A TECHNICAL REPORT

ON
STUDENT INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME
(SIWES)

BY
Chuwuemeka CHUKWUEKE
REG. NO. MOUAU/12/25869

AT
THE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY OF MICHAEL OKPARA
UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE, UMUDIKE, ABIA STATE

SUBMITTED TO
DEPARTMENT OF LIBRARY AND INFORMATION
SCIENCE
COLLEGE OFAGRICULTURAL AND SCIENCE
EDUCATION
MICHAEL OKPARA UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE,
UMUDIKE, ABIA STATE.

NOVEMBER, 2015

1
 CERTIFICATION
This is to certify that Chukwuemeka CHUKWUEKE (REG. NO.
MOUAU/12/25869) has successfully completed the six months Industrial
Training undertaken at Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike
Library.

..................................................... ...................................

Supervisor Date

..................................................... ...................................

Head of Department Date

2
 DEDICATION
This work is dedicated to my beloved parents Mr & Mrs K.N. CHUKWUEKE for their
support.

3
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I wish to appreciate the efforts of the Former University Librarian Dr. (Mrs) Ahiaoma
Ibegwam, the present Acting University Librarian, Elder Uche Arua and my Industrial-based
Supervisor Mrs. Adaeze U. Jude-Iwuoha for all their encouragement and support and also I
want to show my bowel of appreciation to my Head of Department, Prof. R.U.
ONONOGBO, my academic adviser Mr. C.O NNADOZIE and all the Lectures in the
Department of Library and Information Science for all their supports towards enhancing my
academic performance and making me complete enough to face the labour market.

I specially recognise all my colleagues that participated in this Industrial Training (IT) and all
Library and Information Science Students. Also I wish to appreciate all my beloved brethren
mostly members of Deeper Life Campus Fellowship for all their prayers and encouragement.
I will not forget my parents Mr. & Mrs. K.N. CHUKWUEKE for all their kindness, love and
care towards me and for all their moral and financial support in training me in school

My special love and heart-felt appreciation goes to my siblings Chimeruo Gladys,

Uchechukwu Samuel, Ejike Daniel and Amarachi Gift Chukwueke, to my little Nephew
Chigozirim Kingsley Chukwueke and also to Mrs Juliet Onuoha for their love and care.

I owe profound gratitude to the staff and Management of Michael Okpara University of
Agriculture, Umudike library for providing an enabling environment for the industrial
experience, mostly to all the various Heads of Department for the basic impacts in relation to
library processes and routines.

I also wish to show my over flowing joy to my beloved brother and friend who assisted me
in ensuring that the work is typed. May God bless and reward you all! Amen

I give God all the praise for saving me throughout this period of Industrial Training,

4
 TABLE OF CONTENT
Title page i
Certification ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgements iv
Table of Contents v
CHAPTER ONE: 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Brief history of Industrial Training 2
1.3 Brief history of Michael Okpara University of Agriculture,
Umudike (MOUAU) 5
1.4 Organogram of the University Library 7

1.5 Functions of selected staff 8

1.6 Aims and Objectives 10

CHAPTER TWO: 12
2.1 Institutional Functions 12
2.2 The Reader's Services Division 12
2.3 The Technical Service Department 18
CHAPTER THREE: 23
3.1 Summary of Work Done 23
3.2 Work done in the Readers' Services Division 23
3.3 Work Done in the Technical Services Division 32
3.4 Specific Achievements 51
CHAPTER FOUR: 54
4.1 Relevance of Experience to Students' Field of Study 54
CHAPTER FIVE: 56
5.1 Observation - The Work Place 56
- SIWES 58
5.2 Recommendation 59

5
5.3 Perceived Needs of the Library 61
5.4 Conclusion 62
References

Appendixes

6
 CHAPTER ONE

1.1 INTRODUCTION

This is a report on the Industrial Training (IT) experience I had at Michael Okpara University

of Agriculture Library, Umudike for a period of six (6) months, starting from May to October

2015.

Training is an integral part of vocational or career development which is fast becoming a

global and pervasive phenomenon in any establishment, the absence of which spells doom for

such an institution and the presence of which determines the success of any enterprise or

company. In another view, training is an organized, coordinated development of knowledge,

skills and attitudes needed by an industrial worker to master a given situation or perform a

certain task within an organization setting which might be needful in future time. It was

observed that effective training brings about an increase in knowledge required in the job,

knowledge of the structure and institution/business arms of the organization.

Industrial training for Library and Information Science student is of paramount importance.

The students are expected to acquire adequate and relevant skills that would enable them to

perform effectively in their future place of work or assignment. In spite of the high level of

quality and qualified Library Science educators in Nigeria library schools, there are still gaps

in both the theoretical and practical knowledge acquired by the students. According to Ugwu

(2010), there is a serious need to give effective education and training to Library and

Information professionals for improved service delivery to the society. The quality of service

rendered in the library is in proportion to the level of knowledge and skills possessed by the

library staff and it is a fact that today library science students are the librarians of tomorrow,

and if effective service delivery should be expected from them, it is imperative that they are

given adequate opportunities to acquire an all round skills. The Student Industrial Work

7
Experience Scheme (SIWES) therefore is aimed at giving the students the opportunity to

relate and translate their theoretical knowledge to the real world of work. Therefore, the roles

that training can play in human resource development in Libraries and Information System is

inestimable and unquantifiable. This report therefore presents in detail my experience in the

course of the industrial work experience scheme.

1.2 BRIEF HISTORY OF INDUSTRIAL TRAINING FUND (ITF)

Industrial Training Fund (ITF) was established in 1971, the Industrial Training Fund has
operated consistently and painstakingly within the context of its enabling laws, i.e. Decree 47
of 1971. The objective for which the Fund was established has been pursued vigorously and
efficaciously. In the three decades of its existence, the ITF has not only raised training
consciousness in the economy, but has also helped in generating a corps of skilled indigenous
manpower which has been manning and managing various sectors of the national economy.
Over the years, pursuant to its statutory responsibility, the ITF has expanded its structures,
developed training programmes, reviewed its strategies, operations and services in order to
meet the expanding, and changing demands for skilled manpower in the economy. Beginning
as a Parastatal "B" in 1971, headed by a Director, the ITF became a Parastatal "A" in 1981,
with a Director-General as the Chief Executive under the aegis of the Ministry of Industry.
The Fund has a 13 member Governing Council and operates with 6 Departments and 3 Units
at the Headquarters, 27 Area Offices, 2 Skills Training Centres, and a Centre for Industrial
Training Excellence.

As part of its responsibilities, the ITF provides Direct Training, Vocational and Apprentice
Training, Research and Consultancy Service, Reimbursement of up to 60% Levy paid by
employers of labour registered with it, and administers the Students Industrial Work
Experience Scheme (SIWES). It also provides human resource development information and
training technology service to industry and commerce to enhance their manpower capacity
and in-house training delivery effort.

The main thrust of ITF programmes and services is to stimulate human performance, improve
productivity, and induce value-added production in industry and commerce. Through its
SIWES, Vocational and Apprentice Training Programmes, the Fund also builds capacity for

8
graduates and youth self-employment, in the context of Small Scale Industrialisation, in the
economy.

The Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) is a recognised program which

forms part of the Nigerian Universities Commission (NUC) approved academic requirements

in the various Science, Education and Agricultural programs offered in Nigeria universities. It

was established by Industrial Trust Fund (ITF) in 1973 to solve the problem of inadequate

practical skills preparatory for employment in industries by Nigerian graduates of tertiary

institutions. The minimum duration for SIWES is 24 weeks (6 months), except for

Engineering and Technology which is 40 weeks (10 months) in the universities.

The SIWES Programmes according to Onwuji (2004) being a skills acquisition programme

blends theory with practice in the industrial and commercial activities of our national

economy. Ugwuamji (2010) asserts that SIWES is a cooperative industrial internship

program that involves institutions of higher learning, Industries, the Federal government of

Nigeria, Industrial Training Fund (ITF), Nigerian Universities Commission (NUC) and

NBTE/NCCEE in Nigeria.

The scheme affords students the opportunity of familiarizing and exposing themselves to the

needed experience in handling equipment and machinery that are usually not available in

their institutions. Thus, the students' industrial work experience scheme provides avenues for

student in institutions of higher learning to acquire practical skills that they are likely to meet

after graduation. However, Wodi and Dokubo (2009) opined that if the Scheme is not

adequately implemented, it becomes difficult for graduates of the system to secure

employment in the occupations or make a smooth transition from schools to work. They

conclude that in spite of apparent economic difficulty, the SIWES in Nigerian institutions are

attaining its objectives. Nevertheless, SIWES plays a significant role in human resource

9
development in Nigeria and students. According to Ugwuamji (2010), students should be

aware of what the present society holds for them and adapt accordingly.

Relevance of SIWES

Generally, SIWES is targeted towards equipping students with skills and exposure which

ordinarily they may not be able to acquire within their institutions and lecture halls. It is

highly relevant as it provides opportunity for practical experience to complement theoretical

knowledge gained in the course of study. There is a serious need to give effective education

and training to Library and Information professionals for improved service delivery to the

society. Library schools were established in an age when librarians were preoccupied with

house-keeping collections and so library training then was primarily in the areas of

cataloguing and classification. Today, libraries and information services are undergoing

major transformation mainly due to the tremendous Information Technology (IT) changes

occurring globally. SIWES is essential because it ensures that Library and Information

Science (LIS) students are given the rightful opportunities to gain experience and

employability skills since industrial training or practicum can be an opportunity for industries

to evaluate trainees as prospective employees.

Objectives of SIWES

The specific objectives of SIWES as outlined by the Industrial Training Funds (ITF) policy

document No.1 of 1973, are as follows

 To serve as a bridge closing the wide gap between students and the labour market.

 To prepare students for the work situation they are most likely to meet in life.

 To expose students to some basic equipments, machines and tools which their

institution may not have exposed them to.

10
  To form a mutual relationship between the theory aspect of the discipline and the

practical part of it in real life cases.

 To give privilege of job opportunities to students thereby making it easier for students

to secure job after graduation.

1.3 BRIEF HISTORY OF MICHAEL OKPARA UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE

LIBRARY, UMUDIKE

Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike (MOUAU) formerly called Federal

University of Agriculture, Umudike (FUAU) was established as a specialised university by

the Federal Government of Nigeria via Decree No. 48 of 2nd November, 1992. It began

formal activities in May 1993. The University, which began with six (6) Colleges and a

School of General Studies in the 1993/94 academic year is located at Umudike, Ikwuano

Local Government Area, Abia State, Nigeria. It is located near institutions as Government

College Umudike, Abia State University, Umudike Campus, and the National Root Crop

Research Institute (NRCRI) Umudike. The university lies between longitude 7˚ and 7˚05'

East and latitude 5˚ and 5˚25' North. MOUAU is one of the three universities of Agriculture

charged with the central mandate and mission of impacting Agricultural education in a

scientific but practical way. MOUAU in her statement is directed towards impacting

knowledge of biophysical, biochemical and socio economical components of the environment

and how these processes can be harnessed for the production of food and fibre to meet human

needs without the degradation of the natural environment. In addition to the traditional

tripartite mission of universities – teaching, research, and community service, the University

of Agriculture Umudike has adopted “training” as a fourth mission, to ensure that its products

can go from “Lab to Land.” The University commits itself to the production of educated

farmers, the conduct of multi-disciplinary and relevant organized research, and the systematic

propagation of new and improved agricultural protocols (Annual Report, 2014). This

11
university which began with six (6) colleges presently has eleven (11) Colleges, a Continuing

Education Centre (CEC), a School of General Studies and a Postgraduate School with

different courses and programmes.

BRIEF HISTORY AND ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY

The University library was established at the inception of the university (parent institution) in

1994, following the promulgation of Decree No. 48 of 1992. The library provides materials to

support teaching, learning, research and extension services. It aims at helping the university

develop a centre of academic excellence in the provision of agricultural literature and other

reading materials for national development. To achieve the above objectives, the university

library co-ordinates all library services in the university for the benefit of staff and students.

The university library also co-operate with other libraries within and outside Nigeria in the

provision of learning and information management resources.

The main library building is located in the library Phase-one and Library Annex which the

library moved into in December 2013 and 2011 respectively. The university library operates a

collegiate system with libraries in the eleven colleges of the university. There are two major

divisions in the library. They are: Technical Services, and Readers Services.

12
 1.4 ORGANOGRAM OF THE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY.

VICE CHANCELLOR

University Librarian

Head of Supervisory
Unit:
IR Unit: HOD, Institutional
Security/Porters/office
Repository
Assistants

Deputy University Librarian i/c of Deputy University Librarian i/c

Technical Services Division Readers' Services Division

HOD, Collection HOD, Serials HOD, Reference

Development HOD, Bindery Dept. Dept.
HOD, Gifts &
Dept. Dept.
Exchange
HOD, Circulation HOD, ICT
Dept.
Dept. Dept.

HOD, Cataloguing
and Classification HOD, Indexing & Digital library
Dept. Documentation Dept.

