MST-ELECTIVE

Environmental
Studies
College of Arts & Sciences
 Course Study Guide Contents
Week No. Module Topic Page

1 Environmental Geology 6

2 Environmental Biology 34

3 Environmental Pollution and Waste Management 56

4 Environmental Assessment, Ethics and Laws 72

Editorial Office

Course Developer Celeste L. Maghuyop, MAEd.

Content Experts Mrs. Jennifer Edrial, MS Forestry

Language Editor Dr. Aileen C. Costas

Design/Media Specialist Ms. Jedidiah K. Singco

Disclaimer Statement:

This Course Study Guide is not intended to be presented as the original work of the module
compiler. It is meant to be the primary reference material for the course composed of the
flexible learning syllabus, learning plans, course content, and assessments compiled from
various sources. Accordingly, the sale and distribution of such outside the University of the
Visayas is strictly prohibited.

2
 Flexible Learning Course Syllabus

Flexible Learning Course Syllabus

College of Arts and Sciences
General Education
First Semester, Academic Year 2020-2021
I. Course Information
Course Code MST -Elective Course This course introduces many environmental issues affecting
Description our world and how we can affect them in the future. It also
Course Title Environmental Studies focuses on the understanding of the natural environmental
systems, physical and social causes of environmental
problems, and strategies to mitigate or manage this issues.
This also aims to increase student’s knowledge of the
environmental challenges of today, while continuing to
improve critical scientific thinking skills.
Prerequisite(s) None Course 1. Explain the concepts and methods form ecological and
Learning physical sciences and its environmental factors in a
Outcomes complex interconnected world;
Credit Unit 3 Units 2. Explain key concepts from economic, political and social
analysis as they pertain to the design and evaluation of
environmental policies and institutions;
3. Identify, Interpret, and apply basic measures to assess
socio-environmental conditions;
4. Explore and evaluate alternatives to existing
environmental conditions in terms of technological
feasibility, cost, the effect on the economy and the
quality of life in the community; and
5. Assess ethical consideration as a component of
environmental decision making and problem solving.
II. Instructor's Information
Instructor Name Celeste L. Maghuyop Corporate [email protected]
Email
Title: Instructor III Phone +63 9939-896-1551

III. Course Syllabus

Week No. of Module Topic Intended Learning Learning Materials and Mode of Assessment
No. Hours Outcomes Resources Instructio Task/
n/ Graded
Required Suggested Delivery Output
Tools
Environmental Lesson 1.  Cabildo, J. (2008).  Course 1. Graphic
13.5 total Geology  evaluate the Institutional Ecology: A Packet Organizer
hours importance of the Course Module Problem based  Printed Short Answer
Sub-topic 1: different elements in MST- approach to the  Digital essay
12 hours Understanding the of the physical Elective environment.  Microsoft 2. Comprehensi
self- Earth component of the Environmental Manila: Loacan Teams on Check
directed
ecosystem; and Studies  Educational 3. Reflective
learning
1 Sub-topic 2:Energy  explain the videos: essay
&
1.5 hours and Environment importance of use https://youtu.be/
of of renewable m4TnPv_b6WU
assess- energy source to
ment our environment. https://youtu.be/7
tasks ol12ehDoss

https://youtu.be/2
xWlis6M-g

3
 13.5 total Environmental  describe the Lesson 2.  Singh, Bibhuti  Course 4. Scientific
hours Biology structure and Institutional (2014). Plant Packet Illustration
functions of the Course Module Conservation  Printed 5. Short Answer
12 hours Sub-topic 1: ecosystem; in MST- Biotechnology.  Digital essay
2 self- Ecosystem  explain the Elective New Delhi: Anmol  Microsoft 6. Poster
directed
Structure and importance of Environmental Publications Teams Design-
learning
Function biodiversity; and Studies  Educational Making
&
1.5 hours
 describe the threats YouTube Videos
of Sub-topic to biodiversity in https://youtu.bebe
assess- 2:Biodiversity and the Philippines. /MWPj2lkekl1
ment Conservation
tasks https://youtu.bebe
/-u8xi7KFHY4

https://youtu.bebe
/GK_vRtHJZu4

https://youtu.bebe
/RcC6CZNllOl

13.5 total Environmental  describe the different Lesson 3.  Cabildo, J. (2008).  Course 7. Comprehensi
hours Pollution and types of pollution and Institutional Ecology: A Packet on Check
Waste discuss their effects Course Module Problem based  Printed 8. Short Answer
12 hours Management to the environment; in MST- approach to the  Digital essay
self-  explain the different Elective environment.  Microsoft 9. Diagrammic
directed
Sub-topic 1: methods on how to Environmental Manila: Loacan Teams flow chart
learning
3 Environmental manage waste; and Studies  Molles, Manuel
&
Pollution and (2008). Ecology.
1.5 hours  analyze the impact of
of Control New York:
pollution control and McGraw-Hill
assess- waste management
ment Sub-topic 2:Solid Higher Education
Waste and in the environment  Educational
tasks
Management YouTube Videos
https://youtu.be/9
jOpNF2uc2M

https://youtu.be/1
Fo_CDHjSdk

https://youtu.be/_
NkqwMitQ8o

https://youtu.be/K
6ppCC3lboU

13.5 total Environmental  discuss different Lesson 4.  Cabildo, J. (2008).  Course 10. Reflective
hours Assesssment, environmental issues Institutional Ecology: A Packet Essay
Ethics and Laws in the Philippines; Course Module Problem based  Printed 11. Short Answer
12 hours  explain different in MST- approach to the  Digital essay
self- Sub-topic 1: regulations, statues Elective environment.  Microsoft 12. Research
directed Global legislations and Environmental Manila: Loacan Teams Proposal
learning
Environmental treaties to protect the Studies  Molles, Manuel
&
4 1.5 hours
Issues environment; and (2008). Ecology.
of  propose a research New York:
assess- Sub-topic proposal related to McGraw-Hill
ment 2:Environmental environmental issues Higher Education
tasks Ethics and Laws in the Philippines.  La Vina, A.
(1991). Law and
Ecology: A
Compilation of
Philippine Law and
international
documents
pertaining to
Ecology, the Legal
Rights and Natural
Resesiurces
center.

4
 Mandaluyong:
Cacho
 Educational
YouTube Videos
https://www.youtub
e.com/watch?v=A0p
B1qw8SMs

https://www.youtub
e.com/watch?v=afN
RimFNWyw

https://www.youtub
e.com/watch?v=YVh
OEehUyIA

 https://www.youtub
e.com/watch?v=AIz
wXHn74QI

IV-A. Points for Graded Output IV-B. Grade Equivalent Based on Points Earned
Course Week Module Topic Output Points Percentage Grade Percentage Grade
1 Minor Task 150 100% 1.0 86% 2.1
99% 1.1 85% 2.2
98% 1.2 84% 2.3
2 Minor Task 120 97% 1.2 83% 2.4

96% 1.3 82% 2.4

95% 1.4 81% 2.5

3 Minor Task 100 94% 1.5 80% 2.6

93% 1.6 79% 2.7

92% 1.7 78% 2.7

4 Major Task 150 91% 1.8 77% 2.8

90% 1.9 76% 2.9

89% 2.0 75% 3.0

Total 520 88% 2.0 74% and INC

below
87% 2.0
INC is given if the final grade is 2.5 or better but missing any two of the course requirements listed above. INC should be complied
within 365 days immediately after the close of the Semester.

V. Approval
Prepared by Reviewed by Approved by

CELESTE L. MAGUYOP, MAEd. CELESTE L. MAGUYOP, MAEd. DR. AILEEN B. CATACUTAN DR. RAMIE L. BULAYBULAY
Instructor Program Chair Librarian Dean

5
Lesson 1 1
Environmental Geology

At the end of the lesson, the student should be able to:

1. evaluate the importance of the different elements of the physical components

of the ecosystem through; and

2. explain the importance of renewable energy source to our environment.

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 College COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES (CAS)
Program GENERAL EDUCATION
Course Code ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
Course Title MST-Elective
Credit Unit 3
Lesson 1 Week 1

Module Topic Environmental Geology

At the end of the lesson, the student should be able to:
1. evaluate the importance of the different elements of the physical component of
Intended Learning
the ecosystem; and
Outcomes
2. explain the importance of use of renewable energy source to our environment.

