SSC-JE, AE(PSC), RRB etc.

P)
Objective Questions

M
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(01 to 15)

,Dr
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(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Environmental
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R
Engineering
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Pr
Q. 1) Assertion A: The consumption of water increases with
increase in the distribution pressure.

P)
M
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Reason R: Higher distribution pressure causes more loss and

,D
waste of water.

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tu
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(L
Select your answer according to the coding system given below

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

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A. Both A and R are true and R is correct explanation of A
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R
B. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of R
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C. A is true but R is false

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D. A is false but R is true

Answer A

Factors affecting per capita demand or consumption of water:-

P)
M
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,D
1. Size of city – ↑

r
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2. Presence of industries ↑

tu
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3. Climatic conditions

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

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4. Habits of people and their economic status

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5. Quality of water ↑
at
R
6. Pressure in the distribution system ↑
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7. Efficiency of water works administration ↑

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8. Cost of water ↓
9. Charging method: Metering or fixed monthly rate.
Q. 2) The per capita consumption of a locality is affected
by

P)
i) Climatic conditions

M
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ii) Quality of water

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iii) Distribution pressure

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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

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The correct answer is

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A. Only (i)
R
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B. Both (i) and (ii)
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C. Both (i) and (iii)

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D. All (i), (ii) and (iii)

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Answer D
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P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 P)
Q. 3) Which of the following causes a decrease in per

M
TE
capita consumption

,Dr
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tu
ec
A. Use of metering system

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

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B. Good quality of water

ho
at
C. Better standard of living of the people
R
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D. Hotter climate
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 Pr
Answer A
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(L
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P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 P)
M
Q. 4) The hourly variation factor is usually taken as

TE
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A. 1.5

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B. 1.8

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

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C. 2.0
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D. 2.7 R
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Answer A

P)
1. Seasonal variation:- The demand peaks during summer. Firebreak outs

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are generally more in summer, increasing demand. So, there is seasonal

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variation .

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2. Daily variation:- depends on the activity. People draw out more water

tu
on Sundays and Festival days, thus increasing demand on these days.

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(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

3. Hourly variations:- are very important as they have a wide range.

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During active household working hours i.e. from six to ten in the morning

at
and four to eight in the evening, the bulk of the daily requirement is
R
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taken
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Maximum hourly demand of maximum day i.e. Peak demand

= 1.5 x average hourly demand
Q. 5) If the average daily consumption of a city is 100,000

P)
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m³, the maximum daily consumption on peak hourly

TE
,D
demand will be

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A. 100000 m³

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

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B. 150000 m³
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C. 180000 m³ R
ep
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D. 270000 m³
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Answer D

P)
Maximum hourly demand of maximum day i.e. Peak demand

M
TE
,D
= 1.5 x average hourly demand

r
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tu
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= 1.5 x (1.8 x average daily demand)

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
ho
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= 2.7 x average daily demand
R
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= 2.7 × 100000
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= 270000 m³
 P)
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Q. 6) The distribution mains are designed for

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A. Maximum daily demand

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B. Maximum hourly demand

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

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C. Average daily demand
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D. Maximum hourly demand on maximum day
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 P)
M
TE
Answer D

,Dr
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Maximum hourly demand on maximum day

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
ho
at
= 2.7 × Average daily demand
ep
R
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Pr
 P)
Q. 7) As compared to geometrical increase method of

M
TE
forecasting population, arithmetical increase method gives

,Dr
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tu
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A. Lesser value

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
B. Higher value

ho
at
C. Same value
R
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D. Accurate value
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Pr
 Answer A

Pr
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(L
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M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Q. 8) The population of a town in three consecutive years

P)
are 5000, 7000 and 8400 respectively. The population of

M
TE
the town in the fourth consecutive year according to

,Dr
geometrical increase method is

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(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

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A. 9500

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B. 9800
R
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C. 10100
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D. 10920
Pr
 Answer D

Pr
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(L
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M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 P)
Q. 9) The suitable method of forecasting population for a

M
TE
young and rapidly increasing city is

,Dr
re
tu
ec
A. Arithmetical increase method

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
B. Geometrical increase method

ho
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C. Incremental increase method
R
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D. Graphical method
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Answer B
A. Arithmetical increase method:- Old, Large and established

P)
M
cities.

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B. Geometrical increase method:- Young and rapidly grown cities

tu
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with unlimited scope of expansion.

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
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C. Incremental increase method:- Combination of above two
at
methods R
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D. Graphical method:- This method gives very approximate

results.
 P)
Q. 10) The depression of water table in a well due to

M
TE
pumping will be maximum

,Dr
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tu
ec
A. At a distance R from the well

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
B. Close to the well

ho
at
C. At a distance R/2 from well
R
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D. None of the above
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 Pr
Answer B
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(L
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P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 P)
Q. 11) The devices which are installed for drawing water

M
TE
from the sources are called

,Dr
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tu
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A. Aquifers

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
B. Aquiclude

ho
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C. Filters
R
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D. Intakes
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Answer D

P)
Aquifer:- Aquifers are the permeable formations having structures which

M
appreciable quantity of water to move through them under ordinary field

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conditions. Thus these are the geologic formations in which ground water

,Dr
occurs (i.e. sands and gravels)

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Aquicludes:- Aquicludes are the impermeable formations which contains

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water but are not capable of transmitting or supplying a significant

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
quantity (i.e. clays)

ho
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Intake:- Intake structures are used for collecting water from the surface
R
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sources such as river, lake, and reservoir and conveying it further to the
e
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water treatment plant. These structures are masonry or concrete

Pr

structures and provides relatively clean water, free from pollution, sand
and objectionable floating material.
 P)
Q. 12) Select the correct relationship between porosity (N),

M
TE
specific yield (y) and specific retention (R)

,Dr
re
tu
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A. N = y + R

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
B. y = N + R

ho
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C. R = N + y
R
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D. R > (N + y)
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Answer A
Porosity (N):- The ratio of volume of voids or pores in the material to its

P)
total volume.

M
TE
Specific yield (y): - The volume of water released from ground water

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storage per unit surface area of aquifer per unit decline in water table is

r
re
known as specific yield.

tu
ec
Specific retention (R):- The ratio of the volume of water that a given body

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
of rock or soil will hold against the pull of gravity to the volume of the

ho
body itself.
at
R
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Specific yield tells how much water is available for use and specific
e
ad

retention tells how much water remains in the rocks after it is drained by
Pr

gravity.
N=y+R
 P)
Q. 13) The type of valve, which is provided on the suction

M
TE
pipe in a the tube well, is

,Dr
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tu
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A. Air relief valve

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

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B. Reflux value

ho
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C. Pressure relief valve
R
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D. Sluice value
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Answer B

A. Air Release Valves/Air Relief Valve:- function to release air

P)
M
TE
,D
B. Check valve/clack valve/non-return valve/reflux valve/retention

r
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valve/one-way valve is a valve that normally allows fluid to flow

tu
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through it in only one direction.

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
ho
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C. Pressure relief valve is a type of safety valve used to control or
R
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limit the pressure
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Pr

D. Gate valve/sluice valve are linear motion valves and are used to
start or stop the flow of the fluid in piping.
 P)
M
Q. 14) The maximum discharge of a tube-well is about

TE
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A. 5 liters/sec

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B. 50 liters/sec

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

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C. 500 liters/sec
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D. 1000 liters/sec R
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 Pr
Answer B
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(L
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P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 P)
M
Q. 15) As compared to shallow-wells, deep wells have

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A. More depth

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B. Less depth

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

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C. More discharge
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d. Less discharge R
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 Answer C

Pr
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P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 Pr
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🙏☺

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M
P)
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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

SSC-JE, AE(PSC), RRB etc.

P)
Objective Questions

M
TE
(16 to 30)

,Dr
re
tu
ec
(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Environmental
re
ho
at
R
Engineering
eep
ad
Pr
 P)
M
Q. 16) Ground water is usually free from

TE
,Dr
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tu
A. Suspended impurities

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B. Dissolved impurities

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
ho
C. Both suspended and dissolved impurities
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D. None of the above R
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Pr
Answer A

P)
M
1. Suspended Impurities: - These impurities impact turbidity,

TE
color and odour to water.

,Dr
a) Inorganic: - Clay, sand, silt and mineral eroded from the land.

re
tu
b) Organic: -Animal body minerals, Vegetables etc.

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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
ho
2. Colloidal impurities: - Small particles remain dispersed in
at
R
colloidal form. These include finely divided silica, clay, etc.
eep
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Pr

3. Dissolved impurities: - contain inorganic salts, gases and

dissolved organic matter.
 P)
Q. 17) The polluted water is one which

M
TE
,Dr
re
A. Contains pathogenic bacteria

tu
ec
B. Consists of undesirable substances rendering it unfit for

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
drinking and domestic use

ho
at
C. Is safe and suitable for drinking and domestic use
R
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D. Is contaminated
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Answer B
1. Pure water: - chemically pure composition of H2O

P)
M
TE
,D
2. Potable water: - Which is fit for drinking.

r
re
tu
ec
3. Mineral water: - Which contains desirable minerals.

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
ho
4. Polluted water: - Which contains undesirable substance that is
at
R
harmful but don’t contains pathogenic bacteria
ep
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5. Contaminated water: - It is polluted water in which contains

pathogenic bacteria.
 P)
M
Q. 18) Which of the following is not a water borne disease

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,Dr
re
tu
A. Dysentery

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B. Cholera

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
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C. Typhoid
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D. Maleria R
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Answer D

P)
M
TE
,D
Water borne diseases: -

r
re
1. Cholera

tu
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2. Guinea worm disease

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

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3. Typhoid

ho
at
4. Dysentery
R
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5. Malaria – Most commonly associated with mosquitoes and
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germs in contaminated water.

Pr
 P)
M
Q. 19) The most common cause of acidity in water is

TE
,Dr
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tu
A. Carbon dioxide

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(L
B. Oxygen

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
ho
C. Hydrogen
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D. Nitrogen R
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Answer A

P)
Carbon dioxide is the most common cause of acidity in water.

M
TE
,D
While carbon dioxide react with water to form carbonic acid:

r
re
tu
ec
CO2 + H2O ←→ H2CO3

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
ho
at
H2CO3 can then lose one or both of its hydrogen ions:
R
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H2CO3 ←→ HCO3– + H+ ........... HCO3– ←→ CO3-2 + H+

Pr

The released hydrogen ions decrease the pH of water.

 Pr
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R
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ho
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(L
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tu
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M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 P)
Q. 20) The phenolic compounds in public water supply

M
TE
should not be more than

,Dr
re
tu
ec
A. 0.1 ppm

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
B. 0.01 ppm

ho
at
C. 0.001 ppm
R
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D. 0.0001 ppm
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Answer C

P)
Phenolic compounds exist in water bodies due to the discharge of

M
polluted wastewater from industrial, agricultural and domestic activities

TE
,D
into water bodies.

r
re
tu
ec
These compounds both severe and long‐lasting effects on both humans

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

and animals.

re
ho
at
They act as carcinogens (a substance capable of causing cancer in living
R
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tissue) and cause damage to the red blood cells and the liver, even at low
e
ad

concentrations.
Pr

It should not be more than 0.001 ppm

 P)
Q. 21) The maximum permissible limit for fluoride in

M
TE
drinking water is

,Dr
re
tu
ec
A. 0.1 mg/litre

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
B. 1.5 mg/litre

ho
at
C. 5 mg/litre
R
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D. 10 mg/litre
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Pr
Answer B
Fluoride is found naturally in soil, water, and foods. It is also produced
synthetically for use in drinking water, toothpaste, mouthwashes and

P)
various chemical products.

M
TE
,D
Water authorities add fluoride to the municipal water supply, because

r
re
studies have shown that adding it in areas where fluoride levels in the

tu
ec
water are low can reduce the prevalence of tooth decay in the local

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
population.

ho
at
R
Too much fluoride can lead to dental fluorosis or skeletal fluorosis, which
ep
e

can damage bones and joints.

ad
Pr

As per World Health Organization (WHO) desirable limit of flourides is 1.5

mg/litres
 P)
Q. 22) Standard EDTA (ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid)

M
TE
solution is used to determine the

,Dr
re
tu
ec
A. Hardness in water

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
B. Turbidity in water

ho
at
C. Dissolved oxygen in water
R
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D. Residual chlorine in water
e
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Pr
Answer A

P)
The standard EDTA solution is used to determine water hardness.

M
TE
The total calcium and magnesium content.

,D
Expressed as equivalent calcium carbonate mass concentration.

r
re
tu
ec
(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
ho
at
R
eep
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Pr
Q. 23) Is coliform bacteria is present in a sample of water,
then the coliform test to be conducted is

P)
M
i) Presumptive coliform

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,D
ii) Confirmed coliform test

r
re
tu
iii) Completed coliform test

ec
(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
ho
The correct answer is
at
A. Only (i) R
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e

B. Both (i) and (ii)

ad
Pr

C. Both (i) and (iii)

D. All (i), (ii) and (iii)
Answer D

Coliform test are performed in three stages

P)
M
1. Presumptive stage: - By selecting a suitable set of sampling

TE
,D
tubes, the raw water sample is filled and culture medium is

r
re
added then the entire set is kept in incubation.

tu
ec
After incubation, if gas is formed in any one of sampling tube

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
then it’s reported as positive test or else negative test.

ho
at
R
2. Confirmed stage: - The positive set obtain in the presumptive
eep
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stage is again mixed with the other culture medium and

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incubated. At this stage if gas is formed then it indicate that the

presence of bacteria is confirmed.
 P)
3. Completed stage: - The positive set obtain in confirmed stage

M
TE
is again added with the culture medium and incubated then the

,D
total number of bacteria colonies expressed as MPN (most

r
re
tu
probable number) per 100 ml of water. This stage is known as

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(L
completed stage of E-coli test.

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
ho
at
R
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For a drinking water MPN = Nil
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Pr
 Pr
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R
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ho
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(L
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tu
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M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 P)
Q. 24) Alkalinity in water is expressed is milligrams per litre

M
TE
in terms of equivalent

,Dr
re
tu
ec
A. Calcium carbonate

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
B. Magnesium carbonate

ho
at
C. Sodium carbonate
R
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D. Calcium hydroxide
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Pr
Answer A

P)
M
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Total alkalinity is measured by collecting a water sample, and

,D
measuring the amount of acid needed to bring the sample to a

r
re
tu
pH of 4.2.

ec
(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
ho
At this pH all the alkaline compounds in the sample are used up.
at
R
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The result is reported as milligrams per liter (mg/l) of calcium
e
ad

carbonate.
Pr
 P)
Q. 25) The product of H+ ions and OH- ions in a stronger

M
TE
alkali is

,Dr
re
tu
ec
A. 0

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
B. 1

ho
at
C. 10-1
R
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D. 10-14
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Pr
Answer D
The lower the pH number, the more acidic the water is.
The higher the number, the more basic it is.

P)
M
A pH of 7 is considered neutral water.

TE
,Dr
re
tu
ec
(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
ho
at
R
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Pr
 P)
Q. 26) Which of the following values of PH represents a

M
TE
stronger acid

,Dr
re
tu
ec
A. 2

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
B. 5

ho
at
C. 7
R
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D. 10
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ad
Pr
 Pr
Answer A
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R
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ho
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(L
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tu
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TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 P)
M
Q. 27) Turbidity is measured on

TE
,Dr
re
tu
A. Standard silica scale

ec
(L
B. Standard cobal scale

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
ho
C. Standard platinum scale
at
D. Platinum cobalt scale R
eep
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Pr
Answer A
Turbidity defined is the resistance offered by the water sample to

P)
M
the passing of the light.

TE
,D
Turbidity due to: -

r
re
1. Presence of suspended particles (clay, silt etc)

tu
ec
2. Presence of organic and inorganic matter.

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
3. Presence of bacteria, algae, fungi etc.

ho
4. Decomposed vegetational matter.
at
R
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e
ad

- Turbidity is measured on the “Silica scale”

Pr

- 1mg silica mixed in 1 litre water (1 mg/litre or ppm)

- Permissible value of turbidity for drinking water is 5 to 10 ppm
 P)
Q. 28) On standard silica scale, the turbidity in drinking

M
TE
water should be limited to

,Dr
re
tu
ec
A. 10 ppm

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
B. 20 ppm

ho
at
C. 30 ppm
R
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D. 50 ppm
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Pr
 Pr
Answer A
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(L
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M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 P)
M
Q. 29) Residual chlorine in water is determined by

TE
,Dr
re
tu
A. Starch iodide method

ec
(L
B. Orthotolidine method

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
ho
C. Both A and B
at
D. None of the above R
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Answer C

P)
M
The amount of residual chlorine left in the chlorinated water after the

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,D
required contact period, can be determined by using any of the following

r
re
tests:

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1. Starch iodide method

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(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

2. Orthotolidine Test

re
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In this test, 10 ml of chlorinated sample of water is taken after the

at
required contact period, in a glass tube. To this 0.1 ml of orthotolidine
R
ep
solution is added. The color formed is observed after 5 minutes.
e
ad

The of yellow color normally indicates the presence of chlorine in the

Pr

water. The more yellow the color, the greater, is the chlorine residual.
 P)
M
Q. 30) Orthotolidine test is used for determination of

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,Dr
re
tu
A. Dissolved oxygen

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B. Residual chlorine

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
ho
C. Biochemical oxygen demand
at
D. Dose of coagulant R
eep
ad
Pr
 Answer B
Pr
ad
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R
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ho
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(L
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tu
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TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 Pr
ad
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R
at
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(L
ec
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🙏☺

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M
P)
Thank You For Watching
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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

SSC-JE, AE(PSC), RRB etc.

P)
Objective Questions

M
TE
(31 to 45)

,Dr
re
tu
ec
(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Environmental
re
ho
at
R
Engineering
eep
ad
Pr
 P)
Q. 31) If the total hardness of water is greater than its total

M
TE
alkalinity, the carbonate hardness will be equal to

,Dr
re
tu
ec
A. Total alkalinity

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
B. Total hardness

ho
at
C. Total hardness – Total alkalinity
R
ep
D. Non carbonate hardness
e
ad
Pr
Answer A

Hardness are generally expressed as ppm of calcium carbonate (CaCO3).

P)
1. Temporary hardness:-

M
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-Due to cabonates and bicarbonates of ca and mg ions.

,D
-Also know as carbonate hardness or alkaline hardness.

r
re
-Remove easily by boiling of water or addition of lime.

tu
ec
2. Permanent hardness:-

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
-Due to other salts.

ho
-Also know as non-carbonate or non-alkaline hardness.
at
R
-Remove by special method i.e. Lime soda process, zeolite process etc.
ep
e
ad
Pr

Alkalinity test measures the level of bicarbonates, carbonates, and

hydroxides in water and test results are generally expressed as ppm of
calcium carbonate (CaCO3).
 P)
Total hardness = Carbonate hardness(CH)+Non-carbonate hardness(NCH)

M
TE
,D
1. If Total hardness > Alkalinity

r
re
then Carbonate hardness = Alkalinity

tu
ec
and NCH = TH – CH

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
ho
2. If Total hardness ≤ Alkalinity
at
R
then Carbonate hardness = Total hardness
ep
and NCH = TH - CH
e
ad
Pr
 P)
Q. 32) The amount of residual chlorine left in public water

M
TE
supply for safety against pathogenic bacteria is about

,Dr
re
tu
ec
A. 0.01 to 0.05 ppm

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
B. 0.05 to 0.5 ppm

ho
at
C. 0.5 to 1.0 ppm
R
ep
D. 1.0 to 5.0 ppm
e
ad
Pr
Answer B

P)
Dosage of chlorine = Demand of chlorine + Residual chlorine/freechlorine

M
TE
,D
1) Demand of chlorine:- A sufficient amount of chlorine was added

r
re
initially to the water to inactivate the bacteria and some viruses that

tu
ec
cause disease.

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
ho
2)Residual chlorine:- The water is protected from recontamination during
at
storage. R
ep
e
ad

The amount of residual chlorine left in public water supply for safety
Pr

against pathogenic bacteria is about 0.05 to 0.5 mg/L (ppm or parts per
million)
Q. 33) The dissolved oxygen level in natural unpolluted

P)
M
waters at normal temperature is found to be of the order

TE
,D
of

r
re
tu
ec
(L
A. 1 mg/litre

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
ho
B. 10 mg/litre
at
C. 100 mg/litre R
eep

D. 1000 mg/litre
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Pr
Answer B

P)
M
The higher the DO, better the water quality.

