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An Assignment On Autacoid Drugs

This document provides information about autacoid drugs. It defines autacoids as organic substances that are produced in one part of the body and transported to another part via blood or lymph to exert physiological effects. It classifies common autacoids such as histamine, serotonin, prostaglandins, and leukotrienes. The document also discusses the functions, receptors, and therapeutic uses of histamine and antihistamines, as well as the pharmacology and uses of prostaglandins and leukotrienes.

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Shakil Mahmod
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346 views

An Assignment On Autacoid Drugs

This document provides information about autacoid drugs. It defines autacoids as organic substances that are produced in one part of the body and transported to another part via blood or lymph to exert physiological effects. It classifies common autacoids such as histamine, serotonin, prostaglandins, and leukotrienes. The document also discusses the functions, receptors, and therapeutic uses of histamine and antihistamines, as well as the pharmacology and uses of prostaglandins and leukotrienes.

Uploaded by

Shakil Mahmod
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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FACULTY OF ANIMAL SCIENCE & VETERINARY MEDICINE

DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACOLOGY & TOXICOLOGY


COURSE CODE: PTOX-361
COURSE TITLE: TOXICOLOGY

SUBMITTED TO
MD. MOSHIUR RAHMAN
SUBMITTED BY
LECTURER
MD.FAIZUL ISLAM
DEPARTMENT OF
REG:17-07818
PHARMACOLOGY &
MD.JAGLUL HASAN
TOXICOLOGY
REG:17-O7821
MD. AHSAN HABIB
REG:17-07826
LEVEL:3, SEMESTER: Ⅱ

SHER-E-BANGLA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY,


SHER-E-BANGLA NAGAR, DHAKA1207
An Assignment On Autacoid Drugs

Definition : Auto means self and akos means healing /remedy.


An organic substance, such as a hormone, produced in one
part of organism and transported by the blood or lymph to
another part of the organism where it exerts a physiologic
effect on that part.

Functions of Autacoids

• They take part in:


1. Inflammation
2. Allergic reactions
3. Anaphylactic reactions( not so much)
4. Neurotransmission
5. Gastric acid secretion
6. Neuroendocrine regulation

• In the central nervous system, they are responsible for


1. Wakefulness
2. Decreased Appetite
3. Regulation of drinking
4. Regulation of temperature
5. Secretion of
6. Control of blood pressure
7. Perception of pain.
Classification of Autacoids

• 1) Decarboxylated amino acids


a) Histamine
b) Serotonin

• 2) Polypeptide
a) Angiotensin
b) Plasmakinin
c) Vasopressin
d) Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide
e) Substance P
f) Slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis

• 3) Eicosanoid
a) Leukotrienes
b) Thromboxanes
c) Prostaglandins

HISTAMINE
Histamine is an inflammatory biochemical that causes skin
redness, swelling, pain, increased heart rate, and blood
pressure drop when it binds to one of many H1 receptors
throughout the body.
• Histamine is a β-imidazolylethylamine derivative
present in all mammalian tissues.

• It was first discovered by SIR HENRY DALE.

• Its synthesis occurs in mast cells,parietal cells of


gastric mucosa, CNS, periphery.

• It functions as an autocoid & one of the mediator


involved in the allergic inflammatory responses.

It has an important role in the regulation of gastric


acid secretion.
• Histamine is synthesized in cytoplasmic granules of its
storage cells, mast cells & basophils.
RECEPTORS

• Histamine receptors are belonging to the family of G-


Protein coupled receptors.

• The sub types of histamine receptors are:


H1
H2
H3
H4

Myocardial cells,pariet al cells CNS,myent ric plexus, gastric


mucosa Spleen,thymus ,T-cells, eosinophils.