Number of Hours 13.5 Hours (12 hours Self-directed learning and 1.5 hours Assessment Tasks)

1. What are the different elements in the ecosystem responsible for the existence of
life on earth?
Study Questions
2. How biogeochemical cycles considered as key to life?
3. Differentiate renewable and non renewable nergy source.
4. Are renewable energy source totally eco-friendly?
Required Suggested
 Cabildo, J. (2008). Ecology: A Problem based
Lesson 1. Course Module on MST approach to the environment. Manila: Loacan
Elective- Environmental Studies.  Educational videos:
Learning Resources University of the Visayas https://youtu.be/m4TnPv_b6WU
https://youtu.be/7ol12ehDoss
https://youtu.be/2xWlis6M-g

1. Student shall study and learn Lesson 1 on Enviromental Geology. Student may
Learning Activity refer to the suggested and other recommended learning materials indicated in
this Course Study Guide as additional reading resources.
2. After studying the first sub-topic: Understanding the Earth in Lesson 1, answer
the activity and proceed to the next sub-topic: Energy and Environment and
answer the activity.
3. When all the lessons are studied, Answer Assessment Task 3 (Reflective Essay).
Required Output Reflective Essay
1. Activity on understanding the Earth
Assessment Tasks 2. Activity on Energy and Environment
1. Short Response Essay Rubric
Assessment Tool 2. Reflective Essay Rubric

Critical & Analytical Thinking, Effective Communication, Confidence & Self-directed

Target Competency Lifelong Learning

Prepared by: Reviewed by: Approved for use:

Celeste L. Maghuyop, MAEd. Celeste L. Maghuyop, MAEd. DR. RAMIE L. BULAYBULAY

Faculty Program Coordinator Dean

7
Understanding the Earth
Earth (or the Earth) is the third planet from the Sun and
the densest and fifth largest of the eight planets in the Solar
System. It is also the largest of the Solar System's four
terrestrial planets. It is sometimes referred to as the
World, the Blue Planet, or by its Latin name, Terra.

The earth is made up of several unique properties,

characteristics, composition and they all affect the
processes of the earth differently. Every of these properties
and elements in Earth’s system are largely categorized into
one of the four major subsystems including water, living
things, land, and the air.

Everything in Earth's system can be placed into one of four major subsystems: land, water,
living things, or air. These four subsystems are called "spheres." Specifically, they are the
"lithosphere" (land), "hydrosphere" (water), "biosphere" (living things), and
"atmosphere" (air). Each of these four spheres can be further divided into sub-spheres.

Earth’s Environmental Spheres

Let us take a look at these four spheres of the earth for us to understand how they help
make up the earth as well as how they help sustain life on earth.

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Lithosphere (Land)
A lithosphere is the outermost shell on Earth
which is composed of the crust, the mantle
and the core. It is made up of all the hard
and solid land mass on the earth’s surface,
the semi-solid rocks (molten materials)
underneath the earth’s crust, and the liquid
rocks in the inner core of the earth.

The crust together with the upper mantle

constitute the hard rigid layer of the Earth.
The earth’s is consists of different layers of
rocks and several dynamic tectonic plates.
Furthermore, it composed of basalt rich
oceanic crust and granitic rich continental
crust. The mantle surrounds the core which
has solid outer layer and liquid inner layer. The core is located at the Earth’s center which is
responsible for earth’s gravity and magnetism. The outer core is made up of liquid (purely
molten) rock materials. The inner core is the centre of the earth which is purely made of
very hot and liquid iron and nickel. The rock materials are divided into three primary
categories based on how they are formed namely igneous rocks, sedimentary rocks, and
metamorphic rocks.

The surface of the lithosphere is describe as uneven and it is characterized by various

landform features. Some of the landforms include mountains, deep valleys within the
mountain ranges, huge plains, extensive plateaus and hills.

Atmosphere (Air)
The atmosphere is defined as the air
surrounding the earth. The air is the
mixture of different gases that contains
life-giving gases like oxygen and carbon
dioxide. It is a mixture of nitrogen
(about 78%), oxygen (about 21%), and
other gasses (about 1%) such as carbon
dioxide (0.039%), argon (0.93%) and
the rest are trace gases (krypton, neon,
helium , and xenon). The atmosphere
helps in stopping the ultraviolet rays
which is harmful to the life and maintains
the suitable temperature necessary for
life. The atmosphere is divided into
several layers and amongst the layers is
the stratosphere that contains the ozone
layer which protects the organisms in the
biosphere from the sun’s harmful
radiation.

Earth’s atmosphere is divided into five layers:

1. Troposphere which contains dust particle and water vapour;where most of the
weather happens and it becomes colder with altitude.
2. Stratosphere which contains a high concentration of ozone;
3. Mesosphere which is the third layer;

9
 4. Thermosphere which contains electrically charged particles called ions; and
5. Exosphere which contains gases which are very sparse due to lack of
gravitational force.

The air is in constant motion around the planet and it is normally responsible for some
natural events in the planet such as local breeze, winds, tornado, and tropical cyclones. The
atmosphere is always in constant interaction with the hydrosphere, giving rise to the planets
weather conditions.

Hydrosphere (Water)
Hydrosphere includes all liquid
and frozen surface waters,
groundwater held in soil and rock,
and atmospheric water vapour.
Earth’s waters are not pure water
but contain dissolved and
particulate materials.

Water is the most abundant

substance at the surface of Earth.
Thus the term includes the
oceans, seas, lakes, rivers, snow
and ice, underground and
atmospheric water. The masses of
water at Earth’s surface are major
receptacles of inorganic and organic substances, and water movement plays a dominant
role in the transportation of these substances about the planet’s surface. The sea waters are
more variable in composition than the atmosphere, including large proportions of mineral
matter as well as water and gases. Sea-water is a solution of salts.

All the water in the hydrosphere is always in motion just like the atmospheric gases. The
natural earth features depicting the hydrosphere are the rivers, streams, lakes, seas,
oceans and the water vapor. Glaciers, which are the slowly moving masses of ice, are also
part of the hydrosphere. 97% of all earth’s water is salty. Oceans carry most of the salty
water while the majority of lakes and rivers carry fresh water. The earth’s temperature is
highly influenced by the hydrosphere.

Biosphere (Living things)

Biosphere is a global ecosystem which is
composed of living organism (biotic) and the
non-living organism (abiotic). In this view, the
biosphere includes all of the animals, plants,
and microorganisms of earth. Humans as well
belong to this group. It generally refers to the
portion of the planet Earth that is inhabited by
living beings and is manifestly organized by
them. In the biosphere, ecological communities
interact together with the abiotic factors
including hydrosphere, lithosphere and
atmosphere. Collectively, these ecological
communities are made reference to as biomes.
Among the six main biomes present in the
biosphere are the deserts, forest grassland,

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aquatic, tundra and chaparral. Living things also interact with each other which is
elaborated under the trophic level of food chain.

The Earth’s biosphere is unique. In the universe there has been no existence of life except
the planet Earth. Life on earth mainly depends on the sun. Energy, provided as sun light, is
captured by plants, some bacteria and protists, in the marvellous phenomenon of
photosynthesis. The captured energy transforms carbon dioxide into organic compounds
such as sugars and produces oxygen. The vast majority of species of animals, fungi,
parasitic plants and many bacteria depend directly or indirectly on photosynthesis.

The Biosphere is of great importance is of great importance since it provides food, preserve
biological diversity and prevents contamination.

BIO-GEOCHEMICAL CYCLES

Energy flows directionally through

Earth’s ecosystems, typically
entering in the form of sunlight and
exiting in the form of heat. However,
the chemical components that make
up living organisms are different,
instead absorb they get recycled.

The matter on Earth is conserved

and present in the form of atoms.
Since matter can neither be created
nor destroyed, it is recycled in the
earth’s system in various forms. This
means that atoms making up the
chemical components has been cycling the biosphere for a long, long time and they’ve been
part of the many organisms as well as non-living compounds along the way.

There are six common elements in organic molecules which also take a variety of chemical
forms. Theses includes carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphuros, and sulfur. The
said elements have been stored in the atmosphere, on land, water or beneath the Earth’s
surface, as well as in the bodies of living organisms for long or short periods. Geologic
processes such as weathering of rocks, erosion, water drainage, and the subduction of
continental plates pay an important role in the process of recycling, as do interactions
among organisms. The ways in which elements or compound moves between living and
non-living forms are called biogeochemical cycle. This reflects the importance of chemistry
and geology as well as biology in helping us understand these cycles.

Bio-geochemical cycles are pathways that let elements move through ecosystems.
Because you cannot create or destroy matter, they help explain how all living and non-
living things cycle through nature. Biogeochemical cycle includes the chemical, geol ogical
and biological pieces of this pathway. Understanding these cycles is crucial because people
affect them. Human activity is disturbing some of these natural cycles and hurting different
ecosystems. By paying attention to how these pathways work, humans may be able to stop
the harmful impact.

11
The biogeochemical cycles are considered key to life. Water which contains hydrogen and
oxygen, is essential for all the living organisms especially to humans. This is the very reason
why water cycle places on the top of list of biological cycles. Aside from water, there are
some other key elements that keeps our bodies running and are part of biogeochemical
cycles. These includes carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur.

There are many different types of biogeochemical cycles, but the most common ones
includes: water, carbon, nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorus. All of these were considered to
be important to living organisms.

Water Cycle
Water is important for living things.
Humans, animals and plants need a
reliable supply of fresh water in
order to survive. The supply of
water on Earth mainly depend on its
renewal through the hydrological
cycle. The water in its various forms
interacts with the surroundings and
changes the temperature and
pressure of the atmosphere. The
water cycle, also known as the
hydrologic cycle or the hydrological
cycle, describes the continuous
movement of water on, above and
below the surface of the Earth. This
process answers the question: “Why
water supply of the earth never
runs out”. This biogeochemical cycle
is responsible for maintaining weather conditions.

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97.5% of water on Earth is salty water. Remaining water is in the form of underground
water or ice. All told, less than 1% of fresh water is found in lakes, rivers, and other
available surface forms.