TE
,Dr
re
If dissolved oxygen levels are too low, some fish and other

tu
ec
organisms may not be able to survive.

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
As dissolved oxygen levels in waterdrop below 5.0 mg/litre,

ho
at
aquatic life is put under stress.
R
eep
ad

The dissolved oxygen level in natural unpolluted waters at normal

Pr

temperature is 10 mg/litre
 P)
Q. 34) The velocity of flow of water in a sedimentation

M
TE
tank is about

,Dr
re
tu
ec
A. 5 to 10 cm/sec

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
B. 15 to 30 cm/sec

ho
at
C. 15 to 30 cm/minute
R
ep
D. 15 to 30 cm/hour
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Answer C
Sedimentation is the process of removing suspended coarser

P)
M
particles in water by settling down them to the bottom of tank.

TE
,Dr
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Design Details:-

tu
ec
1. Detention period: The average time taken by water to travel

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
from inlet to outlet.

ho
-Plain sedimentation = 4 hours
at
R
-Sedimentation With coagulation = 2 – 2.5 hours.
eep
ad
Pr

2. Velocity of flow: Not greater than 30 cm/min (horizontal flow

of particles)
3. Tank dimensions: L : B = (3 to 5) : 1

P)
M
TE
,D
4. Surface Overflow Rate: The volume of water applied per unit

r
re
time per unit horizontal surface area is called over flow velocity.

tu
ec
It is also called as surface loading rate or surface over flow rate.

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
ho
-Plain sedimentation 12000 to 18000 L/d/m² tank area;
at
R
ep
e
ad

-Sedimentation with coagulation 24000 to 30000 L/d/m²tankarea

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Q. 35) The length of rectangular sedimentation tank

P)
should not be more than

M
TE
,Dr
A. B

re
tu
ec
B. 2B

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
C. 4B

ho
at
D. 8B
R
ep
e
ad

Where B is the width of the tank

Pr
 Pr
Answer C
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R
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(L
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tu
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TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 P)
Q. 36) The overflow rate for plain sedimentation tanks is

M
TE
about

,Dr
re
tu
ec
A. 500 to 750 litres/hour/m²

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
B. 1000 to 1250 litres/hour/m²

ho
at
C. 1250 to 1500 litres/hour/m²
R
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D. 1500 to 2000 litres/hour/m²
e
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Pr
 Pr
Answer A
ad
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R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 P)
Q. 37) Percentage of bacterial load that can be removed

M
TE
from water by the process of plain sedimentation is about

,Dr
re
tu
ec
A. 10 to 25

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
B. 50

ho
at
C. 75
R
ep
D. 100
e
ad
Pr
 P)
M
TE
,D
Answer C

r
re
tu
ec
(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Plain sedimentation tank can remove about 60% of suspended

re
ho
matter and about 75% of bacterial load from water.
at
R
ep
e
ad
Pr
 P)
Q. 38) The settling velocity of a particle in a sedimentation

M
TE
tank depends on

,Dr
re
tu
ec
A. Depth of tank

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
B. Surface area of tank

ho
at
C. Both depth and surface area of tank
R
ep
D. None of the above
e
ad
Pr
 Answer B

Pr
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R
at
ho
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(L
ec
tu
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TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 P)
Q. 39) The settling velocity of a particle in sedimentation

M
TE
tank increases if

,Dr
re
tu
ec
A. Particle size is decreased

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
B. The surface area of tank is increased

ho
at
C. The depth of tank is decreased
R
ep
D. None of the above
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 Pr
Answer D
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R
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(L
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tu
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TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 P)
Q. 40) For given discharge, the efficiency of sedimentation

M
TE
tank can be increased by

,Dr
re
tu
ec
A. Increasing the depth of tank

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
B. Decreasing the depth of tank

ho
at
C. Increasing the surface area of tank
R
ep
D. Decreasing the surface area of tank
e
ad
Pr
 P)
M
TE
Answer C

,Dr
re
tu
ec
A sedimentation tank will be more efficient when smaller

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
particles are removed which requires low overflow rate and

ho
hence large surface area of tank
at
R
ep
e
ad
Pr
Q. 41) The detention period and overflow rate respectively

P)
M
for plain sedimentation as compared to sedimentation

TE
,D
with coagulation are generally

r
re
tu
ec
(L
A. Less and more

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
ho
B. Less and less
at
C. More and less R
ep
e

D. More and more

ad
Pr
Answer C

P)
M
Detention period: The average time taken by water to travel from

TE
inlet to outlet.

,Dr
-Plain sedimentation = 4 hours

re
tu
-Sedimentation with coagulation = 2 – 2.5 hours.

ec
(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
ho
Surface Overflow Rate: The volume of water applied per unit time
at
R
per unit horizontal surface area is called over flow velocity. It is
ep

also called as surface loading rate or surface over flow rate.

e
ad
Pr

-Plain sedimentation 12000 to 18000 L/d/m² tank area;

-Sedimentation with coagulation 24000 to 30000 L/d/m²tankarea
Q. 42) The amount of coagulant needed for coagulation of
water increases with
i) increase in turbidity of water

P)
M
ii) decrease in turbidity of water

TE
,D
iii) increase in temperature of water

r
re
tu
iv) decrease in temperature of water

ec
(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
ho
The correct answer is
at
A. (i) and (ii) R
ep
e

B. (i) and (iv)

ad
Pr

C. (ii) and (iii)

D. (ii) and (iv)
Answer B

P)
Coagulation/flocculation is a process used to remove turbidity,

M
color, and some bacteria from water..

TE
,D
These particles have a negative charge, so the positively

r
re
charged coagulant chemicals neutralize them during coagulation

tu
ec
(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
1. For high alkalinity water, an excessive amount

ho
at
of coagulant may be required to lower the pH to the optimal pH
R
ep
ranges (alum pH 6 to 8, iron 5.5 to 6.5).
e
ad
Pr

2. Temperature also impacts the coagulation process because

it affects the viscosity of the water.
 P)
Q. 43) Alum as a coagulant is found to be most effective

M
TE
when pH range of water is

,Dr
re
tu
ec
A. 2 to 4

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
B. 4 to 6

ho
at
C. 6 to 8
R
ep
D. 8 to 10
e
ad
Pr
 Pr
Answer C
ad
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R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 P)
Q. 44) The detention period in coagulation tanks is usually

M
TE
kept as

,Dr
re
tu
ec
A. 1 to 2 minutes

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
B. 30 to 45 minutes

ho
at
C. 2 to 6 hours
R
ep
D. 2 to 6 days
e
ad
Pr
Answer C

P)
M
TE
,D
Detention period:

r
re
The average time taken by water to travel from

tu
ec
inlet to outlet.

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
ho
at
-Plain sedimentation = 4 hours
R
ep
e
ad

-Sedimentation With coagulation = 2 – 2.5 hours.

Pr
 P)
M
Q. 45) The alum, when added as a coagulant in water

TE
,Dr
re
tu
A. Does not require alkalinity in water for flocculation

ec
(L
B. Does not affect pH value of water

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
ho
C. Increases pH value of water
at
R
D. Decreases pH value of water
eep
ad
Pr
 P)
M
TE
Answer D

,Dr
re
tu
For high alkalinity water, an excessive amount of coagulant may

ec
(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

be required to lower the pH to the optimal pH ranges (alum pH 6

re
ho
to 8, iron 5.5 to 6.5).
at
R
eep
ad
Pr
 Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
🙏☺

re
r,D
TE
M
P)
Thank You For Watching
Like, Comment, Share and Subscribe

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

SSC-JE, AE(PSC), RRB etc.

P)
Objective Questions

M
TE
(46 to 60)

,Dr
re
tu
ec
(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Environmental
re
ho
at
R
Engineering
eep
ad
Pr
 P)
Q. 46) The chemical most commonly used to increase

M
TE
speed of sedimentation of sewage is

,Dr
re
tu
ec
A. Sulphuric acid

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
B. Copper sulphate

ho
at
C. Lime
R
ep
D. Sodium permanganate
e
ad
Pr
Answer C

P)
M
TE
,D
Lime is a manufactured product made from limestone (calcium

r
re
carbonate) or dolomite (calcium magnesium carbonate).

tu
ec
(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
It's used to treat both drinking water and wastewater.

ho
at
R
Chemical most commonly used to increase speed of
eep
ad

sedimentation of sewage is Lime

Pr
 P)
Q. 47) In water treatment, rapid gravity filters are adopted

M
TE
to remove

,Dr
re
tu
ec
A. Dissolved organic substances

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
B. Dissolved solids and dissolved gases

ho
at
C. Floating solids and dissolved inorganic solids
R
ep
D. Bacteria in Colloidal solids
e
ad
Pr
 Pr
Answer D
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 P)
Q. 48) The rate of filtration in slow sand filters in million

M
TE
litres per day per hectare is about

,Dr
re
tu
ec
A. 50 to 60

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
B. 100 to 150

ho
at
C. 500 to 600
R
ep
D. 1400 to 1500
e
ad
Pr
 Answer A

Pr
ad
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R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 P)
Q. 49) The effective size of sand particles used in slow

M
TE
sand filters is

,Dr
re
tu
ec
A. 0.25 to 0.35 mm

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
B. 0.35 to 0.60 mm

ho
at
C. 0.60 to 1.00 mm
R
ep
D. 1.00 to 1.80 mm
e
ad
Pr
 Pr
Answer A
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R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Q. 50) As compared to rapid sand filters, slow sand filters give
i) Slow filtration rate

P)
M
ii) Higher filtration rate

TE
,D
iii) Lesser efficiency in removal of bacteria

r
re
iv) Higher efficiency in removal of bacteria

tu
ec
(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
The correct answer is

ho
A. (i) and (ii)
at
B. (ii) and (iii) R
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ad

C. (i) and (iv)

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D. (ii) and (iv)

 Pr
Answer C
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R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Q. 51) Assertion A: Slow sand filters are more efficient in removal

P)
of bacteria than rapid sand filters

M
TE
Reason R: The sand used in slow sand filters is finer than that in

,D
rapid sand filters

r
re
tu
ec
Select your answer based on the coding system given below

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
ho
A. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
at
R
B. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A
ep
e

C. A is true but R is false

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Pr

D. A is false but R is true

 Pr
Answer A
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R
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(L
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tu
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M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 P)
Q. 52) Air binding phenomena in rapid sand filters occur

M
TE
due to

,Dr
re
tu
ec
A. Excessive negative head

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
B. Mud ball formation

ho
at
C. Higher turbidity in the effluent
R
ep
D. Low temperature
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ad
Pr
Answer A

Air binding:-

P)
M
When the filter is new, head loss is generally very small. The loss of head

TE
goes on increasing as more and more impurities get trapped into it.

,D
A stage is finally reached when the frictional resistance offered by the

r
re
tu
filter media. Most of this resistance is offered by the top 10 to 15 cm

ec
(L
sand layer. The bottom sand acts like a vacuum, and water is sucked

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
through the filter media rather than getting filtered through it. The

ho
at
negative pressure so developed.
R
The formation of bubbles takes place. This phenomenon is known as Air
eep

Binding as the air binds the filter and stops its functioning.
ad
Pr

To avoid such troubles, the filters are cleaned as soon as the head loss
exceeds the optimum allowable value.
 P)
M
TE
Formation of Mud Balls:-

,D
The mud from the atmosphere usually accumulates on the sand surface

r
re
tu
to form a dense mat. During inadequate washing this mud may sink down

ec
into the sand bed and stick to the sand grains and other arrested

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
impurities, thereby forming mud balls.

ho
at
R
eep
ad
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 P)
Q. 53) The percentage of filtered water, which is used for

M
TE
backwashing in rapid sand filters, is about

,Dr
re
tu
ec
A. 0.2 to 0.4

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
B. 0.4 to 1.0

ho
at
C. 2 to 4
R
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D. 5 to 7
e
ad
Pr
 Pr
Answer C
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R
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(L
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tu
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M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 P)
M
Q. 54) Period of cleaning of slow sand filters is about

TE
,Dr
re
tu
A. 24-48 hours

ec
(L
B. 10-12 days

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
ho
C. 2-3 months
at
D. 1-2 year R
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 Pr
Answer C
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R
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ho
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(L
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tu
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TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 P)
Q. 55) The rate of filtration of pressure filter is

M
TE
,Dr
re
A. Less than that of slow sand filters

tu
ec
B. In between the filtration rate of slow sand filters and

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
rapid sand filters

ho
at
C. Greater than that of rapid sand filters
R
ep
D. Equal to that of slow sand filters
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Pr
 Pr
Answer C
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(L
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P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 P)
M
Q. 56) Double filtration is used

TE
,Dr
re
tu
A. To increase the filtration capacity of slow sand filters

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(L
B. To increase the filtration capacity of rapid sand filters

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
ho
C. For isolated buildings like swimming pools, hotels etc.
at
D. All of the above R
eep
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Pr
 Pr
Answer A
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R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
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TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Q. 57) Cleaning is done by
i) Scraping and removal in slow sand filters

P)
ii) Back washing in slow sand filters

M
TE
iii) Scraping and removal in rapid sand filters

,Dr
iv) Back washing in rapid sand filters

re
tu
ec
(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
The correct answer is

ho
at
A. (i) and (ii)
R
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B. (ii) and (iii)
e
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C. (i) and (iv)

Pr

D. (ii) and (iv)

 Pr
Answer C
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R
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ho
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(L
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tu
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TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 P)
M
Q. 58) Disinfection of water results in

TE
,Dr
re
tu
A. Removal of turbidity

ec
(L
B. Removal of hardness

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
ho
C. Killing of disease bacteria
at
D. Complete sterilisation R
ep
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Pr
Answer C

P)
M
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Disinfection:- process of killing of pathogenic bacteria.

,Dr
re
tu
Methods of disinfection

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(L
- Usage of Lime

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
ho
- Usage of Ozone
at
- UV treatment R
ep
- Usage of kmno4 (Potesium permanganate)
e
ad

- Usage of chlorine
Pr
Q. 59) The disinfection efficiency of chlorine increases by
i) Decreasing the time of contact

P)
M
ii) Decreasing the temperature of water

TE
,D
iii) Increasing the temperature of water

r
re
tu
ec
(L
The correct answer is

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
ho
A. Only (i)
at
B. Both (i) and (ii) R
ep
e

C. Both (i) and (iii)

ad
Pr

D. Only (iii)
Answer D

P)
M
TE
,D
Efficiency of chlorination increases with

r
re
tu
ec
1. ↓pH of water

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
ho
at
2. ↑Temperature of water
R
ep
e
ad

3. ↑Time of contact
Pr
 P)
M
Q. 60) Chlorine demand of water is equal to

TE
,Dr
re
tu
A. Applied chlorine

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(L
B. Residual chlorine

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
ho
C. Sum of applied and residual chlorine
at
R
D. Difference of applied and residual chlorine
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Answer D

P)
Dosage (Applied) of chlorine = Demand of chlorine + Residual chlorine

M
TE
,D
1) Demand of chlorine:- A sufficient amount of chlorine was added

r
re
initially to the water to inactivate the bacteria and some viruses that

tu
ec
cause disease.

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
ho
2)Residual chlorine:- The water is protected from recontamination during
at
storage. R
ep
e
ad

The amount of residual chlorine left in public water supply for safety
Pr

against pathogenic bacteria is about 0.05 to 0.5 mg/L (ppm or parts per
million)
 Pr
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P)
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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

SSC-JE, AE(PSC), RRB JE etc.

P)
Objective Questions

M
TE
(61 to 70)

,Dr
re
tu
ec
(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Environmental
re
ho
at
R
Engineering
eep
ad
Pr
 P)
Q. 61) The process in which the chlorination is done

M
TE
beyond the break point is known as

,Dr
re
tu
ec
A. Pre chlorination

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
B. Post chlorination

ho
at
C. Super chlorination
R
ep
D. Break point chlorination
e
ad
Pr
Answer C
Chlorination is the process of adding chlorine to drinking water to
disinfect it and kill bacteria.

P)
M
TE
A. Pre Chlorination:- application of chlorine to raw water before anyother

,D
treatment to improve the coagulation & to remove the taste,odor & color

r
re
B. Post Chlorination:- Application of chlorine to treated water after all the

tu
ec
other treatment.

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
C. Super chlorination:- Super chlorination followed by de chlorination

ho
comprises the addition of large doses of chlorine to the water and
at
R
removal of excess of chlorine after disinfection.
ep
e

Super chlorination is done beyond the break point.

ad
Pr

This method is applicable to heavily polluted waters

D. Breakpoint chlorination is the point where the demand for chlorine has
been fully satisfied in terms of chlorine addition to the water.
 P)
Q. 62) The percentage of chlorine in fresh bleaching

M
TE
powder is about

,Dr
re
tu
ec
A. 10 to 15

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
B. 20 to 25

ho
at
C. 30 to 35
R
ep
D. 40 to 50
e
ad
Pr
 Pr
Answer C
ad
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R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
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TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 P)
Q. 63) The treatment of water with bleaching powder is

M
TE
known as

,Dr
re
tu
ec
A. Pre chlorination

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
B. Super chlorination

ho
at
C. Dechlorination
R
ep
D. Hyperchlorination
e
ad
Pr
 P)
Answer D

M
TE
,D
Hyperchlorination is the use of high doses of chlorine to disinfect water

r
re
tu
systems.

ec
(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
A mixture of lime and calcium chloride, it is marketed as chlorine powder

ho
at
or bleaching powder (CaoCl2) for water treatment and as a bleaching
R
agent. It is also known as chlorinated lime. This compound is relatively
eep

stable and has greater available chlorine.

ad
Pr
 P)
Q. 64) The suitable method for disinfection of swimming

M
TE
pool water is

,Dr
re
tu
ec
A. Ultra violet rays treatment

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
B. Lime treatment

ho
at
C. By using potassium permanganate
R
ep
D. Chlorination
e
ad
Pr
 Pr
Answer A
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R
at
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(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 P)
Q. 65) Which of the following chemical compounds can be

M
TE
used for dechlorination of water?

,Dr
re
tu
ec
A. Carbon dioxide

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
B. Bleaching powder

ho
at
C. Sulphur dioxide
R
ep
D. Chloramines
e
ad
Pr
 P)
M
TE
Answer C

,Dr
re
tu
ec
Dechlorination can be accomplished by several means, the most

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
widely used being sulfur dioxide – either as a gas (SO2) or as a

ho
at
salt (e.g., sodium metabisulfite).
R
eep
ad
Pr
 P)
Q. 66) In chlorination, with the rise in temperature of

M
TE
water, death rate of bacteria

,Dr
re
tu
ec
A. Increases

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
B. Decreases

ho
at
C. Remains unaffected
R
ep
D. None of the above
e
ad
Pr
Answer A

P)
M
The efficiency of the disinfection depends upon the following factors:

TE
1. Nature of the disinfectant

,Dr
re
2. Dose of the disinfectant ↑

tu
ec
(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

3. Length of contact time with the disinfectant ↑

re
ho
at
4. Temperature:- At lower temperatures, bacterial kill tends to be slower and
R
ep
higher doses are needed.
e
ad
Pr

5. Type and concentration of organisms in water to be disinfected

6. pH of water:- In lower pH of water disinfection will be more efficient.

Q. 67) As compared to higher pH values, the contact

P)
M
period required for efficient chlorination at lower pH

TE
,D
values is

r
re
tu
ec
(L
A. Smaller

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
ho
B. Larger
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C. Same R
ep
e

D. None of the above

ad
Pr
 Pr
Answer A
ad
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R
at
ho
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(L
ec
tu
re
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TE
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P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 P)
M
Q. 68) Disinfection efficiency is

TE
,Dr
re
tu
A. Reduced at higher pH value of water

ec
(L
B. Unaffected by pH value of water

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
ho
C. Increased at higher pH value of water
at
R
D. Highest at pH value equal to 7
eep
ad
Pr
 Pr
Answer A
ad
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R
at
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TE
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P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Q. 69) In lime-soda process

P)
M
TE
,D
A. Only carbonate hardness is removed

r
re
tu
B. Only non-carbonate hardness is removed

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C. Lime reduces the carbonate hardness and soda-ash

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
ho
removes the non-carbonate hardness
at
R
D. Lime reduces the non-carbonate hardness and soda-ash
eep

removes the carbonate hardness

ad
Pr
Answer C

P)
M
Soda lime is a process used in water treatment to remove

TE
,D
hardness from water. This process is now outdated but was very

r
re
useful for the treatment of large volumes of hard water.

tu
ec
Addition of lime (CaO) and soda (Na2CO3) to the hard water

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
precipitates calcium as the carbonate, and magnesium as its

ho
at
hydroxide.
R
eep
ad

Lime addition removes only magnesium hardness and calcium

Pr

carbonate hardness.
Soda ash is added to remove calcium non-carbonate hardness.
Q. 70) The major disadvantage of lime soda process of

P)
water softening is that

M
TE
,Dr
A. It is unsuitable for turbid and acidic water

re
tu
ec
B. Huge amount of precipitate is formed which creates a

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
disposal problem

ho
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C. The effluent cannot be reduced to zero hardness
R
ep
D. It is unsuitable for softening the water of excessive
e
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hardness
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Answer B

P)
M
TE
,D
Disadvantage of Lime-Soda Process:

r
re
1. For efficient and economical softening, careful operation and skilled

tu
ec
supervision in required.

