Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics: Pure Mathematics 2 & 3

8.1 Derivative of tan −1 x

The function y = tan −1 x can be written as:

tan y = x Differentiate both sides with respect to x.

dy
sec 2 y   =1
dx
dy 1
= Use sec 2 y   = 1 + tan2 y.
dx sec 2 y  
dy 1 Use tan y = x .
=
dx 1 + tan2 y
dy 1
=
dx 1 + x 2

KEY POINT 8.1

d 1
(tan −1 x ) = 2
dx x +1

WORKED EXAMPLE 8.1

Differentiate with respect to x.

186 a tan −1 3x

b tan −1 x

tan −1 
x 
c
 x−2

Answer
d 1
a (tan −1 3x ) =   ×  3 Chain rule.
dx (3x )2 + 1
3
=
9x 2 + 1
1
b
d
(
tan −1 x = ) 1
 × 
1 −2
x Chain rule.
dx ( x )2
+1 2
1 1
= ×
x +1 2 x
1
=
2 x ( x + 1)
 Chapter 8: Further calculus

d  −1  x  1 d  x 
c  tan  x − 2   =  ×  Chain rule and quotient rule.
( ) dx  x − 2 
2
dx x +1
x−2
( x − 2)2 ( x − 2)(1) − ( x )(1) Simplify.
= ×
x + ( x − 2)2
2
( x − 2)2
−2
=
2 x 2 − 4x + 4
−1
= 2
x − 2x + 2

EXERCISE 8A

1 Differentiate with respect to x.

x
a tan −1 2 x b tan −1 5x c tan −1
3

tan −1 
2x 
d tan −1( x − 1) e tan −1 x 2 f
 x + 1

2 Differentiate with respect to x.

tan −1 2 x
a x tan −1 x b c e x tan −1 x
x
3 Find the equation of the tangent to the curve y = tan −1   at the point where x = 2.
x
 2 187
PS 4 Show that the tangent to the curve y = tan −1 x at the point where x = −1 is perpendicular to the normal to
the curve at the point where x = 1. Find the x-coordinate of the point where this tangent and normal intersect.

1
8.2 Integration of
x2 + a2
Since integration is the reverse process of differentiation we can say that:

KEY POINT 8.2 REWIND

1 In Section 8.1 we
∫ x2 + 1
dx = tan −1 x + c
learnt that
d 1
This can be extended to: (tan −1 x ) = 2 .
dx x +1
1 1 x
∫ x2 + a2
dx = tan −1 + c
a a

WORKED EXAMPLE 8.2

1
Find
∫ x 2 + 25
dx.

Answer
1 1 x
∫ x 2 + 25
dx = tan −1 + c
5 5
 Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics: Pure Mathematics 2 & 3

WORKED EXAMPLE 8.3

1
Find
∫ 2x 2
+3
dx.
Answer
1 1 1
∫ 2x 2
+3
dx =
2 ∫ x2 + 3
2
dx

1 2  x 
= × tan −1  23  + c
2 3  

1 2  2 
= tan −1  x +c
2 3  3 

WORKED EXAMPLE 8.4

2
1
Find the exact value of
∫ 0 x2 + 4
d x.
Answer
2 2
d x =  tan −1 
1 1 x
∫0 x +4
2
2 2 0

   =  tan −1 1  −  tan −1 0 
188 1 1
2  2 
1 π
=  ×  −  × 0
1
2 4 2 
π
=
8

EXERCISE 8B

1 Find the following integrals.

1 1 1
a
∫
x +9
2 dx b
∫ 16 + x 2 dx c
∫ 4x + 1
2 dx

1 1 1
d
∫ 9x 2
+ 16
dx e
∫ 4x 2 + 3
dx f
∫ 2 + 3x 2 dx

2 Find the exact value of each of these integrals.

3 1 2
1 2 1
∫ ∫ ∫
2
a dx b dx c dx  
0 x2 + 9 0 4x + 1
2
− 2 3x 2 + 2
y
2
3 The diagram shows part of the curve y = . Find the exact value
x2 + 1
of the volume of the solid formed when the shaded region is rotated
completely about the x-axis.

–1 O 1 x
 Chapter 8: Further calculus

k f ′(x)
8.3 Integration of
f(x)
Since integration is the reverse process of differentiation and ln x only exists for x . 0, we
can say that:

KEY POINT 8.3 REWIND

f ′( x ) In Chapter 4, we
∫ f( x )
d x = ln f( x ) + c learnt that
d
This can be extended to: dx
[ ln f( x ) ] = ff(′(xx)) .
k f ′( x )
∫f( x )
dx = k ln f( x ) + c

WORKED EXAMPLE 8.5

2x
Find
∫x 2
+3
dx.