During the process of hydrologic cycle, water changes its state from one phase to another,
but the total number of water particles remains the same. Water changes its state through
a variety of processes from evaporation, melting and freezing, to sublimation, condensation,
and deposition. All these changes require the application of energy.

Carbon Cycle
Carbon cycle is the process which
involves the interchanged of
carbon compounds among
biosphere, geosphere,
hydrosphere and atmosphere of
the earth. Carbon dioxide is one of
the important materials for green
plants to perform photosynthesis.
The green plants once buried
under the soil will be converted
into fossil fuel made from carbon.
These fossil fuels when burnt,
release carbon dioxide in the
atmosphere. Animals which
consumed plants obtained carbon
stored in plants. This carbon will
return to the atmosphere once the
animals die through decomposition. Carbon also return to the environment through cellular
respiration by animals. In some of the industries like factories carbon will be release back to
the atmosphere during combustion as it uses fossil fuels.

During the process of carbon cycle, carbon present in the atmosphere will be absorbed by
plant for photosynthesis. Plants will be consumed by the animals and these two will
eventually die, decomposed thus releasing carbon to the atmosphere. Carbon that are not
released will eventually become fossil fuels where it is used for man-made activities thus
pumps more carbon back to the atmosphere.

Nitrogen Cycle
Nitrogen cycle is the
biogeochemical cycle by which
nitrogen is converted into several
forms as it circulates through the
atmosphere, terrestrial and
marine ecosystems. Nitrogen is an
essential element of life. In the
atmosphere, nitrogen present is
fixed by the nitrogen-fixing
bacteria normally present in the
root nodules of leguminous plants
and made available to the soil and
plants. The bacteria present in the
roots of the plants convert this
nitrogen gas into a usable

13
compound called ammonia. Ammonia is also supplied to plants in the form of fertilizers. This
ammonia is converted into nitrites and nitrates. The denitrifying bacteria reduce the nitrates
into nitrogen and return it into the atmosphere.

The process of Nitrogen Cycle includes the following steps – Nitrogen fixation, Nitrification,
Assimilation, Ammonification, and Denitrification. These processes take place in several
stages

Phosphorous Cycle
Phosphorus is an important element in all living organism. It has a significant part as a
structural framework of DNA and RNA, component of ATP and makes up 80% of human
teeth and bones. Phosphorus cycle is a biogeochemical process that involves the movement
of phosphorus through the lithosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere. The process is very
slow.

Phosphorus cycle starts through

the process of weathering
phosphorus present in the rocks is
washed into the soil. It is then
absorbed by the organic matter in
the soil which is used for various
biological processes. Due to rains
and erosion phosphorus is washed
away in the soil and water bodies.
Plants and animals obtain this
phosphorus through the soil and
water and grow. Microorganisms
also require phosphorus for their
growth. When the plants and
animals die they decompose, and
the stored phosphorus is returned
to the soil and water bodies which
is again consumed by plants and
animals and the cycle continues.

Sulfur Cycle
Sulfur is one of the abundant
elements on the earth. It is
present in all kinds of protein
which is yellowish, brittle,
tasteless, odourless metal. Sulfur
cycle is a biogeochemical cycle
which moves through the rocks,
water bodies and living systems.

Sulfur is released into the

atmosphere by the weathering of
rocks where it is converted into
sulphates. After which, sulphates
are taken up by the
microorganisms and plants and
converted into organic forms.

14
Animals consumed organic sulfur through the food they eat. When animals die and
decompose, sulfur is returned to the soil. Plant and microbes again obtain sulfur and the
cycle continues. Sulphur is released into the atmosphere by the burning of fossil fuels,
volcanic activities, and decomposition of organic molecules.

15
Assessment 1
Activity on Environmental Geology

A. GRAPHIC ORGANIZER.
Directions: Connect the themes/elements of the ecosystem’s biogeochemical cycle using
a graphic organizer. Read carefully the following instructions. (1 point each)
1. Mark N on all the words that represents Nitrogen cycle.
2. Mark C on all the words that represents Carbon cycle.
3. Mark P on all the words that represents Phosphorus cycle.
4. Mark W on all the words that represents Water cycle.

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B. SHORT ANSWER ESSAY
Directions:Read the material on the “Understanding the Earth”. Answer the given
questions in 3 - 5 sentences. (5 points each)

1. What are the different elements in the ecosystem responsible for the existence of life
on earth?

2. Explain why the term cycle is used to describe the biogeochemical cycles.

3. How biogeochemical cycles considered as key to life?

17
 Written Response Rubric

NOTE: This rubric will be rated by your Instructor only!

Exemplary Accomplished Developing Beginning

5 Points 4 Points 3 Points 2 Points

Topic Sentence The paragraph has a clear The topic sentence The topic sentence is relatively There is no clear topic
and thoughtful topic contains the main idea of clear and addresses the main sentence.
sentence that refers to the the question or assigned point fairly well.
main idea of the question or topic.
assigned topic

Main Body/ The paragraph contains at The paragraph contains at The paragraph contains a few The paragraph contains no
Supporting least three sentences that least three supporting supporting sentences that clear supporting sentences
Sentences support the main idea with sentences. The details in support the main idea.
reasons, details, or facts. these sentences elaborate
The details are well on the main topic fairly
organized, interesting, and well.
elaborate on the main topic
of the paragraph.

Conclusion The conclusion wraps up the The conclusion wraps up The conclusion repeats the There is no evidence of a
paragraph and refers to the the paragraph fairly well introduction. conclusion.
main idea without repeating and refers to the main
it. idea.

Conventions Demonstrates correct Spelling, punctuation, and Some spelling, punctuation, Frequent misspelled words
spelling, correct use of capitalization errors occur incomplete sentences, and misused, or missing
punctuation, complete but do not detract from capitalization errors occur that punctuation and
sentences, and the overall quality of the detract from the overall capitalization greatly
capitalization. Precise use of essay. Contains some quality of the essay. detract from the overall
grammar and vocabulary. minor grammar errors. Occasional grammar errors. quality and understanding
Work is legible. Most errors Contains few incomplete Vocabulary words are misused of the essay. Most
are revised. sentences. Few vocabulary or inaccurate. Evidence of sentences are incomplete.
words are misused or revision and proofreading is Frequent grammar errors.
inaccurate. Evidence of less apparent. Vocabulary words are
revision and proofreading misused. No evidence of
is obvious. revision and proofreading.

Questions 1
______/5
2
______/5
3
______/5

Total Score _______/15

Adopted from https://sweetwaterschools.instructure.com

18
Energy and the Environment

The concept of energy has been given great importance to help us describe how and why
things behave the way they do. Energy is a quantity that is often understood as the ability
a physical system has to do work on other physical systems. Since work is defined as a
force acting through a distance (a length of space), energy is always equivalent to the
ability to exert pulls or pushes against the basic forces of nature, along a path of a certain
length.

Energy has a number of different forms, all of which measure the ability of an object or
system to do work on another object or system. In other words, there are different ways
that an object or a system can possess energy.

Here are the different basic forms:

Kinetic Energy:Consider a baseball flying
through the air. The ball is said to have "kinetic
energy" by virtue of the fact that it is in motion
relative to the ground.

19
Potential Energy:Consider a book sitting on a table. The book is said to have "potential
energy" because if it is nudged off, gravity will accelerate the book, giving the book kinetic
energy.
Thermal, or heat energy:Consider a hot cup of coffee. The coffee is said to possess
"thermal energy", or "heat energy" which is really the collective, microscopic, kinetic and
potential energy of the molecules in the coffee (the molecules have kinetic energy because
they are moving and vibrating, and they have potential energy due their mutual attraction
for one another - much the same way that the book and the Earth have potential energy
because they attract each other).
Chemical Energy:Consider the ability of your body to do work. The glucose (blood sugar)
in your body is said to have "chemical energy" because the glucose releases energy when
chemically reacted (combusted) with oxygen.
Electrical Energy: All matter is made up of atoms, and atoms are made up of smaller
particles, called protons (which have positive charge), neutrons (which have neutral
charge), and electrons (which are negatively charged).
Sound Energy:Sound waves are compression waves associated with the potential and
kinetic energy of air molecules. A nice way to think of sound waves is as "shimmering air".
Nuclear Energy:The Sun, nuclear reactors, and the interior of the Earth, all have "nuclear
reactions" as the source of their energy, that is, reactions that involve changes in the
structure of the nuclei of atoms.
Radiant energy: The energy of electromagnetic waves. Radiant energy may be visible or
invisible to the human eye. Radio waves, television waves, and microwaves are all types of
electromagnetic waves. They differ from each other in wavelength. Wavelength is the
distance between one wave crest to the next.

Energy sources

An energy source is a system which makes energy in a certain way, for instance a hydro-
electric station. A hydro-electric station uses the current of the river for the making of
electricity. Nowadays we need energy-sources for electricity. Without electricity no
computers, no television, no washers. Many apparatus would not work without electricity.