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
ho
2. Disposal of large amounts of sludge (insoluble precipitate) poses a
at
problem. R
ep
e
ad

3. This can remove hardness only up to 15 ppm, which is not good for
Pr

boilers.
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P)
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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

SSC-JE, AE(PSC), RRB JE etc.

P)
Objective Questions

M
TE
(71 to 80)

,Dr
re
tu
ec
(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Environmental
re
ho
at
R
Engineering
eep
ad
Pr
 P)
Q. 71) Which of the following compounds is widely used

M
TE
for algae control?

,Dr
re
tu
ec
A. Sodium sulphate

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
B. Copper sulphate

ho
at
C. Sodium chloride
R
ep
D. Calcium chloride
e
ad
Pr
 P)
M
TE
Answer B

,Dr
re
tu
1. Copper Sulfate or blue stone is probably the most commonly

ec
(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

used algal treatments because of its availability and low cost.

re
ho
at
R
2. Floating plants, such as lilies and lotus, provide shade and
eep

reduce direct sunlight in the pond to control the growth of algae.

ad
Pr
 P)
M
Q. 72) Activated carbon is used for

TE
,Dr
re
tu
A. Disinfection

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(L
B. Removing hardness

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
ho
C. Removing odours
at
D. Removing corrosivenessR
eep
ad
Pr
Answer C

P)
M
TE
,D
Activated carbon is produced from carbonaceous source

r
re
materials, such as coconuts, nutshells,coal, peat and wood.

tu
ec
(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
Activated carbon is used to purify liquids and gases in a variety of

ho
at
applications, including municipal drinking water, food and
R
ep
beverage processing, odours removal, industrial pollution
e
ad

control.
Pr
 P)
M
Q. 73) As compared to cast iron pipes, steel pipes are

TE
,Dr
re
tu
A. Heavier

ec
(L
B. Stronger

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
ho
C. Costlier
at
R
D. Less susceptible to corrosion
eep
ad
Pr
Answer B

P)
M
TE
- Iron is a hard grey metal, and heavier than any of the other

,D
elements found on Earth. During a process, impurities or slag is

r
re
tu
removed from iron, and it is turned into a steel alloy.

ec
(L
- This confirms that steel is an alloy, whereas iron is an element.

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
ho
- The main difference is :- Around 4% of carbon in iron makes it
at
cast iron, and less than 2% of carbon makes it steel.
ep
R
- Cast iron is cheaper than steel, and it has a low melting point.
e
ad

- The strength of both cast iron and steel is also controversial, as

Pr

some think steel is stronger than cast iron.

 P)
Q. 74) The suitable layout of a distribution system for

M
TE
irregularly growing town is

,Dr
re
tu
ec
A. Dead end system

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
B. Grid iron system

ho
at
C. Radial system
R
ep
D. Ring system
e
ad
Pr
Answer A

P)
M
The purpose of distribution system is to deliver water to

TE
consumer with appropriate quality, quantity and pressure.

,Dr
The distribution pipes are generally laid below the road

re
tu
pavements, and as such their layouts generally follow the layouts

ec
(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

of roads.

re
ho
at
R
1. Ring System:- The supply main is
eep

laid all along the peripheral roads

ad
Pr

and sub mains branch out from

the mains.
2. Radial System:- The area is divided
into different zones. The water is

P)
M
pumped into the distribution reservoir

TE
kept in the middle of each zone and the

,D
supply pipes are laid radially ending

r
re
towards the periphery.

tu
ec
(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

3. Grid Iron System:- It is suitable for

re
ho
cities with rectangular layout, where

at
R
the water mains and branches are laid
ep
in rectangles.
e
ad
Pr

4. Dead End System:- It is suitable for

old towns and cities having no definite
pattern of roads.
 P)
Q. 75) The layout of distribution system in which water

M
TE
flows towards the outer periphery is

,Dr
re
tu
ec
A. Ring system

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
B. Dead end system

ho
at
C. Radial system
R
ep
D. Grid iron system
e
ad
Pr
 Pr
Answer C
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e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
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tu
re
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TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 P)
Q. 76) The suitable layout of distribution system for a city

M
TE
with roads of rectangular pattern is

,Dr
re
tu
ec
A. Grid iron system

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
B. Dead end system

ho
at
C. Ring system
R
ep
D. Radial system
e
ad
Pr
 Pr
Answer A
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Q. 77) The commonly used material for water supply

P)
M
pipes, which has the properties of being strong, not easily

TE
,D
corroded and long life but is heavy and brittle is

r
re
tu
ec
(L
A. Steel

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
ho
B. Cast iron
at
C. Copper R
eep

D. Reinforced cement concrete

ad
Pr
 Pr
Answer B
ad
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R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
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M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Q. 78) Hardy cross method of analysis of distribution system

P)
i) Involves successive trials

M
TE
ii) Takes economic aspects into account

,D
iii) Is time consuming

r
re
tu
ec
(L
The correct answer is

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
ho
at
A. Only (i) ep
R
B. (i) and (ii)
e
ad

C. (i) and (iii)

Pr

D. All the correct

Answer C

P)
M
TE
Procedure:-

,D
1. Assume the diameter of each pipe in the loop.

r
re
2. Assume the flow in the pipe such that

tu
ec
sum of the inflow = sum of the outflow at any junction or node.

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

3. Compute the head losses in each pipe by Hazen William equation.

re
ho
4. Taking clock wise flow as positive and anti clock wise as negative
at
R
5. Find sum of the ratio of head loss and discharge in each pipe without
ep
regard of sign.
e
ad

6. Find the correction for each loop.

Pr

7. Repeat the procedure with corrected values of flow and continue till
the correction become very small.
Q. 79) The method of analysis of distribution system in

P)
M
which the domestic supply is neglected and fire demand is

TE
,D
considered is

r
re
tu
ec
(L
A. Circle method

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
ho
B. Equivalent pipe method
at
R
C. Electrical analysis method
eep

D. Hardy cross method

ad
Pr
 P)
M
TE
,D
Answer A

r
re
tu
ec
(L
In circle method of analysis of distribution system:-

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
ho
Domestic supply is neglected and fire demand is considered.
at
R
ep
e
ad
Pr
Q. 80) Which of the following methods of analysis of water

P)
M
distribution system is most suitable for long and narrow

TE
,D
pipe system?

r
re
tu
ec
(L
A. Circle method

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
ho
B. Equivalent pipe method
at
C. Hardy cross method R
eep

D. Electrical analysis method

ad
Pr
Answer B

P)
M
Equivalent Pipe Method:- Equivalent pipe is a method of reducing

TE
,D
a combination of pipes into a simple pipe system for

r
re
easier analysis of a pipe network, such as a water distribution

tu
ec
system.

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
ho
at
An equivalent pipe is an imaginary pipe in which the head loss
R
ep
and discharge are equivalent to the head loss and discharge for
e
ad

the real pipe system.

Pr

This method is most suitable for long and narrow pipe system.
 Pr
ad
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R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
🙏☺

re
r,D
TE
M
P)
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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

SSC-JE, AE(PSC), RRB JE etc.

P)
Objective Questions

M
TE
(81 to 90)

,Dr
re
tu
ec
(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Environmental
re
ho
at
R
Engineering
eep
ad
Pr
Q. 81) The type of valve which is provided to control the

P)
M
flow of water in the distribution system at street corners

TE
,D
and where the pipe lines intersect is

r
re
tu
ec
(L
A. Check valve

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
ho
B. Sluice valve
at
C. Safety valve R
eep

D. Scour valve
ad
Pr
Answer B A. Check valve, non-return valve, reflux valve:- is a valve that
normally allows fluid to flow through it in only one direction.
B. Sluice valve:- are movable gates set over a moving body of water that

P)
control the quantity of water permitted to flow through the gate. Raising

M
TE
the gate increases water flow, and lowering the gate reduces it. It is

,D
provided to control the flow of water in the distribution system at street

r
re
corners and where the pipe lines intersect.

tu
ec
C. Safety Valve:- Valve that automatically actuates when the pressure of

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
inlet side of the valve increases to a predetermined pressure, to open the

ho
valve disc and discharge the fluid (steam or gas ) ; and when the pressure
at
R
decreases to the prescribed value, to close the valve disc again.
ep
e

D. Scour valves:- are located at low points or at every depression and

ad
Pr

dead ends of the pipeline. Their function is to allow periodic flushing of

the lines to remove sediment and to allow the line to be drained for
maintenance and repair work.
 P)
Q. 82) The type of valve which allows water to flow in one

M
TE
direction but prevents its flow in the reverse direction is

,Dr
re
tu
ec
A. Reflux valve

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
B. Sluice valve

ho
at
C. Air relief valve
R
ep
D. Pressure relief valve
e
ad
Pr
 Pr
Answer A
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R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
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TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Q. 83) Scour valves are provided

P)
M
TE
,D
A. At street corners to control the flow of water

r
re
tu
B. At every depression and dead ends to drain out the

ec
(L
waste water that may collect there

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
ho
C. At the foot of rising main along the slope to prevent
at
back running of water R
ep
e

D. At every summit of rising mains

ad
Pr
 Answer B

B. Scour valves
A. Sluice valves

C. Reflux valves
Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 P)
Q. 84) A sewer that receives the discharge of a number of

M
TE
house sewers is called

,Dr
re
tu
ec
A. House sewer

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
B. Lateral sewer

ho
at
C. Intercepting sewer
R
ep
D. Submain sewer
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ad
Pr
Answer B
1. House sewer:- A pipe conveying sewage from plumbing system of

P)
single building and delivers it to the lateral sewer.

M
TE
1. Lateral sewer:- The sewer which obtains its discharge directly from

,D
buildings (house sewers).

r
re
2. Branch or sub-main sewer:- The sewer which obtains its discharge from

tu
ec
a few laterals and delivers it to the main sewer.

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
3. Main Sewer:- The sewer which obtains its discharge from a few branch

ho
or sub-main sewers.
at
R
4. Trunk Sewer:- The sewer which obtains its discharge from two or more
eep

main sewers.
ad
Pr

5. Intercepting sewer:- The sewer which obtains the discharge from a

number of main or outfall sewer and carries the same to the point of
treatment and disposal.
Q. 85) A pipe conveying sewage from plumbing system of

P)
M
single building to common sewer or point of immediate

TE
,D
disposal is called

r
re
tu
ec
(L
A. House sewer

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
ho
B. Lateral sewer
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C. Main sewer R
ep
e

D. Submain sewer
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Pr
 Pr
Answer A
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R
at
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(L
ec
tu
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TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Q. 86) For a country like India, where rainfall is mainly

P)
M
confined to one season, the suitable sewerage system will

TE
,D
be

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A. Separate system

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

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B. Combined system
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C. Partially combined system
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D. Partially separate system

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Answer A

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The sewage systems are classified as follows:

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1. Combined system:- When only one set of sewers is laid, carrying both

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the sanitary sewage and storm water.

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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

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2. Separate system:- When the domestic and industrial sewage are taken

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in one set of sewers, whereas storm and surface water are taken in
another set of sewers. R
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3. Partially separate/combined system:- In the separate system, if a

portion of storm water is allowed to enter in the sewers carrying sewage,
and the remaining storm water flows in separate set of sewers.
The combined system is used:-

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1. In areas having small rainfall which is evenly distributed throughout the

M
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area, because at such places self-cleaning velocity will be available in

,D
every season.

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2. Used in crowded areas, where it is very difficult to lay two sewers.

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3. In area having less sewage, to obtain the self-cleaning velocity.

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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

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The separate system is used:-
at
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1. If rainfall is mainly in one seasons. (because in combined system self-
ep
cleaning velocity will not be available for most of the period of the years)
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2. In rocky areas it is more expensive to lay one large sewer.

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3. If the sanitary sewage is to be pumped.

 P)
Q. 87) Average rate of water consumption per head per

M
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day as per Indian Standard is

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A. 100 litres

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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

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B. 135 litres

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C. 165 litres
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D. 200 litres
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 Answer B
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P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 P)
M
Q. 88) Sewerage system is usually designed for

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A. 10 years

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B. 25 years

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

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C. 50 years
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D. 75 years R
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 P)
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,D
Answer B

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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

The design period for sewerage systems may be not less than 20

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years and not more than 30 years.
at
R
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 P)
Q. 89) Which of the following sewers is preferred for

M
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combined system of sewage?

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A. Circular sewer

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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

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B. Egg shaped sewer

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C. Rectangular sewer
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D. None of the above
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 P)
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Answer B

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The Egg shaped sewer provides slightly higher velocity for low

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

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flows over the circular sewer of equal capacity.

ho
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This makes it useful during combined sewerage system.
R
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Q. 90) the suitable system of sanitation for area of

P)
M
distributed rainfall throughout the year with less intensity

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is

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A. Separate system

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

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B. Combined system
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C. Partially separate system
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D. Partially combined system

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 Pr
Answer B
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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

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P)
Thank You For Watching
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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

SSC-JE, AE(PSC), RRB JE etc.

P)
Objective Questions

M
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(91 to 100)

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(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Environmental
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Engineering
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 P)
Q. 91) The water carriage system of collection of waste

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product

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A. Is cheaper in initial cost than dry conservancy system

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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

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B. Requires treatment before disposal

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C. Creates hygenic problem
R
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D. All of the above
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Answer B
1. Conservancy System:-
Waste disposal (refuse) are collected separately and disposed off.

P)
A. Garbage is collected separately in dustbins and conveyed by covered carts.

M
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B. The human and animal waste are collected in pans. (Night-soil)

,D
C. The storm water is conveyed separately by close and open channels.

r
This system is outdated now and can be used in rural areas.

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This system has the following disadvantages.

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1. The system has less initial cost but the maintenance cost is high.

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

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2. The lavatory has to be built away from the residential building which causes

ho
inconvenience. 3. The night soil is carried once in 24 hours while it becomes

at
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insanitary after 5-6 hours causing bad smell and fly nuisance.
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4. If the labour goes on strike the system totally fails.
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5. The night soil trenching ground required large areas of disposal.

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6. It is highly undesirable to allow night soil carts to pass through roads of the city.
7. Storm water following in open drains cause unhygienic condition in the area.
8 The liquid wastes from lavatories may seep into the ground polluting groundwater
2. Water Carriage System:- In this system water is used as a medium to
carry wastes to the point of final disposal. The quantity of water is so high
(99.9%) that wastes becomes liquid which is carried by the sewers.

P)
This system is universally used nowadays because of the following

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advantages.

,D
1. The initial cost of the system is high but the maintenance cost is less.

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2. The lavatories can be accommodated inside the building which causes

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compact design of building and also convenience.

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

3. The sewage is carried in covered drains thus the risk of epidemic are

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reduced.
at
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4. Less land is required for treatment and disposal thus making the
ep
system economical.
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5. Proper treatment of sewage is possible to make the sewage suitable

Pr

for disposal.
1. The only disadvantage of this system is the wastage of water (99.9%)
Q. 92) If the time of concentration is 9 minutes, then the

P)
M
intensity of rainfall according to British Ministry of Health

TE
,D
formula will be

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(L
A. 4 mm/hr

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

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B. 10 mm/hr
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C. 20 mm/hr R
eep

D. 40 mm/hr
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Answer D

P)
M
Time of concentration:-

TE
1. The time taken by rainfall water to run from most distant point of

,D
water shed to the inlet of sewer.

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2. The time required for flow of water in the sewer to the point under

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consideration.

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

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ho
at
British Ministry of Health formula
R
1. I = 760 / (t + 10) (for storm duration of 5 to 20 minutes)
eep

I = 760 / (9+10) = 40 mm/h

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2. I = 1020 / (t + 10) (for storm duration of 20 to 100 minutes)

Where, I is intensity of rainfall in mm/h and t is duration of storm minutes

Q. 93) The time of concentration is defined as

P)
M
TE
,D
A. The time taken by rainfall water to run from most

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distant point of water shed to the inlet of sewer

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B. The time required for flow of water in the sewer to the

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

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point under consideration
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C. Sum of A and B R
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D. Difference of A and B
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 Pr
Answer C
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P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 P)
M
Q. 94) The specific gravity of sewage is

TE
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A. Much greater than 1

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B. Slightly less than 1

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

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C. Equal to 1
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D. Slightly greater than 1R
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Answer D

P)
M
TE
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Water has a specific gravity of 1.000 at 4°C.

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Particulates with specific gravity less than 1.0 float to the surface

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and particulates with specific gravity greater than 1.0 sink.

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

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Sewage consists of 99.9% of water and 0.1% solid matter and it’s
R
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specific gravity is 1.001 but the sewage and water are considered
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identical for design.

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 P)
Q. 95) The self cleansing velocity for all sewers in India is

M
TE
usually

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A. Less than 1.0 m/sec

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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

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B. 1.0 m/sec to 2.0 m/sec

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C. 1.5 m/sec to 2.0 m/sec
R
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D. 3.0 m/sec to 3.5 m/sec
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Answer B

P)
M
1. Self cleansing velocity:- The sewers should be laid at such a gradient

TE
that a minimum velocity, which will prevent the silting of particles in

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sewers are developed.

r
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The self cleansing velocity for all sewers in India is usually 1.0 m/sec to

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2.0 m/sec

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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

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2. Maximum velocity (non-scouring velocity):- If the velocity of flow
R
exceeds a certain limit, the particles of solid matter start to damage the
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inside surface of sewers or in other words, a scouring action takes place.

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The maximum permissible velocity at which no such scouring action will

occur is known as non-scouring velocity and it mainly depends on the
material of sewers.
 P)
Q. 96) The slope of sewer shall be

M
TE
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A. Given in the direction of natural slope of ground

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B. Given in the direction opposite to the natural slope of

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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

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ground

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C. Zero
R
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D. Steeper than 1 in 20
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 P)
M
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Answer A

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Direction of Sewer Line:- Sewer should flow, as for as

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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

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possible the Natural Slope of Ground.

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R
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 P)
Q. 97) The design discharge for the separate sewer system

M
TE
shall be taken as

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tu
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A. Equal to dry weather flow (DWF)

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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

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B. 2 × DWF

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C. 3 × DWF
R
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D. 6 × DWF
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 P)
Answer D

M
TE
,D
Dry weather flow refers to the wastewater flow in a sewer system

r
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during periods of dry weather with minimum infiltration.

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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

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The design discharge for
at
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1. Separate sewer system:- 6 × DWF
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2. Combined sewer system - Rainfall + 2 DWF
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 P)
Q. 98) The design discharge for the combined sewer

M
TE
system shall be taken

,Dr
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tu
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A. Equal to rainfall

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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

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B. Rainfall + DWF

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C. Rainfall + 2 DWF
R
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D. Rainfall + 6 DWF
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 Pr
Answer C
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P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 P)
Q. 99) The minimum and maximum diameters of sewers

M
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shall preferably be

,Dr
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A. 15 cm and 100 cm

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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

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B. 15 cm and 300 cm

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C. 30 cm and 450 cm
R
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D. 60 cm and 300 cm
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Answer B

P)
M
Minimum Sewer Size:- 15 cm is taken as the minimum sewer size.

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The reason being that, the choking does not take place even with

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the bigger size particles, which are usually thrown into the sewer

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through manholes.

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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

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Maximum Sewer Size:- 300 cm
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Minimum Cover of Sewer:- 1 metre is taken as the minimum

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cover over the sewers to avoid damage from live loads coming on
the sewer.
 P)
Q. 100) The main disadvantage of cement concrete sewers

M
TE
is

,Dr
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tu
ec
A. Less strength

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

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B. Difficulty in construction

ho
at
C. Difficulty in transportation due to heavy weight
R
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D. Less life
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Answer C

P)
M
Cement Concrete Sewer:-

TE
,Dr
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1. PCC – for dia upto 60 cm

tu
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i) Suitable for small storm drains.

