Ecu tuning Manual

Afr-

When the actual AFR for a fuel is equal to the stoichiometric AFR of the fuel, lambda is at “1.0”
regardless of the fuel type.

For example, the lambda for gasoline running at the stoichiometric AFR is as follows:

 Stoichiometric AFR for ethanol-free gasoline is 14.7 to 1

 For highway mileage, controlling the actual AFR to 14.7 to 1 under light load

lambda = actual AFR / stoichiometric AFR

lambda = (14.7 to 1) / (14.7 to 1) = 1.0

Stoichiometric AFRs & lambdas for different racing fuels are shown as follows:

Fuel Stoichiometric AFR Stoichiometric Lambda

Gasoline 14.7 to 1 1.0

E85 9.8 to 1* 1.0

Ethanol 9 to 1* 1.0

Methanol 6.5 to 1* 1.0

50-50 nitro/methanol by
3.3 to 1** 1.0
weight

Nitro 1.7 to 1** 1.0

* ref Fuel Injection Racing Secrets, 2nd edition, p. 175, Szabo Publishing, 2014
** ref Don Jackson Engineering (DJE)

Any fuel that is run on the highway, for boating, for aircraft, or for power generation is usually run at the
most economical AFR, which is generally the stoichiometric ratio, or 1.0 lambda.

Afr values

UNDERSTAND GENERAL TERMINOLOGY:

Air-Fuel Ratio (AFR) - The most common reference term used for mixtures in internal combustion
engines. It is the ratio between the mass of air and the mass of fuel in the air-fuel mix at any given
moment.

Oxygen (O2) Sensor - Is an electronic device that measures the proportion of oxygen (O2) in the
exhaust gas.

Wideband vs Narrowband sensors - A narrowband O2 sensor is only calibrated to know whether the
current AFR is rich, lean, or stoich. A wideband O2 sensor is much more sophisticated and can supply the
exact AFR measurement across a wide range of possible AFR values.

Load - Is the measurement of how hard an engine is working. Coasting downhill is considered very low
load. Driving uphill is considered high load. DP's EFI tuning technology is a load based system.

Open loop vs Closed loop - Different operations both the stock ECU and the AFR+ can function under
independently. Open loop means NO fuel trimming is occurring based on the O2 sensor signal. Closed
loop is using the O2 sensor input signal to react rapidly to the changing conditions and make fuel trims to
match the desired air/fuel mixture.

UNDERSTAND AFR VALUES:

AFR Values & Characteristics in Four Stroke Engines

 6.0 AFR - Rich Burn Limit (engine fully warm)
 9.0 AFR - Black Smoke / Low Power
11.5 AFR - Best Rich Torque at Wide Open Throttle
12.2 AFR - Safe Best Power at Wide Open Throttle
13.3 AFR - Lean Best Torque
14.6 AFR - Stoichiometric AFR (Stoich)
15.5 AFR - Lean Cruise
16.5 AFR - Usual Best Economy
18.0 AFR - Carbureted Lean Burn Limit
22.0+ AFR - EEC / EFI Lean Burn Limit

Lean Conditions - Common Side Affects

Hotter Engine Temperatures
Detonation / Pinging
Hesitation in Throttle Response

Rich Conditions - Common Side Affects

Engine Flooding
Decel Pop / Backfiring
Lethargic Throttle Response
Excess Carbon Build-up (sooty pipes)
Fuel Smell from the Exhaust

NARROWBAND vs. WIDEBAND O2 SENSORS:

Due to emission regulations the use of O2 sensors has become prevalent in the powersports industry on
OEM vehicles. The concept of implementing an auto-tune / closed loop / self mapping fuel control system
has also become prevalent in the after-market tuning industry. A huge misunderstanding results from the
type of O2 sensors which can be used in each application. The AFR+ system uses a wideband O2 sensor
to display the full range of AFR values and target performance AFR values along with fuel economy AFR
values.

A Narrowband O2 Sensor is only calibrated to know whether the current AFR is rich, lean, or stoich. The
sensor targets a NARROW range around the stoich AFR value of 14.6 to help stock ECU systems fuel
trim to meet emission standards.

A Wideband O2 Sensor is much more sophisticated and can supply the exact AFR measurement across
a WIDE range of possible AFR values.
RECOMMENDED AFR VALUES TO TARGET WITH FUELING MODES:

IDLE / LIGHT CRUISE: 13.5 AFR - target with GREEN mode

When you start your vehicle we refer to this as being in IDLE condition. When you shift into gear and drive
at a low mph we refer to this as being a LIGHT CRUISE. With 14.7 being the industry standard stoich
AFR value, we typically like to see these conditions run slightly richer. We target this condition with our
GREEN zone and suggest to tune by leaving the vehicle at an idle, but hold the throttle slightly open to a
constant rpm. Adjusting the fuel will affect the sound of the engine. We are looking to adjust the fuel to get
the smoothest engine operation.