 Fossil energy is generated through the burning of fossil remains. At this burning
the fossil fuel is used as a source of heat to make steam out of water. This steam is
used for the working of a turbine. With the help of a generator, this turbine can
make electricity. Examples of fossil fuels are oil, natural gas and coal. These fossil
fuels are remains of dead materials of plants and animals.
 Hydropower or power from moving water has been used as a source of energy over
a thousand of years. It is considered a renewable energy source as long as the rain
falls. Water from a reservoir is conducted through large pipes to a powerhouse,
where it is directed against a turbine blades that turn a shaft on electric generator.
 Solar energy refers to a number of technologies that directly or indirectly use
sunlight as an alternative source. One of these technologies includes the solar cells.
 Petroleum is the most widely used source of energy. It provides about 40 % of the
total energy widely used by the nation. It is an oil that comes from oil-breaking rock.
It is also used in making medicines, clothing fabrics, plastics and ink.
 Nuclear power is a form of energy which arises from a reaction between atomic
nuclei. Mostly this form of energy comes out of nuclear fission. This energy is used

20
 for heating up water and this water becomes steam. Through the steam a turbine
can be driven and so electricity is a fact.

Renewable Energy Sources

Renewable Energy is a different types of energy that are obtained naturally from the
environment. Renewable sources of energy are the ones which can be generated
continuously in nature and are inexhaustible. Renewable energy resources offer cleaner
alternatives to fossil fuels. They are not completely problem-free, but they produce much
less pollution and fewer greenhouse gases, and by definition, will not run out. These are the
top 10 energy sources:

Solar Energy
Solar energy is the most abundant energy resource on
Earth. It comes from the sun and can be captured
with various technologies, primarily solar panels. The
sun offers an ideal energy source, unlimited in supply,
expensive, which does not add to the earth’s total
heat burden and does not produce air and water
pollutants. This type of energy source is an important
part of our clean energy in the future. It can be
captured and used in several ways, and as a
renewable energy source, is an important part of our
clean energy future. Solar installations in recent years
have also largely begun to expand into residential
areas with government offering incentive programs to make “green” energy a more
economically viable option.

Wind Energy
Wind energy is a conversion of wind energy by wind
turbines into a useful form, such as electricity or
mechanical energy. Historically, the energy of the
wind has been used for centuries to sail ships and
drive windmills that grind grains. Today, wind energy
is captured by wind turbines which is used to generate
electricity.

Hydro Electricity
Water is a renewable resource, constantly recharged
through evaporation and precipitation. Hydroelectricity
is one of the most widely form of renewable energy. The powerful force of water
downstream is the key point in hydroelectricity
generation. Flowing water can be used to power water
wheels that drive mechanical processes. And captured
by turbines and generators, like those housed at many
dams around the world, the energy of flowing water
can be used to generate electricity. Tiny turbines can
even be used to power single homes. The rise of hydro
power sites causes loss of biodiversity of fish and
aquatic animals as well as displaces local people which
creates problems of rehabilitation.

Geothermal Energy

21
Geothermal energy is the heat inside the Earth which produces steam and hot water that
can be used to power generators and produce electricity. The heat produced is clean and
sustainable. Geothermal energy resource came from the shallow ground to hot water and
hot rock found a few miles beneath the Earth’s surface and down even deeper to the
extremely high temperatures of molten rock called magma. The steam or hot water comes
out of the cracks in the Earth and when it doesn’t find any way to come out, holes are
drilled with pipes in it to gush the hot water out due to high pressure which turn the
turbines of a generator to produce electricity.

Tidal Energy
Tidal energy is not a very popular energy source, but has
immense potential of becoming one in the near future.
This type of energy has been described as the energy
from ocean waves and tides. Tidal energy can be
generated in two ways, tidal stream generators or by
barrage generation. The power created through tidal
generators is generally environmental friendly and causes
less impact on established ecosystems. It is similar to the
wind energy. Tidal energy is the only form of energy that
derives directly from the motions of the Earth-Moon
system. The tidal forces produced by the Moon-Sun in
combination with Earth’s rotation are responsible for the
tides. Using current technologies, most ocean energy is
not cost-effective compared to other renewable energy sources, but the ocean remains an
important potential energy source for the future.

Nuclear Energy
Proponents of nuclear energy contend that nuclear power
is a sustainable energy source that reduces carbon
emissions and increases energy security by decreasing
dependence on foreign oil. Nuclear fission is used to
extract energy from atomic nuclei via controlled nuclear
reactions. Utility scale reactors are used to produce steam
which is then converted into mechanical work for the
purpose of generating electricity or propulsion.

Radiant Energy
Radiant energy is the energy of electromagnetic waves. It
is a form of energy that can travel through space. 99% of
the cost of normal electricity can be saved by the use of radiant energy. via radiation. The
sun's heat is not transmitted through any solid medium, but through a vacuum. This is
possible by electromagnetic waves.

Biomass
Biomass or bio-energy, the energy from organic matter
for thousands of years, ever since people started burning
wood to cook food. Wood is still our largest biomass
energy resource even today. Other sources of biomass
can be used including plants, residues from agriculture or
forestry and the organic components. Plants and animal
matters are used for production of fibers chemicals or
heat. The net emission of carbon dioxide will be zero as
long as plants continue to be replenished for biomass

22
energy purposes. Burning of plant or animal matters causes’ air and water pollution. The
burning of dung destroys essential nitrogen and phosphorus. Therefore, it is more useful to
convert the biomass into biogas or bio fuels.

Biogas
Biogas is a mixture of methane, carbon dioxide, hydrogen and hydrogen sulphite, the major
constituents being methane. Biogas is produced by anaerobic degradation of animal and
plant wastes in the presence of water. Anaerobic degradation is to break down the organic
matter by bacteria in the absence of oxygen. It is a non-polluting, clean and low cost fuel
which is very useful for rural areas. Biogas plants used in our country are of two types;
fixed dome biogas plant and floating drum biogas plant.

Advantages of Renewable Energy

1. Eco-friendly
This type of energy is a clean source of energy which means it has low or zero
carbon. Fossil fuel emits high level of sulfur to the atmosphere leading to the
formation of the acid rain. While solar and wind powered energy emit zero toxic
gases to the environment.
2. Renewable
This type of energy can be present over a lifetime. Which means that there is a zero
possibility that they will run out.
3. Reliable source of energy
Renewable energy is a reliable source of energy. Although most argue that solar and
wind energy are unreliable, a solid infrastructures puts this argument to rest.
4. Job creation
Because it is a cheaper alternative to most traditional sources of energy.
5. Has stabilized global energy prices
Stability of energy prices across the globe. This is because the cost of renewable
energy depends on the initial cost of installation of renewable energy technologies as
opposed to fossil fuels, which increase and decrease depending on the current
inflation and availability of the resource.
6. Less maintenance facilities
There is a low to zero maintenance required because owners will reap big profits due
to cheap electricity to population.
7. Boosts public health
Greenhouse, carbon and sulfur compounds emitted by fossils fuels are risky to our
health if inhaled over time. This is reason enough to consider renewable energy
moving forward.

Disadvantages of Renewable energy

1. Electricity generation capacity is not large enough.
This means that there’s a need to build new facilities to answer the demand for
energy consumption.
2. Unreliable
Due to the changes of atmospheric conditions, some of the renewable energy source
would lack the ability to generate electricity.
3. Low efficiency level
Since this technology is still new to the market, they still lack much-needed
efficiency. If installed or built this may pose problems.
4. Requires a huge upfront capital

23
 This type of energy is relatively expensive. Hydroelectric plant, wind turbines, and
solar panels requires a lot of investments to build or installed.

Non- Renewable Energy Sources

A non-renewable energy is one that

does not renew itself. The resources
for non-renewable energy are mainly
fuels from fossil deposit. The most
commonly non-renewable resources
are:
1. Coal
2. Petroleum
3. Uranium
4. Fossil Fuels

Fossil Fuels are formed by the remains of animals and plants. Fossil fuel is divided
into three categories and is stated below:

Advantages of non-renewable energy

 The non-renewable source of energy is affordable. For instance diesel and oil.
 It is easily accessible and more compatible.
 The non-renewable source of energy is easy to store.
Disadvantages of non-renewable energy
 Non-renewable energy cannot be replaced once their energy source is used up.
 The by-products of non-renewable energy cause environmental damages. It also
increases greenhouses gases.

How does energy use impact the environment?

All forms of electricity generation have an environmental impact on our air, water and land,
but it varies. Producing and using electricity more efficiently reduces both the amount of
fuel needed to generate electricity and the amount of greenhouse gases and other air

24
 pollution emitted as a result. Electricity from renewable resources such as solar,
Assessment 2
geothermal, and wind generally does not contribute to climate change or local air pollution
since no fuels are combusted.

Activity on Energy and Environment

A. Identification:Determine the terms describe in the statements below. (1 point each)

______________ 1. It is the most widely used source of energy.

______________ 2. It is produced by anaerobic degradation of animal and plant wastes in
the presence of water.
______________ 3. It the energy from organic matter for thousands of years, ever since
people started burning wood to cook food.
______________ 4. It is the energy of electromagnetic waves.
______________ 5. It is the heat energy inside the Earth which produces steam and hot
water that can be used to power generators and produce electricity.
______________ 6. It is a renewable resource, constantly recharged through evaporation
and precipitation.
______________ 7. It is a form of energy which arises from a reaction between atomic
nuclei.
______________ 8. It is a form of energy that is generated through the burning of fossil
remains.
______________ 9. These are compression waves associated with the potential and kinetic
energy of air molecules.
______________10. It is the main constituent of biogas.