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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

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ii) Not durable .

ho
at
R
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2. RCC – for dia > 60 cm
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i) They may be cast in situ or precast,

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ii) Resistant to heavy loads, corrosion and high pressure.

iii) These are very heavy and difficult to transport.
 Pr
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(L
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🙏☺

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TE
M
P)
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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 P)
SSC-JE, RRB-JE, AE(PSC) etc.

M
TE
(Q.101 to 110)

,Dr
re
tu
ec
(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Environmental
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ho
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Engineering
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 P)
Q. 101) Most suitable section of sewer in separate sewage

M
TE
system is

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A. Rectangular section

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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

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B. Circular section

ho
at
C. Standard from of egg shaped sewer
R
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D. Modified egg shaped section
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 P)
M
TE
,D
Answer B

r
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tu
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In separate system, discharge is more or less constant.

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
A circular section gives a maximum area for a given perimeter,

ho
at
hence, it is economical but it is not suitable for combined system
R
ep
because of great variation in discharge.
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Pr
 P)
M
Q. 102) An egg shaped section of sewer

TE
,Dr
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tu
A. Is economical than circular section

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(L
B. Provides self cleansing velocity at low discharge

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
ho
C. Is more stable than circular section
at
D. Is easy to construct R
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e
ad
Pr
Answer B

P)
M
The Egg shaped sewer provides slightly

TE
,D
higher velocity for low flows over the

r
re
circular sewer of equal capacity. This

tu
ec
makes it useful during combined

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
sewerage system. These sewers can

ho
at
generate self cleansing velocity during
R
ep
dry weather flow
e
ad
Pr

The lower portion of Egg shaped sewer is known as invert which

is circular in shape and is smaller than the arch.
 P)
M
Q. 103) The velocity of flow does not depend on

TE
,Dr
re
tu
A. Grade of sewer

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(L
B. Length of sewer

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

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C. Hydraulic mean depth of sewer
at
D. Roughness of sewer R
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 Answer B
Pr
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R
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(L
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TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 P)
Q. 104) The hydraulic mean depth (HMD) for an egg-

M
TE
shaped sewer flowing two-third full is

,Dr
re
tu
ec
A. Equal to HMD when flowing full

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

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B. Less than HMD when flowing full

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C. Greater than HMD when flowing full
R
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D. None of the above
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Answer C

P)
A. Hydraulic Mean Depth (HMD) of

M
Standard Egg-Shaped Sewer:

TE
,D
1. When flowing full, HMD = 0.58 b

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2. Sewer flowing 2/3 Full, HMD = 0.63b

tu
3. Sewer flowing 1/2 Full, HMD = 0.52b

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(L
4. Sewer flowing 1/3 Full, HMD = 0.40b

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

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ho
B. Hydraulic Mean Depth (HMD) of
at
New Egg-Shaped Sewer: R
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e

1. When flowing full, HMD = 0.57 b

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2. Sewer flowing 2/3 Full, HMD = 0.62b

Pr

3. Sewer flowing 1/2 Full, HMD = 0.50b

4. Sewer flowing 1/3 Full, HMD = 0.38b
 P)
Q. 105) The effect of increasing diameter of sewer on the

M
TE
self cleansing velocity is

,Dr
re
tu
ec
A. To decrease it

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
B. To increase it

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at
C. Fluctuating
R
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D. Nil
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Pr
Answer B

P)
M
TE
The self cleansing velocity Vs is given by

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tu
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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
ho
Where,
at
Gs is the specific gravity R
ep
g is the acceleration due to gravity
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ad
Pr

ds is the diameter of sewer and

f is the Darcy Weisbach friction factor.
 P)
M
Q. 106) The most commonly used sewer under culverts is

TE
,Dr
re
tu
A. Circular brick sewer

ec
(L
B. Circular cast iron sewer

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
ho
C. Semi-elliptical sewer
at
D. Horse-shoe type sewer R
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ad
Pr
 Pr
Answer A
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R
at
ho
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(L
ec
tu
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TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 P)
Q. 107) The type of sewer which is suitable for both

M
TE
combined and seperate system is

,Dr
re
tu
ec
A. Circular sewer

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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
B. Egg shaped sewer

ho
at
C. Horse-shoe type sewer
R
ep
D. Semi-elliptical sewer
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Pr
Answer B

P)
M
The Egg shaped sewer provides slightly

TE
,D
higher velocity for low flows over the

r
re
circular sewer of equal capacity. This

tu
ec
makes it useful during combined

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
sewerage system. These sewers can

ho
at
generate self cleansing velocity during
R
ep
dry weather flow
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ad
Pr

The lower portion of Egg shaped sewer is known as invert which

is circular in shape and is smaller than the arch.
 P)
Q. 108) The characteristics of fresh and septic sewage

M
TE
respectively are

,Dr
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tu
ec
A. Acidic and alkaline

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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

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B. Alkaline and acidic

ho
at
C. Both acid
R
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D. Both alkaline
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Pr
Answer B

P)
M
pH is used to describe the acid (pH<7) or alkaline (pH>7)

TE
,D
properties of water solutions.

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re
The pH of sewage is initially high (alkaline) and drops when the

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sewage becomes septic.

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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

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at
Color of fresh sewage is yellowish grey to light brown. While that
R
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of the septic is black or dark due to oxidation of organic matter.
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Smell of the fresh sewage is oily or soapy while the septic sewage
develops an objectionable. H2S is the major source of pollution.
 P)
M
Q. 109) The pathogens can be killed by

TE
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re
tu
A. Nitrification

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(L
B. Chlorination

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

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C. Oxidation
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D. None of the above R
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Answer B

P)
M
Disease causing microorganisms, such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses,

TE
,D
found commonly in sewage, hospital waste, run-off water from farms,

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re
and in water used for swimming.

tu
ec
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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Water systems add disinfectants to destroy microorganisms that can

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ho
cause disease in humans.

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Primary methods of disinfection are
R
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1. Chlorination
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2. Chloramines
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3. Ozone
4. Ultraviolet light
 P)
Q. 110) Which of the following retards the self purification

M
TE
of stream?

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tu
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A. Higher temperature

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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

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B. Sunlight

ho
at
C. Satisfying oxygen demand
R
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D. None of the above
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 P)
Answer D

M
TE
,D
Factors Affecting Self-Purification of Stream:

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re
tu
1. The pathogens are killed if they are exposed to sunlight,

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(L
therefore, sunlight helps in self-purification.

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
ho
2. treams will get self purified in less time at higher temperature.
at
R
3. If the oxygen demand is satisfied, then stream becomes
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purified.
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 Pr
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🙏☺

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M
P)
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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 P)
SSC-JE, RRB-JE, AE(PSC) etc.

M
TE
(Q.111 to 120)

,Dr
re
tu
ec
(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Environmental
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ho
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R
Engineering
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ad
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 P)
M
Q. 111) Sewage treatment units are normally designed for

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,Dr
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tu
A. 5-10 years

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(L
B. 15-20 years

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
ho
C. 30-40 years
at
D. 40-50 years R
eep
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Pr
 Pr
Answer B
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TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 P)
M
Q. 112) Settling velocity increases with

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,Dr
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tu
A. Specific gravity of solid particles

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(L
B. Size of particles

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

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C. Depth of tank
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D. Temperature of liquid R
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Pr
Answer C

P)
M
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The main principle involved in the sedimentation tank is to reduce the

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flow velocity of water which allows the major amount of suspended

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particles to settle down. The velocity with which the particle is settling is

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known settling velocity.

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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

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Two types of settling velocity occurs one theoretical and other actual
at
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And also actual velocity does not depend upon dimension of tank it
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depend upon dimension of particle.

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But theorical settling velocity, Vs = Discharge / surface area = Q / ( B x L)

 P)
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Q. 113) Standard BOD is measured at

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A. 20°C – 1 day

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B. 25°C – 3day

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

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C. 20°C – 5day
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D. 30°C – 5day R
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Answer C

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BOD is a measure of, the amount of oxygen that require for the bacteria

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to degrade the organic components present in water / waste water.

tu
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(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

The more organic matter there is (e.g., in sewage and polluted bodies of

re
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water), the greater the BOD; and the greater the BOD, the lower the

at
amount of dissolved oxygen available for higher animals such as fishes.
R
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The BOD value is most commonly expressed in milligrams of oxygen

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consumed per litre of sample during 5 days of incubation at 20°C

Q. 114) The correct relation between theoretical oxygen

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demand (TOD), Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and

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chemical oxygen demand (COD) is given by

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A. TOD>BOD>COD

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

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B. TOD>COD>BOD
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C. BOD>COD>TOD R
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D. COD>BOD>TOD
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Answer B

P)
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1. Theoretical oxygen demand (ThOD) is the calculated amount

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of oxygen required to oxidize a compound to its final oxidation products.

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2. COD or Chemical Oxygen Demand is the total measurement of all

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

chemicals (organics & in-organics) in the water / waste waterwater.

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at
3. BOD is a measure of, the amount of oxygen that require for the
R
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bacteria to degrade the organic components present in water / waste
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water.
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TOD > COD > BOD

Q. 115) Select the correct statement

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A. 5 day BOD is the ultimate BOD

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B. 5 day BOD is greater than 4 day BOD keeping other

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conditions same

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

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C. 5 day BOD is less than 4 day BOD keeping other
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conditions same R
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D. BOD does not depend on time

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Answer C

P)
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When you take a water sample from source and you measure the

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oxygen concentration immediately, that value would be BOD0

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(starting),After 3 days you measure the oxygen concentration

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
again, that value would be BOD3 and after 5 days, it is BOD5

ho
at
R
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Normally, the value of BOD5 will be lower than BOD4 because
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the microorganism more time to consume oxygen concentration

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in the water.
Q. 116) If biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) of a town is

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20,000 kg/day and BOD per capita per day is 0.05 kg, then

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population equivalent of town is

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A. 1000

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

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B. 4000
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C. 100000 R
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D. 400000
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 P)
M
Answer D

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,Dr
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BOD of a town, in kg/day = Population equivalent × Average

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Standard BOD

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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

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20000 = Population × 0.5

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R
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Population equivalent = 400000
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 P)
M
Q. 117) The rate of BOD exerted at any time is

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A. Directly proportional to BOD satisfied

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B. Directly proportional to BOD remaining

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

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C. Inversely proportional to BOD satisfied
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D. Inversely proportional to BOD remaining
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 Pr
Answer B
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P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 P)
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Q. 118) The ratio of 5 day BOD to ultimate BOD is about

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A. 1/3

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B. 2/3

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

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C. 3/4
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D. 1.0 R
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Answer B

P)
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If you determine the BOD after 5 days, this is called the 5 day BOD

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If you determine the BOD after 20 days, this is called the 20 day BOD

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Ultimate BOD (Lo) is the amount of oxygen required to

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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

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decompose all of the organic material after infinite time.

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OR
R
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Ultimate BOD (Lo) is defined as the maximum BOD exerted by the
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wastewater.
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The ratio of BOD5/BODultimate is about 2/3

Q. 119) In a BOD test, 1.0 ml of raw sewage was diluted to
100 ml and the dissolved oxygen concentration of diluted

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sample at the beginning was 6 ppm and it was 4 ppm at

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the end of 5 day incubation at 20°C. The BOD of raw

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sewage will be

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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

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A. 100 ppm
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B. 200 ppm R
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C. 300 ppm
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D. 400 ppm
 Answer B
Pr
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R
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P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Q. 120) The minimum dissolved oxygen which should

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always be present in water in order to save the aquatic life

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is

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A. 1 ppm

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

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B. 4 ppm
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C. 10 ppm R
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D. 40 ppm
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Answer B

P)
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Adequate dissolved oxygen is necessary for good water quality.

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As dissolved oxygen levels in water drop below 5.0 mg/l, aquatic

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life is put under stress. The lower the concentration, the greater

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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

the stress.

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Oxygen levels that remain below 1-2 mg/l for a few hours can
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result in large fish kills.

ad
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The minimum dissolved oxygen for aquatic life is 4 ppm or mg/l

 Pr
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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 P)
SSC-JE, RRB-JE, AE(PSC) etc.

M
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(Q.121 to 130)

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ec
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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Environmental
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Engineering
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Q. 121) The relative stability of a sewage sample, whose

P)
M
dissolved oxygen is same as the total oxygen required to

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satisfy BOD, is

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A. 1

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

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B. 100
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C. Infinite R
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D. Zero
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 P)
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Answer B

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Relative stability of sewage is defined as the ratio of the amount

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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

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of oxygen available in sewage to the amount of oxygen required

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to satisfy the first-stage BOD of sewage.
R
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 P)
M
Q. 122) Dissolved oxygen in streams is

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A. Maximum at noon

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B. Minimum at noon

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

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C. Maximum at midnight
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D. Same throughout the day
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 P)
M
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Answer A

,Dr
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tu
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At noon, rate of photosynthesis is high and hence the amount

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

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of oxygen produced exceeds the amount required for respiration.

ho
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Therefore,the dissolved oxygen in streams is maximum at noon.
R
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 P)
M
Q. 123) Facultative bacteria are able to work in

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A. Presence of oxygen only

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B. Absence of oxygen only

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

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C. Presence as well as in absence of oxygen
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D. Presence of water R
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 P)
Answer C

M
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1. Aerobic bacteria require oxygen for growth.

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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

2. Anaerobic bacteria does not require oxygen for growth.

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3. Facultative bacteria are able to work in Presence as well as in
ep
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absence of oxygen.
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 P)
Q. 124) The means of access for inspection and cleaning of

M
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sewer line is known as

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A. Inlet

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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

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B. Manhole

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C. Drop manhole
R
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D. Catch basin
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Answer B

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M
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Manholes are used for inspection and cleaning of sewer line.

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The manhole in which a vertical pipe is used is called a drop manhole,

ec
where as the one using an inclined pipe is called a ramp.

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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

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The construction of a drop manhole in place of an ordinary manhole in
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R
case a high level branch sewer enters a low levelled main sewer.
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While catch basins have openings at the top to allow water to collect in
them.
 P)
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Q. 125) Sewerage system is designed for

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A. Maximum flow only

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B. Minimum flow only

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

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C. Average flow only
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D. Maximum and minimum flow
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Answer D

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1. Minimum velocity (Self cleansing velocity):- The sewers should be laid

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at such a gradient that a minimum velocity, which will prevent the silting

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of particles in sewers are developed.

tu
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The self cleansing velocity for all sewers is usually 1.0 to 2.0 m/sec

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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

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2. Maximum velocity (non-scouring velocity):- If the velocity of flow

at
exceeds a certain limit, the particles of solid matter start to damage the
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inside surface of sewers or in other words, a scouring action takes place.
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The maximum permissible velocity at which no such scouring action will

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occur is known as non-scouring velocity and it mainly depends on the

material of sewers.
 P)
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Q. 126) Sewage treatment units are designed for

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A. Maximum flow only

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B. Minimum flow only

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

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C. Average flow only
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D. Maximum and minimum flow
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 Pr
Answer C
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(L
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P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 P)
M
Q. 127) Laying of sewers is usually done with the help of

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A. A theodolite

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B. A compass

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

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C. Sight rails and boning rods
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D. A plane table R
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Answer C

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The various steps involved in the laying and testing of sewers are: 1.

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Setting out Sewer Centre Line

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2. Alignment and Gradient of Sewers

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3. Excavation of Trenches, Timbering and Dewatering

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4. Laying and Jointing of Pipe Sewers

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

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5. Testing of Pipe Sewers 6. Backfilling of Trenches.

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Laying of sewers is usually done with the help of Sight rails and boning
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rods.
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Sight rails are used for slope and Boning rods are used to set out
horizontal lines or lines with a constant slope.
 P)
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Q. 128) Corrosion in concrete sewers is caused by

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A. Septic conditions

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B. Dissolved oxygen

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

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C. Chlorine
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D. Nitrogen R
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Answer A

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Corrosion in concrete sewers is mainly caused by Hydrogen

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sulphide gas which is formed due to Anaerobic decomposition of

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sewage.

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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

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Bacterial action converts,H2S gas to sulphuric acid which causes

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at
corrosion in the crown of the pipe and this corrosion is also
R
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called crown corrosion.
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Septic conditions occur when bacteria use all of the available

oxygen while decomposing organic matter in wastewater.
 P)
Q. 129) If the sewage contains grease and fatty oils, these

M
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are removed in

,Dr
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A. Grit chambers

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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

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B. Detritus tanks

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C. Skimming tanks
R
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D. Sedimentation tanks
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Answer C

P)
Detritus tank are nothing but grit chamber designed to flow with a

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smaller flow velocity and longer detention period.

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The function of detritus tank is to remove finer particles than those

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removed by a grit chamber.

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Grit chamber has a detention period with a value of 40-60 seconds.

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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

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Sedimentation tank is structure in which wastewater is filled and stored
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R
for some time to remove the suspended particles present in the water.
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These particles may settle at the bottom of the tank and are removed by
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using scrapers.
If the suspended particles have low specific gravity than water, they settle
at the top of the tank.
 P)
Q. 130) Generally detention period for grit chamber is kept

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as

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tu
ec
A. 1 minute

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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

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B. 5 minutes

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C. 2-4 hours
R
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D. 12 hours
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 Pr
Answer A
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P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 Pr
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P)
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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 P)
SSC-JE, RRB-JE, AE(PSC) etc.

M
TE
(Q.131 to 140)

,Dr
re
tu
ec
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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Environmental
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Engineering
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 P)
Q. 131) Which of the following unit works in anaerobic

M
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conditions?

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tu
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A. Sludge digestion tank

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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

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B. Sedimentation tank

ho
at
C. Activated sludge treatment
R
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D. Trickling filters
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Answer A

P)
A. The residue that accumulates in sewage treatment plants is called

M
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sludge (or biosolids). Sewage sludge is the solid, semisolid, or slurry

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residual material that is produced as a by-product of wastewater

r
re
treatment processes.

tu
ec
B. A sedimentation tank allows suspended particles to settle out of water

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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
or wastewater as it flows slowly through the tank, thereby providing

ho
some degree of purification. A layer of accumulated solids, called sludge,
at
R
forms at the bottom of the tank and is periodically removed.
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C. The activated sludge process is a type of wastewater treatment

ad
Pr

process for treating sewage or industrial wastewaters using aeration.

D. Trickling filters (TFs) are used to remove organic matter from
wastewater. The TF is an aerobic treatment system.
Q. 132) Septic tank is
i) Settling tank

P)
M
ii) Digestion tank

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,D
iii) Aeration tank

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The correct answer is

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

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A. Only (i) R
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B. (i) and (ii)

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C. (i) and (iii)

D. Only (iii)
Answer B

P)
M
Septic tank is an underground chamber made of concrete, fiberglass, or

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plastic through which domestic wastewater flows for basic treatment.

,D
Settling and anaerobic processes reduce solids and organics, but the

r
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tu
treatment efficiency is only moderate

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(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

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Aeration tank:- The biological treatment of the wastewater takes place in

ho
the aeration tank. Before the wastewater gets to this tank, it is mixed
at
R
with activated sludge. This contains countless microorganisms, such as
ep
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bacteria, that are able to break down the colloidal, organic contaminants
ad
Pr

dissolved in the wastewater.

