angle
is called the steradian. It will be seen from
figure 1 that while the light travels away
from the source the solid angle covers a
larger and larger area; but the angle itself
remains the same, as does the amount of
light it contains.
Intensity therefore, in a given direction is
constant regardless of distance

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Illuminance (E) :

Illuminance is the quantity

of light reaching a unit
area of surface and is
measured in footcandles
or lux.
It is defined by intensity (Î),
directed toward point P
divided by the square of
the distance (D) from the
source to the surface.
E = I/ square of the
distance (D)

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Measuring Units Light Level - Illuminance
Illuminance is measured in foot candles (ftcd, fc, fcd) in the Imperial system
or lux in the metric SI system.

one foot candle = one lumen of light density per square foot
one lux = one lumen per square meter
1 lux = 1 lumen / sq meter = 0.0001 phot = 0.0929 foot candle (ftcd, fcd)

1 phot = 1 lumen / sq centimeter = 10000 lumens / sq meter = 10000 lux

1 foot candle (ftcd, fcd) = 1 lumen / sq ft = 10.752 lux

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Luminance (L) :

Luminance, often called I "brightness", is the name given to what we

see.

"Brightness" is a subjective sensation varying from very dim or dark to

very bright. Objectively it is referred to as luminance, defined as
intensity in a given direction divided by a projected area as seen by the
observer.
Luminance is usually referred to in one of two ways, either pertaining to
a luminaire or to a surface.

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Candela Lux Lumens
Candela is the base Lux (lx) measures The lumen (lm) is a
measurement for illuminance, which is the measurement of
describing luminous amount of light on a surface luminous flux, or the
intensity. per unit area. total amount of visible
Laser pointers or spot Eg. if you place a 100 light.
lights have the highest lumen bulb in a flood light  Lumens are how much
candela rating since that shines on only one light is given off
the majority of their square meter of surface,  Lux is how bright your
light is focused in a that surface will be lit at 100 surface will be
single direction lx. However, if you back the  Candela measures the
flood light away to shine on visible intensity from
four square meters, the the light source.
surface is now lit with 25 lx.
Candela is different from lumens (a total light output) because it’s the value of
light intensity from any point in a single direction from the light source.
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 Illuminance levels recommended for various tasks

 Recognize facial
features: 20 lux

At the operating theater up to 10000 lux

At the work place 1000-2000 lux

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 Illumination
Condition
Outdoor Light
(ftcd) (lux)
Levels
Common outdoor Sunlight 10000 107527
light levels at day
and night:
Full Daylight 1000 10752
Overcast Day 100 1075
Very Dark Day 10 107
Twilight 1 10.8
Deep Twilight 0.1 1.08
Full Moon 0.01 0.108
Quarter Moon 0.001 0.0108
Starlight 0.0001 0.0011
Overcast Night 0.00001 0.0001

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Indoor Light Levels
The outdoor light level is approximately 10000 lux on a clear day. In a
building in the area closest to the windows the light level may be reduced to
approximately 1000 lux. In the middle area it may be as low as 25 - 50 lux.
Additional lighting is often necessary to compensate low levels.

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 Illumination
Activity
(lux, lumen/m2)
Public areas with dark surroundings 20 - 50
Simple orientation for short visits 50 - 100 Recommen
Working areas where visual tasks are only occasionally ded
100 - 150 light levels
performed
for different
Warehouses, Homes, Theaters, Archives 150 work
Easy Office Work, Classes 250 spaces:
Normal Office Work, PC Work, Study Library, Groceries,
500
Show Rooms, Laboratories
Supermarkets, Mechanical Workshops, Office
750
Landscapes
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Normal Drawing Work, Detailed Mechanical Workshops,
1,000
Operation Theaters

Detailed Drawing Work, Very Detailed Mechanical Works 1500 - 2000

Performance of visual tasks of low contrast and very

2000 - 5000
small size for prolonged periods of time
Performance of very prolonged and exacting visual
5000 - 10000
tasks
Performance of very special visual tasks of extremely
10000 - 20000
low contrast and small size

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 Calculating Illumination
Illumination can be calculated as

I = Ll Cu LLF / Al (1)

where
I = illumination (lux, lumen/m2)
Ll = luminance per lamp (lumen)
Cu = coefficient of utilization
LLF = light loss factor
Al = area per lamp (m2)

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Example - Illumination

10 incandescent lamps of 500 W (10600 lumens per lamp) are used

in an area of 50 m2. With Cu = 0.6 and LLF = 0.8 illumination can be
calculated as

I = 10 (10600 lumens) (0.6) (0.8) / (50 m2)

= 1018 lux

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