B. Classification. Read the statements below carefully. Classify the following

characteristics as A. Renewable Energy Source or B. Non-renewable Energy Source.
Write the letter only before each numer. (1 point each)

______________ 1. This type of energy can be present over a lifetime.

______________ 2. This source of energy is affordable.
______________ 3. This type cannot be replaced once their energy source is used up.
_____________ 4. The by-products of this type of energy cause environmental damages.
______________ 5. It increases greenhouses gases.
______________ 6. This source of energy is easy to store.
______________ 7. It is easily accessible and more compatible.
______________ 8. This type requires a huge upfront capital.
______________ 9. Has stabilized global energy prices.
______________10. Type energy are mainly fuels from fossil deposit.

25
C. SHORT ANSWER ESSAY
Directions:Answer the following questions in 3-5 sentences. (5 points each)

1. 1. If energy is neither created nor destroyed, and we receive energy from the sun
constantly, how can we ever face an energy crisis?

2. Why is fossil fuel classified as non-renewable energy source? How does this harm the
environment?

3. What is the possible cause of using renewable energy source on the following?
a. Non-sustaining energy
b. Costs less money
c. Habitat destruction
d. Fossil fuel emission

26
 Written Response Rubric

NOTE: This rubric will be rated by your Instructor only!

27
 Exemplary Accomplished Developing Beginning

5 Points 4 Points 3 Points 2 Points

Topic Sentence The paragraph has a clear The topic sentence The topic sentence is relatively There is no clear topic
and thoughtful topic contains the main idea of clear and addresses the main sentence.
sentence that refers to the the question or assigned point fairly well.
main idea of the question or topic.
assigned topic

Main Body/ The paragraph contains at The paragraph contains at The paragraph contains a few The paragraph contains no
Supporting least three sentences that least three supporting supporting sentences that clear supporting sentences
Sentences support the main idea with sentences. The details in support the main idea.
reasons, details, or facts. these sentences elaborate
The details are well on the main topic fairly
organized, interesting, and well.
elaborate on the main topic
of the paragraph.

Conclusion The conclusion wraps up the The conclusion wraps up The conclusion repeats the There is no evidence of a
paragraph and refers to the the paragraph fairly well introduction. conclusion.
main idea without repeating and refers to the main
it. idea.

Conventions Demonstrates correct Spelling, punctuation, and Some spelling, punctuation, Frequent misspelled words
spelling, correct use of capitalization errors occur incomplete sentences, and misused, or missing
punctuation, complete but do not detract from capitalization errors occur that punctuation and
sentences, and the overall quality of the detract from the overall capitalization greatly
capitalization. Precise use of essay. Contains some quality of the essay. detract from the overall
grammar and vocabulary. minor grammar errors. Occasional grammar errors. quality and understanding
Work is legible. Most errors Contains few incomplete Vocabulary words are misused of the essay. Most
are revised. sentences. Few vocabulary or inaccurate. Evidence of sentences are incomplete.
words are misused or revision and proofreading is Frequent grammar errors.
inaccurate. Evidence of less apparent. Vocabulary words are
revision and proofreading misused. No evidence of
is obvious. revision and proofreading.

Questions 1
______/5
2
______/5
3
______/5

Total Score _______/15

Adopted from https://sweetwaterschools.instructure.com

28
29
Assessment 3
Reflective Essay on Energy and Environment
Directions:Make a ReflectiveEssay on “How does energy use impact the
environment”?

Write it in a paragraph form with not less than 30 words for each question.
Guide Questions to answer:

1. What is the importance of energy?

2. In what ways energy is become harmful?
3. What are some of the alternative sources of energy?

30
 Reflective Essay Rubric
NOTE: This rubric will be rated by your Instructor only!

Exemplary Accomplished Developing Beginning Points

20-16 15-11 10-6 5-1
Reflective The reflection The reflection The reflection The reflection
Thinking explains the explains the attempts to does not address
student’s own student’s demonstrate the student’s _____/20
thinking and thinking about thinking about thinking and/or
learning his/her own learning but is learning.
processes, as learning vague and/or
well as processes. unclear about
implications for the personal
future learning. learning process.

Analysis 20-16 15-11 10-6 5-1

The reflection The reflection is The reflection The reflection
is an in-depth an analysis of attempts to does not move
analysis of the the learning analyze the beyond a
______/20
learning experience and learning description of
experience, the the value of the experience but the learning
value of the derived learning the value of the experience.
derived to self or others. learning to the
learning to self student or
or others, and others is vague
the and/or unclear.
enhancement
of the student’s
appreciation for
the discipline.
Making 10-8 7-5 4-2 1
Connections
The reflection The reflection The reflection The reflection
articulates articulates attempts to does not
multiple connections articulate articulate any
connections between this connections connection to
______/10
between this learning between this other learning or
learning experience and learning experiences.
experience and content from experience and
content from other courses, content from
other courses, past learning other courses,
past learning, experiences, past learning
life experiences and/or future experiences, or
and/or future goals. personal goals,
goals. but the
connection is
vague and/or
unclear.
Total Points ______/50

Adopted from http://earlycollegeconference.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Portfolio-

Rubric-for-Reflection.PRINT_.pdf

REFERENCES:

31
(h). Structure of the Earth. (n.d.). Retrieved July 15, 2020, from
http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/10h.html

Atomberg Team. (2020, January 24). Top 10 Renewable Energy Sources. Retrieved July 15, 2020,
from https://atomberg.com/top-10-renewable-energy-sources/

Bandoim, L. (2019, March 02). What is a Biogeochemical Cycle? Retrieved July 15, 2020, from
https://sciencing.com/what-is-a-biogeochemical-cycle-13710475.html

BJYJU’S (The Learning App). (2018, May 28). Lithosphere- Types: Structure of the earth Earth's
Lithosphere. Retrieved July 15, 2020, from https://byjus.com/physics/lithosphere/

BJYJU’S (The Learning App). (2019, October 18). Phosphorus Cycle - Steps and Importance of
Phosphorus Cycle. Retrieved July 15, 2020, from https://byjus.com/biology/phosphorus-cycle/

BJYJU’S (The Learning App). (2020, July 10). Carbon Cycle - Definition, Process, Diagram of Carbon
Cycle. Retrieved July 15, 2020, from https://byjus.com/biology/carbon-cycle/

BJYJU’S (The Learning App). (2020, July 10). Nitrogen Cycle (Overview, Stages & Importance).
Retrieved July 15, 2020, from https://byjus.com/biology/nitrogen-cycle/

BJYJU’S (The Learning App). (2020, June 02). Water Cycle - Process and its Various Stages. Retrieved
July 15, 2020, from https://byjus.com/biology/water-cycle/

BJYJU’S (The Learning App). (2020, June 26). Biogeochemical Cycles - A Detailed Overview. Retrieved
July 15, 2020, from https://byjus.com/biology/biogeochemical-cycles/

BYJU’S (The Learning App). (2020, January 23). Non-Renewable Energy - Types, Examples,
Advantages & Disadvantages. Retrieved July 15, 2020, from https://byjus.com/physics/non-
renewable-energy/

BYJU’S (The Learning App). (2020, March 20). Sulphur Cycle - Steps of Sulphur Cycle. Retrieved July
15, 2020, from https://byjus.com/biology/sulphur-cycle/

Intro to biogeochemical cycles (article). (n.d.). Retrieved July 15, 2020, from
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/ecology/biogeochemical-cycles/a/introduction-
to-biogeochemical-cycles

Madaan, (2016, August 13). The Four Main Spheres of Earth: Hydrosphere, Biosphere, Lithosphere
and Atmosphere. Retrieved July 15, 2020, from https://www.eartheclipse.com/geography/4-
different-spheres-of-earth.html

Says, V. & Farooq M., et.al. (2017, January 26). Composition and Structure of the Earth's
Atmosphere. Retrieved July 15, 2020, from https://www.clearias.com/composition-structure-
earth-atmosphere/

The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. (2020, April 18). Biogeochemical properties of the
hydrosphere. Retrieved July 15, 2020, from
https://www.britannica.com/science/hydrosphere/Biogeochemical-properties-of-the-
hydrosphere

The Importance of Biosphere: 10 Reasons. (n.d.). Retrieved July 15, 2020, from
https://www.lifepersona.com/the-importance-of-biosphere-10-reasons

32
Thompson, M., & Thompson, J. (2018, September 24). Biosphere. Retrieved July 15, 2020, from
https://www.britannica.com/science/biosphere

West, L. (n.d.). Top 7 Sources of Renewable Energy. Retrieved July 15, 2020, from
https://www.thoughtco.com/top-renewable-energy-sources-1204190

What is the Biosphere? Retrieved July 15, 2020, from

https://www.biodiversidad.gob.mx/v_ingles/planet/whatis_bios1.html

What is the Structural Composition of Hydrosphere? (2011, October 31). Retrieved July 15, 2020,
from https://www.preservearticles.com/geography/what-is-the-structural-composition-of-
hydrosphere/14334

33
Lesson 2
Environmental Biology

At the end of the lesson, the student should be able to:

1. describe the structure and functions of the ecosystem;

2. explain the importance of biodiversity; and

3. describe the threats to biodiversity in the Philippines.