To create optimum living conditions for the bacteria, the aeration tank
must be continuously supplied with oxygen.
 P)
Q. 133) The maximum efficiency of BOD removal is

M
TE
achieved in

,Dr
re
tu
ec
A. Oxidation pond

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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
B. Oxidation ditch

ho
at
C. Aerated lagoons
R
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D. Trickling filters
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ad
Pr
Answer B
A. Oxidation ponds are ponds designed and built for wastewater
treatment to reduce the organic content and remove pathogens from

P)
wastewater. They are man-made depressions confined by earthen

M
TE
structures. The BOD removal efficiency of an oxidation pond lies between

,D
80% and 90%.

r
re
tu
ec
B. Oxidation ditch is a modified activated sludge biological treatment

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
process. The oxidation ditch can remove suspended solids upto 95 %. It is

ho
suitable for small communities or small industries.
at
R
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C. Aerated lagoons are deep waste stabilization ponds in which sewage is

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aerated by mechanical aerators to stabilize the organic matter present in

the sewage, rather than relying only on photosynthetic oxygen produced
by algae.
Q. 134) The working conditions in imhoff tanks are

P)
M
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,D
A. Aerobic only

r
re
tu
B. Anaerobic only

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(L
C. Aerobic in lower compartment and anaerobic in upper

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

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compartment
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D. Anaerobic in lower compartment and aerobic in upper
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compartment
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 P)
Answer D

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,Dr
It consists of an upper chamber in

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tu
which sedimentation takes place

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(L
(Presence of oxygen), from which

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
collected solids slide down inclined

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at
bottom slopes to an entrance into a
R
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lower chamber in which the sludge is
e
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collected and digested (Absence of

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oxygen).
 P)
Q. 135) In facultative stabilization pond, the sewage is

M
TE
treated by

,Dr
re
tu
ec
A. Aerobic bacteria only

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
B. Algae only

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at
C. Dual action of aerobic bacteria and anaerobic bacteria
R
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D. Sedimentation
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Pr
 P)
Answer C

M
TE
,Dr
1. Aerobic bacteria require oxygen for growth.

re
tu
ec
(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

2. Anaerobic bacteria does not require oxygen for growth.

re
ho
at
R
3. Facultative bacteria are able to work in Presence as well as in
ep
e

absence of oxygen.
ad
Pr
 P)
Q. 136) The detention period for oxidation ponds is usually

M
TE
kept as

,Dr
re
tu
ec
A. 4 – 8 hours

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
B. 24 hours

ho
at
C. 10 to 15 days
R
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D. 3 months
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ad
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Answer C

P)
M
TE
,D
Oxidation ponds have a long detention period between 10 to 20

r
re
days. The BOD removal efficiency of an oxidation pond lies

tu
ec
between 80% and 90%, so the maximum BOD removal efficiency

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
is 90%.

ho
at
R
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Oxidation ditch normally employs a detention period up to 24
e
ad

hours. The oxidation ditch can remove suspended solids upto

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95 %. It is suitable for small communities or small industries.

 P)
M
Q. 137) Compositing and lagooning are the methods of

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A. Sludge digestion

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B. Sludge disposal

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

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C. Sedimentation
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D. Filtration R
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ad
Pr
Answer B

P)
M
TE
Composting is an aerobic process of mixing sewage sludge with

,Dr
agricultural byproduct sources of carbon such as sawdust, straw

re
tu
or wood chips.

ec
(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

In the presence of oxygen, bacteria digesting both the sewage

re
ho
sludge and the plant material generate heat to kill disease-
at
causing microorganisms. R
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e
ad
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Lagoons are pond-like bodies of water or basins designed to

receive and hold wastewater.
 P)
M
Q. 138) The main disadvantage of oxidation pond is that

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,Dr
re
tu
A. Large area required for construction

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(L
B. Maintenance and operation cost are high

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
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C. BOD removal is very low
at
D. None of the above R
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Answer A

P)
M
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Advantages of oxidation ponds:-

,D
1. Easy to construct.

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2. Low initial and maintenance costs.

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(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

3. Effluent dose not required disinfection.

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4. Ideal for small communities and also tropical regions.
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R
5. Completes sludge treatment.
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Disadvantages:-
1. Requires a large land area.
 P)
Q. 139) For satisfactory working of a sludge digestion unit,

M
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the pH range of digested sludge should be maintained as

,Dr
re
tu
ec
A. 4.5 to 6.0

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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
B. 6.5 to 8.0

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at
C. 8.5 to 10.0
R
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D. 10.5 to 12.0
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Answer B

P)
M
pH measures the hydrogen ion concentration of the sludge and indicates

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,D
if the sludge is acid (pH<7) or alkaline (pH>7).

r
re
tu
ec
Generally, the pH must be maintained between 6.5 to 8.0 to promote

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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

methane gas formation.

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Decreases in pH mean possible digester upset.
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Normally, however, the decreases in pH occur very rapidly and hence pH

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gives little advance notice of trouble. A low pH indicates that an upset

has already occurred.
Q. 140) Sludge volume index is defined as the ratio of

P)
M
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A. Percentage of sludge by volume to percentage of

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suspended solids by weight

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B. Percentage of sludge by volume to percentage of total

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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

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solids by weight

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C. Percentage of suspended solids by weight to percentage
R
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of sludge by volume
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D. Percentage of total solids by weight to percentage of

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sludge by volume
Answer A

P)
M
Sludge volume index:- The standard measure of the physical

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characteristics of activated sludge processes.

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It is defined as 'the volume (in mL) occupied by 1 gram of

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

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activated sludge after settling the aerated liquid for 30 minutes’.

ho
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R
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It is also defined as “Percentage of sludge by volume to
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percentage of suspended solids by weight”.

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SVI:- 50 to 150 mL/gm (its indicate good settling sludge)

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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 P)
SSC-JE, RRB-JE, AE(PSC) etc.

M
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(Q.141 to 150)

,Dr
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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Environmental
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Engineering
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 P)
Q. 141) For normal sludge, the value of sludge index for

M
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Indian conditions is

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A. 0 to 50

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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

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B. 50 to 150

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C. 150 to 350
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D. 350 to 500
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Answer C

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M
Sludge volume index:- The SVI is a measure of the settleability of sludge.

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Lower values of the SVI indicate better sludge settleability.

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It is defined as 'the volume (in mL) occupied by 1 gram of activated

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sludge after settling the aerated liquid for 30 minutes’.

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

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It is also defined as “Percentage of sludge by volume to percentage of
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suspended solids by weight”. R
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Good settling sludge, the value of sludge index is 50 to 150 ml/gm

Normal sludge, the value of sludge index is 150 to 350 ml/gm

 P)
Q. 142) When there is no recirculation of sewage, then

M
TE
recirculation factor is

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A. 0

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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

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B. 1

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C. Infinity
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D. None of the above
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Answer B

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M
In high rate trickling filter the effluent is again sprinkled

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over the filter media, which is known as recirculation.

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Recirculation ratio is the ratio of recirculated flow to the

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

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total flow of raw sewage.
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R
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Recirculation factor = 1+ Recirculation Ratio

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=1+0
=1
Q. 143) For the same solid content, if the quantity of

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sludge with moisture content of 98% is X, then the

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quantity of sludge with moisture content of 96% will be

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A. X/4

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

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B. X/2
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C. X R
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D. 2X
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 Answer B
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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 P)
Q. 144) A pipe which is installed in the house drainage to

M
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preserve the water seal of traps is called

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tu
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A. Vent pipe

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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

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B. Antisiphonage pipe

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C. Waste pipe
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D. Soil pipe
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Answer B
Vent pipe is open at top and bottom, to facilitate exit of foul

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M
gases. It is carried at least one meter higher than the roof level.

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,Dr
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Rain water pipe it is a pipe which carries only the rain water.

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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

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Anti-siphonage pipe it is pipe which is installed in the house

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drainage to preserve the water seal of traps.
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Waste pipe baths, kitchens, basins etc are connected.

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Soil pipe W.Cs and urinals are connected.

 P)
Q. 145) In the two pipe system of house plumbing the

M
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pipes required are

,Dr
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A. One soil pipe, one waste pipe and one vent pipe

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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

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B. One soil pipe, two waste pipes and one vent pipe

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C. One soil pipe, one waste pipe and two vent pipes
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D. Two soil pipes, one waste pipe and one vent pipe
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 Answer C

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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 P)
Q. 146) The pipe which is used to carry discharge from

M
TE
sanitary fittings like bathrooms, kitchens etc. is called

,Dr
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tu
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A. Waste pipe

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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

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B. Soil pipe

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C. Vent pipe
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D. Antisiphonage pipe
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 Pr
Answer A
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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 P)
Q. 147) The gas from sludge digestion tank is mainly

M
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composed of

,Dr
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A. Nitrogen

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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

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B. Carbon dioxide

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C. Hydrogen sulphide
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D. Methane
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 P)
M
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Answer D

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Methane gas evolves the most during the sludge digestion

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process by approximately 60 to 70% of the total gas evolved.

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

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And Carbon dioxide is 20 to 30%.
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 P)
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Q. 148) Most of the bacteria in sewage are

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A. Parasitic

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B. Saprophytic

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

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C. Pathogenic
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D. Anaerobic R
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 P)
M
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Answer B

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A saprophytic or saprotroph is an organism which gets its energy

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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

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from dead and decaying organic matter.

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 P)
M
Q. 149) The process of lagooning is primarily a means of

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A. Reducing the excessive flow in sewers

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B. Disposing of sludge

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

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C. Increasing the capacity of storage reservoirs
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D. Increasing flow of sewage through imhoff tanks
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 P)
M
Answer B

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Lagooning:

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A lagoon is a shallow lake. In which the residue slurry is pumped

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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
directly into land-based ponds.

ho
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R
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Lagooning convenient method of sludge disposal if the treatment
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plant is located at a remote place.

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 P)
Q. 150) The biochemical treatment of sewage effluents is

M
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essentially a process of

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A. Oxidation

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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

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B. Dehydration

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C. Reduction
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D. Alkalinization
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 P)
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Answer A

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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

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The destruction of organic substances is called biochemical oxidation.

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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

SSC-JE, RRB-JE, State SSSC-JE
AE State PSC

P)
M
TE
(151 to 160)

,Dr
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Environmental

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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

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Engineering
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-By Pradeep Rathore

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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Answer C

P)
Jumping Weirs OR Leaping Weir:-

M
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,D
The excessive quantity of sewage

r
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leap or jump across the opening.

tu
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The opening of the crown can be

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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
adjusted by using movable crests

ho
at
depending upon the theoretical analysis.
R
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When the discharge is small, the velocity is low due to which all
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the sewage drops into the sanitary sewer. When the discharge
Pr

increase, the velocity increases, due to which more quantity of

sewage jumps over the gap and goes to the outfall.
 Pr
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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 P)
M
TE
Answer A

,Dr
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Chlorine is used as a disinfectant in sewage treatment

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(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

plants. Sewage is treated to remove all the chemical and

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biological hazards, making it safe to release into water
at
bodies. R
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 Pr
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P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Answer D

P)
M
Grit Chambers:- Grit chambers are basin to remove the inorganic

TE
particles to prevent damage to the pumps, and to prevent their

,Dr
accumulation in sludge digestors.

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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

1. The detention period for grit chambers may vary from 45 to 90

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seconds. A detention period of 60 seconds is usually adopted in
at
the design of grit chambers.R
ep
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2. Horizontal velocity of flow of 15 to 30 cm/s is used at peak

flows.
 Pr
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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Answer A
A. The most common source of acidity in unpolluted water is

P)
carbon dioxide in the form of carbonic acid.

M
TE
,D
B. Aluminium sulfate or Alum is used as a flocculant to remove

r
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unwanted colour and turbidity from water supplies.

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Alum is very effective coagulant for water treatment and is most

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
commonly used. It is quite cheap, forms excellent stable floc and

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does not require any skilled supervision.
R
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C. Cyclone separators or simply cyclones are separation devices

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(dry scrubbers) that use the principle of inertia to remove

particulate matter from flue gases.
D. Sewage contains suspended and floating matters in it. The

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suspended matters are of large size such as tree leaves, paper,

M
gravel; timber-pieces etc. as well as of small size such as sand, silt

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etc.

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The large size suspended and floating matters can be removed by

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passing sewage through screens.

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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
The process of removing the large matters from sewage by

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passing it through screens is called screening.
R
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The floating matters such as oils, grease etc. are removed from
e
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the sewage by skimming tanks and this process of removing is

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called skimming.
 Pr
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M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 P)
M
TE
Answer B

,Dr
re
tu
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If diameter is less than economic diameter, then cost of

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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
pipe will be less but head loss will be high. Hence cost of

ho
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pumping will be more.
R
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 Pr
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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 P)
M
Answer C

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re
Incrustation: The deposition of materials on the interior

tu
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of pipes.

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
It decreases the cross-section area of the pipe.

ho
at
R
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Option D is correct for corrosion of tubewell pipes.
e
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Pr
 Pr
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P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 P)
M
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,D
Answer C

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tu
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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

The maximum velocity occurs in an egg shaped sewer

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when the ratio of depth of flow to vertical diameter is 0.81
at
R
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 Pr
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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 P)
M
Answer A

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Well Shrouding: The shrouding is a layer of coarse material

tu
ec
such as gravel and coarse sand interposed in the annular

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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
space between the well pipe and the aquifer soil.

ho
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It is also essential in a slotted type tube well where wire
R
ep
mesh (or screen) is not used.
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Pr
In the initial stages when the water is pumped out fine sand comes in
the tube well with the water and consequently a hollow or cavity is
formed at the bottom.

P)
The main difference between a strainer and cavity tube well is that in the

M
TE
former the inflow is radial whereas in the later it is spherical.

,Dr
re
tu
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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
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 Pr
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P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Answer A

P)
M
Relative Stability is defined as the ratio of oxygen available

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,D
in the effluent to the total oxygen required to satisfy its

r
re
first stage BOD demand.

tu
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It is expressed as percentage of the total oxygen required

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
and can be expressed by the equation,

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at
R
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𝑆 = 100 [ 1 − ( 0.794)^𝑡] incubation at 20°C
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Pr

𝑆 = 100 [ 1 − ( 0.630)^𝑡] incubation at 37°C

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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 P)
Answer D

M
TE
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When ultraviolet light waves (UV) strike chlorofluorocarbons

re
tu
ec
(CFCl3) molecules in the upper atmosphere, a carbon-chlorine

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

bond breaks, producing a chlorine (Cl) atom. The chlorine atom

re
ho
then reacts with an ozone (O3) molecule breaking it apart and so
at
destroying the ozone. R
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A single CFC molecule can destroy 100,000 ozone molecules.

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P)
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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

SSC-JE, RRB-JE, State SSSC-JE
AE State PSC

P)
M
TE
(161 to 170)

,Dr
re
tu
Environmental

ec
(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
Engineering
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-By Pradeep Rathore

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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Answer A

P)
M
When fossil fuels such as coal are burned for energy, huge

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,D
amounts of carbon dioxide are released into the Earth's

r
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atmosphere, intensifying the greenhouse effect.

tu
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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
The greenhouse effect happens when certain gases, which are

ho
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known as greenhouse gases, accumulate in Earth's atmosphere.
R
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ad

Greenhouse gases include carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4),

Pr

nitrous oxide (N2O), ozone (O3), and fluorinated gases.

 Pr
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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Answer D

P)
M
Electrostatic precipitator, also called electrostatic air

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,D
cleaner, a device that are used for air pollution control.

r
re
tu
ec
An electrostatic precipitator (ESP) is a filtration device that

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
removes fine particles, like dust and smoke, from a flowing

ho
at
gas.
R
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Pr

The precipitator functions by applying energy only to the

particulate matter being collected.
 Pr
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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Answer B
From the point of view of their origination pollutants may be
divided into two classes.

P)
M
1. Primary pollutants or emission pollutants are directly emitted

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from the processes such as fossil fuel consumption. Volcanic

,Dr
eruption and factories.

re
tu
The major primary pollutants are oxides of sulphur, oxides of

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(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

nitrogen, oxides of carbon, particulate matter, methane,

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ho
ammonia, chlorofluorocarbons.
at
R
2. Secondary pollutants are not emitted directly. The secondary
ep
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pollutants form when the primary pollutants react with

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themselves or other components of the atmosphere.

Most important secondary level air pollutants are ground level
Ozone, PAN, Smog and pops (persistent organic pollutants)
 Pr
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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Answer B

P)
M
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The pollution that is most commonly generated by the

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combustion of organic compounds is carbon monooxide.

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Carbon monoxide is a compound containing one carbon

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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
atom and one oxygen atom, therefore, giving it the

ho
at
formula CO.
R
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It results from the incomplete combustion of organic
e
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Pr

compounds such as wood, coal, oil and natural gas.

 Pr
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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Answer A

P)
1. Primary pollutants are directly emitted from the processes such

M
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as fossil fuel consumption. Volcanic eruption and factories.

,D
The major primary pollutants are oxides of sulphur, oxides of

r
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nitrogen, oxides of carbon, particulate matter, methane,

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ammonia, chlorofluorocarbons.

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
ho
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2. Secondary pollutants are not emitted directly. The secondary
R
ep
pollutants form when the primary pollutants react with
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ad

themselves or other components of the atmosphere.

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Most important secondary level air pollutants are ground level

Ozone, PAN, Smog and pops (persistent organic pollutants)
 Pr
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P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Answer D
The Clean Air Act in the US requires the Environment Protection
Agency (EPA) to set National Ambient Air Quality Standards.

P)
M
TE
Pollutant Averaging Time Standard

,Dr
8 hr 10 mg/m3

re
Carbon Monoxide

tu
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(CO)

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
Nitrogen Dioxide Annual 100 ug/m3

ho
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(NO2)
R
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Annual 80 ug/m3
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Sulphur Dioxide
Pr

(SO2)
Ozone (O3) 1 hr 235 ug/m3
 Pr
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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Answer C

P)
M
Spray towers can be utilized in decreasing the pollutant

TE
concentration in the atmosphere.

,Dr
Many nozzles are placed across the tower at different heights to

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tu
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spray all of the gas as it moves up through the tower.

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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

The reasons for using many nozzles is to maximize the number of

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fine droplets impacting the pollutant particles and to provide a
at
R
large surface area for absorbing gas.
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Theoretically, the smaller the droplets formed, the higher the

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collection efficiency achieved for both gaseous and particulate

pollutants.
 Pr
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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 Pr
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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 Answer A

Pr
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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 Pr
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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 P)
M
Answer B

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Ozone depletion is a major environmental problem

tu
ec
because it increases the amount of ultraviolet (UV)

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
radiation that reaches Earth’s surface, which increases the

ho
at
rate of skin cancer, motiyaabind, and genetic and immune
R
ep
system damage.
e
ad
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 Pr
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R
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(L
ec
tu
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r,D
TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Answer B

P)
M
TE
Normal, clean rain has a pH value of between 5.0 and 5.5,

,D
which is slightly acidic.

r
re
tu
ec
(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

However, when rain combines with sulfur dioxide or

re
ho
nitrogen oxides (produced from power plants and
at
R
automobiles) the rain becomes much more acidic.
eep
ad
Pr

Acid rain has a pH of 5.0 or less.

 Pr
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R
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(L
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🙏☺

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TE
M
P)
Thank You For Watching

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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

SSC-JE, RRB-JE, State SSSC-JE
AE State PSC

P)
M
TE
(171 to 180)

,Dr
re
tu
Environmental

ec
(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
Engineering
ho
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R
ep
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Pr

-By Pradeep Rathore

 Pr
ad
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R
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(L
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TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Answer B

P)
M
TE
Acid rain is caused by a chemical reaction that begins

,D
when compounds like sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides

r
re
tu
are released into the air.

ec
(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
ho
These substances can rise very high into the atmosphere,
at
R
where they mix and react with water, oxygen, and other
ep
e
ad

chemicals to form more acidic pollutants, known as acid

Pr

rain.
 Pr
ad
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R
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(L
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tu
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r,D
TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 Pr
ad
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R
at
ho
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(L
ec
tu
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r,D
TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 P)
M
Answer B

TE
,Dr
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Human ear audible sound pressure levels range from 20

tu
ec
μPa (hearing threshold) till 20 Pa (pain threshold).

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
ho
at
The scale uses the hearing threshold of 20 μPa or
R
ep
20 x 10-6 Pa as the reference level. This is defined as 0 dB.
e
ad
Pr
 Pr
ad
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R
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ho
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(L
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TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Answer B
Pollutants Concentration Of Ambient Air (ug/m3)

P)
Industrial Area Residential Sensitive

M
TE
,D
SPM 500 200 100

r
re
tu
ec
(L
SO2 120 80 30

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
ho
at
NO 120 R 80 30
eep
ad
Pr

CO 5000 2000 1000

 Pr
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R
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(L
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r,D
TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 Answer A

Pr
ad
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R
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(L
ec
tu
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r,D
TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
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r,D
TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 P)
M
TE
Answer C

,Dr
re
tu
ec
Effective stack height = Stack height + vertical plume rise

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
= 150 + 8

ho
at
= 158 m
ep
R
e
ad
Pr
 Pr
ad
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R
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ho
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(L
ec
tu
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r,D
TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Answer B

P)
The Lapse Rate is the rate at which temperature changes with

M
height in the Atmosphere.

TE
,Dr
re
The Environmental Lapse Rate is the actual rate at which the

tu
ec
ambient temperature changes with height.

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
ho
at
The adiabatic lapse rate is the rate at which the temperature of
R
ep
an air parcel changes in response to the compression or
e
ad

expansion associated with elevation change, under the

Pr

assumption that the process is adiabatic, i.e., no heat exchange

occurs between the given air parcel and its surroundings.
 Pr
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ec
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r,D
TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Answer B

P)
The Lapse Rate is the rate at which temperature changes with

M
height in the Atmosphere.

TE
,Dr
re
The Environmental Lapse Rate is the actual rate at which the

tu
ec
ambient temperature changes with height.