Answer

If f( x ) = x 2 + 3 then f ′( x ) = 2 x .

2x
∴
∫ x2 + 3
dx = ln x 2 + 3 + c
189

WORKED EXAMPLE 8.6

Find
∫ tan 3x dx.
Answer
sin 3x
∫ tan 3x dx = ∫ cos 3x
dx

If f( x ) = cos 3x then f ′( x ) = −3sin 3x.

1 −3sin 3x
∫ tan 3x dx = − 3 ∫ cos 3x
dx

1
=− ln cos 3x + c
3
 Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics: Pure Mathematics 2 & 3

WORKED EXAMPLE 8.7

3x 2 + 5x
Find
∫ 2x 3
+ 5x 2
dx.

Answer

If f( x ) = 2 x 3 + 5x 2 then f ′( x ) = 6x 2 + 10 x.
3x 2 + 5x 1 6x 2 + 10 x
∫ 2 x + 5x
3 2 dx =
2 2 x 3 + 5x 2
dx
∫
1
= ln 2 x 3 + 5x 2 + c
2

WORKED EXAMPLE 8.8

1
2e x
Find
∫ 0 1 + ex
dx

Answer

If f( x ) = 1 + e x then f ′( x ) = e x.
1 1
2e x ex
∫ 0 1 + ex
dx = 2
∫
0 1 + ex
dx
190 1
=  2 ln 1 + e x  Substitute limits.
0
= 2 ln(1 + e) − 2 ln 2 Simplify the logarithms.
1+ e 
= 2 ln
 2 

EXERCISE 8C

1 Find the following integrals.

6x 2 cos x 4x − 10
a
∫ x3 − 1
dx b
∫ 1 + sin x dx c
∫ x 2 − 5x + 1
dx

x sec 2 x
d
∫ cot x dx e
∫ 2−x 2 dx f
∫ 1 + tan x dx
2 Find the exact value of each of these integrals.
1π 2 ln 2
3x 2 e2 x
∫ ∫ ∫
4
a tan x d x b dx c dx
1π
6 0 x3 + 2 0 1 + e2 x
1π
2
x +1 1
2x + 3
∫ ∫ ∫
4
d dx e cot x d x f dx
1
2
x + 2x − 1 1π
6 0 ( x + 1)( x + 2)

ex + e− x
3 Show that
∫ ex − e− x
dx = ln(1 − e2 x ) − x + c.

1π
sin x cos x 1
∫
4
4 Show that d x = − ln 2.
1π
3
1 − 2 cos 2 x 8
 Chapter 8: Further calculus

PS y
5

O p x

4x
The diagram shows part of the curve y = . Find the exact value of p for which the shaded region has
x2 + 1
an area of 4.

8.4 Integration by substitution REWIND

Integration by substitution can be considered as the reverse process of differentiation by the
chain rule. In the Pure
Mathematics 1
This method is used when a simple substitution can be applied that will transform a Coursebook Chapter 7,
difficult integral into an easier integral. The integral must be completely rewritten in terms we learnt the chain rule
of the new variable. for differentiation:
dy dy du
= ×
dx du dx

WORKED EXAMPLE 8.9

191
Use the substitution u = 2 x + 1 to find
∫ 4x 2 x + 1 dx.

Answer
u −1
u = 2 x + 1  ⇒ x =  
2
du du
u = 2 x + 1  ⇒   = 2  ⇒  dx =
dx 2

 u − 1 du
∫ 4x 2 x + 1 dx =
∫4 2 
u
2
Rewrite the integral in terms of u and simplify.

 3 1

=
∫  u − u  du

2 2

Integrate with respect to u.

5 3
2 2 2 2
= u − u +c Rewrite in terms of x.
5 3
5 3
2 2
= (2 x + 1) 2 − (2 x + 1) 2 + c
5 3
 Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics: Pure Mathematics 2 & 3

WORKED EXAMPLE 8.10

8
Use the substitution x = 2 tan u to find
∫ x +4
2 dx.

Answer

x = 2 tan u   ⇒ x 2 = 4 tan2 u  
dx
x = 2 tan u   ⇒   = 2 sec 2 u   ⇒ dx = 2 sec 2 u du
du
8  8 
∫ x +4
2  dx = 
∫  4 tan u + 4 
2  2 sec 2 u du Rewrite the integral in terms of u and simplify.

