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Module 2 (Concepts in Structural Steel Design)

Structural design philosophies include allowable stress design (ASD), plastic design, and load and resistance factor design (LRFD). ASD uses safety factors to limit stresses to allowable values below nominal strength. Plastic design selects members that can withstand failure loads higher than working loads. LRFD applies load and resistance factors to service loads and theoretical strength to satisfy a strength criterion.

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Mervin Biloy
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82 views

Module 2 (Concepts in Structural Steel Design)

Structural design philosophies include allowable stress design (ASD), plastic design, and load and resistance factor design (LRFD). ASD uses safety factors to limit stresses to allowable values below nominal strength. Plastic design selects members that can withstand failure loads higher than working loads. LRFD applies load and resistance factors to service loads and theoretical strength to satisfy a strength criterion.

Uploaded by

Mervin Biloy
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Concepts in Structural

Steel Design
Design Philosophies

As discussed previously, the design of a


structural member entails the selection of a cross
section that will safely and economically resist the
applied loads.
Design Philosophies

The fundamental requirement of structural


design is that the required strength not exceed the
available strength; that is,

Required Strength ≤ Available Strength


Allowable Stress Design (ASD)

In allowable strength design (ASD), a member


is selected that has cross-sectional properties
such as area and moment of inertia that are large
enough to prevent the maximum applied axial
force, shear, or bending moment from exceeding
an allowable, or permissible, value
Allowable Stress Design (ASD)
This allowable value is obtained by dividing the
nominal, or theoretical, strength by a factor of
safety. This can be expressed as

Required Strength ≤ Allowable Strength

where
Allowable Strength = Nominal Strength
Safety Factor
Allowable Stress Design (ASD)

●
This approach is called allowable stress design.
●
The allowable stress will be in the elastic range
of the material.
●
This approach to design is also called elastic
design or working stress design.
Allowable Stress Design (ASD)

●
Working stresses are those resulting from the
working loads, which are the applied loads.
Working loads are also known as service loads.
Plastic Design

●
Plastic design is based on a consideration of
failure conditions rather than working load
conditions.
Plastic Design

●
A member is selected by using the criterion that
the structure will fail at a load substantially higher
than the working load.
Plastic Design

●
When the entire cross section becomes plastic at
enough locations, “plastic hinges” will form at
those locations, creating a collapse mechanism.
Plastic Design

●
As the actual loads will be less than the failure
loads by a factor of safety known as the load
factor, members designed this way are not
unsafe, despite being designed based on what
happens at failure.
Plastic Design

1)Multiply the working loads (service loads) by the


load factor to obtain the failure loads.

2)Determine the cross-sectional properties


needed to resist failure under these loads.

3)Select the lightest cross-sectional shape that


has these properties.
Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD)

Load and resistance factor design (LRFD) is


similar to plastic design in that strength, or the
failure condition, is considered.
Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD)

●
Load factors are applied to the service loads,
and a member is selected that will have enough
strength to resist the factored loads.
●
In addition, the theoretical strength of the
member is reduced by the application of a
resistance factor.
Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD)

●
The criterion that must be satisfied in the
selection of a member is

Factored Load ≤ Factored Strength

●
The factored load is actually the sum of all
service loads to be resisted by the member, each
multiplied by its own load factor.
Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD)

●
For example, dead loads will have load factors
that are different from those for live loads.
●
The factored strength is the theoretical strength
multiplied by a resistance factor.

Σ(load x load factor) ≤ (resistance x resistance


factor)

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