34
 College COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES (CAS)
Program GENERAL EDUCATION
Course Code ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
Course Title MST-Elective
Credit Unit 3
Lesson 1 Week 2

Module Topic Environmental Biology

At the end of the lesson, the student should be able to:
1. describe the structure and functions of the ecosystem;
Intended Learning
2. explain the importance of biodiversity; and
Outcomes
3. describe the threats to biodiversity in the Philippines.

Number of Hours 13.5 Hours (12 hours Self-directed learning and 1.5 hours Assessment Tasks)

1. What are the structures and functions of the ecosystem?

2. How abiotic components play an important role in the biotic aspect of the
Study Questions
ecosystem?
3. Why biodiversity is important?
4. What would be the major threat of biodiversity in the Philippines?
Required Suggested
 Singh, Bibhuti (2014). Plant Conservation
Lesson 1. Course Module on MST Biotechnology. New Delhi: Anmol Publications
Elective- Environmental Studies.
Learning Resources University of the Visayas  Educational YouTube Videos
https://youtu.bebe/MWPj2lkekl1
https://youtu.bebe/-u8xi7KFHY4
https://youtu.bebe/GK_vRtHJZu4
https://youtu.bebe/RcC6CZNllOl

1. Student shall study and learn Lesson 1 on Environmental Biology. Student may
Learning Activity refer to the suggested and other recommended learning materials indicated in
this Course Study Guide as additional reading resources.
2. After studying the first sub-topic: Ecosystem Structures and Functions in Lesson
2, answer the activity and proceed to the next sub-topic: Energy and
Environment and answer the activity.
3. When all the lessons are studied, Answer Assessment Task 6 (Poster Design).
Required Output Poster Design
1. Activity on Ecosystem Structure and Functions
Assessment Tasks 2. Activity on Conservation on Biodiversity
1. Short answer Essay Rubric
2. Reflective Essay Rubric
Assessment Tool 3. Poster Making Rubric
Critical & Analytical Thinking, Effective Communication, Confidence & Self-directed
Target Competency Lifelong Learning

Prepared by: Reviewed by: Approved for use:

Celeste L. Maghuyop, MAEd. Celeste L. Maghuyop, MAEd. DR. RAMIE L. BULAYBULAY

Faculty Program Coordinator Dean

35
ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY
Ecosystem Structure and Function

An ecosystem is composed of living

organisms and its associated non-living
environment. The non-living
environment plays an important role in
the living organisms where the latter
provides materials for survival. There is
exactly a dynamic interactions which
usually occurs within the ecosystem
where there is an undergoing alterations
to the living and non-living environment.
Therefore, ecosystem is simply defined
as a natural functional ecological unit
which is composed of living organisms
(biotic community) and the non-living
(abiotic community) that interacts
with each other. Furthermore, a variety
of abiotic and biotic components that function in an interrelated fashion are also found
within the ecosystem.

The abiotic component have strong influence on the structure, distribution, behavior and
inter-relationship of organisms. There are two types: the climatic factors (rain,
temperature, light, wind humidity), and the edaphic factors (soil, pH, topography,
minerals and etc.) The biotic components include all living organisms present in the
environmental system. In an ecosystem, there is a variety of living organisms that has been
classified as producers, consumers, or decomposers. Producers or autotrophs are
organisms that can manufacture their own food. Examples of producers are the green plants
which can manufacture their own food through the process called photosynthesis.

36
Consumers or heterotrophs are organisms which acquire their food by feeding directly or
indirectly from the producers. Consumers can be classified as herbivore, carnivores and
detritivores. Herbivores are consumers that directly eat plants for their energy and
nutrients, carnivores are those that feed on the herbivores, and detritivores or
decomposers are consumers that feed on organic matter.

Energy Flow in Ecosystem

The energy flow in ecosystem plays an important role in thriving of life on

earth. Energy in Earth’s ecosystem originates from the Sun which is
distributed among the different ecosystems. A simple way to analyze this
distribution is through a food chain or food web. A Food chain is the
sequence of transfers of matter and energy in the form of food from
organism to organism. There are varying levels in a food chain, known as
trophic levels. Initially, it started from a green plant or producers which
originally absorbs energy from
sun’s light, eaten by
herbivores, herbivores are
eaten by carnivores and
carnivores are eaten by top
carnivores. Natural
interconnections between food
chains make it a food web.
Food web, is the complex network of different
animals' feeding relations are aggregated and
the chain only follows a direct, linear pathway
of one animal at a time.

37
Types of Ecosystems

The types of ecosystems on Earth range from wet to dry, cold to hot. These ecosystems are
also referred to be called as biomes. Biomes are large scale of ecosystem. The distribution
of large-scale ecosystems (biomes) is determined by climate. Latitude, air pressure and
winds are important factors that determine the climate of a place.There are a variety of
different ecosystems around the world. Remember that an ecosystem is a group of
communities of both living and inert things that are related to each other. While there are
many ecosystems on earth and water, terrestrial ecosystem is only found on earth. Biotic
beings found in this type of ecosystem include a wide variety of life forms, such as plants
and animals. The abiotic or non-living elements found in such an ecosystem include the
forms of land and climate that predominate in a given place.They include rainforest,
grassland, savanna, tundra, desert, estuary, taiga, prairie, freshwater lake, river, ocean,
swamp, boreal forest, etc.

Terrestrial Ecosystems
The terrestrial ecosystem is one in which animals and plants live in the soil and air, where
they find what they need to live. Each of these animals and plants have different
characteristics and they need to adapt to the place where they live.

Terrestrial ecosystem characteristics:

- Animals and plants live on land and air.
- They are classified according to abiotic factors.
- The flora and fauna depend on each other.
- Animals, birds and plants adapt to the habitat in which they live.
- When changes occur and species fail
to adapt, extinction.

Terrestrial Ecosystem Types:

a. Forests
A forest ecosystem is a community of organisms
that lives within a forest. A forest is usually defined
as a large group of trees. Forest ecosystem is not
only about forest but it also about other organisms

38
 that live in the forest. In this ecosystem we can find plant-life, fungi, many different
animals such birds and insects. This ecosystem has been a home for many of these
plants and animals. Forest ecosystems come in a variety of ranges that includes
tropical dry forests, tropical rainforests, temperate forests, and boreal forests. These
forests are defined by the climate that they face: temperate, tropical, and boreal.

b. Deserts
Desert is one of the most dried land areas on
this planet that receives very little precipitation
annually. It is a land with very less rainfall
throughout the year. These are noted with high
temperatures and sand dunes, deserts are
generally defined as areas that receive less
than 25 cm (10 in) of precipitation per year.
Main characteristic of this ecosystem is the lack
of water. Deserts are also known to be very
windy.In deserts is very low to grow vegetation.
It is dry, rocky, thin, sandy, mainly grey in
colour and has no organic contents like
nitrogen, phosphorus etc. which are essential for the growth of plants. The survival
in a desert ecosystem is very hard but despite the fact, deserts are home to various
plants and animals. The plants and animals have adapted to survive in the harsh and
extreme conditions of the desert.

c. Grasslands
Grasslands are open areas of land which are
noted for the presence of a large amount of
grass and other grass-like plants. Trees are
rare in this type of ecosystem. Grasslands
receive water through rainfall, and when it
does occur the grasses use their roots to
search for moisture. Grass within this type of
environment reproduces by releasing pollen
when the winds blow or by producing plants
from their roots. There are two major types of
grasslands: Tropical Savannah and Temperate
Grassland. Both types are located in regions
where there are hot summer temperatures and
low precipitation.

Grassland ecosystems are influenced over time by the organisms and plants that live
there, the local climate, the natural landscape and natural disturbances to the
environment such as fires or floods. Various species such as buffalo, elephants,
badgers, armadillos and many insects have adapted to and are located in grassland
environments throughout the world. Physical features of grasslands such as wide
open grass-covered plains or scattered trees located next to scarce streams help to
create a diverse environment within the grassland ecosystem.

39
 d. Tundra
Tundra ecosystem is a region without the
presence of trees and found on the top of the
mountains. Tundras are known to have a cold
climate and with strong winds. It is
characterized with mostly frozen subsurface soil
and permafrost. There is also scarcity of rain.
There are two distinct seasons- the long winter
season which lasted for about 8 months and the
short summer season.

In the tundra, the growth of vegetation is restricted due to the low temperatures and
the short seasons of the climate. Tundra ecosystems are hostile to woody
vegetation, even though winters are comparatively mild for polar standards.These
are generally found in north of boreal forest which lack trees and where vegetation
grow short. The plant organisms of the tundra have a low diversity where you can
find flowers, lichens, molds and small shrubs. Some animals are mountain sheep,
many birds, ibex and many wild cats.

Aquatic Ecosystems
The aquatic ecosystems represent the ecosystems the lives in the world’s waters. An
aquatic ecosystem includes a group of interacting organisms which are dependent on one
another and their water environment for nutrients and shelter.An aquatic ecosystem
includes freshwater habitats like lakes, ponds, rivers, oceans and streams, wetlands,
swamp, etc. and marine habitats include oceans, intertidal zone, reefs, seabed and so on.