College Librarians

CAFST COLNAS
COLPAS
CASE CVM CEET COLMAS
CCSS CNREM

LIS Accountancy
Figure 1.1: The Organogram of Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike Library
keys
HOD - Head of Department
i/c - In charge

13
1.5 FUNCTIONS OF SELECTED STAFF
University Librarian: The University Librarian is in charge of the overall library

management and administration and reports directly to the Vice-Chancellor. He oversees all

the functions and services of the library and controls all of its activities.

Deputy University Librarian i/c of Technical Services: He/she is in charge of all the

technical services of the library. He oversees the activities of the various departments under

the Technical Services Divisions and further controls the Heads of the departments. He

reports to and takes orders from the University Librarian.

Deputy University Librarian i/c of Readers' Services: He/she is in charge of all the

activities of the Readers' Services Division of the Library. He oversees the activities of the

various departments under the Readers' Services Divisions and controls the Heads of the

Departments. He reports to the University Librarian and takes orders from him or her.

HOD, Collection Development: The Head of the Collection Development Department

manages the collection building processes, procedures and policies of the Library. He

supervises services such as selection, ordering, evaluation, accessioning and administering of

the library ownership stamp on the library holdings and. He reports and takes orders from the

Deputy University Librarian in charge of Technical Services.

HOD, Cataloguing and Classification: The Head of the Cataloguing and Classification

Department plays the role of a Chief Cataloguer. He/she supervises the activities and services

rendered by the department and reports to the Deputy University Librarian in charge of

technical services. The activities ranges from cataloguing, classification, card production,

shelf-listing to filing of cards and card maintenance.

HOD, Bindery: The Head of the Bindery Department is responsible for the repairs and

rehabilitation of the library print materials. He/she supervises the activities of book binding

and reports to the Deputy University Librarian in charge of technical services

14
HOD, Reference: He/she supervise all the activities of the Reference Department of the

Library and makes sure that users' reference and information needs are met. He advices the

Head of the Collection development Department on materials in high demand and suggests

materials for library collection building. The Head of Reference Department reports and takes

orders from Deputy Librarian in charge of Readers' Services.

HOD, Institutional Repository: He/she is responsible for the management of the

institutional research output. He/she supervises the activities involved in the digitization of

the library print resources which involves the processes of scanning, copying and uploading

of files into the internet for the users of such materials outside the library four walls. He/she

reports and takes orders from the University Librarian.

HOD, Circulation: He/she is responsible and supervises all the circulation services of the

library. He manages the circulation materials and ensures that materials are rightly placed on

the shelves and that users' information problems are solved. He/she takes the daily statistics

of the users and materials consulted in the Circulation Department and advises the Collection

Development Department on relevant materials for acquisition. He reports and takes orders

from the Deputy University Librarian in charge of Readers' services.

HOD, Serials: He/she is in charge of the processes of serials management and control. he

ensures that relevant and current serial materials are acquired to solve the users' current

information needs. In addition to this, he/she supervises the selection, ordering, evaluation,

raising of kardex cards and the accessioning of journal articles and other grey literatures.

He/she reports and takes orders from the Deputy University Librarian in charge of Readers'

service.

HOD, Indexing and Documentation: He supervises the activities involved in the indexing

and documentation of Information materials. He further ensures that users' research

15
information needs are meant, he/she ensures that relevant and out-dated information and

information materials for research can be easily located and retrieved from the library stalk

HOD, ICT: He/she is responsible for all the digital services of the library. He ensures that

ICT facilities are properly managed and utilised by the library and the library users.

Furthermore, he/she makes sure that internet services are made available for use by the users.

He reports to the Deputy University Librarian in charge of Readers' services on readers issues

and to the University Librarian on technological issues.

HOD, Supervisory Unit: He/she supervises the Library Support Staff which include the

Portals, Secretaries, Cleaners, Accountants, etc. He/she ensures that their functions are well

performed. He reports and takes orders from the University Librarian and the Vice

Chancellor.

College Librarians: They are the managers of the various college libraries. They ensure that

relevant information materials are acquired and brought down to the various colleges for use.

they report directly to the University Librarian.

1.6 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

The aims and objective of the Library which is the reason for having my Industrial Training

in it, revolves round the vision and mission statement of the library. The university library as

an important organ of the university supports the mission, vision, goals and objectives of the

parent institution. Furthermore, the library has a mission statement

"To provide access to qualitative, sufficient and current information

resources in print and electronic formats and in a conducive atmosphere

needed for high quality practical training of students to become

professionally competent, confident and self-employed. The university

library has the additional mission of providing timely information needed

16
 to develop environment friendly people,

sensitive technologies and to enhance the well-being of the people through

extension and other interventions."

The vision statement is

"To build a world class university of Agriculture Library that would be a

reference point first in Sub-Saharan region and eventually in the world.

The library aim is to provide current information needed for generating

knowledge through food production and security will be assured in the

university's motto: Knowledge, Food and Security.

It is necessary for every Future Librarian to identify problems and proffer solutions of solving

them. To this end, the below mentioned aims and objectives of the library summarises the

functions and characteristics of every Librarian.

 To identification the users' information needs

 To provide relevant and current information and reference materials to

complement the university's objectives of teaching, researching and

community services which will benefit the information users information

and the host community.

 To assist the library users' in carrying out their project, theses, dissertations

and other academic researches

 To enhance the overall academic performance of the students.

17
 CHAPTER TWO

2.1 INSTITUTIONAL FUNCTIONS

The University Library is an academic library that deals mainly with the functions of

acquisition, organisation, dissemination, preservation and conservation of information and

information-carrying materials and the basic ways of managing the intellectual output of the

university community for its diverse users. This library has different sections and department

which functions differently with the aim of achieving the library's defined aims, objectives,

vision and mission of assisting the parent institution in the production of universally

competent graduates and to provide sufficient food and alleviate hunger in the country

through its numerous services involved with information creation, organisation.

dissemination, preservation and conservation both in print and non-print formats.

In summary, the library performs the following functions:

1. Acquisition of relevant and current information materials for users.

2. Organisation of the already acquired materials through the processes of cataloguing,

classification, indexing and documentation to aid the easy location of the materials

thereby saving the time of the user.

3. The library also disseminate information through the circulation, serials, ICT and

reference departments to its diverse users to enhance knowledge building

4. The library preserves information material and guides it against wear, tear and natural

disaster to enable the continuous availability of such materials for a reasonable period

of time.

5. The library conserves information and information-carrying materials for posterity

and makes it available when the need arises.

18
2.2 DIFFERENT SECTIONS POSTED DURING SIWES AND THEIR FUNCTIONS

During the SIWES program, I was posted to ten sections which makes up the two major

divisions of the library and performs the five essential functions of any library regardless of

the type and size, viz: The Readers' and Technical Services Divisions for the few months I

spent during the IT experience in order to enable masters its different functions and services

they provide. These sections are Circulation, Serials, Indexing and Documentation,

Acquisition, Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Reference, Cataloguing &

Classification, Bindery, Institutional Repository and CAFST Library, which were of great

importance to my course of study. The different sections operates with different functions

such as provision of information and reference services in Readers' Services Division made

up of Circulation, Serials, Reference, Indexing & Documentation, ICT Sections as well as

CAFST library. The sections found under the Technical Services Division includes the

Acquisition, Cataloguing & Classification, Bindery and Institutional Repository Sections and

performs the functions of identifying, acquiring, organising, preserving and conserving of

information and information materials of the University Library both in digital and non-

digital format. I was also posted to CAFST Library which performs the overall function of

servicing the information needs of the students of the College of Food Science and Tourism.

2.2.1 THE READERS' SERVICES DIVISION AND ITS FUNCTIONS

The Reader Services Division serves as the entrance hall of the University Library and is the

main reception for all visitors to the Library and the Exhibition Centre, receiving over 1000

visits per day. Users of the Library services ranges from Michael Okpara University of

Agriculture, Umudike academic staff, students (post graduates and undergraduates) to

visiting scholars such as researchers and users from sister-libraries and alumni.

1. It provides a welcoming first point of contact to the Library’s readers and visitors.

19
 2. It further serves as the public services area of the library, which concerns itself with

facilitating effective and purposeful utilization of library resources.

3. It could be identified as the public relations or customer services arm of the library

because most new patrons usually direct their enquiries to this section and how nicely

or badly these new users are treated goes a long way in moulding their impression of

the library.

The Circulation, Serial, Reference, ICT, and Indexing & Documentation Departments makes

up the Division. The activities of the readers' services are directly with patrons.

i. The Circulation Department

This department is charged with the responsibility of information dissemination. Currently,

the Circulation Department is located down floor of the library Phase-one complex and is

headed by the Circulation Librarian. It is the most patronised department because of its

numerous services which it provides for the users. The department houses Textbooks and

other literatures and organises its shelves according to subject and class marks devised by the

Cataloguing and Classification Department of the Library. The department has a reading

capacity of over four hundred users and has about four thousand (4000) registered users.

1. It offers services such as the registration of users, charging and discharging of books.

It receives her collections from the Cataloguing and Classification Department and

arranges her shelves according to subjects.

2. The most essential activity and function carried out by this department is the morning

shelf-reading which ensures the materials are placed in their rightful position for users

ii. The Serials Department

The Serials Department is responsible for the selection, verification, subscription, acquisition,

organisation and dissemination of current information services and resources to ensure

effective and efficient service delivery in the library. This department of the library is to some

20
extent regard as an independent unit because of its activities associated with serials

management and control. The nature of serials management is unique within libraries because

of its multi-directional workflow. Periodicals are ordered, received, checked in, put onto

shelves and maintained for public use, completed volumes are retrieved at specified intervals,

prepared and sent for binding and finally shelved in the stacks. The Serial collection is made

up of core journals and grey literatures such as magazines, reports, bulletins, proceedings,

newspapers, etc. A serial is a document in any format issued in successive parts bearing

numerical or chronological designations and is intended to be continued indefinitely. The

Department has a reading capacity of about one hundred and thirty three (133) users, it

subscribes to five national newspapers which comes on daily basis, they include The Nation,

This Day, The Guardian, Daily Sun and The Vanguard and is located in the first floor of the

Library Phase-one complex and is headed by the Serials Librarian.

1. In the serials reading room, current serial publications are displayed on the display

racks. This enhances publicity and consultation of these materials. The display lasts

till a new issue is received and the earlier one is withdrawn and replaced with the

latest arrivals.

2. This department majorly provides research output and current information domiciled

in the dailies. Adding to this, the department devises and in-house method of

organising her collection as well as the production of the kardex cards entries.

3. Although the bulk of material organisation lies on the technical service division, the

department as well performs such duty. Materials in the serials department are gotten

form the vendors or publishers and except in some exceptional cases.

4. They lends materials on short term loan period to the users when the need arises.

5. They as well engages in the daily shelf-reading routine.

21
 iii. The Reference Department

This department services the users' information and reference needs. Almost, the work of the

readers' service division of the library is domiciled on this department. Reference service in

libraries often involves direct, personal assistance which may exist in the forms of referral

and research assistance to readers or users with diverse information needs either about the

library, institution or outside the library context. Every library regardless of size and type

acquire, organize, disseminate, preserve and conserve information and information materials.

Reference services therefore fulfil the function of dissemination as well as organising some

of her materials through an in-house cataloguing and classification processes. Reference

services may involve use of an Information Desk, the telephone, email and other

communication channels for patrons and reference librarians to entertain reference questions

and provide their answers.

The reference service is aimed at providing to the users and community members information

and reference service in order to improve their life standard. The Librarians also succeeded in

developing in the patrons effective library use by teaching them the skills and techniques of

using different reference collections for effective and efficient research.

The functions of the reference department are:-

1. To provide referral services and assistance to users,

2. To answer reference questions,

3. To compile bibliography,

4. To provide alerting services such as Current Awareness Services (CAS), Selective

Dissemination of Information (SDI), book displays, exhibitions, etc.

Materials such as Encyclopaedias, Dictionaries, Yearbook, Government Publications,

Handbooks, Training guides, Directories, WHO is WHO, Guinness book of record, Past

22
question papers, research works (projects, theses and dissertations ), maps and atlases, etc are

housed in the Reference Department. This department receives its reference materials from

the Cataloguing and Classification Department and its research output from the Collection

and Development Department. The department like every other department under the readers'

service engages in daily shelf-reading job routine and charges its reference materials on a

short term loan period while some other material and the research output are consulted within

the four walls of the library.

iv. The ICT Department/Digital Library

Globally libraries are increasingly more interactive than passive. The advent of ICT into the

library has completely changed the face of librarianship to more of a social networking

centre. This is the only way one can attract young audience to use the library outside reading

to pass examinations. The new innovation has shot up the number of young people that use or

make the library their second home, which has reduced crime rates in some of the countries.