16 sec 2 u
=
∫ 4 tan2 u + 4
du Use tan2 u + 1 ≡ sec 2 u.

16 sec 2 u
=
∫ 4 sec 2 u
du Simplify.

=
∫ 4 du Integrate with respect to u.

= 4u + c Rewrite in terms of x.

= 4 tan −1   + c
x
 2

192 WORKED EXAMPLE 8.11

Use the substitution u = sin x to find

∫ sin 2x cos x dx.
2

Answer

u = sin x   ⇒ sin2 2 x = (2 sin x cos x )2

= 4 sin2 x cos2 x
= 4u2 (1 − u )2
du du
u = sin x ⇒ = cos x ⇒  dx =
dx cos x
du
∫ sin 2x cos x dx = ∫ sin 2x cos x cos x
2 2
Replace dx by
du
cos x
and simplify.

∫
= sin 2 x du 2

∫
= (4u − 4u ) du2 4 Replace sin2 2 x by 4u2 − 4u 4. TIP

4 3 4 5 When using
= u − u +c Integrate with respect to u.
3 5 substitution in definite
4 4 integrals you must also
= sin3 x − sin5 x + c Rewrite in terms of x. remember to convert
3 5
the limits to limits for u.
 Chapter 8: Further calculus

WORKED EXAMPLE 8.12

3
x
Use the substitution u = x + 1 to find
∫
0 x +1
d x.

Answer

u = x + 1 ⇒   x = u − 1 
du
u = x +1⇒ = 1  ⇒ dx = du
dx
Find the new limits for u:
x = 3 ⇒ u = 3+1= 4
x = 0⇒ u = 0+1=1
x=3 u=4
x u −1
∫x=0 x +1
dx =
u =1 u ∫du Write the integral in terms of u and simplify.

4  1 − 
1
=
∫
1
 u − u  du

2 2

Integrate with respect to u.

4
2 3 1

=  u 2 − 2u 2  Evaluate the function at the limits.
3 1

= − 4 −  − 2
16 2
 3  3 
8
=
3 193

EXERCISE 8D

x 1 1
1 Given that I =
∫ x −3
2
 dx, use the substitution u = x 2 − 3 to show that I =
2 ∫ u
 du.

Hence find I .
2 Find these integrals, using the given substitution.
x
a
∫( x + 2)4
dx, u = x + 2 b
∫x 1 − 2 x 2 dx, u = 1 − 2 x 2

c
∫ cos x sin x dx, u = sin x
5
d
∫e x
e x + 2 dx, u = e x + 2

5x
e
∫ 5x + 1 dx, u = 5x + 1 f
∫x 3x − 1 dx, u = 3x − 1

1 1π
x2
∫ ∫
2
3 Given that I = d x, use the substitution x = sin θ to show that I = sin2 θ dθ .
0 1 − x2 0

Hence find the exact value of I .

4 Find the exact value of each of these integrals.
1π 4

∫
x
∫
2
a cos3 x d x, u = sin x b d x, u = 3 − x
0 0 3− x
2
3 π
 x2   x2 
c
∫ x ( 2 − x ) dx, u =
1
x d
∫ 0
2 x cos 
 4  d x , u = cos 
 4 
 Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics: Pure Mathematics 2 & 3

1 π 2
5
∫ ∫ ( x + 4 ) dx, x = 2 tan θ
3
e sec 2 x tan3 x d x , u = tan x f 2
1 π −2 2
6

1 2
x2
g
∫ 0 4 − x2
, x = 2 cos θ h
∫ x(2 − x ) dx, x = 2 sin θ
0
2

2
4
5 Use the substitution u = x − 2 to find the exact value of
∫1 1 + ( x − 2)2
d x.

6 The diagram shows part of the curve y = 2 sin2 x cos3 x. Using the y

substitution u = sin x, find the exact area of the shaded region.

O π x
2
ln x y
7 The diagram shows part of the curve y = . Using the substitution
x
u = ln x, find the exact value of the volume of the solid formed when
the shaded region is rotated completely about the x-axis.

O e x
8 The diagram shows part of the curve y = 3 e cos x sin x . The curve y
has rotational symmetry of order 2 about the origin. Using
the substitution u = cos x, find the exact value of the total area
194 bounded by the curve and the x-axis between x = −π and x = π. −π O π x

8.5 The use of partial fractions in integration

EXPLORE 8.1

2
Consider
∫ x2 − 1
dx.

Try using some of the integration techniques that you have learnt so far to find this
integral and discuss what happens with your classmates.