CRUISING: 13.5 to 14 AFR - target with YELLOW mode

Most of the time you are driving your vehicle you will be within our CRUISE zone. This condition is the
most wide open for customer preference based on two factors. If you prefer better GAS MILEAGE then
run a leaner mixture.
14 AFR (on-road bikes)
Most stock to slightly modified engines will run just fine at an AFR of 15:1 and yield better MPG. If you
prefer better PERFORMANCE then we suggest to run an AFR of 14:1 or even richer to around 13.5:1.
13.5 AFR (off-road vehicles)
Most stock to slightly modified engines will run just fine at an AFR of 14.5:1 and yield better MPG. If you
prefer better PERFORMANCE then we suggest to run an AFR of 13.5:1 or even richer to around 13:1.

FULL THROTTLE / HIGH RPMS: 12.5 AFR - target with RED mode
Driving full out within a gear will bring you into our FULL THROTTLE zone. This condition is where the
peak horsepower value is obtained. The Acceleration zone below may throw in a quick adjustment of fuel,
but usually only engages for a couple of seconds. When maintaining a full throttle condition you should
enter our red zone and will want to run a richer AFR to get the best performance. Best performance for
most vehicles is in the 12.5:1 to 13:1 AFR range. Going too rich will have the opposite affect and
decrease your performance.

ACCELERATION: 12 AFR - target with GREEN/BLUE mode

Getting up to cruising speed or getting ready to pass someone, you usually are looking for the
performance to get up and go. We refer to any fast turn of the throttle as our ACCELERATION zone.
Depending on the RATE of the throttle change will determine how much our controller will affect the
fueling. Zone only engages for a couple of seconds.
Slow rate: may not even change anything.
Fast rate: results in the max change set by the mode.
Moderate rate: calculates out linear representation between zero and the max set value by the mode.

HOW TO ADJUST AND REFER TO CONTROLLER MODE SETTINGS:

Recommended settings for the AFR+ are given as NUMERICAL VALUES between 10 and 16. ONLY if a
mode is running in closed loop (auto-tune) does the setting actually refer to an AFR value. Secondary
values ranging from +30 to -30 are used to reference open-loop fueling modes and switch point modes.

EXAMPLE SETTINGS:

GRN @ 12.8 (+2) - GREEN FUEL OPEN LOOP - The +2 states this mode would be adding +2% fuel to
the stock ECU map.

YEL @ 13.2 - YELLOW FUEL CLOSED LOOP - The stated AFR value is what the AFR+ will actually
target when the zone is active.

RED @ 12.8 - RED FUEL CLOSED LOOP - The stated AFR value is what the AFR+ will actually target
when the zone is active.

G/B @ 13.2 (-2) - ACCEL PUMP FUEL OPEN LOOP - The -2 states this mode would be subtracting -2%
fuel to the stock ECU map.

Y/B @ 11.4 (+16) - YELLOW LOWER SWITCH POINT - The values reference how soon a zone becomes
active relative to the drive cycle. +25 is the fastest. -25 will not allow the zone to turn on (diagnostic
mode).

R/B @ 13 (+0) - RED LOWER SWITCH POINT - The values reference how soon a zone becomes active
relative to the drive cycle. +25 is the fastest. -25 will not allow the zone to turn on (diagnostic mode).

The AFR+ can be adjusted "on the fly" to tune your vehicle. No computer or other external device is
needed to make tuning adjustments. All that is required is for your vehicle to be RUNNING which provides
power to the unit. It is recommended to install the AFR+ and take a test ride first before making any mode
adjustments.

Adjustment Mode - Six modes are available to make adjustments on the AFR+. You enter the
adjustment mode by pressing the MODE button on the AFR gauge. Correctly entering the adjustment
mode should display a flashing GREEN LED on the LED display. Pressing the MODE button repetitively
will move you through all the modes. Take note that the MODE button is sensitive and will at times
skip a mode. Pressing the MODE button at the last mode will bring you back to the first mode. To exit the
adjustment mode and return to operation mode you just wait five seconds until the LED display reverts
back to a solid LED color.

The six modes available are distinguished by an LED color combination. The six modes in respective
order are as follows: Green, Yellow, Red, Green-Blue, Yellow-Blue, and Red-Blue. All six modes have a
range of settings from 10 to 16. The settings are adjusted by pressing the RIGHT (->) and LEFT (<-)
buttons. Modes 4, 5, and 6 are distinguished by the BLUE LED also flashing along with the corresponding
mode color.

FUEL TRIM (Open-Loop) vs. AUTO-TUNE (Closed-loop):

The fueling modes on the AFR+ can function in two different ways. Different setups will be available for
every AFR+ application to be programmed one way or the other. The POWERLAB programming package
will need to be purchased to jump back and forth between the fueling modes. Different setups are found
by browsing to your vehicle in the Product Section.

 FUEL TRIM (Open-Loop) - Basic fuel manipulation where the input signal is either extended or
shortened to add or subtract fuel from the stock OEM map. A value of 13 on the AFR+ is a 0%
change for all open loop fueling modes.

 AUTO-TUNE (Closed-loop) - Automatically adjusts the fueling to target the set AFR value for the
active zone. The AFR+ system is a TRUE CLOSED LOOP SYSTEM and NOT simply a self-
mapping system.