Libraries now have the quiet library reading area and the interactive areas which may have

computers for browsing. In Nigeria, access to Internet services always draws different

categories of users in various locations of the universities to the e-library services available in

these libraries. The users include faculty members, administrative/technical staff and office

assistants. Staff and students use the resources on the Internet for assignments and research

work. It is a common sight to see these categories of users in the e-libraries downloading

information from the Internet. Technicians, Clerks, and Office Assistants who do not

normally use the resources of other sections of the library such as Reference and Circulation

Sections meet at the e-libraries to send and receive messages from their friends and relatives

at home and abroad via e-mail. Apart from reading hard copy version of the newspapers,

users come on a daily basis to read newspapers electronically and access offline journals as

well as the online. This is one effective method in which the university libraries in Nigeria

23
serve as unifying factors in the communities where they are located. 21st century libraries

have therefore been transformed from traditional status of store house of information

materials (mostly print) into information centres where Information and Communication

Technologies (ICTs) could also be used to acquire, process, store, retrieve and disseminate

information. The emphasis on print resources or total dependence on them is no longer

reasonable. This is because, apart from cost, delay, bulkiness etc that characterise print

resources, print has a deficiency of assuming that everyone learns at the same pace and in the

same manner and is therefore not sufficient in today’s high-tech. multi-sensory approach to

learning. Digital technology has therefore become a major resource used by librarians to

enhance effective services delivery. Also it has a good number of advantages over the

traditional library system which include: No physical boundary, Round the clock availability,

Multiple accesses (a number of users can access the same material at the same time) and

Preservation and conservation (can be reproduced several times without wear and tear). Other

advantages are: Space saving, Networking ability, Cost saving and very friendly user search

and retrieval interface. Digital resources are made available electronically and can also be

accessed as such (electronically) through facilities like online computer catalogues, the

Internet and World Wide Web, digital libraries and archives, government portals and

websites, CD-ROM databases, online academic databases such as HINARI, AGORA, OARE,

TEEAL, etc or commercial databases such as MENDELEY and ENDNOTE all of which are

computer networked facilities.

They materials here includes: digitized print materials such as E-journals, E-books, maps,

images, sounds, videos and multimedia, etc. The department has a seating capacity of over

two hundred (200) users and is located first floor of the Library Phase-one complex. This

department is therefore responsible for the automation of the library services. Although this

24
department suppose not to fall under this division, during the SIWES period, the department

is still in the infant stage of servicing the users' needs digitally.

1. This department provides electronic library services to the library patrons.

2. They manages the library's digital materials domiciled in the library and online.

3. They provide internet connectivity for users and database services.

4. They manages the library's overall automation process and designs its policies.

v. The Indexing and Documentation Department

The Indexing and Documentation Department is another department under the readers'

services division of the library. The Serials Department and the Indexing and Documentation

Department houses newspapers but the difference lies on the use of these papers. In the

Serials Department, newspapers are read for leisure and to obtain current information while

in the Indexing and Documentation Department, these papers are received on monthly basis

and are consulted by students and research fellows for research and reference purposes. The

department is headed by the Indexing and Documentation Librarian.

1. The major service of this department is the indexing of newspapers and

documentation for reference purposes. Indexing is defined as the creation or

production and compilation of indexes. It is the provision of guide to the intellectual

content of documents showing the exact page of the article being indexed.

2. They as well documents the library materials. Documentation here refers to the

process of conserving the information materials for easy location and retrieval when

need arises. Like any other department, this department is as well open for users and

is headed by a Librarian with other staff under her.

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vi. The College of Food Science and Tourism (CAFST) Library

The College libraries where established mainly to carter the information needs of the students

of that particular college. The functions performed by the college library is the same as the

ones performed in the various departments of the library. Here, the only difference is that all

these processes are centralised because the College Librarian is seen as the library manager.

1. The CAFST library services the information needs of students of Home Economics,

Hotel Management, Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Tourism and Food Science and

Technology staff and students. Currently as at the time of filing this report, the library

receives its already processed materials from the Circulation Department and

donations from the college and makes them accessible to users. The library is located

in the college building.

2.2.2 THE TECHNICAL SERVICES DIVISION

Library services and profession is specialized and technical in nature.

1. The technical services division is that arm of the library which works behind-the-

scene to ensure that library materials are acquired, processed and prepared for

circulation and utilisation by the library clienteles. It is regarded as the backbone of

the library services.

2. This section undertakes the library's functions of acquisition, organisation,

preservation and conservation of library materials. This could be said to involve the

acts of acquiring, accessioning, cataloguing, classifying and book repairs. It is the

section of the library which requires professionals who are efficient in the technical

processes of the library services and functions. In fact, the section is considered as the

starting point of library services which requires dedicated staff with professional skills

and abilities.

26
This division comprises of The Collection Development, Cataloguing and Classification,

Bindery and Institutional Repository Department.

i. The Collection Development Department

This is one of the departments under the technical service division of the library. It is also

known as the Acquisition Department.

1. This department begins the functions of the library which is the function or acquiring

materials for the library. What makes the library is the presence of materials or

collections. Library collection is a sum of library materials made up of books,

manuscripts, serials, pamphlets, reports, recordings, microfilm, e-resources, online

resources etc. that make up the holdings of a particular library. It is an important

process of library which increases the reading materials of a library for satisfaction of

reader approach. The collection is made up of a set of resources that will be most

useful for the parent institution and the community in general. In recent time the term

“collection development” has come to encompass a broad range of activities related to

the policies and procedures of selection, acquisition and evaluation of library

collection. It involves several policies which ensures the selection of best and useful

documents for readers, provision of better and new information according to

approaches of readers, periodic reviewing to un-useful and old documents for

withdrawal into stock, spending money only on useful reading materials according to

systematic plan.

2. After identifying what is to be acquired through the institutional objectives and

community analysis, they select the materials to be acquired.

3. They place orders for the materials.

4. After the orders are received, they evaluate the materials.

5. The issues the ownership stamp on library property.

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 6. The accessions the library materials before they are further organised.

ii. The Cataloguing and Classification Department:

This department charged with the duty of organising the library collections is regarded as the

heart of the technical service division of the library. Cataloguing and Classification have been

referred to as "the central nervous system of Librarianship" and as such cataloguers

themselves are vital to their library. Cataloguing is defined as the compilation of list of

documents print or non-print materials according to a set of rules so as to enable the

consultant to know what collections are available and from the class number or other means

of identification where they may be found. In library parlance, cataloguing is defined as the

bibliographic description of books and other items of information in such a way that they can

easily be identified and retrieved. Cataloguing consists of listing of bibliographic items that

make up a library usually by author, by title, by subject or by a combination thereof.

Classification may be defined as the grouping of things together in their order of relationship.

The object and purpose of classification is to secure an order which will be useful to readers

and to those who seek who seek information with the smallest complication of search. This

department is located in the Library Annex. The department as well offers services such as

card production, spine labelling, filing of catalogue cards, etc.

Organisational structure of the department:

CATALOGUING AND CLASSIFICATION DEPARTMENT

UNITS

Cataloguing and Catalogue Card

Book Finishing
Classification Production and

The organisational structure of the Cataloguing and Classification Department.

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 1. The Cataloguing and Classification Unit is responsible for the cataloguing and

classification of books. The unit is equipped with the latest editions of cataloguing

and classification tools, which include Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules (AACR2)

Library of Congress List of Subject headings and Library of Congress Classification

Schemes.

2. The Catalogue Card Production and Maintenance Unit prepares and produces the

catalogue cards used in the library which is based on author, title, subject as well as

shelf list cards. It also maintains the public card catalogue through periodic

replacement of lost or worn-out cards.

3. The Book Finishing Unit is responsible for labelling and pocketing all books that have

been accessioned, catalogued and classified.

iii. The Bindery Department:

This unit of Technical Services does re-binding and repairs of worn or damaged books

through mending and rehabilitation, binding of journals and student projects. Binding is the

craft of assembling pages into a book through the fastening of multiple folded or unfolded

papers or other material. The bindery department as a technical service unit limits its services

to the library properties. During my stay in the department, I observed that the bindery is an

essential unit of the library that can go as far as yielding revenue for the library if its services

are extended to the public. The unit is well-equipped with binding equipment and materials

including blocking machine, lettering tray, guillotine, knocking down irons, backer, nipping

press, etc.

1. They ensure that paper-back books are made to hard covers.

2. They bound worn out textbooks and journals are.

3. They engages in the binding of students' project, dissertations and theses.

4. They bound newspapers together by monthly accumulation

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 5. They ensure that Journals are kept in complete volume.

6. They produces the book pocket.

iv. The Institutional Repository Department

The Institutional Repository is a locus which serves as an online solution for selecting,

collecting, preserving an disseminating in digital form the intellectual output of an institution,

particular a research institution. These intellectual output includes: Research journals articles,

theses, dissertations and digital asserts. it is a platform where the academic properties or

intellectual works of an institution is made available to interested constituencies through

online and internet services. Institutional Repositories were first developed in MOUAU as

need to flow with the global trend and the enhancement of Open Access. Furthermore, its

objectives is to provide open access to institutional research output by self-archiving it, to

create global visibility for an institution's scholarly research, to collect content in a single

location and to store and preserve other institutional digital assets, including unpublished or

otherwise easily lost literature. The repository is a platform for libraries to publish and

showcase the entire breadth of an institution's scholarship including articles, books, theses,

dissertations, and journals. What needs to be described for a digital object to be made

findable in the present and into the future, when the environment which sustains and creates it

may change and change again many times is the question asked in the services of this

department. This question is answered with the presence of the Web – a place to describe its

print and web-based services, and to bring together the content it makes available to its users.

Repositories are simply databases, and what distinguishes institutional repositories is the idea

that an internal database can serve more than an administrative purpose, and can constitute a

building block in a distributed international service which is a virtual database composed of a

user- defined set of cooperating databases on the network. This is, therefore, an essentially

30
subversive technology, capable of allowing grassroots publishing by non-publishers, and

delivering a service with the same functionality and feel as large commercially published

databases. Question papers are received and scanned into the repository and soft copies of

students' projects uploaded. This repository uses Dura Space (D-space) software, other

software include E-print and FEDORA. The repository is located online at

www.mouaurepository.edu.ng.

1. They overall function of this department is the digitization of the library print

materials.

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 CHAPTER THREE

3.1 SUMMARY OF WORK DONE

This part of the SIWES training exposes one to the activities and services carried out in the

Readers' and Technical Services Divisions of MOUAU Library. This services are directly

provided to the library patrons and others done behind-the-scene. During my stay in the

various departments under these divisions the following activities were taught and carried out

under the supervision of the Heads of Department and other staff.

3.2 WORK DONE IN THE READERS' SERVICES DIVISION

1. Shelving, Shelf-Reading and Display of Periodicals

This is the first and daily activity carried out in the Readers' Services Sections. Shelving is

the act of moving the consulted library books from the carrels and issuing desk to the shelves.

In this process, emphasis is laid only on making sure that books are placed on the shelves.

Shelving usually takes place after accessioning, cataloguing and classification of the material.

Addition to this, Shelf-reading is the act that do not only ensure the placement of the books

on the shelves but further ensures the orderly arrangement of these books putting into

consideration the class mark and subject area of the book. The purpose of shelving and shelf-

reading is to maintain the proper order within a collection. Shelf-reading cross-checks the

collections against improperly shelved books, aimed at saving the users' time. It is important

to know that proper shelving and shelf-reading presupposes knowledge and understanding of

how the books are arranged on the shelves. In the University Library, shelf-reading is based

on the Subject area and Library of Congress Classification Scheme. Shelf-reading in the

library starts from 8:00am and ends at 9:00am. Once you have a collection to shelf-read, find

that item (or the closest item in order) in the collection. Then proceed in advancing order,

reviewing each item.

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Typically there are five things to look for when shelf-reading:

 Books out of order by call number, title, or subject order;

 Books shelved in the wrong location. For example: a Reference book shelved in the
Stacks Collection;
 Books placed on top of other books, outside of bookends, or books that have fallen
behind the row of books on the shelf;
 Books with damaged or missing call number labels and
 Books shelved in the collection but owned by another library.

At the end of the work (shelf-reading), statistics are taken by the Head of Department. This is

done to keep the library informed on the most and less consulted books and subject as well as

the users daily use of the library materials. In a library where books are correctly shelved, the

location and retrieval of book becomes easier, it will also assist in identifying books that have

been wrongly classified, in bad condition or deliberately hidden on the wrong shelf by the

users or mis-shelved. It can also assist the library to determine books which are heavily used

by users through statistics taking.

Shelf-reading format

TP TP TP TP TP
342 345 345.13 345.13 345.13
.E234 .E234 .A44 .B25 .B25
2008 2013 2015 2014 2015

According to the above format, it can observed that the books are of the same subject (TP),

different class mark with some the same class mark, different cutter number with some

having the same cutter number, different year of publication with some having the same year

of publication. Therefore in the process of shelf-reading, attention is first placed on the

subject area before considering the class mark. If the subjects and class mark is the same,

attention is paid on the cutter number and if they are the same, the year of publication is

considered to achieve a proper shelf-reading which follows a definite pattern.

33
Addition to the process of shelf-reading, newspapers and magazines/new arrivals are

displayed on the newspaper rack and display rack respectively. In the Serials Department, the

serials staff tries to make sure that the most recent newspapers and magazines are displayed

thereby removing the earlier displayed ones. This is done to achieve the library aim of

providing current information and information materials to its clienteles. Other departments

as well engages in the display of new arrivals in the display rack.