2
In the integral
∫
x2 − 1
dx, the denominator x 2 − 1 can be factorised to ( x − 1)( x + 1).
2
Hence the fraction 2 can be split into partial fractions.
x −1
2 A B Multiply throughout by ( x − 1)( x + 1).
≡ +
x2 − 1 x − 1 x + 1
2 ≡ A( x + 1) + B ( x − 1) (1)

Let x = 1 in equation (1):

2 = 2A
A=1
 Chapter 8: Further calculus

Let x = −1 in equation (1):

2 = −2 B
B = −1
2 1 1
∴ 2 ≡ −
x −1 x −1 x +1

dx = 
2 1 1 
Hence
∫
x2 − 1
−
∫
 x − 1 x + 1
dx

= ln x − 1 − ln x + 1 + c
x −1
= ln +c
x +1

WORKED EXAMPLE 8.13

3−x
Find
∫ (x + 1)(x 2
+ 3)
dx.

Answer

First split into partial fractions.

3−x A Bx + C
≡ + Multiply throughout by ( x + 1)( x 2 + 3) .
( x + 1)( x 2 + 3) x + 1 x 2 + 3
3 − x ≡ A( x 2 + 3) + Bx( x + 1) + C ( x + 1)

Let x = −1 4 = 4A ⇒ A=1 195

Let x = 0 3 = 3A + C ⇒  C = 0

Let x = 1 2 = 4 A + 2 B + 2C ⇒ B = −1

3−x  1 x 
∴
∫ (x + 1)(x 2
+ 3)
dx =
∫  x + 1 − x + 3  dx
2

1 1 2x
=
∫ x + 1 dx − 2 ∫ x + 3 dx 2

1
= ln x + 1 − ln x 2 + 3 + c
2

WORKED EXAMPLE 8.14

9
Find
∫ (x + 2)(x − 1) 2 dx.

Answer

First split into partial fractions.

9 A B C
≡ + + Multiply throughout by ( x + 2)( x − 1)2 .
( x + 2)( x − 1)2 x + 2 x − 1 ( x − 1)2
9 ≡ A( x − 1)2 + B ( x + 2)( x − 1) + C ( x + 2)
 Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics: Pure Mathematics 2 & 3

Let x = 1 9 = 3C ⇒  C = 3
Let x = −2 9 = 9A ⇒ A = 1 
Let x = 0 9 = A − 2 B + 2C ⇒ B = −1
9  1 1 3 
∴
∫ (x + 2)(x − 1) 2 dx =
∫  x + 2 − x − 1 + (x − 1) 2  dx

 1 1  dx
=
∫  x + 2 − x − 1 + 3(x − 1) −2

= ln x + 2 − ln x − 1 − 3( x − 1)−1 + c
x+2 3
= ln − +c
x −1 x −1

EXERCISE 8E

1 Find each of these integrals.

1 2x − 5 2(4x − 9)
a
∫
x(2 − x )
dx b
∫ (x + 2)(x − 1) dx c
∫ (2x + 1)(x − 5) dx
x2 + 2x − 5 6x 2 − 19x + 20 2 x 2 + 4x − 21
d
∫ (x − 3)(x 2
+ 1)
dx e
∫ ( x + 1)( x − 2)2
dx f
∫ ( x − 1)( x + 4)
dx

2 Evaluate each of these integrals.

2
5x + 13 2
4x + 5 2
4 − 3x
196
a
∫
1 ( x + 2)( x + 3)
dx b
∫0 (2 x + 1)( x + 2)
dx c
∫1 (2 x − 1)( x + 2)
dx

1
3x 2 + x 1
x2 + x + 2 0
8
d
∫ 2
−1 ( x − 2)( x + 1)
dx e
∫0 ( x + 1)(1 + x 2 )
dx f
∫−2 (2 − x )(4 + x 2 )
dx

3
1 − x − 2x 2 1
1 − 2x 2
8x 2 − 3x − 2
g
∫2 x 2 (1 − x )
dx h
∫0 (2 x + 1)( x + 1)2
dx i
∫1 4x 3 − 3x + 1
dx

3 By first dividing the numerator by the denominator, evaluate each of these integrals.
3
x2 + 2x + 3 3
2 x 2 + 5x + 1 2
4x 2 + 2 x − 5
a
∫2 ( x − 1)( x + 2)
dx b
∫1 ( x + 1)( x + 2)
dx c
∫1 ( x + 1)(2 x − 1)
dx

3 2
x+3 2
4 Show that
∫ 2 2
 
x2 − 2
d x = ln 3.