ADVERSE EFFECTS OF HISTAMINE RELEASE

•Itching, Urticaria
•Flushing
•Hypotension
•Tachycardia
•Bronchospasm
•Angioedema
•Wakefulness
•Increased acidity (Gastric acid secretion)

Antihistamine

Introduction:

Antihistamine is a drugs that combat the histamine released


during an allergic reaction by blocking the action of the
histamine on the tissue.

HISTAMINE ANTAGONISTS

• Drugs that block the action of histamine at H1,H2,H3,H4


receptors

The term antihistamine only refer to H1 receptor


antagonist.
DRUGS THAT BLOCK THE RELEASED HISTAMINE

a) H1 ANTAGONISTS(FIRST GENERATION DRUGS):


• These are classical antihistamines.
• These are clinically used in the treatment of
histamine mediated allergic conditions like allergic rhinitis,
allergic conjunctivitis etc.

CLASSIFICATION OF ANTIHISTAMIN:

a) Amino alkyl ethers.

b) Ethylenediamine derivatives.

c) Propyl amine derivatives.

d) Phenothiazine derivatives.

e) Piperazine derivatives.
• and Duodenal Disease
• Gastric Ulcer: reduce symptoms promote healing for
benign gastric ulcers
Gastro esophageal H2 receptor antagonists

Common H2 receptor blockers include:


●nizatidine (Axid)
● famotidine (Pepcid, Pepcid AC)
● cimetidine (Tagamet, Tagamet HB)
● ranitidine (Zantac,Acilock)

Clinical use:
• Peptic Ulcer Reflux Disorder (erosive esophagitis)
Hypersecretory Disease:
• Zollinger-Ellison syndrome:
• acid hypersecretion -- caused by gastrin-secreting tumor
• Systemic mastocytosis and multiple endocrine
adenomas:

Adverse effect: Generally well tolerated


• Most common adverse effects: diarrhea , dizziness ,
somnolence , headache , rash, thrombocytopenia ,
neutropenia , aplastic anemia)
• Cemitidine- CNS effects (uncommon): elderly: confusion
states
Serotonin

Serotonin (vasoconstrictor)mappeared serum.


Synthesis:
TRYPTOPHAN
↓Hydroxylase
5-Hydroxytryptophan
↓Decarboxylase
5-HT→(MAO) 5-hydroxy indole acetic acid
↓dyhydrogenase
5-Hydroxy tryptohan
pharmacology
´CVS : Arteries are constricted as well as dilated by direct action of
5-HT.
´S.M : Stimualtor of GIT.
´GLANDS : It inhibits gastric secretion. It ulcer protective property.
´RESPIRATION: Hyperventilation
´PLATELETS : 5-HT cause change in shape of platelets and is a
weak aggregator.
THERAPEUTIC USES

´ 5-HT AGONISTS : Anxiolytics ( Buspirone),


Depression( Fluoxetine)
Migraine(Ergot alkaloids)
´ 5-HT ANTAGONISTS: Nausea, emesis, antineoplastic
therapy
(Ondansetron,
Granisetron, Dolasetron)
ADR: Abdominal pain, Muscle cramps, Chest pain.
PROSTAGANDINS AND LEUKOTRIENES

( )

THERAPEUTIC USES

™ PGE1 : CHF (Alprostadil)


NSAID-induced GI ulcer (misoprostol)
™ PGF2ἀ : Topically to lower intraocular pressure in
glaucoma.
™ PGI : pulmonary hypertension.(Flolan) ADR :
Diarrhea , Hypotension, Flushing,
Cardiac Arrest , Anemia, Menstrual
irregularities , Abortion Decreased renal function.

LEUKOTRIENES
´ PHARMACOLOGY :
´ CNS : fall in B.P
´ S.M : Bronchoconstrictors and spastic contraction of GIT at
low concentration
´ AFFERENT : Carrying pain impulses and tenderness to
inflammation.
THERPEUTIC USES

TREATMENT OF ASTHMA (Zileuton)


.Reduced bronchospasm ´
ADR :
.GI upset ,
.liver dysfunction

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