2. Registration of Users:
This is a work exclusively carried out in the Circulation Department. Generally, academic

libraries require their users to undergo a formal registration. The library operates within code

policies designed by the management or the funding authority (parent body). One of this code

is the registration of users of the library. Registration is a process of making people eligible to

use the library and its information resources. It plays an important role in the management of

the library, because it enables the management to know the number of clienteles it has to

serve, it also enables the management to determine the kind and volume of information

resources and services to make available to the readers, it will also help to determine the

quality and number of staff needed for effective service delivery and also in the planning and

implementation of library budget. Registration involves obtaining useful details of the

intended user. These details may include name, address, staff number (for staff),and

matriculation number (for students). Usually, a registration form designed for that purpose is

issued to the prospective user which he/she may fill and counter-signed by his/her Head of

department who will attest that such a user is his/her student. During the point of the return of

the dully filled registration form signed by the appropriate persons, a Library Guide booklet

is issued to the patron. Addition to this, the user is given two (for students) and three (for

staff) copies of the borrower's card stamped and written on it, the validation date. This card

gives the user access to borrow the library materials when the need arises. The category of

34
the user determines the number of books entitled to borrow at a given period. Here, students

are entitled to maximum of two books and are issued a white-coloured borrower's card for a

loan period of two weeks, Junior and Non-teaching staff are entitled to two books maximum

within a period of one month and with a pink-coloured borrower's card and the last category

which is the Senior and Academic staff who are entitled to a maximum of three books within

the period of one month and is issued a green-coloured borrower's card.

After, the issuance of the borrower's card, the user is given an appointed date on when to pick

his/her library card. Without the borrower's card, the user is denied of borrowing the library

material.

3. Charging and Discharging of Books:

This service is simply referred to as library loan services. Charging means giving out and

discharging means returning. Early in the morning, before the readers' services staff

commences operation at the issuing desk, he/she must change the date due stamp according

to the day's date and the loan due-date and cross-checks the loan register to ascertain

materials that are due for return. In MOUAU Library, the date-due stamp provides for short

and long term loan period. The date due stamp is fundamentally a machine with an adjustable

knob by its side. With the aid of this knob, one can open it by pressing the knob and the

inside of the machine which contains artistically carved numbers representing days (1-31)

and months of the year (January - December) as well as current year, for example, 2015.

Thus when one opens the upper cover of the machine he can physically adjust the dates,

months and the year by gradually turning the machine with the aid of the knob. Before a loan

can be allowed, the staff ensures that the book being requested for loan is in good condition,

then request is made for the borrower's card and identity card of the user which when

presented is cross-checked by the staff to see if the names and other particulars are the same.

Haven taken the above steps, the staff pulls out the book card from the book pocket affixed

35
inside the back cover of the book, stamps the due date on it and gives the user to fill-in

his/her name and Reg./Staff No. Furthermore, the date due stamp is administered on the date

due slip. The borrower's card is then fixed with the book card and taken to the date due tray

which contains orderly records of loan transactions on daily basis and filed according to the

due date for the book.

When a book is returned on or before the due date and in good condition, the staff retrieves

the book card and borrower's card filed in the loan tray, cross out the due date, the user's

name and Reg./Staff No. and returns the users' borrower's card. The user can as well renew

the loan with the due processes observed in the initial stages and cannot renew the book after

two times of renewal. It is important to know that books of a lending library are normally

charged out for a definite period, this period is called loan period. If a user fails to return the

book at the appropriate date or before the date, he/she is charged a daily fine depending on

the number of exceeded days. During the time of the industrial training, the fine is twenty

naira (#20) per day and definitely if the book get missing, the user is required to replace the

book with the current market price.

Serials and Reference materials are only opened for short term loan service and

photocopying. At the charging desk, the user presents the material to be charged and drops

his/her library card, the user is also expected to sign-in in the loan register, providing his/her

particulars. The material on short loan is for a period of one day and a fine is charged at the

end of the due date. The user is only entitled to one document at a time. During the discharge,

the staff collects the material and requires the user to sign-out in the column provided in the

register and returns back the library card to the user.

4. Activating and Deactivating of Library Holdings:

This is a practice aimed at automating the circulation services of the library and is another

activity carried out in the in the library. Activation and deactivation of library holdings is an

36
electronic way of mounting a security check on library holdings resident in the library to

guide against fraudulent activities such as stealing. The library has a censor and scanning

machine which checks on users activities related to moving out with the library material or

automated charging and discharging of library materials. This machine works with stripes

planted on the books or devices.

Activation involves a process of ensuring that the material will be censored in the censoring

machine. Once new materials are received, the circulation staff inserts the stripe on the secret

page of the book and places the material on the censoring machine, switches on and press the

'activation button', the book is activated and captured by the device.

Before a user can borrow a material, the staff deactivates the material by placing the material

on the censoring machine, switches on and then press the 'deactivation button' leaving the

strip still inside the material. The book as a result of these processes is deactivated and the

material is then open for borrowing by the library clientele.

5. Theory and Practice of TEEAL Usage:

The Essential Electronic Agricultural library (TEEAL) is a digital library of research in

Agriculture and related sciences. It started in the year 1993 with its content in CDs and works

with a single computer. Today the latest version of TEEAL released in the year 2012 uses

internet access and a server. It has over 429,000 full articles with over 325 journals. It is IP

address driven. In one sense, TEEAL is a self-contained library of the core journals in the

field of agriculture. It is available at cost only to research institutions in the developing

countries. It is a system being produced at Mann Library at Cornell University with the

cooperation of many scientific publishers, database producers and the Rockefeller

Foundation. In MOUAU library, TEEAL version updates is received bi-annually. A user who

wants to search on the latest version is required to connect to the TEEAL server called

"SAGE SERVER". Once connected, the user opens a browser and types in the Universal

37
Resource Locator (URL) address bar the IP address of the database (TEEAL) [IP Address =

192.168.1.80], he/she as a new user is required to sign up by providing a valid email address

and the indicating the category of the user before he/she can access the collections. If the

signing-up process is completed, the user is linked to the homepage of the database where the

user can further search either by 'All Fields, Subject, Title or Author' as well as an Advance

search field. Once the material opens, the users clicks on 'more' to view the full abstract and

on 'Full Text' to view the full article. the user can as well send for printing.

6. How to use the Online Library Databases

A database is a computerized collection of information that is arranged in a manner which

makes it easy to retrieve information. It is an electronic filing system for information also

known as information retrieval systems. With a database, you can search and retrieve the

information you need. You can also create your own databases and store the information you

need there. To create a database, you need a database program which is designed to

manipulate lists of facts.

Haven looked at some everyday applications for databases. How then, do these relate to

academic work? Let's say you need books on a particular topic for a research paper. How

would you find them? Web Search Engines like Google, Alta Vista, etc. can be used. When

you search the web, these Web Search Engines rank the results of your query usually by

relevance. Databases often work in a similar way. You can search them for the information

you need, but it helps to know how to best conduct your search. Unlike Web Search Engines,

most Databases are available through paid subscriptions and limited access. Some databases

are available online (AGORA), while others need to be installed locally (TEEAL). A

database is often created around a single theme, like “art” or “agriculture.” They are often

more specific and authoritative than simply searching the web for information.

Searching the database

38
The way databases are searched depends on the type and components of the database. in

some cases one may find out that there is advanced and simple search fields. In that case,

searching will then depend on what you are looking for in relation to the combination of

search queries. Many databases have instructions or search tips to make searching for what

you need easier. While databases differ, there are some general commonalities when

conducting a search. Find out if the database has different types of searching, like an

“advanced” option. A simple or quick search may be only for one search term, and may

search all the records. This is good for a start, but you could find too much! Maybe you

want to save time and find only specific results. In an advanced search, some databases will

allow you to specialize your searches. A common method for specifying your search is to use

Boolean operators. Like the Advanced Search option that many databases have, Boolean

operators (and, or, not) make searching for what you need easier. Another common search tip

involves truncating words by using the * symbol, to help you get variations. For example:

searching for appl* would return results for apple, apples, application, applies, etc. Or

librar* would return library, libraries, librarian. The * symbol can be used in any position in

a word. Databases are everywhere; many are online. Even a simple cell phone is akin to a

database. It stores the telephone numbers of your friends and family, and you can search and

retrieve those numbers to make your phone call. Online, the website YouTube is a massive

database of uploaded videos.

Uses and importance of database

1. It serves as an information bank
2. It provides access to information materials in a collection
3. It aids in the storage of information
4. It reduces space
5. It saves time and energy of both the Librarians and users
6. It enhances easy location and retrieval of information and information materials

39
 Research4life databases
Research4life databases are databases that provides electronic library resources for efficient

and effective research. Electronic library resources are therefore any library or information

resources that can be accessed electronically, e.g. electronic journals, scholarly databases,

electronic books, hybrid digital collections, Internet gateways and search engines, Free or

fee-based access. By electronic resources we usually mean those which can be accessed by

computer—in particular, via email, CD-ROM, or more commonly, via the World Wide Web.

Using these resources, a wide range of materials and research tools can be accessed—

including, Internet Gateways, which comprise (often subject based) links to pre-evaluated

web sites, selected for their quality and relevance; and the Internet search engines.

Electronic journals have the additional advantages of allowing remote access, being available

to many users at the same time, and possibly being accessed from your desktop PC, if you

have the equipment needed to support them. The electronic format enables value added

features such as: the ability to search across the whole collection of journals using keywords;

cross-linking to other databases or collections of e-journals; direct links from the list

references to the cited article; supplementary information, such as detailed experimental data,

which there may not have been space for in the print format; the possibility of inclusion of

multimedia examples. The availability of many free electronic databases and journals gives

you access to more resources than might otherwise be available through your local library.

This is the essence of the RESEARCH4LIFE database. These databases which are available

in MOUAU Library are as follows:

HINARI (Health Internetwork Access to Research Initiatives): can be located online at

www.who.int/hinari with username (NIE196) and password (14565). It has 8,500 Journals and is
being used in 105 Countries and has 4800 institutions registered. It has collection in
Medicine, Nursing, and related Health and Social Sciences, including journals in Library
Science and multiple languages.

40
AGORA (Access to Global Online Research in Agriculture): can be located online at
www.aginternetwork.org with username (ag-nga031) and password (39DqczjG). It has 3000 core
journals and is being used 107 Countries. It has collections in Agriculture and applied
Sciences.
OARE (Online Access to Articles in the Environment): It can be located online at
www.oaresciences.org. with username (NIE527) and password (81260). It has 350 publishers
and 4150 journals. It has collections in disciplines contributing to our understanding of the
natural environment.
aRDi (Access to Research for Development): It can be located online at
http://www.wipo.int/ardi/en/. It has 14 Publishers and 200 Journals. It is accessible in 107
Countries. It supports researchers in developing countries in creating and developing new
solutions to technical challenges faced on a local and global level.

These databases are online database which provides access to many scholarly articles which

enables information problem solving. It requires a password which is unique depending on

the institution before the full articles can be accessed.

MENDELEY: Mendeley is an example of Reference Management (RM) software. RM

software is software for scholars and authors to use for recording and utilizing bibliographic
citations and/or references. Other examples include Delicious, Connotea, EndNote, Zotero,
RefWorks, WriteNote, ProCite, Reference Manager, citeulike and Reference Web Poster
Mendeley is free academic software to manage, share, read, annotate and cite your research

papers and also a research network to manage your papers online, discover research trends

and statistics, and to connect to like-minded researchers. A user is registered with Mendeley

and has a library where he/she manages his/her collections, he/she can upload documents to

his/her library which is made public to other users of the software. A user logs in with

his/her email address and password and synchronises the Offline to reflect in the Online

version after uploading a document. It is available online at http://www.mendeley.com and

could be downloaded and used offline.

3.3 WORK DONE IN THE TECHNICAL SERVICE DIVISION

41
 1. Acquisition, Selection, Ordering and Correlation of Library Materials:

These services are associated with collection development procedures. Generally the bulk of

the collection building rests on the Collection Development Department of the technical

service division of the library, Acquisition can be made through direct purchase, gifts and

donation, exchange, legal deposit, photocopying and membership of associations. The

process of direct purchase starts from ascertaining the institutional objectives, community

analysis, selection and the placement or renewal of order if already ordered through checking

periodic receipt of serials supplied and as well ascertaining the possibility of adding to the

serials holding through legal, deposits, exchange programs with other libraries, institution and

agencies, in addition to gifts, donation and bequeaths from philanthropic individuals and

organisation. Before the library materials are selected and acquired, some processes and

criteria are considered and followed. These criteria starts with the selection criteria where the

library takes into consideration the status of the library, level of users, budget, subject of

reading materials, forms of reading materials, etc. The library also sets a committee whose

responsibility is to handle the selection processes. The committee is made up of

Representatives from the Senate, Academic planning, Colleges, Departments and the Library.

The librarian after selection and before ordering considers the life sperm, price, quality,

availability, content, value, uniqueness, users, format, authority, authenticity, reliability,

timeliness, relevance, originality and currency as well as the vocabulary and organisation of

words. After the selection of the relevant materials from the list, the librarian places order for

the material. Once the order is received and processed, the material is delivered with a receipt

or subscription fee to the department. After Order is made, receiving orders requires

carefulness. The list like an invoice which consist the numbers and titles of book placed on

order is cross-checked or examined to know if books ordered are books received. Examining

a book thoroughly with the order list is known as correlation.

42
 The Librarian critically
 Checks all the bibliographic information that has to do with the material.
 Ascertains the printing of the material if they are readable.
 Checks for the binding strength of the book.
 Check if what ordered is what received.
 Check if there is any missing book or not.