Aquatic ecosystem characteristics:

- Being underwater, or
- Being based around water.
- Being a community of organisms.
- Being a distinct community that is more or less self-contained.
-
These are two types of aquatic ecosystems: marine ecosystem and freshwater ecosystem –
pond ecosystems, lake ecosystems and river ecosystems.

a. Marine
Marine ecosystems have a
high level of salt and
comprise the many oceans
of the world and other
bodies of saltwater. There
are various types of marine
ecosystems, including salt
marshes, estuaries, the
ocean floor, the broad
ocean, the inter-tidal zones,
coral reefs, lagoons, and
mangroves.Because of the
biodiversity and size of
marine ecosystems, they are the most abundant ecosystems found in the world.A
whole host of different organisms live in marine ecosystems. When it comes to
plant life, for example, we have seaweeds and marine algae. Invertebrates that
live in the marine ecosystem include jellyfish and crustaceans. Meanwhile, there

40
 are fish such as sharks and eels, and mammals such as whales and seals. There
are also various sea birds in all parts of the sea: they feed off the fish and other
organisms that live there. Humans may also form part of the marine ecosystem if
they fish in the sea for food.

Marine ecosystems support a great diversity of life with a variety of different

habitats. They can be categorized into groups based on where they live (benthic,
oceanic, neritic, intertidal), as well as by shared characteristics (vertebrates,
invertebrates, plankton). Specific examples of marine animals include sea
urchins, clams, jellyfish, corals, anemones, segmented and non-segmented
worms, fish, pelicans, dolphins, phytoplankton, and zooplankton.

b. Freshwater
Freshwater ecosystems have a very
low salt content compared to the
marine ecosystem. They are
generally represented as lakes,
ponds, rivers, and anywhere else
one might find freshwater
sources.Plants and animals in
freshwater regions are adjusted to
the low salt content and would not
be able to survive in areas of high
salt concentration (i.e., ocean).
There are different types of
freshwater regions:
- Ponds and lakes
Ponds and lakes may have limited species diversity since they are
often isolated from one another and from other water sources like
rivers and oceans. Lakes and ponds are divided into three different
“zones” which are usually determined by depth and distance from the
shoreline.
- Streams and rivers
Streams and rivers can be found everywhere — they get their starts at
headwaters, which may be springs, snowmelt or even lakes, and then
travel all the way to their mouths, usually another water channel or
the ocean. The characteristics of a river or stream change during the
journey from the source to the mouth. The temperature is cooler at
the source than it is at the mouth. The water is also clearer, has
higher oxygen levels, and freshwater fish such as trout and
heterotrophs can be found there.
- Wetland
Wetlands are areas of standing water that support aquatic plants.
Marshes, swamps, and bogs are all considered wetlands. Plant species
adapted to the very moist and humid conditions are called
hydrophytes. These include pond lilies, cattails, sedges, tamarack, and
black spruce. Marsh flora also include such species as cypress and
gum. Wetlands have the highest species diversity of all ecosystems.
Many species of amphibians, reptiles, birds (such as ducks and
waders), and furbearers can be found in the wetlands. Wetlands are
not considered freshwater ecosystems as there are some, such as salt
marshes, that have high salt concentrations — these support different
species of animals, such as shrimp, shellfish, and various grasses.

41
Ecosystem Restoration

Ecosystem has been described as a dynamic communities of plants, animals, and

microorganisms which interacts with the physical environment. These communities can be
damaged degraded, or destroyed by human activity. Ecological restoration is the process of
reclaiming habitat and ecosystem functions by restoring the lands and waters on which
plants and animals depend. Restoration is a corrective step that involves eliminating or
modifying causes of ecological degradation and re-establishing the natural processes — like
natural fires, floods, or predator-prey relationships — that sustain and renew ecosystems
over time. Ecological restoration seeks to initiate or accelerate ecosystem recovery following
damage, degradation, or destruction. Ecosystem restoration generates tangible benefits for
food and water security, climate change mitigation and adaptation, and can prevent conflict
and migration triggered by environmental degradation.

Restoration practitioners do not carry out the actual work of ecosystem recovery. Rather,
they create the conditions needed for recovery so the plants, animals, and microorganisms
can carry out the work of recovery themselves. Assisting recovery can be as simple as
removing an invasive species or reintroducing a lost species or a lost function (like fire); or
as complex as altering landforms, planting vegetation, changing the hydrology, and
reintroducing wildlife.

42
Assessment 4
Activity on Ecosystem Structure and Function

Directions: Select an ecosystem of your choice. Draw your chosen ecosystem in the box
provided below. There should be a presentation of the different biotic and abiotic
components as well as the manifestation of the trophic levels. Label the process and
concept in your diagram. Provide a short description of your diagram.

43
Description:

44
RUBRIC FOR ILLUSTRATION MAKING/ SCIENTIFIC DRAWING

Great Good Fair Poor

9-10 6-8 3-5 1-2
General The drawing or The drawing is The drawing is a The drawing is
Formatting illustration is large enough to little too large much too small
large enough to be clear, but or a little too and not clear
be clear. Names names and small for the enough to
and labels are some labels are page. Names identify. No
properly done not in proper and some labels names and
placement. are not in labels are
proper indicated.
placement.

Accuracy 95% or more of 94-85% of the 94-85% of the Less than the
the assigned assigned task assigned task expected
task are drawn are accurately are drawn assigned task
accurately and and accurately but it and the
are recognizable. is quiet example
recognizable. The presented recognizable. presented is not
The presented example is The presented relevant to the
example is somewhat example is topic.
relevant to the relevant to the somewhat
assigned topic. assigned topic. relevant to the
topic.

Appearance and Diagram Diagram Diagram Diagram

texture of appearance is appearance is appearance appearance did
Drawing highly creative, creatively done meets the not meet the
and meets the and meets the lesson lesson
lesson lesson requirements requirement,
requirements, requirements but the texture texture is not
and the texture and the texture is not clearly clearly
is highly clear. is highly clear. illustrated. illustrated.

Overall Input Highly meets Meets the Somewhat Did not meet
the expectation expectation meets the the expectation
expectation
Score/ Rating

45
Biodiversity and its Conservation
Our planet is made of a diverse forms of
organisms from plants to animals where each
one is different from the others. The diverse
biological aspects of the planet makes it a
suitable place to live in. The variety and
variability of life on Earth is what called as
Biodiversity or Biological Diversity. When we
talk about biodiversity it also refers to the
abundance of different species of living
organisms, occurrence of different types of
ecosystems as well as it represents the wealth
of all biological resources available to us. In
other words, biodiversity is a term that
describes the variety of living organism on
earth.

Biodiversity is distributed globally within regions unevenly. It encompasses different

organisms: plants, animals, microorganisms and ecosystems. Temperature, altitude,
precipitation, soil, and their interaction with other species are the various factors that
influence biodiversity.

Biodiversity has three essential elements: Genetic diversity, Ecosystem diversity and
Species diversity.

1. Genetic Diversity
Genetic diversity encompasses all the variety of different genetic information
contained in animals, microorganisms and the plants. A single species of organisms
with diverse genetic diversity portray more adaptability and survival mechanism
against adverse environmental conditions compared to organisms of a single species
with the same genetic make-up.

2. Ecosystem Diversity
It is relatively similar to species diversity except for the fact that it deals with the
variations in ecosystems within a geographical location. From one region or country
to another, there are different ecosystem or biomes with examples such as alpine
meadows, taigas, wetlands, grasslands, mangroves, and deserts among others.

3. Species Diversity
Species diversity refers to the variety of organisms in the environment. They can be
further sub-divided into:
a. Species richness. It is the total number of species in a given region or locality.
It is measured using the Menhink and Mangalet indices.
b. Special abundance. This is the relative numbers of organisms among the
species (the number of individuals per species). When species have equal
abundance, their variation becomes high, which also makes the diversity to
be high. A low diversity scenario is noted when the number of one species is
98 and the other species 1.
c. Taxonomic diversity (Phylogenetic). Taxonomic diversity (TD) is the genetic
relationship that exists between various groups of species. This kind of

46
 diversity is represented using a hierarchical classification based on the
phylogenetic evolution of different species of organisms.

Importance of Biodiversity

Biodiversity plays an important role in maintaining

and sustaining the supply of goods and services. It
is also important to preserve every species of plants
and animals as each one has some or the other role
to play in our nature.

Biodiversity conservation is important because

biodiversity provides certain services and resources
that are essential for life on earth. Biodiversity also
provides social benefits.

Since it provides us with several economic and

ethical benefits and adds aesthetic value, it is very
important to conserve biodiversity.