1 π
cos x 1
∫
2
5 Show that d x = ln 2.
0 9 − sin2 x 6
ln 2
e2 x 1 27
6 Show that
∫ 0 (1 + e )(2e x + 1)
x d x = ln .
2 20
 Chapter 8: Further calculus

8.6 Integration by parts REWIND

Consider
∫xe 2x
dx . The function to be integrated is clearly the product of two simpler
2x
In Chapter 4, we learnt
the product rule for
functions x and e . If we try using a substitution to simplify the integral we will find that
it does not help. To integrate this function we require a new technique. differentiation:  
d dv du
( uv ) = u +v .
Integrating both sides of the equation for the product rule for differentiation with respect to dx dx dx
x and using the fact that integration is the reverse process of differentiation we can say that:

dv du
uv =
∫ u dx dx + ∫ v dx dx
Rearranging gives the formula for integration by parts:

KEY POINT 8.4

dv du
∫ u dx dx = uv − ∫ v dx dx
The following Worked examples show how to use this formula.

WORKED EXAMPLE 8.15

Find
∫xe 2x
dx .
197

Answer
du
u=x ⇒ =1
dx
dv 1 2x
= e2 x ⇒ v= e
dx 2
dv du
Substitute into u
∫ dx dx = uv − ∫ v dx dx:
1 1
∫ x e dx = 2 xe − ∫ 2 e
2x 2x 2x
dx
1 1
= x e2 x − e2 x + c
2 4

dv
It is important to choose our values for u and carefully.
dx
dv du
Consider trying to find
∫ x ln x dx. If we let u = x and
dx
= ln x , then finding
dx
is

easy but we do not know how to integrate ln x to find v. Hence we must let u = ln x and
dv
= x. This is demonstrated in Worked example 8.16.
dx
 Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics: Pure Mathematics 2 & 3

WORKED EXAMPLE 8.16

Find
∫ x ln x dx .
Answer
du 1
u = ln x ⇒ =
dx x
dv 1
=x ⇒ v = x2
dx 2
dv du
Substitute into
∫ u dx dx = uv − ∫ v dx dx:
1 1 1
∫ x ln x dx = 2 x ln x − ∫ 2 x ⋅ x dx
2 2

1 1
= x ln x −
2
2
∫ 2 x dx
1 2 1
= x ln x − x 2 + c
2 4

WORKED EXAMPLE 8.17

198 Find
∫ ln x dx.
Answer

First write
∫ ln x dx as ∫ 1 ⋅ ln x dx.
du 1
u = ln x ⇒ =  
dx x
dv
=1 ⇒ v=x
dx
dv du
Substitute into
∫ u dx dx = uv − ∫ v dx dx:
1
∫ ln x dx = x ln x − ∫ x ⋅ x dx
∫
= x ln x − 1 dx

= x ln x − x + c
 Chapter 8: Further calculus

Sometimes we might need to use integration by parts more than once to integrate a function.

WORKED EXAMPLE 8.18

Find
∫x 2
sin x d x .

Answer
du
u = x2 ⇒ = 2x
dx
dv
= sin x ⇒ v = − cos x
dx
dv du
Substitute into
∫ u dx dx = uv − ∫ v dx dx
∫ x sin x dx = −x cos x − ∫ − 2x cos x dx
2 2

2
∫
= − x cos x + 2 x cos x dx (1)

Use integration by parts a second time to find

∫ 2x cos x dx
du
u = 2x ⇒ =2
dx
dv
= cos x ⇒ v = sin x
dx 199

dv du
Substitute into
∫ u dx dx = uv − ∫ v dx dx
∫ 2x cos x dx = 2x sin x − ∫ 2 sin x dx
= 2 x sin x + 2 cos x + c
Substituting in (1) gives:

∫x 2
sin x dx = − x 2 cos x + 2 x sin x + 2 cos x + c

WORKED EXAMPLE 8.19

ln x 1
Given that I =
∫ x
dx, use integration by parts to show that I = (ln x )2 + c.
2
Answer
du 1
u = ln x ⇒ =  
dx x
dv 1
= ⇒ v = ln x
dx x
 Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics: Pure Mathematics 2 & 3

dv du
Substitute into
∫ u dx dx = uv − ∫ v dx dx
ln x
I = (ln x ) −
∫ x dx2
Rearrange.