Mostly importantly, After receiving the orders and conforming to the standard, The audit and

bursary must approve the books before the library gives them ownership stamp.

2. Processing of New Arrivals:

Processing of new arrivals involves series of activities taken before the materials are made

available for use. These processes include stamping and accessioning. This is the collective

duty of the Collection Development and Serials Department. The Collection Development

processes non-serial materials while the Serials Department processes serial materials. After

the auditing and verification processes, it is assumed that the material now belongs to the

library which the library then starts processing. The first stage of the processing is the

issuance of the Library Ownership stamp on the book. The ownership stamp which bears the

name of the library, accession number and class mark for the material is used to indicate the

library property. This stamp is administered at the title page, secret page (pages 39 and 99)

and the last page of every material. If the material is voluminous stamp is also placed on

pages 135, the teat of the material and the reference pages using the accessioning machine.

These numbering is followed serially which shows the number of books purchased or number

of the whole collection in the library. Accessioning is the process of giving a unique number

and recording in the accession register, bibliographic details of each book in order of its

acquisition. Each material for the library collection whether gift, purchase, exchange,

bequeat, donation, etc, is entered into the accession register. To accession a book implies

numbering the book either progressively as they are incorporated into the stock and entered in

43
the accession register or according to the year of acquisition. It is important to known that no

two books has the same accession number.

3. SLAM Operation:
The new Strategic Library Automation and Management (SLAM) software also used in

MOUAU library is an Oracle-based application package developed by Global Software &

Technology Ltd. It is a robust and versatile library applications that integrates all library

features into one powerful system. It is designed to work just as Librarians work. The

software is made up of modules which follows a similar window graphic interface outline

that is designed to make tasks easy and quick. SLAM enables users to quickly enter and

retrieve cataloguing and related data.

Components of SLAM
1. SLAM provides a comprehensive catalogue worksheet that allows the Cataloguer
Librarian to create and manage catalogues records electronically
2. It also provides a complete serials module that allows the Librarian to create and
manage Serials collections
3. It enables the circulation desk to easily manage, reserve, charge and discharge library
materials
4. It also enables the Library Management and Librarian to effectively keep abreast with
Library duties and achieve effective patron management.

During the Industrial Training, I was exposed to this software which is mainly used by the

Librarians. Before one can use the software, he/she needs to be registered and acquires a

unique username and password and signs-in with the Username, Password and Database

which is (ORCL). The product of the use of this software is accessed through the Online

Public Access Catalogue (OPAC).

5. Cataloguing and Classification of Library Materials

44
Cataloguing and classification as a technical service in the library requires Librarians who are

intelligent, skillful, resourceful, dedicated, innovative and initiative in the performance of

their routine chores. The bulk of this technical service rests on the Cataloguing and

Classification Department. The three cardinal principles that guide cataloguers in acquiring

competencies and skills are ability, aptitude and attitude. The development of these three A's-

ability (competence in any occupation or field of action), aptitude (natural tendency or

acquired inclination: both capacity and propensity for a certain course); and attitude (position,

disposition, or manner with regard to a person or thing) and more importantly engaging in

continuing education puts cataloguers in the right perspectives of coping with the challenges

inherent in their jobs. Knowledge of cataloguing tools is imperative as a beginner. These

basic cataloguing and classification tools as applied in MOUAU library which is an academic

library includes the following:

 Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules, 2nd edition (AACR2) and/or Resource

Description & Access (RDA)
 Library of Congress Classification Scheme (LCCS)
 Library of Congress List of Subject Headings (LCSH)
 Library of Congress Subject Cataloguing Manual (LCSCM)

Cataloguing Processes for Book materials

Having espoused in some of the technical activities of cataloguing and classification as the

cornerstones in the organisation of the library materials, I will now attempt to balance the

theory and practice. I will consider firstly the cataloguing rules as found in the Anglo-

American Cataloguing Rules Second Edition (AACR2) which has now changed to Anglo-

American Cataloguing Rules Second Edition Revised (AACR2R) but is still in its old form

used by the library as at the period of the training and the time of filing this report.

Cataloguing is one of the principal technical activities performed in a library. Its aims is to

describe library materials for easy location and retrieval. It can be equated with 'order

45
maintenance'. The cataloguing process has had several rules governing its application and

practice over the years. The Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules Second Edition (AACR2) as

the most authoritative source of reference in cataloguing has some basic rules such as author

rule, title rule, etc and has provision for all library materials, both book and non-book.

Although this rule exist and are purely prescriptive and do not allow for individual style, most

libraries do not follow all but rather assumes consistency in its cataloguing process and

policy. The rationale behind the Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules Second Edition

(AACR2) is to produce an encompassing cataloguing code that would be used in countries in

the United States, Canada, United Kingdom and any other countries that may adopt it. Before

cataloguing, one needs to conversant with capitalisation, indentation, paragraphing and the

punctuation rules which aids in accurate and effective cataloguing and bibliographic entries.

Also, one needs to understand the various cataloguing areas which include title and statement

of responsibility area, edition area, material area, publication and distribution area, physical

description area, series area, notes area and the standard number/terms of availability area. It

is also important to consider materials with joint authorship, single authorship, and co-operate

authorship. Other forms such as textbooks, journals, edited works, conference proceedings

and annual reports as there is different ways of providing the bibliographic details. The

bibliographic entries are made first using a worksheet, when a work-sheet is finally approved

by the chief cataloguer, it is ready for copying. the number and kind of cards indicated in it

are made, compared, raised, arranged and filed in the catalogue cabinet and the entry below

shows the cataloguing format as practiced.

GӦNEN, Turan
Electric power distribution/by Turan Gӧnen.-3rd ed.- Boca
Raton: CRC Press, 2014.
Xxv.: 1035p.: ill.; 26cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN: 978-1-4822-0700-2 {Hbk}
ACC. No. 0000025026

46
A catalogue entry format
The details include
 The author's name (surname first in capital letters) followed by a comma then the
other names followed by a paragraph and indentation
 The title of the work followed by a slash (/) and 'by'
 The author's name in a revised form followed by a dot (.) and hyphen (-)
 The edition statement followed by a dot (.) and hyphen (-)
 The place of publication followed by a colon (:)
 The publisher followed by a comma (,)
 The year of publication followed by a dot (.), another paragraph and indentation
 The number of preliminary pages followed by a dot (.) and colon (:)
 The number of main pages followed by a dot (.) and colon (:)
 The illustration statement followed by a dot (.) and semi-colon (;)
 The length of the material in cm followed by a dot (.), paragraph and indentation
 The note area followed by a dot (.), paragraph and indentation
 The International Standard Book Number (ISBN) and the material format - Hard back
[Hbk] followed by a dot (.), paragraph and indentation
 The accession number followed by a dot (.)

This may not be the same in every library as a result of consistency in ones library

Cataloguing Processes for Serial Materials

In the Serials department, cataloguing of journals is done using the kardex card. A kardex

card comprises of fields which include Title, Bound, Unbound, Location, Publisher, Source,

Remarks, Volume and Year, Price, Ordered, Requisition No., Invoice No., Invoice date,

Months of the year (January to December), Frequency Volumes per year, Date new volume

begins, Date commenced and Binding. After providing the bibliographic details of the

information material in the kardex cards, the cards are filed alphabetically according to the

journal title in the kardex trays inside the kardex cabinet.

Cataloguing of Reference Materials

47
Although cataloguing and classification is a job exclusively reserved for the Cataloguing and

Classification Department of the Library, the Reference Department engages in an in-house

classification and cataloguing process aimed at providing a guide to easily locate and retrieve

the reference materials. This in-house system is performed on project materials which the

department receives directly from the Collection Development department. Cataloguing and

Classification of reference materials is done at the periphery whereby all the bibliographic

details are not being captured in the card. Here, the reference staff is concerned with the

author or editor's name, title, subject, class mark, place of publication, publisher and the year

of publication. In the aspect of the project, the staff or cataloguer is expected to indicate on

the manually produced catalogue card the author's name, project title, project year, number of

preliminary pages and main pages, illustrations and notes, the project number, project

program as well as the department of the author. These projects after cataloguing are assigned

numbers which follows a serial order to infinity which reflects in the catalogue card. The

catalogued projects are further taken to the shelves which is arranged according to different

department and program of study, after then, the material is recorded in the project register

based on the department while the '3 x 5' catalogue cards are taken to the catalogue cabinet

and filled serially according to the department of project and project number in an ascending

order. Below is a project catalogue card.

NO. 500 500

Ogwuegbu, Innocent Azunna

The Impact of Tax Incentives on Industrial Growth in Nigeria (A Survey of GSK, PZ
Cussion, UAC foods and Unilever Plc in Port-Harcourt, Rivers, State Nigeria).
August, 2012.
B.SC
x, 76p., ill., Questionnaire, Table
Classification Processes for Library Materials: Dept - Accounting
NO. 500

Classification and Cataloguing are related because both of them help the library clientele to

obtain materials needed in the library. Classification engages in arranging library materials in

48
a logical manner according to their degree of likeness. While catalogue describes a book,

Classification provides for the location of the materials on the shelf. Classification is a

method of organising knowledge of the universe. Classification further provides the basis for

a relatively uniform and internationally understood nomenclature thereby simplifying cross-

referencing and retrieval of information. These cross-references may include USE, UF (use

for), NT (narrower time), BT (broader term) and RT (related term). Definitions abound as

some writers may narrow their definitions to a particular scheme or type of classification.

These schemes may include Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC), Library of Congress

(LC), Universal Decimal Classification, (UDC), Colon Classification (CC) Schemes, etc. But

our scope here will be narrowed to the Library of Congress Classification Scheme (LCCS)

which is the one in use in MOUAU library which is an academic library and the Natural

Classification which is classification based on subject. Classification proceeds from terms of

great extension and small intention to terms of great intention and small extension. This

implies that classification starts from the general to the specific.

In MOUAU library, the Library of Congress List of Subject Headings (LCLSH) which is

divided into six and alphabetically arranged book making provision for the twenty-six (26)

letters of the alphabets, Classification manuals, Library of Congress Classification Scheme

(LCCS) comprising of different subjects which include: A - General Works, B-BJ -

Philosophy, BL-BX Religion, C - Auxiliary Sciences of History, D - History: General and

Old World, E-F - History: America, G - Geography, Anthropology, H - Social Sciences, J -

Political Science, K - Law, L - Education, M - Music, N - Fine Arts, P - Language and

Literature, Q - Science, R - Medicine, S - Agriculture, T - Technology, U - Military Science,

V - Naval Science, Z - Bibliography, Library Science, Information Resources; and the

Sanbun Charles Cutter table for the derivation of author number (cuttering) are the tools used

49
in classifying the library materials. During classification process, the following steps are

undertaken:

Step 1: Take a book you want to classify and decide a subject for it: The act of
deciding a subject is the first level of classification. the subject derivation requires the
classifier not only to look at the title because titles in some cases may not depict the exact
subject of the book, the classifier is expected to look at other parts of the book such as
preface, Introduction, Table of content, Chapter headings, blurb, etc. When a book deals with
more than one subject, it is advisable to classify the book based on the dominant subject. If
the two subjects are treated equally, the book should be classified under the fist subject
treated in the book. Choice of subject can take a long time as the classifier must ensure the
right placement of the book in the subject it is treating thereby exposing the classifier to be
judgemental in decision of placement.
Step 2: Consult the List of Subject Headings: In this step, it is assumed that the
classifier has decided the subject of the book. Then he/she searches the List of Subject
headings which is the one devised by the Library of Congress to derive the class mark for the
subject he/she assumed the book is treating. In some cases, the subject may not be in the
Subject heading, the classifier is then advised to make use of the cross-references.
Step 3: Consult the Classification Scheme: After making out the subject of theme
and identifying the class mark of the book, the classifier then proceeds to the classification
scheme (LCCS) in use. The Library of Congress Classification Scheme makes use of
alphabets and numbers (alpha-numeric). Here, the classifier carefully cross-checks to ensure
the right assigning of class mark. In some cases, the further subject sub-division of the book
may not be captured by the scheme and not limited to a particular sub-division, the classifier
is advised to place the book on 'General works'. If there is geographical sub-division, the
classifier then consults the geographical table where he adds the number to the main subject
class mark. After this level, it is assumed that the classifier has derived a class mark and the
subject further sub-division for the book.
Step 4: Consult the Cutter table to derive the cutter number: This cutter table was
devised by Charles Ammi Cutter. The cutter number or author number is obtained in this
level by combining the first three letters of the author's surname with a set of matching
figures or numbers from the cutter table. This table is a numerical table so designed to ensure,
through its use an alphabetical arrangement of library materials on the shelves. In some cases
where the classifier finds the author's full surname, he/she is advised to ignore the three

50
letters and cutter the book using the full surname. Also in a situation whereby the three letters
were not found, the classifier makes use of the two letters, in a situation where the letters of
the beginning of the author's surname were not found, the classifier uses the nearest
combination of alphabets to derive the author number. At this level it is assumed that the call
number have been derived before making progress to write down the subject tracings. Call
number is a combination of class number and the author number to ensure easy location or
accessibility of library materials on the shelves. Subject tracings are derived from the List of
Subject Headings which the classifier used in searching for subject, these are other subjects
treated by the book.
The format of classification a book on 'Agriculture':

S Class mark
592.6 Class number
.N6 Further subject sub-division
M266 Cutter number
1995 Year of publication

1. Nitrogen fixation. Subject tracing

2. Soil Chemistry. Subject tracing.

6. Book Finishing Processes:

Book finishing is another service carried out in the Cataloguing and Classification

Department. It is undertaken by the third unit of the cataloguing and classification

department. Book finishing involves the processes of spine labelling, pocketing and recording

before dispatching. The process of spine labelling is done after classification. Spine labelling

is the use of cello tape and masking tape to paste the class mark on the spine or the cover of

the book. The call number is pasted on the cover page if the spine is not large enough to

contain the labelling, After spine labelling, the call number is also written on the title page so

that if the cover of the book is torn, the call number will not be lost. Spine labelling is

essential because it makes for easy identification of the material on the shelf. The process of

pocketing as an act of book finishing involves the placement with glue the book pocket, date

due slip and book card on the last page of the book. This is essential to aid the process of loan

services of library materials. The cataloguer ensures that the author, title and call number of

51
the book is written on top of the book card. After all this processes, the cataloguer involved in

the book finishing proceeds to record the book in the outgoing register which can either be

for Circulation or Reference Department. Materials for reference is marked 'REF' on the call

number. After recording, the cataloguer then dispatch the processed material when there is a

reasonable number with the aid of the trolley accompanied with the outgoing register for

verification in the particular department.