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
ho
at
The adiabatic lapse rate is the rate at which the temperature of
R
ep
an air parcel changes in response to the compression or
e
ad

expansion associated with elevation change, under the

Pr

assumption that the process is adiabatic, i.e., no heat exchange

occurs between the given air parcel and its surroundings.
 Pr
ad
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R
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ho
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(L
ec
tu
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r,D
TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Answer A

P)
Hardness of water is the property of water which prevent

M
TE
lathering of the soap.

,D
1. Temporary Hardness Or Carbonate Hardness:- is caused due to

r
re
presence of bicarbonates of calcium and magnesium.

tu
ec
It can be removed easily by either boiling or by adding lime

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
solution in the water.

ho
at
R
ep
2. Permanent Hardness Or Non-Carbonate Hardness:- is due to
e
ad

the presence of sulphates, chlorides and nitrates of calcium and

Pr

magnesium.
This hardness can not be removed by boiling only.
 Pr
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TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Answer B
A. For potable water, the amount of chloride should not exceed 250 ppm.

P)
M
B. The most common cause of blue baby syndrome is water

TE
contaminated with nitrates. After a baby drinks formula made with

,D
nitrate-rich water, the body converts the nitrates into nitrites. These

r
re
tu
nitrites bind to the hemoglobin in the body, forming methemoglobin,

ec
(L
which is unable to carry oxygen.

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
Nitrates should not exceed 45ppm.

ho
at
C. Flourides are found in natural waters and are desirable at a minimum
R
limit of about 0.6ppm to 1.5ppm to prevent dental caries and at a
ep
e

maximum of about 3ppm to prevent molting of the teeth of infants. The

ad
Pr

maximum limit permitted is 1.5ppm.

D. Lead the presence of lead in water causes lead poisoning, because of
it’s tendency to accumulate in the body.
 Pr
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(L
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r,D
TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 Answer C

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
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(L
ec
tu
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r,D
TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 Pr
ad
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R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
🙏☺

r ,D
TE
M
P)
Thank You For Watching

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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

SSC-JE, RRB-JE, State SSSC-JE
AE State PSC

P)
M
TE
(181 to 190)

,Dr
re
tu
Environmental

ec
(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
Engineering
ho
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Pr

-By Pradeep Rathore

 Pr
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TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 Pr
Answer A
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R
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(L
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tu
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r,D
TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 Pr
ad
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R
at
ho
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(L
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tu
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r,D
TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 Pr
Answer B
ad
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R
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(L
ec
tu
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TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
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(L
ec
tu
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r,D
TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 Pr
Answer D
ad
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R
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ho
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(L
ec
tu
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r,D
TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 Pr
ad
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R
at
ho
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(L
ec
tu
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r,D
TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Answer A

P)
M
De-Chlorination:- The partial or complete reduction of residual

TE
chlorine after treatment is called de-chlorination.

,Dr
re
tu
1. Sulphur dioxide:- In bigger plants it is mostly used.

ec
(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
ho
2. Sodium Bisulphite:- It is used in small plants.
at
R
eep
3. Sodium Thiosulphate:- It is used mostly in laboratory tests.
ad
Pr

4. Activated Carbon:- It is used in small plants.

 Pr
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TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Answer B
Sedimentation is the process of removing suspended

P)
coarser particles in water by settling down them to the

M
TE
bottom of tank. For a particle to settle down, the flow

,D
velocity must be reduced. This process is carried out in a

r
re
tu
structure called sedimentation tank or settling tank.

ec
(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
ho
Efficiency is nothing but the performance of sedimentation
at
R
tank. It is maximum when the maximum amount of
ep
e
ad

suspended particles in the raw water are separated.

Pr

In sedimentation tanks, efficiency depends upon the depth

of tank.
 Pr
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R
at
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(L
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r,D
TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 P)
M
TE
Answer B

,Dr
re
tu
ec
Excessive salinity (seawater) can only be reduced by using

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
the Reverse Osmosis (RO) or Electro dialysis membrane

ho
at
techniques or by distillation.
R
eep
ad
Pr
 Pr
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R
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ho
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(L
ec
tu
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r,D
TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 Answer C

Pr
ad
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R
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ho
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(L
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tu
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r,D
TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 Pr
ad
eep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
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r,D
TE
M
P)
Answer B

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
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(L
ec
tu
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TE
M
P)
Answer B

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Parameters Desirable Limits
Turbidity 10 ppm
Colour 10-20 For domestic water on

P)
platinum cobalt scale

M
TE
pH 6.5 to 8.5

,D
Taste and Odour Would not be objectionable

r
re
tu
Total dissolved solids 500 ppm

ec
Total hardness 200 ppm

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
Chlorides 200

ho
at
Sulphates 200
R
ep
Fluorides 0.6 to 1.2
e
ad

Nitrates 45
Pr

Calcium 75
Magnesium 30
Iron 0.3
 Pr
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TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Answer B
 Pr
ad
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R
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ho
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(L
ec
tu
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🙏☺

r ,D
TE
M
P)
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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

SSC-JE, RRB-JE, State SSSC-JE
AE State PSC

P)
M
TE
(191 to 200)

,Dr
re
tu
Environmental

ec
(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
Engineering
ho
at
R
ep
e
ad
Pr

-By Pradeep Rathore

 Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 Answer C

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 Answer A

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)
Answer B

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 P)
M
TE
Answer A

,Dr
re
tu
ec
Sludge Volume Index:- is the volume in millilitres occupied

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
by one gram of activated sludge after settling period of 30

ho
at
minutes.
R
eep
ad
Pr
 Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Answer C

P)
M
COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) is the total measurement of all

TE
chemicals (organics & in-organics) in the water / waste water.

,Dr
re
tu
BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand) is a measure of, the amount

ec
(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

of oxygen that require for the bacteria to degrade the organic

re
ho
components present in water / waste water.
at
R
eep
BOD is preferred to COD as an index of sewage concentration
ad
Pr

because BOD relates specifically to putrescible organic matter

which is the most objectionable sewage constituent.
 Pr
ad
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R
at
ho
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(L
ec
tu
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r,D
TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 P)
M
Answer B

TE
,Dr
re
Detention period is a time taken by a water particle to

tu
ec
travel from inlet to outlet of settling tanks.

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
It is the ratio of volume of basin to discharge rate.

ho
at
R
ep
Detention period (t) = V/Q.
e
ad
Pr
 Pr
ad
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R
at
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(L
ec
tu
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r,D
TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 Pr
Answer D
ad
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R
at
ho
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(L
ec
tu
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r,D
TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 P)
M
TE
Answer D

,Dr
re
tu
When sewage is continuously applied on a piece of land

ec
(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

the pores or void in the soil gets clogged and the free

re
ho
circulation of air will be prevented . This is known as
at
sewage sickness. R
ep
e
ad
Pr
 Pr
ad
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R
at
ho
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(L
ec
tu
re
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TE
M
P)
Answer A

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Answer B

P)
M
TE
,D
A. Carbon Monooxide – Asphyxia or asphyxiation is a

r
re
condition of deficient supply of oxygen to the body that

tu
ec
arises from abnormal breathing.

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
B. The combustion of fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide

ho
at
(CO2), a major greenhouse gas, into the atmosphere.
R
ep
D. The gases responsible for acid rain are Sulphur dioxide
e
ad
Pr

(SO2) and Nitrogen (NOx).

 Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
🙏☺

r ,D
TE
M
P)
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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

SSC-JE, RRB-JE, State SSSC-JE
AE State PSC

P)
M
TE
(201 to 210)

,Dr
re
tu
Environmental

ec
(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
Engineering
ho
at
R
ep
e
ad
Pr

-By Pradeep Rathore

 Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Answer C

P)
Confined aquifer is an aquifer below the land surface that is

M
TE
saturated with water. Layers of impermeable material are both

,D
above and below the aquifer, causing it to be under pressure so

r
re
that when the aquifer is penetrated by a well, the water will rise

tu
ec
above the top of the aquifer.

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
ho
at
Unconfined aquifer is an aquifer whose upper water surface
R
ep
(water table) is at atmospheric pressure, and thus is able to rise
e
ad

and fall. Water-table aquifers are usually closer to the Earth's

Pr

surface than confined aquifers are, and as such are impacted by

drought conditions sooner than confined aquifers.
 Pr
ad
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R
at
ho
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(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Answer C
Properties Rapid Sand Filter Slow Sand Filter

P)
Area Small area Large area

M
TE
Rate of filtration 4000-7500 100-400

,Dr
re
(L/m2/hr)

tu
ec
Sand size 0.4-0.7 mm 0.2-0.3 mm

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
ho
Pretreatment Coagulation and Sedimentation

at
R
Sedimentation
ep
e

Filter cleaning Backwashing Scraping

ad
Pr

Operation More skilled Less skilled

Removal of Bacteria 98-99% 99.99%
 Pr
ad
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R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Answer B

P)
M
Depending on the concentration of solids and the tendency of

TE
particles to interact the following four types of settling may

,Dr
occur:

re
tu
ec
1. Type 1 – Discrete settling:- In discrete settling, particles settle

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

as individual entities, and there is no significant interaction with

re
ho
neighbouring particles.
at
R
ep
e

2. Type 2 – Flocculent settling:- In flocculent settling, particles

ad
Pr

flocculate or during settling. By flocculation , the particles

increase in mass and thus settle at a faster rate.
3. Type 3 – Hindered or zone settling:- When concentration of
flocculent particles in intermediate range, they are close enough

P)
M
together so that inter-particle forces are sufficient to hinder the

TE
settling of neighbouring particles resulting in hindered settling.

,Dr
re
tu
4. Type 4 – Compression settling:- This refers to settling in which

ec
(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

the concentration of particles is so high that particles are in

re
ho
physical contact with each other resulting in the formation of a
at
R
structure with lower layers supporting the weight of upper layers.
ep
e

Consequently further settling occurs due to compression of the

ad
Pr

whole structure of particles and accompanied by squeezing out

of water from the pores between the solid particles.
 Pr
ad
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R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 Pr
Answer C
ad
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R
at
ho
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(L
ec
tu
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r,D
TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 Pr
Answer A
ad
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R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Answer B
Advantages of Dead End System

P)
1. Pipes in this network can be laid easily.

M
TE
,D
2. The pressure and discharge in each pipe can be determined

r
re
very easily and accurately which makes design calculations very

tu
ec
simple.

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
ho
at
3. The diameters of pipes of main, sub mains and branches can
R
ep
be designed based on the required demand of population. So,
e
ad

cost of the project can be reduced.

Pr

4. Dead end system requires less number of cutoff valves.

Disadvantages
1. The pressure is not constant and is very less at remote parts.

P)
M
2. Because of dead ends water stagnation takes place which

TE
,D
results in deposition of sediment. To remove this sediments,

r
re
more number of scour valves are to be provided at the dead ends

tu
ec
which increase economy.

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
ho
at
3. If there is any damage occurs in the branch line, the whole
R
ep
portion should be stopped to repair that which creates
e
ad

discomfort to the other users in that sub main line.

Pr

4. In this system, Limited discharge is available for firefighting.

 Pr
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R
at
ho
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(L
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tu
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TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 Pr
ad
e ep
R
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(L
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tu
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r,D
TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 Pr
Answer D
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R
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ho
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tu
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TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 P)
M
Answer B

TE
,Dr
re
Dissolved oxygen in and unpolluted river will be equal to

tu
ec
saturation DO which reduces with increase in temperature.

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
Since temperature is more in summer than winter, an

ho
at
unpolluted river would contain less DO in summer than in
R
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winter.
e
ad
Pr
 Pr
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R
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ho
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(L
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tu
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r,D
TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 P)
M
TE
Answer D

,Dr
re
tu
ec
BOD reaction rate constant (K) varies with temperature T°C

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
by the equation

ho
at
KT = K20 (1.047)^(T-20)
R
ep
e
ad
Pr
 Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Answer D

P)
Combined sewer systems are sewers that are designed to

M
TE
collect rainwater runoff, domestic sewage, and industrial

,D
wastewater in the same pipe.

r
re
tu
ec
(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
ho
at
R
eep
ad
Pr
 Pr
ad
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R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
🙏☺

r ,D
TE
M
P)
Thank You For Watching

Like, Comment, Share and Subscribe

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

SSC-JE, RRB-JE, State SSSC-JE
AE State PSC

P)
M
TE
(211 to 220)

,Dr
re
tu
Environmental

ec
(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
Engineering
ho
at
R
ep
e
ad
Pr

-By Pradeep Rathore

 Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Answer D

P)
A. Sludge Volume Index is used to describe the settling

M
TE
characteristics of sludge in the aeration tank in Activated Sludge

,D
Process.

r
re
tu
B. Sludge thickening is a process in which the solids concentration

ec
(L
is increased and the total sludge volume is correspondingly

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
decreased, but the sludge still behaves like a liquid instead of a

ho
at
solid.
R
ep
C. Heavy organic material sinks to the bottom (as sludge), and
e
ad

light material (fats, oils and greases) floats to the top (as scum).
Pr

Skimmers remove scum from the surface of the water and

conveyor belts remove sludge from the tank bottom.
 Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Answer B

P)
1. Preliminary treatment:-

M
TE
A. Screening:- To remove dead animals, tree branches and large size solid

,D
matters.

r
re
B. Grit chamber and Detritus tanks:- To remove heavy settleable inorganic

tu
ec
matters.

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

C. Skimming tanks:- To remove grease and oily matters and also to

re
ho
remove other small floating matters.

at
R
2. Sedimentation:- At sewage treatment plants, sedimentation is generally
ep
carried out twice, once before the biological treatment (Primary
e
ad

sedimentation) and once after the biological treatment (Secondary

Pr

sedimentation).
@Aerations
 Pr
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R
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tu
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r,D
TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Answer D

P)
Mixed liquor is a mixture of raw or settled wastewater and

M
activated sludge contained in an aeration basin in the activated

TE
,D
sludge process.

r
re
Mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) is the concentration

tu
ec
of suspended solids in mixed liquor, usually expressed in

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
milligrams per liter (mg/l).

ho
at
R
ep
Mixed liquor suspended solids = 1000 mg/l × 400 m3
e
ad

= 1000 mg/l × 400 × 1000 l

Pr

= 1000 × 400 × 1000 mg

= 400 kg
 Pr
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R
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ho
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r,D
TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Answer A

P)
M
Anaerobic digestion is a natural biological process that

TE
,D
converts biomass into energy (biogas) in the absence of

r
re
oxygen.

tu
ec
(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
Stages

ho
at
1. Acid Fermentation / Acid Production
R
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2. Acid Regression
e
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Pr

3. Alkaline Fermentation
4. Stabilised sludge and Methane gas
 Pr
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R
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(L
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tu
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TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 P)
M
Answer A

TE
,Dr
re
Traps are defined as

tu
ec
fittings at the end of

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
soil pipes to prevent

ho
at
foul gases coming out
R
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of the soil pipe.
e
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Pr
 Pr
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R
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(L
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tu
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r,D
TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Answer B

P)
A thermal power plant is a power station that converts heat

M
TE
energy into electric power.

,Dr
re
1. Carbon dioxide is one of the main gases that is released from

tu
ec
the burning of the fossil fuels and is known to be a greenhouse

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
gas and a contributor of global warming.

ho
at
2. Sulfur dioxide & Nitrogen oxides are another gases that are
R
ep
released to the atmosphere by thermal power plants.
e
ad

3. The other big pollutant to the atmosphere is ash. Ash often

Pr

contains harmful particulate matter {Suspended particulate

matter (SPM) } as well as heavy metals.
 Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Answer B

P)
M
TE
,D
Methods of Sanitary Landfilling:- Sanitary landfill as a

r
re
method of disposing of refuse on land.

tu
ec
(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
1. Area method is best suited for flat or gently sloping

ho
at
areas where some land depressions may exist. The wastes
R
ep
are spread, compacted and then covered with material
e
ad
Pr

which may need to be hauled in from adjacent areas.

2. Trench method consists of an excavated trench into
which the solid wastes are spread, compacted and

P)
covered. The trench method is best suited for nearly level

M
TE
land where the water table is not near the surface. Usually

,D
the soil excavated from the trench is used for cover

r
re
tu
material.

ec
(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
ho
3. Slope or ramp is sometimes used in combination with
at
R
the other two methods. The wastes are spread on an
eep
ad

existing slope, compacted and covered. This variation may

Pr

be suitable for most areas. The cover materials usually

come from just ahead of the working face.
 Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
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(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Answer A

P)
A. Surface water contains inorganic suspended matter, organic

M
TE
suspended matter and pathogens mainly. They are generally soft

,D
and less corrosive than ground water. So coagulation,

r
re
flocculation, sedimentation, filtration and disinfection shall be

tu
ec
the treatment.

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
C. Lake water will have odour, taste and colour due to heavy algal

ho
at
growth. Some turbidity will also be there due to mixing of layers.
R
ep
So CuSO4 treatment for colour, odour and taste followed by
e
ad

coagulation, sedimentation, filtration and disinfection is needed.

Pr

D. Ground water has no suspended matter and it can be used

after disinfection.
 Pr
ad
e ep
R
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ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 P)
M
Answer A

TE
,Dr
re
Defluoridation using Nalgonda technique uses alum with

tu
ec
prior mixing of lime (CaO) or sodium carbonate (Na2CO3).

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
The added lime helps to ensure adequate alkalinity

ho
at
required for effective hydrolysis of alum, so that residual
ep
R
alum does not remain in the treated water.
e
ad
Pr
 Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 Answer D

Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 Pr
ad
e ep
R
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ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
🙏☺

r ,D
TE
M
P)
Thank You For Watching

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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

SSC-JE, RRB-JE, State SSSC-JE
AE State PSC

P)
M
TE
(221 to 230)

,Dr
re
tu
Environmental

ec
(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
Engineering
ho
at
R
ep
e
ad
Pr

-By Pradeep Rathore

 Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 Pr
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R
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ho
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(L
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tu
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r,D
TE
M
P)
Answer A

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 Pr
ad
e ep
R
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ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 P)
M
TE
Answer B

,Dr
re
tu
The ions usually accounting for majority of TDS in natural

ec
(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

waters are Na, Ca, Mg, HCO-3, SO4-2,Cl- etc.

re
ho
Hence their presence increases the electrical conductivity
at
of water. R
eep
ad
Pr
 Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
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(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 P)
M
TE
Answer A

,Dr
re
tu
ec
When two pumps operate in Series, discharge remains

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
same and head produced is doubled and if they operate in

ho
at
Parallel, discharge is doubled and head remains the same.
R
ep
e
ad
Pr
 Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 Pr
Answer C
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R
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ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Answer B

P)
M
For d/D = 0.5 and v/V = 1.0

TE
,Dr
re
Where,

tu
ec
d is depth of flow

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
v is flow velocity at depth d

ho
at
D is diameter of sewer
R
ep
V is flow velocity at full flow
e
ad
Pr

v = 1.0 m/sec
 Pr
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R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 P)
M
TE
,D
Answer B

r
re
tu
ec
(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Imhoff tank and septic tanks have anaerobic bacteria for

re
ho
BOD removal and waste stabilization.
at
R
eep
ad
Pr
 Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Answer A

P)
Sludge volume index is the volume occupied in mL by 1 gm of solids in the

M
mixed liquor after settling for 30 minutes. It indicates the physical state of

TE
,D
sludge produced in a biological aeration system. It is used to decide the

r
re
rate of recycle of sludge (Q) required to maintain the desired Mixed

tu
ec
Liquor Suspended Solids (MLSS) and Food to Micro organism (F/M) ratio

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

in the aeration tank to achieve the desired degree of purification. So by

re
ho
reducing recycling ratio SVI can be controlled.

at
R
The settled sludge volume ep
VOb = 27 cm³/lit = 27 ml/lit
e
ad

The concentration of suspended solids in mixed liquor, Xob = 3 g/lit

Pr

SVI = VOb/ Xob= 27/3 = 9 ml/gm

 Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
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(L
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tu
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TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
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(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Answer D
 Pr
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R
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ho
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(L
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r,D
TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 Answer D

Pr
ad
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R
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ho
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(L
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tu
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r,D
TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 Answer B

Pr
ad
B. Intercepting Trap

eep
R
at
ho
D.Cowl – Ventilating pipe
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r
C. P-Trap

,D
TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
🙏☺

r ,D
TE
M
P)
Thank You For Watching

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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

SSC-JE, RRB-JE, State SSSC-JE
AE State PSC

P)
M
TE
(231 to 240)

,Dr
re
tu
Environmental

ec
(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
Engineering
ho
at
R
ep
e
ad
Pr

-By Pradeep Rathore

 Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Answer C*

P)
M
TE
Carbon monoxide (CO) affect human aerobic metabolism

,D
by forming carboxyhaemoglobin (COHb).

r
re
tu
ec
(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Oxides of nitrogen (NOx) includes – nitric oxide (NO),

re
ho
nitrogen dioxide (NO2).
at
R
NO and NO2 are of primary concern as air pollutants.
eep
ad

NO2 plays major role in the production of secondary air

Pr

pollutant ozone (O3).

 Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 Pr
Answer B
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
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(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Answer C

P)
A. Sanitary landfill method pollute ground water.

M
TE
,D
B & C. Incineration and pyrolysis release air pollutants.

r
re
tu
ec
D. Composting dose not has any harmful effect.

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
Composting is an aerobic method (meaning that it requires the

ho
at
presence of air) of decomposing organic solid wastes.
R
ep
It can therefore be used to recycle organic material.
e
ad

The process involves decomposition of organic material into a

Pr

humus-like material, known as compost, which is a good fertilizer

for plants.
 Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 P)
M
TE
Answer C

,Dr
re
tu
ec
Impounding reservoirs can store water during high flow

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
and utilize the same during lean flow period (i.e. When

ho
at
flow in stream is less than demands)
ep
R
e
ad
Pr
 Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Answer B

P)
M
Chlorides are generally present in water in the form of sodium

TE
chloride and may be due to leaching of marine sedimentary

,D
deposits, pollution from sea water, brine or industrial and

r
re
tu
domestic wastes etc. Their concentration above 250 mg/l

ec
(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

produce brackish taste which is objectionable. It is measured by

re
ho
potentio-metric method using titration with silver nitrate
at
R
solution. In Argentometric method, of chloride measurement,
ep
silver nitrate titration in the presence of potassium chromate
e
ad
Pr

indicator is used.
The red precipitate of silver chromate indicates end of titration.
Brackish tatse of chlorides can be removed by:

P)
1. Evaporation and distillation,

M
TE
2. Electrodialysis method,

,D
3. Reverse osmosis,

r
re
tu
4. Freezing process,

ec
(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

5. Solar distillation method.

re
ho
at
R
Lime soda process and cation exchange process are used
ep
e
ad

for hardness removal.

Pr

Chemical coagulation is used for colloidal particle removal.

 Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 P)
M
TE
Answer D

,Dr
re
tu
The cleaning of slow sand filters is not done by

ec
(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

backwashing as is done for rapid sand filters, but is done

re
ho
by scrapping and removing the 1.5 to 3 cm of top sand
at
layer. R
ep
e
ad
Pr
 Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
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(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Answer B
Pr
ad
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R
at
ho
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(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Answer B

P)
Fluoride can be removed by:

M
TE
1. Nalgonda technique

,D
2. Activated alumina

r
re
3. Bone char

tu
ec
Nalgonda technique uses aluminium salt (alum) or manganese

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
zeolite (a natural green sand coated with manganese dioxide).

ho
at
R
ep
Taste and odour can be removed by:
e
ad

1. Aeration
Pr

2. Activated carbon
3. Copper sulphate
 Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 P)
M
TE
Answer A

,Dr
re
tu
ec
Check valve, clack valve, non-return valve, reflux valve,

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
retention valve or one-way valve is a valve that normally

ho
at
allows fluid to flow through it in only one direction.
R
ep
e
ad
Pr
 Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 P)
Answer C

M
TE
,D
Turbidity is a measure of the degree to which the water

r
re
tu
loses its transparency due to the presence of suspended

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(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

particulates.

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ho
at
R
Rivers during monsoon season have high suspended solids
ep
e
ad

concentration in suspension. This causes high turbidity.

Pr
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M
P)
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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

SSC-JE, RRB-JE, State SSSC-JE
AE State PSC

P)
M
TE
(241 to 250)

,Dr
re
tu
Environmental

ec
(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
Engineering
ho
at
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-By Pradeep Rathore

 Pr
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R
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tu
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TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Answer D
Oxidation Pond (Waste Stabilization Ponds):- is biological

P)
treatment system in which stabilization of organic material is

M
carried out by bacterial oxidation and/or photosynthetic

TE
,D
reduction of algae.

r
re
Oxidation ponds are used to treat sewage and bio-degradable

tu
ec
industrial waste.

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
Types of oxidation pond

ho
at
1. Aerobic ponds:- Treatment of soluble organic waste & effluents
R
ep
from waste water treatment plant.
e
ad

2. Anaerobic ponds:- Treatment of domestic and industrial waste.

Pr

3. Facultative ponds:- Treatment untreated screened waste

water.
 Pr
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R
at
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tu
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TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 Pr
ad
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R
at
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(L
ec
tu
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r,D
TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Answer C

P)
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)

M
The amount of oxygen that is required for the chemical oxidation of the

TE
,D
organic and inorganic chemicals present in the wastewater.

r
re
tu
ec
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

BOD is defined as the amount of oxygen demanded by the micro-

re
ho
organisms in the sewage for the decomposition of bio-degradable matter.

at
R
This is the most commonly used parameter to determine the strength of
ep
municipal or organic quality of the water.
e
ad
Pr

D. Nitrate concentrations above 45 mg/l may cause methemoglobinemia

or blue baby disease.
 Pr
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R
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r,D
TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 P)
M
Answer A

TE
,Dr
re
tu
Preliminary treatment units are:

ec
(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

1. Screening and communitor

re
ho
2. Grit chamber
at
R
ep
3. Flow equalization tank and flow meter constant.
e
ad
Pr
 Pr
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R
at
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tu
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r,D
TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 P)
M
TE
Answer B

,Dr
re
tu
1. The Forest Act, 1927

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(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

2. The Forest conservation Act, 1980

re
ho
3. The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981
at
R
4. The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986
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 Pr
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TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 Answer B

Pr
ad
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R
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(L
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tu
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TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
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r,D
TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 Pr
Answer C
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R
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(L
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TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
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(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 P)
M
Answer B

TE
,Dr
re
The process of too many plants growing on the surface

tu
ec
water bodies is called Eutrophication.

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
ho
at
Nutrients (phosphorus and nitrate nitrogen) cause
R
ep
eutrophication. It results in excessive algal growth.
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Pr
 Pr
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TE
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P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 P)
M
TE
,D
Answer B

r
re
tu
ec
(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Non-disposal of solid waste will result in biodegradation of

re
ho
organic matter.
at
R
ep
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Pr
 Pr
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ec
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TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 P)
Answer B

M
TE
,Dr
re
A spigot joint is a type of pipe fitting connection that is inserted

tu
ec
into another pipe fitting.

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

The spigot end typically has the same outer diameter as the pipe

re
ho
and is usually fitted into another joint called a socket.
at
R
Together, these two elements form what is commonly known as a
ep
e

socket and spigot joint.

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 P)
1. Handle Pipes with Care

M
TE
Use only proper lifting equipment.

,D
Make sure the pipe is balanced so

r
re
that it is

tu
ec
horizontal.

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
ho
at
2. Fit the Ring
R
ep
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3. Clean the Socket End

4. Prepare the Trench Bed

P)
M
TE
5. Line Up the Pipes

,D
Carefully centre the spigot

r
re
tu
within the socket

ec
(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
6. Make the Joint

ho
The jointing procedure should develop a steady controlled push or pull
at
R
until joint is in final position. Method of jointing will depend on size of
e ep
pipe. Ensure timber blocks are used to prevent damage to socket of pipe.
ad
Pr
 Pr
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TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 P)
M
Answer D

TE
,Dr
re
Hydraulic conductivity of the material can be defined as

tu
ec
the ability of the fluid to pass through the pores and

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
fractured rocks.

ho
at
The conductivity depends on the type of the soils that are
R
ep
found in the region.
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R
at
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tu
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TE
M
P)
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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

SSC-JE, RRB-JE, State SSSC-JE
AE State PSC

P)
M
TE
(251 to 260)

,Dr
re
tu
Environmental

ec
(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
Engineering
ho
at
R
ep
e
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-By Pradeep Rathore

 Pr
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R
at
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(L
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TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 P)
M
TE
Answer A*

,Dr
re
tu
Design period considers the useful life of any structure.

ec
(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Further hydrological analysis for design of the structure

re
ho
considers the frequency of occurance of extremes of river
at
flow. R
eep
ad
Pr
 Pr
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R
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tu
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r,D
TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 P)
M
TE
Answer A

,Dr
re
tu
For highly turbid and polluted water pre-chlorination

ec
(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

before coagulation-sedimentation reduces load on filter

re
ho
and also reduces the taste, odour, algae and other
at
organisms. R
ep
e
ad
Pr
 Pr
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R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 P)
M
Answer D

TE
,Dr
re
tu
Uniformity coefficient, Cu = D60/D10

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(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
ho
For SSF, Cu = 3 to 5
at
For RSF, Cu = 1.3 to 1.7 R
eep
ad
Pr
 Pr
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R
at
ho
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(L
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tu
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r,D
TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Answer C

P)
M
TE
The hardness of water is due to the presence of soluble

,D
bicarbonates, chlorides, and sulfates of calcium and magnesium.

r
re
Water which does not give lather with soap is hard water.

tu
ec
(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
Ion Exchange Resin Method:

ho
at
In this method, the permanent hardness of water is removed by
R
ep
using resins. Ca++/Mg++ ions are exchanged with Cl–, SO4-2 ions are
e
ad

exchanged with anion exchange resin (RNH2OH). Demineralized

Pr

water is formed in this process.

 Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
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(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Answer B

P)
M
TE
Detention period is a time taken by a water particle to travel from

,Dr
re
inlet to outlet of settling tanks.

tu
ec
(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Flowing through period is the time taken by a batch of water to

re
ho
travel from the entry to exit of settling tank.
at
R
ep
e

Because of short circuits produced in water current, flowing

ad
Pr

through period is less than the detention period.

 Pr
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e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Answer C*
A. Dead end system is economic and simple, and can be extended or

P)
M
expanded easily.

TE
B. Grid-iron system, the water reaches at different places through more

,D
than one route. The discharge to be carried by each pipe, the function

r
re
tu
loss, and the size of the pipe therefore, get reduced.

ec
(L
However, more length of pipe lines, a large number of sluice valves and

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
loops make the design difficult and costlier.

ho
at
C. Ring system has lesser number of valves and smaller pipe lengths. The
R
peripheral main pipe maintains reasonably equal pressures at all points.
ep
e

D. Radial system, water flow occurs from distribution reservoirs (centre)

ad
Pr

to branches (periphery and radial) in a radial manner. This ensures high

pressure and efficient water distribution to various zones. The
calculations for design of sizes are also simple.
 Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
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TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Answer B

P)
Small concentration (approximately 1 mg/l) of fluoride are

M
TE
helpful to prevent dental cavities in children.

,Dr
re
tu
Iron concentrations of 0.3 mg/l may cause colour problem.

ec
(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
ho
The Indian standard have desirable limits of 0.3 mg/l for
at
R
iron and 1.5 mg/l for fluoride.
eep
ad
Pr

Nitrate concentration above 45 mg/l may cause blue baby

disease.
 Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Answer C

P)
M
TE
A. The major sources of fluoride in groundwater are fluoride-

,D
bearing rocks.

r
re
Fluoride enters the body through food, water, industrial

tu
ec
exposure, drugs, cosmetics, etc., drinking water is the major

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
contributor (75–90% of daily intake).

ho
at
Due to its strong electronegativity, fluoride is attracted by
R
ep
positively charged calcium in teeth and bones.
e
ad

Major health problems caused by fluoride are dental and skeletal

Pr

fluorosis.
 P)
M
TE
B. Eating food or drink or breathing in air contaminated with lead

,Dr
or lead compounds for a short time usually does not cause any ill

re
tu
effects. In rare cases it may cause nausea, vomiting, diarrhea or

ec
(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

kidney damage.

re
ho
Exposure over a long period may cause people to become
at
anemia. R
eep
ad
Pr
 Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
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(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 P)
M
TE
,D
Answer A*

r
re
tu
ec
(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Turbidity, bacterial count and iron has no significant effect

re
ho
on efficiency of boiler. However, hardness causes scaling.
at
R
eep
ad
Pr
 Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 P)
M
TE
,D
Answer C

r
re
tu
ec
(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Self Cleansing Velocity is the minimum velocity that

re
ho
ensures non-settlement of suspended matter in sewers.
at
R
eep
ad
Pr
 Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
🙏☺

r ,D
TE
M
P)
Thank You For Watching

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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

SSC-JE, RRB-JE, State SSSC-JE
AE State PSC

P)
M
TE
(261 to 270)

,Dr
re
tu
Environmental

ec
(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
Engineering
ho
at
R
ep
e
ad
Pr

-By Pradeep Rathore

 Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Answer D
First sight rails are set over the trench. Then pegs can be driven to the
level of invert line and centre line of the sewer marked on sight rails can

P)
M
be transferred to the bottom of the trench. Finally, sewer should be

TE
placed in the trench.

,Dr
re
tu
ec
(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
ho
at
R
ep
e
ad
Pr
 Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Answer D

P)
M
TE
Grit chambers are basin to remove the inorganic particles to

,Dr
prevent damage to the pumps, and to prevent their

re
tu
ec
accumulation in sludge digestors.

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
ho
Surface loading rate = Q/A = 720/12×1.5 = 40 m³/hr/m²
at
R Or = 40000 lph/m²
eep
ad
Pr

Detention time = V/Q = (12×1.5×0.8/720) × 60 = 1.2 minutes

 Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 P)
M
Answer C

TE
,Dr
re
Organic material is substances that come from animal or

tu
ec
plant sources. Organic substances always contain carbon,

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
oxygen and hydrogen.

ho
at
Inorganic substances are on the other hand of mineral
ep
R
origin and do normally not contain carbon.
e
ad
Pr
 Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Answer D

P)
Aerobic digestion is an endogenous respiration process. Methane is not

M
produced in this process.

TE
,D
Advantages of aerobic digestion compared to anaerobic digestion are

r
re
1. Volatile solids reduction is approximately equal to that obtained

tu
ec
anaerobically.

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

2. Lower BOD conectrations in supernatant liquor.

re
ho
3. Production of an odourless, humus like, biologically stable end

at
R
product. ep
4. Recovery of more of the basic fertilizer value in the sludge.
e
ad

5. Operation is relatively easy.

Pr

Major disadvantages are

1. High operation cost associated with supplying oxygen.
 Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Answer D

P)
M
TE
BOD = (Initial DO – Final DO) × Dilution Factor

,Dr
re
tu
The dilution factor is the ratio of volume of diluted sample

ec
(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

of water to the volume of sewage.

re
ho
at
= (10-2) ×100/1 R
eep
ad
Pr

= 800 mg/l
 Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Answer A

P)
Raw sludge can be disposed of without digestion using lagoons

M
TE
(Lagoons are pond-like bodies of water or basins designed to

,D
receive, hold, and treat wastewater)

r
re
tu
ec
Seeding is the process of introducing microorganism from an

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
already functioning plant into a newly constructed plant. Due to

ho
at
seeding, the micro organism take some time to acclimatize
R
ep
themselves to the new environment and this is called lag phase.
e
ad

This is true for all type of plants (Activated sludge, trickling filter,
Pr

sludge digestion, etc) based on biological treatment. However it

is more important factor in anaerobic sludge digestion process.
 P)
M
TE
,D
Biofilters are high rate trickling filters based on recirculation of

r
re
effluent from trickling filter to primary clarifier.

tu
ec
(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
Contact beds for filtration of sewer is based on aerobic

ho
at
decomposition.
R
eep
ad
Pr
 Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Answer D

P)
M
When sewage is applied continuously on a piece of land, the soil

TE
pores or voids may get filled up and clogged with sewage matter

,Dr
retained in them.

re
tu
ec
Thus free circulation of air will be prevented and anaerobic

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

conditions will develop within the pores.

re
ho
Sewage sickness is the condition when soil pores get filled up and
at
R
clogged with sewage matter due to continuous application of
eep
wastewater effluent.
ad
Pr

This develops anaerobic conditions and foul gases like methane,

carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulphide are evolved.
In order to prevent sewage sickness

P)
M
1. Sewage should be given primary treatment

TE
2. The soil chosen for effluent irrigation/sewage farming

,Dr
re
should be sandy or loamy.

tu
ec
3. A proper under drainage system should be designed.

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
4. Land should be given rest for some time and ploughed

ho
at
thoroughly.
R
ep
5. Rotation of crops to be followed.
e
ad

6. Shallow depths of water should be applied.

Pr
 Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 P)
M
Answer A

TE
,Dr
re
Time of concentration (tc) is the time taken by water

tu
ec
droplet to reach the catchment outlet from farthest part.

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
So whole catchment contributes to runoff only when the

ho
at
time of rainfall is greater than tc.
R
ep
It is used to determine critical rainfall intensity.
e
ad
Pr
 Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Answer B

P)
M
The major physical processes involved in self purification

TE
,D
of watercourses are dilution, sedimentation and

r
re
resuspension, gas transfer and heat transfer. Gas transfer

tu
ec
includes oxidation.

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
ho
at
Dilution- In this method relatively small quantities of waste
R
ep
are discharged into large bodies of water.
e
ad
Pr

Gas Transfer- The transfer of gases into and out of water is

an important part of the natural purification process.
 Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Answer C
Septic tanks are based on anaerobic process.

P)
M
TE
Stabilization means

,D
1. Reduction of pathogens, 2. Elimination of offensive odours and

r
re
tu
3. Inhibitation, reduction or elimination of potential for putrefaction.

ec
(L
The principal methods for stabilization are

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
1. Alkaline stabilization, 2. Anaerobic digestion

ho
at
3. Aerobic digestion and, 4. Composting
R
ep
e

In septic tanks digestion of settled solids reduces the sludge compared to

ad
Pr

that obtained from primary settling tank.

The dispersion trenches oxidize the effluent from septic tanks to reduce
BOD
Assignment
Q) Consider the following statements

P)
The daily per capita consumption of water apparently increases

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with

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1. higher standard of living of people

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2. availability of sewerage in the city

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3. metered water supply

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
4. wholesome and potable quality of water

ho
at
which of these statements are correct?
R
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A. 1,2 and 3
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B. 2,3 and 4
Pr

C. 1,3 and 4
D. 1,2 and 4
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P)
Thank You For Watching

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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

SSC-JE, RRB-JE, State SSSC-JE
AE State PSC

P)
M
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(271 to 280)

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Environmental

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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

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Engineering
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-By Pradeep Rathore

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P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Answer D
The hydrocarbons and NOx (Nitrogen oxide) are the necessary

P)
ingredients to produce photochemical smog.

M
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,D
Unburnt hydrocarbons + NOx → Somg

r
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(Sunlight)

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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

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The end product of these photochemical reactions is

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photochemical smog consisting of air contaminants such as
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Ozone, PAN, aldehydes, ketones and alkyl nitrates and carbon
e
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monoxide.
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Thus oxides of nitrogen and unburnt hydrocarbons are

responsible for causing photochemical smog.
 Pr
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P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Answer B

P)
1. Electrostatic precipitator (High Voltage) is used for > 1 mm but

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can collect submicron particles also.

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,Dr
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2. Cyclone collector (based on centrifugal force) is used for 5 to

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25 um size particle.

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
ho
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3. Wet scrubber are used for gaseous pollutants.
R
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4. Adsorbers are specific to gases. A reactive liquid adsorbent

Pr

(water or limestone) may be used to remove Sulphur Dioxide for

flue gases.
 Pr
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M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Answer B
1. Eutrophication is caused by the nutrients like carbon,

P)
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nitrogen and phosphorus. It is a natural process of algal

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production and siltation of water body. The water body

r
re
become shallower.

tu
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(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
2. Organism that derive cell carbon from carbon dioxide

ho
at
are called autotrophs.
R
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Pr

3. Organisms that use organic carbon for the formation of

new biomass are called heterotrophs.
 Pr
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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 Pr
Answer B
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P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 Pr
ad
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R
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(L
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M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 P)
M
Answer C

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The sealant material should be more impermeable than

tu
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the soil. So sand will not be suitable material.