2 I = (ln x )2 + k Divide both sides by 2.

1 k
I = (ln x )2 +
2 2
1 2
∴  I = (ln x ) + c
2

WORKED EXAMPLE 8.20

1π

∫
2
Find the exact value of 4x sin 2 x d x.
0

Answer
du
u = 4x ⇒ =4
dx
dv 1
= sin 2 x ⇒ v = − cos 2 x
dx 2
dv du
∫ u dx dx = uv − ∫ v dx dx
200
Substitute into

∫ 4x sin 2x dx = −2x cos 2x + ∫ 2 cos 2x dx

= −2 x cos 2 x + sin 2 x + c
1π 1π

∫
2
∴  4x sin 2 x d x =  −2 x cos 2 x + sin 2 x  02
0
= ( −π cos π + sin π ) − (0 + sin 0)
=π

EXERCISE 8F

1 Find each of these integrals.

a
∫ 3xe x
dx b
∫ x cos x dx c
∫ x ln 2x dx
ln x
d
∫ x sin 2x dx e
∫x 3
ln x dx f
∫ x
dx

2 Evaluate each of these integrals.

1π 2 1
a
∫0
6
x cos 3x d x b
∫1
x ln 2 x d x c
∫0
xe2 x d x

3 1 0
d
∫1
ln x d x e
∫0
(2 − x )e −3x d x f
∫−1
5
(1 − 3xe −5 x ) d x
 Chapter 8: Further calculus

3 Use integration by parts twice to find the exact value of each of these integrals.
2 1π π

∫ ∫ ∫
4
a (ln x )2 d x b x 2 cos 2 x d x c x 2 sin x d x
1 0 0
e 0 π
d
∫ 0
x(ln x )2 d x e
∫
−∞
x2ex dx f
∫
0
e x sin x d x

4 Find the exact value of the area for each of these shaded regions.
a y b y

y = x2 ln x y = x sin x

O
e O π x

c y d y
ln x
y= y = x2 e–x
x

O e x O 4 x

201
5 y

O x

The diagram shows the curve y = e − x x + 2 . Find the exact value of the volume of the solid formed when the
shaded region is rotated completely about the x-axis.

8.7 Further integration

Some integrals can be found using different integration techniques.

The activities in Explore 8.2 look at why our answers to an indefinite integral might ‘appear’
to be different when using different integration techniques when they are actually equivalent.

EXPLORE 8.2

1 Nadia and Richard are asked to find

∫ x(x − 2) dx. 7

1 1
Nadia uses the substitution u = x − 2 and her answer is: ( x − 2)9 + ( x − 2)8 + c
9 4
1 1
Richard uses integration by parts and his answer is: x( x − 2)8 − ( x − 2)9 + c
8 72
Use each of their methods to show that they are both correct and then use algebra to explain why their answers
are equivalent.
 Cambridge International AS & A Level Mathematics: Pure Mathematics 2 & 3

4x + 1
2 a Find
∫ 2x
2
+ x −1
dx using:

i the substitution u = 2 x 2 + x − 1
ii partial fractions.
4x + 1
b Suggest another method for finding 2 ∫ 2x
+ x −1
dx.
c Use algebra to show that your two answers to part a are equivalent.

Explore 8.3 is designed to make you think about the different integration techniques that
might be available to you for a particular integral.
This activity expects you to be able to recognise the appropriate substitution to use when
integrating by substitution.

EXPLORE 8.3

Discuss with your classmates which integration methods can be used to find each of these integrals.

2x + 3 3x 2 2x
∫ 2
x + 3x − 10
dx
∫ x3 + 1
dx
∫ x  e x2
dx
∫ x+5
dx

3
∫ ln 5x dx ∫x 2 x + 1 dx
∫ (2x + 1) 5
dx
∫ 3x − 2 dx
202
2x + 3 sin x
∫x 2
+ 3x − 10
dx
∫ cos 5
x sin x d x
∫ x sin 4x dx ∫ 3 + cos x
dx

Find each integral.

Checklist of learning and understanding

k f ′( x )
Integrating
f (x)
kf ′( x )
●
∫ f( x )
dx = k ln f( x ) + c

Integration by substitution
● Substitutions can sometimes be used to simplify the form of a function so that its integral can
be easily recognised. When using a substitution, we must ensure that the integral is completely
rewritten in terms of the new variable before integrating.
Integrating rational functions
● Some rational functions can be split into partial fractions that can then be integrated.

Integration by parts
dv du
●
∫ u dx dx = uv − ∫ v dx dx