7. Catalogue Card Production:

This is another work I carried out in the Card Production and Maintenance Unit of the

Cataloguing and Classification Department. During the process of cataloguing and

classification, the bibliographic details are first compiled using the work sheet. Catalogue

card production is done using the '3 X 5' inch card. Currently, the library have moved from

the use of typewriters to the use of computers in the production of the catalogue cards. This

process is overseen by the typist. In this process, the typist first of all opens 'Microsoft word'

which is a software for typing in the computer system, click on the 'Page layout' toolbar, then

selects 'Paper size' where he/she selects 'Japanese porch card or the "3X5" card format'

depending on the computer system in use and then clicks on the 'Orientation' tool bar where

he/she selects 'landscape' format and begins typing. He/she tries to observe the necessary

punctuations. After typing in the details, the card producer makes cards for the tracings and

shelf-list. These tracings include the subject, the title, joint authors, editors, series, etc. Below

are the various catalogue card duplicates for a particular book.

HE
151 COLE, Stuart
.C689 Applied transport economics: Policy, management and
2005 decision making/by Stuart Cole.- 3rd ed.- London: Kogan Page,
2005.
Xiv.: 449p.: ill.; 23cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1SBN: 978-0-7494-3964-4 [Pbk].
ACC. NO. 00026792.
The author main card 1. Transportation.
2. Transportation and state.
i. Title.

52
 HE Transportation.
151 COLE, Stuart
.C689 Applied transport economics: Policy, management and
2005 decision making/by Stuart Cole.- 3rd ed.- London: Kogan Page,
2005.
Xiv.: 449p.: ill.; 23cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1SBN: 978-0-7494-3964-4 [Pbk].
ACC. NO. 00026792.
1. Transportation.
2. Transportation and state.
i. Title.

Subject catalogue card derived from tracing [1]

HE Transportation and state.

151 COLE, Stuart
.C689 Applied transport economics: Policy, management and
2005 decision making/by Stuart Cole.- 3rd ed.- London: Kogan Page,
2005.
Xiv.: 449p.: ill.; 23cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1SBN: 978-0-7494-3964-4 [Pbk].
ACC. NO. 00026792.
1. Transportation.
2. Transportation and state.
i. Title.
Subject catalogue card derived from tracing [2]

HE Applied transport economics: Policy, management and decision

151 making
.C689 COLE, Stuart
2005 Applied transport economics: Policy, management and
decision making/by Stuart Cole.- 3rd ed.- London: Kogan Page,
2005.
Xiv.: 449p.: ill.; 23cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1SBN: 978-0-7494-3964-4 [Pbk].
ACC. NO. 00026792.
1. Transportation.
2. Transportation and state.
i. Title.

Title catalogue card derived from tracing [i]

53
 8. Filing of Catalogue Cards:
Filing of card is another activity carried out in the Card Production and Maintenance Unit of

the Cataloguing and Classification Department. The usefulness of the catalogue card as an

information retrieval tool depends on a number of factors which include arrangement and

filing of the cards in the cabinet. If after processing, these cards are left in the tables of the

typist/card producer without finding its way to the catalogue cabinet, its purpose is defeated.

Therefore, filing ensures that the function of the catalogue card as a retrieval tool is achieved.

It has rules guiding its practice which depends on the type of library. Filing could be done

alphabetically/dictionary order, word-by-word or chronologically. As at the period of the

Industrial Training, the library adopts alphabetical filing system which is done according to

Author/Title and Subject.

After the card production, the cards are taken to the catalogue cabinet located in the entrance

of the library Phase-one complex. The cabinet is divide into two viz: Author/ Title and

Subject. In the Author/Title cabinet, it houses cards on author and title main entry. The trays

which are labelled A-Z are pulled out depending on the alphabet in question, the Filer then

ensures that the placement in done alphabetically, he/she in the process ignores articles as

treated in the filing of index cards above. In a situation of an author with the name

'McAlbert', it is filled as MacAlbert and acronyms filed according to their full meaning such

as W.H.O filed as World Health Organisation. The cards are fixed through the perforated

holes on it. Same thing is applied to the Subject card cabinet for catalogue cards on subject

main entries. The only difference here is that it houses cards on subject tracings and not the

main entry cards, it is also filed alphabetical observing the filing rules stated above.

9. Shelf-Listing:
A shelf-list is the single most-comprehensive records of all information material in a library

collection. The shelf list is an inventory file which forms a complete record of the materials

owned by the library. It is organised to reflect the exact arrangement of materials on the

54
shelves with the primary purpose of providing an official inventory of the entire collection.

The shelf-list cabinet is housed in the workroom of the Cataloguing and Classification

Department of the library. It is called a shelf list because its cards are arranged in the same

order as the materials on the shelves of the Circulation Department of the library. It indicates

how many copies of the title the library has as well as what cards are in the catalogue cabinet.

The shelf-list furthermore provides access point to processed materials which the classifier

falls back to when he comes in contact with an already processed title to know where it was

previously placed including the location of the material in the library, it also shows the

tracings or added entries. Shelf-listing is done alphabetically according to class mark and

could be applied for proper shelf-reading exercise.

In summary, information materials in MOUAU Library are catalogued using Anglo

American Cataloguing Rule 2nd edition (AACR2), classified using Library of Congress List

of Subject Headings and Library of Congress Classification Scheme. The type of catalogue

maintained is card catalogue filed alphabetically in the card catalogue cabinet. One cabinet is

for Author/Title while the other is for Subject and also the shelf-list

10. Indexing and Documentation

This technical service of organising the knowledge of the universe is undertaken by the

Indexing and Documentation Department. Indexing is defined as the creation or production

and compilation of indexes. It is the provision of guide to the intellectual content of

documents showing the exact page of the article being indexed. In a general view and in the

context of this report and training carried out in the Department of Indexing and

Documentation, indexing can be said to be the process involving careful perusal or scrutiny

of a document and the selection of relevant articles and designing relevant terms, subject and

reference line through which search for the document could be made, easily located and

retrieved. When one wants to index a newspaper, he/she must first of all select relevant

55
articles and subject which best treats the article at hand which could only be achieved or

gotten through reading of some parts of the article. This is so because sometimes, the title

may not depict the exact subject treated in the article. There are several processes involved in

indexing. Before we continue, it is important to state that the library adopts a system of

Index-to-periodicals (newspapers) and makes use of Natural indexing language. The

processes as practised may be summarized as follows:

 Select a paper to index: Here the indexer first of all makes choice of which paper to
index. In the case of the university library, The Head of the department selects the
paper by herself for the staff and practical students to ensure proper documentation.
 Take a worksheet: The index entries are first of all made in a draft where necessary
corrections are made if there is before transferring to the main index cards. As a
beginner, you may stumble at wrong subject selection which if not written in a draft
becomes difficult to correct thereby mutilating the index cards or allowing for wrong
entries.
 Choose relevant and topical issues to be indexed: A newspaper to be indexed may
have numerous topics treated but not all these topics are topical issues or relevant to
the institutions. Therefore, in this level the indexer is advised to go through the papers
and tick issues to be indexed. Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike is
an agricultural-specialised institution, so articles on agriculture is considered most
relevant. Others include:- articles on Health, Government and Governance, Economy,
Politics, Government sectors, Education and all Editorials. It is important to note that
'news' are not indexed in MOUAU library. The indexer after the first choice of article
is required to visit the paper again to be sure that there is none to be removed or more
to be added.
 Choose a subject: After selecting an article to index, the next thing is to choose the
subject. Looking at the title only may not give the subject of the article because some
titles talks differently from the content of the article, the indexer is advised to go
through the article before making a subject out of it. He/she may decide to use Free
indexing language of Natural indexing language but use of Controlled indexing
language is not recognised as a result of the absence of the controlled tools which
include the Thesaurus, List of Subject Headings and Classification Schemes.

56
  Index entries: After the selection of the subject, the indexer starts with the index
terms entries in the worksheet. These terms include The Subject, observes a paragraph
then states The Author's name which begins with surname and is capitalised, followed
by a comma (,) and the other names, observes another paragraph with an indentation
and states The Title of the article the way it was written, Observes another paragraph
then indicates the reference line. Here the reference line includes the name of the
paper which is abbreviated, the month, day and year of the paper and the page of the
article indexed. After which, the indexed paper is ticked and documented according to
month and year in the Shelves
Below is the nature of the index entries:

SLAVERY.
AJAYI, O.
Nigeria: Political power imbalance.
T/Nation, May 6, 2015. p.46.

This article has the subject "SLAVERY" and is written by "Ajayi, O." and has the title
"Nigeria: Political power imbalance" and is found in "The Nation" newspaper of "May 6,
2015" and the article is located in page "46". In some cases where there is no writer or
reporter such as in the cases of editorial or other article. The indexer ignores the writer and
indicates in a bracket after the title statement that it is an editorial. {Nigeria: Political power
imbalance [editorial]}.

11. Production and Filing of Index Cards:

This is another activity carried out in the Indexing and Documentation Department. The

production of index cards follows immediately after the compilation and cross-checking of

the index terms in the worksheet. The index card is a "3 X 5" inches card with a perforated

hole at the end for filing. The production is done manually,( that is handwritten) following a

particular order as indicated in the index entry above. After the production, the next thing that

follows is the filing of the index cards. The index cards are filed alphabetically according to

subject in the index card cabinet located in the Indexing and Documentation Department. The

indexer pulls out the tray which is lettered "A - Z" and reads the already filed cards before

57
placing the cards in an alphabetical sequence. During the filing process, the indexer ignores

articles such as the, a and an. For instance, a card with the subject "The Judiciary" is filled

under "Judiciary."

SLAVERY.

AJAYI, O.

Nigeria: Political power imbalance.

T/Nation, May 6, 2015. p.46.

An Index card

12. Book Binding using Different Methods

Bindery simply involves the process of preserving the library print materials. It is a technical

service carried out by the Bindery Department. The following methods are used in the book

binding processes depending on the type of material and extent of damage.

Book Binding using Saw-Method:

In this method, the book binder employs the use of 'saw' on the material to make openings

instead of using nails or needles. The first stage is to sort the loose sheets according to serial

numbers. The next thing that follows is dry cleaning. When this is done, the sheets are

collated with a view to ensuring that no page is missing. If any is missing, it is reasonable

then to take record of such so that the owner will be informed about it. Another very

important stage is to remove the sheets entirely from the original casing, i.e. removing the

book sheet by sheet in order to provide a new alignment. Care must be taken to arrange the

whole book on equal basis so that no sheet is longer than the others. With the aid of the

knocking down iron, hold the book firmly with the spine exposed for treatment or

immediately fix the book on the Backer with the spine facing upwards. Then saw it three

58
places proportionately apart from one another. The holes must be of equal depth nearly

measuring 3/4 of the width of the hacksaw blade. Then follows the application of glue on the

spine all over even to penetrate the holes. Pass a sewing thread starting from the middle until

the three holes have received thread. At this stage, it is well to tie and secure the two

projecting ends in the form of a knot to make sure that the book is firmly bound. Apply the

glue and on top of this place the mull whose function is to hold the sheets firmly in place; rub

glue again and leave in the Backer for upwards of 12 hours before any other action is taken.

Remove from the Backer after it has dried completely. Attach the end sheets and mull. Cut

the straw board to match; also make available the spine and the necessary cover. As a follow

up, cut the binding cloth and bring out the book from the nipping press where it has been

inserted in order that the straw board might be held fastened. Apply paste on the both sides of

the straw and cover the two sides hard covers. Return the book back to the nipping press for

proper attachment. After a while, remove it and insert the spine and the covers. Measure up

to four corners of the binding sheets, apply paste as the case may be. Cover up all ends and

send the jacket to the nipping press. Remove after a time and marry the book to the jacket.

hold firmly the book in the housed condition with a knocking down iron. Remove after all

these processes and pass on the jacket for the embossment of title to the compositor.