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
Flyash and lime themselves produce pollutants which

ho
at
dissolve in water. Therefore, these materials cannot be
R
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used as sealants.
e
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Pr
 Pr
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M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 Answer B

Pr
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M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 Pr
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R
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(L
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M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 P)
M
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Answer B

,Dr
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tu
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When two pumps operate in series, discharge remains

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
same and head produced is doubled and if they operate in

ho
at
parallel, discharge is doubled and head remains the same.
R
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e
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Pr
 Pr
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(L
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P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 P)
M
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Answer C

,Dr
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tu
Impounding reservoir is a basin constructed in the valley of

ec
(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

a stream or river for the purpose of holding stream flow so

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ho
that the stored water may be used when supply is
at
insufficient. R
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 Pr
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P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 P)
M
TE
,D
Answer D*

r
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tu
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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Aeration will oxidize the iron and manganese and then

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they can be separated by sedimentation.
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R
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Pr
 Pr
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M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 Answer B

Pr
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R
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(L
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P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Assignment
Q) Consider the following statements

P)
The daily per capita consumption of water apparently increases

M
with

TE
,D
1. higher standard of living of people

r
re
2. availability of sewerage in the city

tu
ec
3. metered water supply

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
4. wholesome and potable quality of water

ho
at
which of these statements are correct?
R
ep
A. 1,2 and 3
e
ad

B. 2,3 and 4
Pr

C. 1,3 and 4
D. 1,2 and 4
 P)
M
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Answer D

r
re
tu
ec
(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Metering of water supply reduces the tendency of people

re
ho
to waste water.
at
R
eep
ad
Pr
 Pr
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R
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ho
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(L
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tu
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🙏☺

r ,D
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M
P)
Thank You For Watching

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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

SSC-JE, RRB-JE, State SSSC-JE
AE State PSC

P)
M
TE
(281 to 290)

,Dr
re
tu
Environmental

ec
(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
Engineering
ho
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R
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e
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Pr

-By Pradeep Rathore

 Pr
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(L
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M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Answer A

P)
Slow Sand Filter Rapid Sand Filter

M
TE
,Dr
re
tu
ec
Effective Size (ES) = 0.2 to 0.4 mm 0.35 to 0.55 mm

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
D10

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at
R
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Uniformity 3 to 5 1.3 to 1.7
ad
Pr

Coefficient (UC)
= Cu = D60/D10
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P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 P)
M
TE
Answer D

,Dr
re
tu
If only ammonia is present then first chloromines will be

ec
(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

formed. Thus there will be no destruction of chlorine

re
ho
residual by reducing compounds, which is represented by
at
R
AB. So curve will be pass through origin.
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ad
Pr
 Pr
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M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Answer D

P)
Surge Tank:- tank connected to a pipe carrying a liquid and

M
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intended to neutralize sudden changes of pressure in the

,Dr
flow by filling when the pressure increases and emptying

re
tu
ec
when it drops.

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
ho
at
R
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Pr
 Pr
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M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 Pr
Answer A
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R
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M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 Pr
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(L
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M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 Pr
Answer C
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M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 Pr
ad
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R
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ho
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(L
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tu
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r,D
TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 P)
M
Answer D

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,Dr
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Sludge digestion is a biological process in which organic

tu
ec
solids are decomposed into stable substances.

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
Digestion reduces the total mass of solids, destroys

ho
at
pathogens, and makes it easier to dewater or dry
R
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the sludge.
e
ad
Pr
 Pr
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R
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ho
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(L
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tu
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r,D
TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Answer C

P)
Thickening is defined as removal of water from sludge to achieve

M
TE
a reduction in moisture content of slurries. The resulting material

,D
is still fluid. Thickening is used at most wastewater treatment

r
re
plants, as an economic measure, to reduce the volume of sludge.

tu
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(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
V1 (100 – p1) = V (100 – p)

ho
at
V1/V = (100 – 99) / (100 – 96)
R
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= 1 / 4 = 0.25
e
ad
Pr

Volume reduction = (V – V1) / V × 100

= 75 %
 Pr
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M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Answer A

P)
M
Dissolved solids very stable inorganic or organic substances that remain in

TE
suspension

,Dr
re
tu
Colloidal soilds Tiny clay and organic materials that float in water and

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(L
repel each other.

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
ho
at
Volatile solid is a substance that can easily transform from its solid phase
R
to its vapor phase without going through a liquid phase.
ep
e
ad
Pr

Suspended or settleble soilds Large particles of silt and sand that settle
out in a sedimentation basin or clarifier.
 Pr
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TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 P)
M
TE
Answer C

,Dr
re
tu
Oxidation ditch is based on extended aeration process.

ec
(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

There is no need of separate sludge digester as the

re
ho
detention time is very large. So sludge can be directly
at
R
taken to sludge drying beds.
eep
ad
Pr
 Pr
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R
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(L
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tu
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TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Answer C

P)
M
1. Screen chamber:- remove coarse materials (pieces of

TE
wood, plastics, rags, papers, leaves, roots etc.)

,Dr
re
tu
ec
2. Grit chamber:- are designed to remove grit, consisting of

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
sand, gravel, sanders, or other heavy solid materials that

ho
at
have specific gravities or setting velocities substantially
R
ep
greater than those of organic particles in wastewater.
e
ad
Pr

Grit chambers are most commonly located after the bar

screens and before the primary sedimentation.
3. Primary settling tank:- Suspended solids that pass
through screens and grit chambers are removed from the

P)
sewage in sedimentation tanks.

M
TE
,D
4. Trickling filter:- A trickling filter is simply a tank filled

r
re
tu
with a deep bed of stones. Settled sewage is sprayed

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(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

continuously over the top of the stones and trickles to the

re
ho
bottom, where it is collected for further treatment.
at
R
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ad

5. Secondary settling tank:- Secondary treatment removes

Pr

the soluble organic matter that escapes primary

treatment. It also removes more of the suspended solids.
 Pr
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R
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ho
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(L
ec
tu
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🙏☺

r ,D
TE
M
P)
Thank You For Watching

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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

SSC-JE, RRB-JE, State SSSC-JE
AE State PSC

P)
M
TE
(291 to 300)

,Dr
re
tu
Environmental

ec
(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
Engineering
ho
at
R
ep
e
ad
Pr

-By Pradeep Rathore

 Pr
ad
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R
at
ho
re
(L
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r,D
TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Answer C
Oxidation pond is based on algae-bacteria symbiotic relationship.

P)
M
TE
,Dr
re
tu
ec
(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
ho
at
R
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ad
Pr
 Pr
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R
at
ho
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(L
ec
tu
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r,D
TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 P)
Answer B

M
TE
,D
Anaerobic digestion is the process for the reduction of sludge

r
re
without the use of air or elemental oxygen.

tu
ec
(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
Anaerobic digestion is widely used as a source of renewable

ho
at
energy. The process produces a biogas, consisting of methane,
R
ep
carbon dioxide, and traces of other 'contaminant' gases. This
e
ad

biogas can be used directly as fuel.

Pr
 Pr
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R
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TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 P)
M
TE
Answer C

,Dr
re
tu
Parshall flumes (Parshall flume is an open channel) are

ec
(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

proportining weirs and they maintain constant flow

re
ho
velocity in grit chamber for settling (Type-I) of inorganic
at
particles. R
eep
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Pr
 Pr
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R
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(L
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r,D
TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Answer D
The activated sludge process is an integral process used to treat
wastewater. Air or oxygen is blown into raw sewage. The process oxidizes

P)
M
organic matters in the wastewater, producing new cells, carbon dioxide,

TE
and water.

,D
The sludge particles can then be removed through the process of gravity

r
re
tu
settling.

ec
(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
ho
at
R
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Pr
Food to microorganism ratio, and consequently proper

P)
proportion of return sludge from the secondary settling tank are

M
important parameters. The return of sludge will be necessary to

TE
,D
maintain adequate Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids (MLSS)

r
re
concentration to achieve desired degree of treatment.

tu
ec
(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
Sludge Volume Index (SVI) is calculated to evaluate the sludge

ho
at
setting characteristics. SVI values below 100 are desired and
R
ep
above 150 are typically associated with filamentous growth.
e
ad

The other measure of quantifying settling characteristics of

Pr

activated sludge is known setting zone.

 P)
M
Oxygen is required in activated sludge process in aeration tank

TE
,D
for oxidation of part of the influent organic matter, and also for

r
re
endogenous respiration of the microorganism in this system.

tu
ec
It should maintain specified level of DO in the wastewater i.e.

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
0.1-1.0 mg/l for conventional activated plants, 1-2 mg/l for

ho
at
extended aeration and above 2 mg/l for nitrification in the
R
ep
activated sludge plant.
e
ad
Pr
 Pr
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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 Pr
Answer B
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M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 Pr
ad
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R
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ho
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(L
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TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Answer A

P)
M
Every volcanic eruption is different

TE
on impact, and therefore different

,Dr
re
on the quantity and a variety of

tu
ec
pollutants emitted.

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

On average the outgassed

re
ho
composition release is 79% water
at
vapor (H2O), 11.6% carbon R
ep
e

dioxide (CO2), 6.5% sulphur

ad
Pr

dioxide (SO2) and 2.9% of other

pollutants.
Major pollutants from Automobile
1. Particulate matter (PM),

P)
M
2. Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs),

TE
3. Nitrogen oxides (Nox),

,Dr
4. Carbon monoxide (CO),

re
tu
5. Sulfur dioxide (SO2),

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(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

6. Greenhouse gases,

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ho
at
R
Carbon monoxide (CO):- This odorless, colorless, and poisonous
eep
gas is formed by the combustion of fossil fuels such as gasoline
ad
Pr

and is emitted primarily from cars and trucks. When inhaled, CO

blocks oxygen from the brain, heart, and other vital organs.
 Pr
ad
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R
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(L
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TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 P)
M
TE
Answer B

,Dr
re
tu
Aerosols or particulates or suspended particulate matter is

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(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

defined as the liquid or solid particles when they are

re
ho
suspended in gaseous medium. The term aerosol is used
at
R
during the time it is suspended in air.
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Pr
 Pr
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(L
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TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Answer D
Aquifer is a geologic layer of porous and permeable material such

P)
as sand and gravel, limestone, or sandstone, through which

M
TE
water flows and is stored.

,D
Artesian aquifer is a confined aquifer containing groundwater

r
re
under positive pressure or more than atmospheric pressure.

tu
ec
(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
ho
at
R
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ad
Pr
 Pr
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P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 P)
M
TE
,D
Answer D

r
re
tu
ec
(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Metering of water supply reduces the tendency of people

re
ho
to waste water.
at
R
eep
ad
Pr
 Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
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r,D
TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 Pr
Answer A
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R
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ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
🙏☺

r ,D
TE
M
P)
Thank You For Watching

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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

SSC-JE, RRB-JE, State SSSC-JE
AE State PSC

P)
M
TE
(301 to 310)

,Dr
re
tu
Environmental

ec
(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
Engineering
ho
at
R
ep
e
ad
Pr

-By Pradeep Rathore

 Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
r,D
TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 Pr
Answer D
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R
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ho
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(L
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tu
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r,D
TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 Pr
ad
e ep
R
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ho
re
(L
ec
tu
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r,D
TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Answer B

P)
The alkalinity is measured by titrating the water with an

M
TE
acid and determining the hydrogen equivalent.

,D
Alkalinity is expressed as mg/l of CaCo3.

r
re
tu
Methyl orange is an indicator with pH range 2.8 to 4.4. It

ec
(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

changes colour from red to yellow and thus indicates end

re
ho
of titration.
at
R
eep
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If total alkalinity is more than or equal to total hardness.

Pr

Carbonate hardness = total hardness

Non carbonate hardness = 0
 Pr
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P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 P)
M
TE
Answer B*

,Dr
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Small amount of chlorine (practically 0.2 mg/l) of residual

ec
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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

is ensure of the break point to safeguard the water against

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future recontamination, not for it is uneconomical to
at
remove. R
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 Pr
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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 Pr
Answer B
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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 Pr
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P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 Pr
Answer B
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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 Pr
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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 Answer A

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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 Pr
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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 P)
Answer D

M
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,D
Disinfection using chlorine is necessary part of water

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treatment for rural water supply.

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(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Therefore A and C cannot be the answer.

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Before slow sand filter, coagulation is not suitable.
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Therefore B is not possible

Pr
 Pr
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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 Pr
Answer A
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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 Pr
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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Answer D

P)
M
TE
Ventilation in sewers is needed to avoid

,Dr
1. The danger of asphyxiation of sewer maintenance employees.

re
tu
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2. The buildup of odorous gases such as hydrogen sulphide,

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

ammonia etc.

re
ho
3. The development of explosive mixture of sewer gases
at
R
principally methane and oxygen.
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4. Another reason for ventilating sewers is to ensure a
ad
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continuous flow of sewage inside the sewer.

 Pr
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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Answer C

P)
M
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,D
The daily BOD generated

r
re
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= 10,000 persons × 200 L/C/day× 300 mg/L × 10^-6

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
= 600 kg/day

ho
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R
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Thus area requirement = 600 (kg/day) / 300 (kg/day/ha)
e
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Pr

= 2 hectares
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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

SSC-JE, RRB-JE, State SSSC-JE
AE State PSC

P)
M
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(311 to 322)

,Dr
re
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Environmental

ec
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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
Engineering
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-By Pradeep Rathore

 Pr
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P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Answer C

P)
M
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There are two stages of decomposition in the BOD test:

,Dr
1. Carbonaceous stage or first stage

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Represents that portion of oxygen demand involved in the

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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

conversion of organic carbon to carbon dioxide.

re
ho
2. Nitrogenous stage, or second stage
at
R
Represents a combined carbonaceous plus nitrogenous demand,
ep
e

when organic nitrogen, ammonia, and nitrite are converted to

ad
Pr

nitrate.
 Pr
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TE
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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 Pr
Answer D
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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 Pr
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TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Answer B
Plumbing trap is a part of the drainage system. It is designed in such a
way that it retains a small quantity of waste water from the discharge, of

P)
M
fitting to which it is attached, as a barrier to prevent foul gases or air

TE
entering in the building.

,D
P trap is used with indian water closet.

r
re
tu
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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
ho
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R
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Pr
 Pr
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P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Answer A

P)
Hydraulic radius of sewer, R = A/P

M
TE
Where, P is the wetted perimeter of the C/S area (A) of flow

,Dr
re
Hydraulic radius of sewer flowing full

tu
ec
= (πD²/4) /(πD) = D/4 = 1/4 = 0.25 m

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
ho
at
Case1 At 0.75 m depth of flow
R
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r/R ≈ 1.2 ≈ 1.2 × 0.25 = 0.3 m Answer
e
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Pr

Case2 At 0.5 m depth of flow

r/R = 1.0 = r = 0.25 m
 Pr
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TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Answer D
Stabilization (Facultative) ponds are based on symbiotic relationship of

P)
bacteria in anaerobic zone and algae in the aerobic zone.

M
TE
The usual detention time is 7 to 30 days in facultative ponds.

,D
The bacteria are facultative.

r
re
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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
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R
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 Pr
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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 Pr
Answer C
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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 Pr
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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Answer C

P)
M
Incineration is a waste treatment process that involves the

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combustion of organic substances contained in waste materials.

,Dr
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The installation of an incineration plant is an expensive process.

tu
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Pollutes the environment. Incinerators produce smoke during the

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

burning process.

re
ho
at
R
Presorting, grinding and turning are required in composting.
eep
ad
Pr

Salvage by sorting can be adopted for non-biodegradable non-

combustible material only.
 Pr
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M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Answer C (1 Bar = 10⁴ N/m² & 1 ubar = 10 N/m²)

P)
M
TE
Sound pressure level (dB) = 20Log10(P/Po)

,Dr
re
tu
P is sound pressure in N/m²

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(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Po is reference pressure (2×10^-5 N/m²)

re
ho
at
R
For given sound pressure, P = 2000 ubar = 200 N/m²
eep
ad
Pr

SPL = 20Log(2000/2×10^-5) = 140 dB

 Pr
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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 P)
M
Answer B

TE
,Dr
re
Overflow rate is an empirical parameter describing the

tu
ec
settling characteristics of solids in a specific wastewater.

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
Overflow rate is defined as the volume of water flow per

ho
at
unit of time divided by the surface area of the settling
ep
R
basin.
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Pr
 Pr
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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Answer C

P)
M
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,D
Food-to-microorganisms (F/M) ratio indicates the organic

r
re
load into the activated sludge system and is expressed in

tu
ec
kilogram BOD per kilogram of MLSS per day.

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
The F/M ratio is one of the significant design and

ho
at
operational parameters of activated sludge systems.
R
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Pr

F/M ratio controlled by amount of sludge wasting.

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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 Answer D
Pr
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P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 P)
M
TE
,Dr
re
tu
(Calcium chloride)

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(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
ho
(Dichloramine)
at
R
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(Hypochlorous acid)
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Pr

(Sodium hypochlorite)
 P)
M
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Answer B

,Dr
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Free chlorine refers to both hypochlorous acid (HOCl) and

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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

the hypochlorite (OCl-) ion, and is commonly added to

re
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water systems for disinfection.
at
R
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 Pr
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r ,D
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M
P)
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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

SSC-JE, RRB-JE, State SSSC-JE
AE State PSC

P)
M
(323 to 332)

TE
,D
Last Part

r
re
tu
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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
Environmental
ho
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R
Engineering
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Pr

-By Pradeep Rathore

 Pr
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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 Pr
ad
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R
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ho
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TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 Pr
ad
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at
ho
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(L
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TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 P)
M
Answer C

TE
,Dr
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Coagulatio/Flocculation removes colloids and suspended

tu
ec
solids from the water.

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
These particles have a negative charge, so the positively

ho
at
charged coagulant chemicals (widely used Alum) neutralize
R
ep
them during coagulation.
e
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Pr
 Pr
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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 Pr
Answer A
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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 Pr
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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 P)
M
TE
,D
Answer C

r
re
tu
ec
(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Tapered flocculation:- where the velocity gradient slowly

re
ho
decreases through the basin.
at
R
eep
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Pr
 Pr
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TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Answer C*

P)
M
The aerobic zone in stabilization pond gives complete

TE
,D
purification by symbiotic relationship between algae and

r
re
bacteria.

tu
ec
The bacteria use oxygen as an electron acceptor to oxidize

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
the wastewater organics to stable end product such as

ho
at
CO2, PO43- (Phosphate).
R
ep
The algae in turn use these compounds as a material
e
ad
Pr

source and with sunlight as energy source, produce oxygen

as an end product.
 Pr
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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 P)
M
Answer C

TE
,Dr
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E-coli is a nonpathogenic bacteria of Fecal coliform group

tu
ec
of organisms.

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
ho
at
The number of surviving organism may be an indication of
R
ep
the time lapse since contamination.
e
ad
Pr
 Pr
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TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 P)
Answer A

M
TE
,D
The cost of ozonation is two to three times higher than the

r
re
tu
cost of chlorination.

ec
(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Since no residual remains, it will be necessary to use small

re
ho
amounts of chlorine after ozonation to provide continued
at
R
protection against regrowth of pathogens in the
eep
ad

distribution system.
Pr
 Pr
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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Answer C*
The dual media filter filtration rate between 10 to 20 m³/h/m².
It is approximately 4 times higher than that in rapid sand filter.

P)
M
The dual media filter has anthracite coal and silica sand is

TE
,D
medium.

r
re
The density of coal is less than sand so coal is on top and the flow

tu
ec
occurs from coarse medium to fine medium (silica sand).

(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
ho
Coal Sand
at
Depth 0.3 R 0.3
ep
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ad

Specific gravity 1.4-1.6 2.65

Pr

Effective size (mm) 0.9-1.0 0.5-0.55

Uniformity coefficient <1.8 <1.65
 Pr
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TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

 P)
M
TE
,D
Answer C*

r
re
tu
ec
(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

The horizontal flow velocity is maintained within 24 to 30

re
ho
cm/s, so as not to cause scouring.
at
R
eep
ad
Pr
 Pr
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TE
M
P)

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Answer A

P)
M
TE
A ferrule is a connection from the main system or your water

,D
distribution system to the individual buildings.

r
re
tu
ec
(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

If you are supplying water to a single storey building at the

re
ho
ferrule point you need to have a minimum of 7 m of head.
at
R
ep
12 m for Double storey
e
ad
Pr

17 m for triple storey

 Pr
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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

Answer D*

P)
M
Leachate generation is a major problem for municipal solid waste

TE
,D
(MSW) landfills and causes significant threat to surface water and

r
re
groundwater.

tu
ec
(L

Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)

re
Leachate can be defined as a liquid that passes through a landfill

ho
at
and has extracted dissolved and suspended matter from it.
R
ep
e
ad

Leachate movement should be controlled by well designed

Pr

drainage system. So that ground water may not get polluted.

 Pr
ad
e ep
R
at
ho
re
(L
ec
tu
re
🙏☺

r ,D
TE
M
P)
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Pradeep Rathore (Lecturer, DTE MP)