Book Binding using Perforating Method:

This is another method of binding library material. This method is the most widely used in

the library requiring specific methods and some instruments. It follows the same procedure

with the earlier discussed one but the difference here is the act of making perforated holes. In

the formal the perforated holes are made with the aid of a 'saw', here, the binder makes the

perforated holes using nail and a hammer.

Book Binding using Stitching Method:

59
This is a neater and more permanent way to bind a book. It is suitable for more than hundred

pages materials. This method is usually applied on voluminous books which exists in

different sections or layout such as dictionaries, bible etc. If you are sewing only a few pages

together you can use a plain or heavy thread. But if you are binding a rather large book, or

making a book that you expect will get hard use or using heavy paper it would be a good idea

to use a really heavy, strong thread, doubled up if necessary.

It is possible to sew together individual pages, as well as four-page sections. However you

can't sew along the centrefold as there is none. What you must do is punch holes along the

edge and then sew the pages together. The processes involved in this method are the same

with the above discussed method but in this method more holes are made and the pages sewn

according to sections. A book bound like this is said to be "side-sewn or stitched."

13. Digitization of the library's print materials:

After collection of the print or non-digitised materials such as inaugural lectures, question

papers, etc., the next thing is to convert to digital form through the scanning process using the

scanning machine and a computer system. This activity is seen as the beginning of the

Institutional Repository job of creating an avenue for digitised materials for the library users

using an online platform. The aim of digitizing library materials is for preservation and easy

access by any user or researcher outside the library building. Digitization improves access to

library resources. By digitizing library collections, information will be accessible to all

instead of a group of researchers. Digital projects allow users to search for collections rapidly

and comprehensively from anywhere at any time. Digitization makes the invisible to be

visible. Several users can access the same material the same time without hindrance. It also

removes the problem of distance, as users do not have to travel to libraries that possess the

hard copies of library materials before they can access and use such materials. In this process,

60
the material about to be scanned is placed on the scanning machine bed, press the 'scanning

bottom, it displays on the computer screen the dialogue box for the selection of the document

format which includes Pdf, Tif, Word, Gif, etc. Usually in MOUAU library, the materials are

scanned to Portable Document Format (PDF) to make for longetivity of the material and to

guide against virus attack. The scanner selects document format to pdf , then a command on

the properties of the paper or material to be scanned will be displayed where the scanner

confirms all and click on 'scan' then the material starts scanning, after then a finish command

is displayed where the scanner selects and the scanned document is automatically saved. The

process of creating quality electronic documents typically involves copying all or part of a

book, journal, or other print document and scanning it to a PDF file. The goal of these

guidelines is to create the best possible PDF files which can be saved and converted at a later

date using OCR (Optical Character Recognition).

14. Creation and Management of Folders and Sub-folders :

How you set up the directory structure of the repository depends on the library's policy. If

you have more than a few documents in your repository, it can get cluttered very quickly, so

creating folders to organize content can be helpful. To create a folder, from the Desktop,

right-click the side or folder where you want to create a new folder. From the pop-up menu

select New Folder. This opens the Create Folder dialog box. Enter a name for the folder. Use

lower case letters and keep the name short. Don’t use spaces; instead, use hyphens or

underscores if needed. Same thing is done in the process of creating a sub-folder. As of the

time of filing this report, the department engages in the scanning of question papers of

different Colleges and Department and inaugural lectures, which involves the creation of

folders for the Colleges having sub-folders for the Departments under it. This is necessary as

61
it ensures proper organisation of the materials according to Colleges and Department which

are seen online as community and sub-community in the repository.

15. File Ripping and Storage:

Ripping is the process of coping audio, video content or soft copy files to a computer system

or hard disk, typically from removable media such as compact disk (CD) or DVD although.

Ripping is often used to shift formats, to edit, duplicate or back up media content. Ripping is

distinct from simple file copying, in that the source audio or video often isn't originally

formatted for ease of use in a computer file system, ripping such data usually involves

reformatting it and optionally compressing it during the extraction process. This is done for

Projects, Theses, Dissertations and academic woks of the institution in CDs. Like in the

scanning process where folders are created for the question papers, a separate folders for

colleges and sub-folders for department. Once the CD is inserted in the CD ROM. it displays

the content of the CD which the administrator either cut, copy, or send to desktop and then

moves the file to the right folder depending on the college and department of the research

work.

16. Uploading Files:

This is another service of the Institutional Repository Department which was taught but was

not practiced as a result of the repository being shut down for some months during the period

of the Industrial Training. After the materials have been converted to its digital format, the

materials through the use on internet connection is hosted on the Library Repository available

at http://www.mouaurepository.edu.ng where it can be accessed and utilised by the users in

search of the materials. Before now, the materials scanned or ripped is only domiciled in the

62
department but when uploaded, becomes universally visible to anyone within and outside the

library building.

3.4 SPECIFIC ACHIEVEMENTS

After the completion of the Industrial Training in the various Departments of the University

Library of Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike for the period of six (6)

months, practical and theoretical knowledge of the library's technical and readers' services to

a great extent was acquired

1. Although the selection, ordering and evaluation processes and procedures of

collection development in libraries was taught theoretically in the lecture halls, the training

enabled me to practically carry out these processes involved in collection building as it relates

to academic libraries. Also, the experience on processes involved in the verification and

vetting of newly acquired materials by the university management was gotten. The

knowledge of how to make effective use of the accessioning machine and register was also

acquired. As a result of practising the overall collection development processes, collection

building experience was acquired.

2. Cataloguing and Classification is an important aspect of librarianship as air is

essential to human life. Cataloguers and Classifiers are seen as the library's technicians and

life blood which when it stops, the library actually suffers or even dies off. Before now, I can

hardly classify a material, but after my stay in the Cataloguing and Classification Department

in the course of the Industrial Training, I can catalogue, classify, spine-label books as well as

produce and file catalogue and shelf-list cards.

3. Another experience gained is the relevance and difference between shelving, shelf-

reading and statistics taking processes. The experience on the process of registering library

users, mounting security check on library materials, charging and discharging of library

63
materials was recorded, the over-due period and charges as it will enable me as a library user

and a future Librarian to know what is involved in the borrowing processes and over-due

charges on library materials.

Reference and Information services are essential services provided by libraries. Before the

period of industrial training, I lacked the knowledge on how to utilise the library reference

resources especially project works. I was exposed to the practices involved and different

activities carried out in the Reference Department which in summary taught me on the

access, location and retrieval of print research and reference materials. The reference

materials provides an avenue for background information, as a matter of fact, haven be

exposed to all the reference services, it added to my knowledge when it comes to discussing

my field of study and marketing of information and reference services within and outside the

library.

Knowledge of serials management and control was received. I learnt the essence and

importance attached to serial materials. Today, serial materials are underutilized as a result of

user unawareness about the existence of these materials in the library and its contents, the

experience I had goes a long way in shaping my mentality about serial document thereby

equipping me with the knowledge of encouraging users to use the materials.

The digital library performs almost all the functions of the library electronically. It is today

seen as the hub of the library services. Although before the training I can use some of the

online databases, adding to my experience in the course of this training is the use of TEEAL

latest version, how to access the research4life databases (AGORA, ARDI, HINARI and

OARE) and the knowledge (both theory and practical) of the latest SLAM and MENDELEY

software. As a matter of fact my knowledge of the use of ICTs and other e-library resources

was developed thereby making me ICT compliant.

64
Indexing service cannot only be provided in the libraries. Today, writers and publishers are

looking for indexers as well as the libraries and other information centres. Haven gotten the

knowledge and experience of indexing process, I can make money out of it in future time.

Also, adding to my experience is the knowledge of filing index cards. The way these services

are provided to users is another experience received in this practical.

An entrepreneur is one who discovers a gap and tries to fill the gap with limited resources.

Experiences gotten from the binding practical in the course of this training are unquantifiable

as it provides me with a resource to fill the gap that exist in the university in future time. I, in

the various practical on the different methods of binding book now understands and acquires

the basic skill required in identifying the method to use on any material. Before now, the

bindery department activities are hidden to my knowledge but haven completed these

processes and taught, it is right to say that I now understands the ways and methods by which

materials especially books can be conserved and preserved for longevity.

Before now, I can hardly talk about the IR because of its invisibility to me. In the course of

the training, complementing to my ICT experiences is the ability to scan, copy and convert

non-digital materials into digital format for upload to the internet. To operate the scanning

machine is another experience gained from this training. Today, I can tell the difference

between the IR and the ICT departments as well as its similarities and services they offer.

After carrying out the above reported activities of the library, it is right to say that the

Industrial Training added immensely to my knowledge of library profession and different

services of an academic library as well as the users' information needs and ways of solving

them.

65
 CHAPTER FOUR

4.1 RELEVANCE OF EXPERIENCE TO STUDENTS' FIELD OF STUDY

Going by the specific achievements discussed in the preceding chapter, one can without

further argument agree to the fact that the Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme is

relatively important to my field of study based on the fact that it exposed me to all the library

services as relates to academic libraries.

The experiences acquired from the Industrial Training in the university library goes a long

way in complementing the objectives of the of the Library and Information science

programmes which is to produce competent personnel for all professional work in libraries,

information, archives and records centres.

The experience is relevant because it equipped me with skills to instruct readers in library use

and teach library skills to learners in secondary schools as well as undergraduates.

The experience is also relevant to my field of study because the establishment being a library

laid a foundation for my further studies in Library and Information Science and the practice

of Librarianship and library profession both in the readers and technical perspectives.

The establishment and the various works done my understanding about the subject base of

library and information scientist as a basis for serving different user backgrounds.

The services carried out in the university library goes a long way in preparing me in future
and providing me with the necessary skills and experiences require in serving as a catalyst for
the rapid development of information institution in Nigeria and elsewhere in the world.

The services carried out especially in the ICT and Institutional repository sections of the
university library trained me to cope competently and confidently with resources and media
services in libraries and information centres.

66
The activities carried out in all the sections of the university library as well as the theoretical
knowledge acquired and experiences gained in the course of the Industrial Training gave me
the capabilities as a future Professional Librarian to serve as information and knowledge
provider to reinforce the efforts of national researches/researchers in agriculture, science and
technology in attainment of national goals and policies.

Furthermore, the training received from the university library provided me with an indepth
understanding of the role of new communications technology such as the internet, databases,
softwares, etc. in the process of acquiring, organising, disseminating, preserving and
conserving of information for users' immediate and future use.

Having practiced all the activities done in academic libraries and complementing it with other
activities of other types of libraries done theoretically, I can function as a Librarian and
Information Scientist or Analyst in any organisation.

67
 CHAPTER FIVE

5.1 OBSERVATIONS: THE WORK PLACE (MICHAEL OKPARA UNIVERSITY

OF AGRICULTURE LIBRARY, UMUDIKE)

The Strength of the University Library

The strength of the library lies in collections, equipment, SLAM , AGORA, OARE, HINARI,

EBSCOHOST, Nigeria Virtual Library and TEEAL. The staff are well qualified and

dedicated. The collection is small but is very selective and efficient in meeting the

expectations of users and the mandate of the library and tries to accomplish the law of

librarianship which stipulates "Each book its reader and each reader his/her book". The

structures are small but are well-built with proper ventilation and arrangement of shelves The

bindery is particularly strong in modern and state-of-the-art equipments, as is the

computer/ICT unit houses. The outstanding strength of the unit is TEEAL, which is the first

of its kind in South of the Niger. Approximately 130 leading journals covering all aspects of

Agriculture and allied fields are contained in 426 compact disks, and are housed in the

computer/ICT unit.

The library is a user-oriented organisation which functions as a store house of knowledge

where effectively and skilfully selected and acquired information carrying materials are

processed, arranged and stored for easy location, retrieval and use. It ensures users'

information satisfaction through the provision of numerous services and materials in print and

non-print. The library has three main reading hall viz circulation, serials and reference rooms

with staff strength of about fifty (50). The library has over 27,000 volumes covering all

aspects of agricultural science and allied fields; 7,000 volumes of reference materials,

including dictionaries, encyclopedias, directories, and research reports of student projects,

including theses and dissertations, etc. The library's collections involves collections of

sources like reference materials, books relating to school curriculum, general books on

68
different subject areas, periodicals, newspapers, audiovisual materials, government

publications and electronic resources such as e-books, e-journals, e-databases, e- newspapers,

CD-ROM, etc. These resources enable libraries to play a crucial role in the success of

lifelong education of communities and society in general. The collection covered all subject

areas like history, biography, science, religion and philosophy. The extension services within

and outside the university community ended up being inculcated in the reading and library

use habit in those patrons. The serials department has total collections as at present of 436

Journal Titles made up of 260 local titles and 176 foreign titles. In addition it has 500 copies

of Journal of Agricultural and Science Education The university has the year 2005 version

of The Essential Electronic Agricultural Library (TEEAL). The library is connected to the

Internet, and subscribes to more than 500 print journal titles, local and foreign, as well as

national newspapers and magazines. It also houses and subscribes to software and databases

such as AGORA (Access to Global Online Research in Agriculture), OARE (Online Access

to Research in the Environment), EBSCOHOST, DSPACE (Dura Space), SLAM (Strategic

Library Automation Management) and HINARI (Health Inter Network Access research

Initiatives). The Nigeria Virtual Library is available to the library users via ICT and Digital

units of the library. The library has a seating capacity of about 700 readers. There are over

150 computers in the library and other e-library resources.

Weaknesses of the library

The weakness is a major challenge encountered. The major weakness of this library is the
lack of proper and functional library card catalogue, late processing and issuance of library
card to registered users and inadequate personnel especially in the cataloguing and
classification unit. Most books are processed and sent to Readers Services without catalogue
cards and after three to six months some even one year of arrival. It is impossible for library
users to know what the library has by author, title, or subject and to access current
information materials. Users are left with no option but go directly to shelves to browse and

69
by chance get what they are looking for sometimes even if there is catalogue the books are
not properly shelved.

Journals are not being catalogued, classified, or indexed. When journals arrive, they are put
on display racks, after being checked-in using a notebook. Back issues are "dumped" on the
shelves. Users are left wandering blindly through display racks and shelves searching for a
journal that may contain information to satisfy their needs.

Another area of weakness is the bindery unit. Despite having state-of-the art equipment
including the latest digital bindery equipments, the bindery is under-used.

Lack of space for users and staff is also an area of weakness. The library has only the seating
capacity for about 500 to serve the entire university community of students (full-time, part-
time, and postgraduates), academic and administrative staff, researchers, and so on.

Threats of the library

The threats of the of the library also is a challenge .One of the major threats that face the
library is that of safety and security problems . Issues include the library building itself, the
collections, the staff, and the users.

OBSERVATIONS: SIWES

The problem of securing an efficient IT placement: It is no longer news to say that it is

very difficult for students to secure a proper IT placement because many company find it

difficult to employ students for this academic acquirement. This may be as a result of the

company not having enough space to accommodate the large number of students applying for

a placement in their institution or company. Some companies have the mindset that the

students are not of good character which may hinder their company's achievement.

Inability of the students to cope: It is very abhorring to note that many students are not

directly sent to sections that has direct influence or relationship to students' field of study

thereby making it very impossible for the student to cope. The inability of the student to cope

could be as a result of the institution of company of attachment inability to meet with little

70
financial assistance in form of transport fair or launch, hence discouraging the students from

giving their best as they may not have fund to continue with the training. Another reason

could also be lack of effort celebration where the institution fails to celebrate the effort of the

student thereby encouraging him to put his/her best.

Inadequate orientation and training: Students are exposed to danger which arises from

heavy machine as a result of inadequate orientation. Some struggle with some processes

which they end up failing because of the company's inability to give orientation to them.

Some as a result no payment of the staff to trained the students end up leaving the students on

their own which exposes them to several mistakes.

Unconducive working environment and Staff relationship: It is important to understand

the fact the a personnel works efficiently when good relationship is established between the

staff and the management. Poor staff management is a challenge faced by the student as a

result of the staff training to exhibit superiority thereby not allowing the students contribute

to the company. Student are treated as outsiders who are close watched and not treated as

potential staff who needs some sense of belonging.

Therefore this challenges and others stands as a major barrier towards the accomplishment of
the aims and objectives of SIWES which if not properly manage will suffer the students and
deny them of the expected knowledge to receive in the course of the training experience

5.2 RECOMMENDATION

The following recommendations were based on the problems and challenges

encountered during the course of the Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES)
and as a solution to the identified problems.

Proper coordination and supervision of the exercise: The various bodies involved in the
management of the SIWES exercise i.e. Federal Government, Industrial Training Fund (ITF),

71
NUC, NBTE and NCCE should come together and fashion out a modality that will ensure
smooth operation of the SIWES exercise. Efforts should be made to ensure that students
attached to the organization are properly supervised to ensure that what they are doing is in
line with the objectives of the SIWES exercise.

Acceptance of students: The various bodies involved in the management of the SIWES
programmes should liaise with the various industries ahead of tune so as to minimize or
reduce to the barest minimum the high level of refusal to accept students for their industrial
training participation.

Issuing of log books/IT letters on time: The log books used by the student during the
industrial training period and the IT letters should be issued to the students at the end of the
first semester exam as against the end of second semester examination as this will afford the
students enough time to search for place that are relevant to their field of study.

Employment of experts: The various institutions should endeavour to employ experts in the
areas of career development to manage the student's industrial placement centres as this could
go a long way to establish good morals, build a right sense of belonging, ensure efficient and
effective transfer of knowledge as well as promote good behaviour.

Financial support: The saying that money answers all things is not an understatement
because for every possible step, there should be enough finance to achieve it. Finance always
posed a lot challenges towards proper enhancement of students during industrial training. As
I earlier observed that lack of finance hinders students from going to their place of work
earlier or going to the right place for development of knowledge in their field of study. The
establishment are expected to at least give the students transport fair even thou they cannot
pay them on monthly basis.

Students learn the core processes of librarianship in classroom. If practical training is carried
out simultaneously together with the lecture, learning could be more lifelong and permanent.
It is reported that supervisory responsibility is essential throughout the project experience. To
ensure training projects are successful, Shoenfelt devised a checklist consisting of six
categories: Host organization characteristics, Project characteristics, Student responsibilities
& outcomes, Red Flags, Sources for host organization, and Pay & compensation. One of the
points highlighted is that the training module should be within the skill level abilities of the
students. The training should not be too simple nor underutilize students’ skills. Convergent

72
efforts of the library school and the library to supervise and identify the strengths and
weakness of the students can facilitate improvement in the quality of students produced.
SIWES (Students’ Industrial Work Experience Scheme) in Nigeria, calls for mandatory
collaboration between educators and practitioners to ensure a curriculum that satisfies the job
markets .

5.3 PERCEIVED NEEDS OF THE LIBRARY

 The library management needs build on the strength of the library by improving on
the collections in terms of size, quality, currency, relevance, availability, accessibility,
and the provision of multiple copies by purchasing or duplicating.
 Staff needs motivation in order to work efficiently as well as employ more staff.
 The library needs to be upgraded to the status of a college and all the departments in
the library treated like those in the colleges, as is the case with the University of
Calabar, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, and many others, the University Librarian
should be designated "Professor and Dean of the Library." • The library's card
catalogue urgently needs more cabinets especially in the reference department.
 Journals should be catalogued and indexed for effective retrieval.
 The bindery should be put to proper use and even commercialized.
 All the students should be encouraged to patronize the bindery.
 More space for more reading is needed, as are more chairs and carrels to increase the
seating capacity.
 More computers should be provided and the library should be on the path to partial or
complete automation in line with global trends.
 There is the need for security inside and outside the library, by providing close circuit
television (CCTV) for effective electronic surveillances, along with other methods
which although is available to some certain extent should be extended to the Library
Annex and College Libraries .
 As other university libraries are doing, the library could organize short training
programmes on topics like cataloguing and classification, indexing and abstracting,
the practical use of ICT in libraries in the 21st century librarianship, to name but a
few.
 The Library needs to engage in publication of journals so as to increase scholarship
and generate revenue.

73
  Indexing and abstracting services, Current Awareness Services (CAS) and Selective
Dissemination of Information (SDI) for use inside and outside the university
community.
 Documentation of the activities of institution's colleges is also needed to ensure
visibility.
 The bindery unit should be commercialized and members of the university
community encouraged to patronize the bindery. There is a ready market if one
imagines the volume of binding going on in the university environment, particularly
student projects.

5.4 CONCLUSION:

This work encompass all library and information science work as it touches the
various services that can be carried out in each department and some practical that can be
done using different machines and Information and Communication Technology (ICT)
facilities.

During this training I worked as follows

S/ DEPARTMENT DATE DURATION

N
1 Circulation Mon. 4th May - Fri. 29th May 2015 4 weeks
2 Serials Mon. 1st June - Fri. 19th June,, 2015 3 weeks
3 Indexing and Documentation Mon. 22nd June - Fri. 3rd July, 2015 2 weeks
4 Acquisition Mon. 6th July - Fri. 24th July, 2015 2 weeks
5 ICT Mon. 27th July - Fri. 7th Aug., 2015 2 weeks
6 Reference Mon. 10th Aug. - Fri. 28th Aug., 2015 3 weeks
7 Cataloguing and Classification Mon. 31st Aug. - Fri. 25th Sept., 2015 4 weeks
8 Bindery Mon. 28th Sept. - Fri. 9th Oct., 2015 2 weeks
9 Institutional Repository Mon. 12th Oct. - Fri. 16th Oct., 2015 1 week
10 CAFST Library Mon. 19th Oct. - Fri. 30th Oct., 2015 2 weeks

Students during this scheme were exposed to many functions and processes, some of which
was not included in their course program. The emphasis of this report to a great extent
centres on the core processes such as acquisitions, cataloguing and classification, indexing
and documentation, serials management, reference and information services, bindery
processes, digital information services as well as circulation processes. The students were

74
indirectly introduced to office politics, implement what they have studied in the classroom
and also develop interpersonal and team skills. The library school’s objective is to give the
students an opportunity to apply the theories learnt during their course. All this works were
done for proper enhancement and preparation to fit in the labour market. It is also to increase
the students’ knowledge, competency, comprehension and practical skills as well as to gain
‘working’ experience in the field of library and information science. The college and
department therefore through this scheme hopes that students will be exposed to the real life
scenario, coming to work on time, adhere to office hours and to be supervised by people with
varying characters. To learn all these within six months can be a challenge for some students
which the writer tried to capture in the problems and challenges encountered and recommend
solutions which when adopted will go a long way to solve the problem

SIWES is educative and has developed my experience in my field of study and has also
prepared me for future participation in Library and Information Science field of study.

75
 REFERENCES

Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike (2014). Annual Report: January 2013---
December 2014.

Nnadozie, C.O. (2007). Foundations of Library practice. Owerri, Nigeria: Springfield Nig.
Ltd.

Onwuji, J. (2004). The Role of Industrial Placement Centre (IPC) in the training of our
Graduands. Fedponek News, 1(4):30-31.

Oyediran, A. B. O. (1998). Nigerian university libraries in the twenty-first century: The

future begins with the present. In: Salisu, T. M. and Olalokun, S. O. (eds.) (1998).
Committee of University Librarians of Nigerian Universities (CULNU) Proceeding of
Ibadan and Ekpoma Seminars 1992&1994. Nigeria: CULNU.

Rogers, R. D. and Weber, D.C. (1971). University library administration. New York: H. W.
Wilson.

Ugah, A. D. (2002). Security and crime prevention at the Michael Okpara University of
Agriculture Library, Umudike, Abia State, Nigeria. MLS Thesis Imo State University,
Owerri.

Ugwu, E.I. (2010). Towards Effective Education and training of Library and information
Science delivery in the south East geographical zone of Nigeria. Journal of Library
and Information Science & Technology, 1(1): 17-33.

Ugwuanyi, E.F. (2010). Challenges of Students' Industrial work Experience Scheme

(SIWES) in Library and Information Science in the ICT environment library.
Available: http://www.faqs.org/periodicals.

Ugwuanyi, F., & Ezema, J. U. (July 2010). Challenges of students’ industrial work
experience scheme in library and information science in the ICT environment.
Library Philosophy and Practice. Retrieved 1st February 2011 from
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Wodi, S.W & Dokubo, A. (2009). Appraisal of Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme
(SIWES) in five tertiary Institutions in Rivers State Nigeria. European Journal of
Social Science,7(3):42-51

APPENDIX

Figure B: Study carrels/Reading tables

Figure A: Lettering Machine used for with chairs found in the reading rooms
composing letters. It is found in the of MOUAU Library.
Bindery Department.

Figure C: CD-ROM rack used for

arranging CD-ROM. Found in the ICT
Department.

77
 Figure F: Nipping press which performs
similar function with the knocking-
down-iron use in holding books in the
Bindery Department.
Figure D: Computers in the ICT
Department.

Figure E: Display racks used in

showcasing new books and other special
materials especially grey literature.

78
 Figure H. Kick-step (shelve ladder) used
by staff in shelving books at the top-
most part of the shelves.

Figure G: Trolley used for the carrying

of books from the carrels to the shelves
Figure G: Shelves use for the placement
or from the Collection Development
of books for users accessibility.
Department to the Circulation or any
other Department.

79
 Figure J: Vertical files (Pamphlet boxes)
hanging on top of the display rack used
in placing tracts and fliers which can
neither be shelved nor displayed
Figure H: Kardex cabinet use in filing because of their nature.
kardex cards. They are found in the
Serials Department

Figure K: The date-due stamps placed

in the Circulation desk for charging and
discharging library materials in the
Circulation Department.
Figure I: Newspaper racks used in
displaying newspapers. They are found
in the Serials Department.

80
 Figure M: Newly-acquired books
displayed in the Collection Development
Department.

Figure L: Accessioning Machine and

Register used in the Collection
Development Department for the
accessioning of library materials.

Figure N: Classification tools found in

the Cataloguing and Classification
Department.

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Figure O: Guillotine used in cutting or Figure P: Barker used for holding spine
trimming books in the Bindery of books for sawing during rebinding
Department. and book maintenance in the Bindery
department

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Figure Q: Demonstrating the process of filing catalogue cards in the catalogue cabinet
located at the entrance of the Main Library, MOUA, Umudike.

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