The following are the different functions of biodiversity:

1. Maintains balance ecosystem
- Recycling and storage of nutrients
- Combating pollution
- Stabilizing climate
- Protecting water resource
- Forming and protecting soil
2. Provision of biological resources
- Provisions of medicines
- Food for the human population and animals
- Breeding stocks
- Diversity of species, ecosystem and genes
3. Social benefits
- Recreation and tourism
- Culture value and education
- Research
- Inspires musicians
4. Human supply
- Food, shelter and clothing
5. Human health
- Drug discovery and medical resources
- Medicines from nature
6. Sources of industrial products
- Fiber, oils, dyes, rubber, water, timber and paper
7. Economic growth and poverty reduction
8. Supports the continuity of various ecosystems globally
9. Ecological balance
- Biochemical cycles
- Carbon dioxide and oxygen balance
- Decomposition
- Climate

47
Recently, the earth is facing a rapid rates of loss of biodiversity. Human beings are
considered as the most dangerous threat of the earth’s biodiversity destruction.
Industrialization, population and urbanization also contributed to the loss of biodiversity.

Here are some of the reasons for loss of biodiversity:

1. Habitat destruction
2. Climate change
3. Over-harvesting
4. Human overpopulation
5. Invasive species
6. Pollution
7. Over-exploiting of natural resources
8. Hybridization or gene-swapping

Those species living in forest or oceans and physically large are more affected by habitat
reduction. This is exactly the main reason why all known species are threatened with
extinction. Furthermore, adverse loss of biodiversity resulted to the following:
1. Decrease in plant production
2. Less resistance to environmental disturbances such as droughts
3. Increase in variability in ecosystem processes

Methods for Biodiversity Conservation

It is believed that an area with higher species abundance has a more stable environment
compared to an area with lower species abundance. We can further claim the necessity of
biodiversity by considering our degree of dependency on the environment. We depend
directly on various species of plant for our various needs. Similarly, we depend on various
species of animals and microbes for different reasons.

Following are the important strategies for biodiversity conservation:

1. All the varieties of food, timber plants, livestock, microbes and agricultural animals
should be conserved.
2. All the economically important organisms should be identified and conserved.
3. Unique ecosystems should be preserved first.
4. The resources should be utilized efficiently.
5. Poaching and hunting of wild animals should be prevented.
6. The reserves and protected areas should be developed carefully.
7. The levels of pollutants should be reduced in the environment.
8. Deforestation should be strictly prohibited.
9. Environmental laws should be followed strictly.
10. The useful and endangered species of plants and animals should be conserved in
their nature as well as artificial habitats.
11. Public awareness should be created regarding biodiversity conservation and its
importance.
12. Preventing the cutting of trees.
13. Putting a ban on hunting of animals.
14. Efficient utilization of natural resources.
15. Protected areas should be developed for animals where no human activities are
allowed.

48
Ethical value for every form of life in the environment

Ecosystem’s right of an organism states that every form of life in any ecosystem is unique
and deserves respect from human beings. The right suggests that every organism on earth,
whether it is valuable to human or not, has an inherent right to exist. Besides, the present
generation has a social responsibility towards future generation and this includes the
protection of all living organism in the world. Through biodiversity conservation, therefore,
the ethics on environmental sustainability and conservation can be encouraged.

49
Assessment 5
Activity on Biodiversity and Conservation
SHORT ANSWER ESSAY
Directions: Read the material on the “Biodiversity and Conservation”. Answer the given
questions in 3 - 5 sentences. (5 points each)

1. Why biodiversity is important? Is biodiversity important to man?

2. Discuss how biodiversity loss can impact diversity?

3. Why is it important to maintain biodiversity in every ecosystem?

4. What factors control the current pattern of biodiversity on Earth? Justify your answer.

5. What is the single greatest threat of biodiversity?

50
 Written Response Rubric

NOTE: This rubric will be rated by your Instructor only!

Exemplary Accomplished Developing Beginning

5 Points 4 Points 3 Points 2 Points

Topic Sentence The paragraph has a clear The topic sentence The topic sentence is relatively There is no clear topic
and thoughtful topic contains the main idea of clear and addresses the main sentence.
sentence that refers to the the question or assigned point fairly well.
main idea of the question or topic.
assigned topic

Main Body/ The paragraph contains at The paragraph contains at The paragraph contains a few The paragraph contains no
Supporting least three sentences that least three supporting supporting sentences that clear supporting sentences
Sentences support the main idea with sentences. The details in support the main idea.
reasons, details, or facts. these sentences elaborate
The details are well on the main topic fairly
organized, interesting, and well.
elaborate on the main topic
of the paragraph.

Conclusion The conclusion wraps up the The conclusion wraps up The conclusion repeats the There is no evidence of a
paragraph and refers to the the paragraph fairly well introduction. conclusion.
main idea without repeating and refers to the main
it. idea.

Conventions Demonstrates correct Spelling, punctuation, and Some spelling, punctuation, Frequent misspelled words
spelling, correct use of capitalization errors occur incomplete sentences, and misused, or missing
punctuation, complete but do not detract from capitalization errors occur that punctuation and
sentences, and the overall quality of the detract from the overall capitalization greatly
capitalization. Precise use of essay. Contains some quality of the essay. detract from the overall
grammar and vocabulary. minor grammar errors. Occasional grammar errors. quality and understanding
Work is legible. Most errors Contains few incomplete Vocabulary words are misused of the essay. Most
are revised. sentences. Few vocabulary or inaccurate. Evidence of sentences are incomplete.
words are misused or revision and proofreading is Frequent grammar errors.
inaccurate. Evidence of less apparent. Vocabulary words are
revision and proofreading misused. No evidence of
is obvious. revision and proofreading.

Questions 1
______/5
2
______/5
3
______/5

Total Score _______/15

Adopted from https://sweetwaterschools.instructure.com

51
Assessment 6
Poster Design on Biodiversity Conservation
Directions: Design a “Poster” on Biodiversity Conservation.
1. Using available coloring materials, design a poster on Conservation of Biodiversity.
2. The poster should reflect the causes, effects and conservation of biodiversity.
3. Attached or draw your poster in the box provided below.
4. Please see the attached rubric as to how you will be graded for this task.

REFERENCES:

POSTER MAKING RUBRICS

52
 POSTER DESIGN RUBRIC

Categories

Excellent Good Fair Poor

Score
10 pts 7pts 4 pts 1 pts

Several of the One or two of the The graphics No graphics

graphics used on graphics used on are made by made by the
Originality the poster reflect the poster reflect the student, student are
an exceptional student creativity but are based included.
degree of student in their creation on the designs
creativity in their and/or display. or ideas of
creation and/or others.
display

Information is Poster is organised Poster is put Poster is poorly

well organised well and reader together okay put together and
Content/ and easy to has little difficulty but is difficult very difficult to
Organization understand. The understanding. to understand. understand. It
content is highly The content is The content is does not shows
relevant to the relevant to the less relevant to any relevance to
topic discussed. topic as well. the topic. the topic.

The poster is The poster is The poster is The poster is

exceptionally attractive in terms acceptably distractingly
Creativity/ attractive in of design, layout attractive messy or very
Attractiveness terms of design, and neatness and though it may poorly designed
layout, neatness it showed be a bit or it is not
and showed creativity. messy., and it attractive.
creativity. only showed
little creativity.

The work done The work was Work is done Work is done
exceeds all done with good with fair effort, with little effort,
expectations and effort that shows but the quality quality is not
shows that the what the learner is is still not what what the learner
Work quality/ learner is proud capable of. It is the learner is is capable of. It
Effort of his/her work. evident that time capable of. It is is evident that
The effort that was put into this evident that the work was
was put into this poster and the work was rushed and little
task is the best it presentation. rushed. time was spent
can be by the on the final
learner. product. Work is
incomplete.

Total Score:

https://www.rcampus.com/rubricprinteditc.cfm?code=R2X5598&sp=no&nocache=1594597336206

53
REFERENCES

(n.d.). Retrieved July 14, 2020, from

https://www.biologicaldiversity.org/programs/public_lands/forests/ecosystem_restorat
ion/index.html

Admin. (2020, March 02). Aquatic Ecosystem - Types of Aquatic Ecosystem and its
Adaptations. Retrieved July 14, 2020, from https://byjus.com/biology/aquatic-
ecosystem/

Admin. (2020, March 23). Biodiversity Conservation - Different Methods And Strategies.
Retrieved July 14, 2020, from https://byjus.com/biology/biodiversity-conservation/

Conservation of Biodiversity: Introduction, Types, Importance, Videos. (2019, December

09). Retrieved July 14, 2020, from
https://www.toppr.com/guides/biology/biodiversity-and-conservation/conservation-of-
biodiversity/

Contributors, V. (2018, November 19). Aquatic ecosystem: Meaning, Characteristics, Types

and Importance. Retrieved July 14, 2020, from
https://www.importantindia.com/24302/aquatic-ecosystem-meaning-characteristics-
types-and-importance/

Cummings, E. (2019, November 22). Biotic Factors in the Grassland Biome. Retrieved July
14, 2020, from https://sciencing.com/biotic-factors-grassland-biome-8402092.html

Desert Ecosystem: Definition, Types and Characteristics. (2020, January 27). Retrieved July
14, 2020, from https://www.earthreminder.com/desert-ecosystem-types-
characteristics/

Ecosystems: Concept, Structure and Functions of Ecosystems (with diagram). (2014,

February 27). Retrieved July 14, 2020, from
https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/environment/ecosystem/ecosystems-concept-
structure-and-functions-of-ecosystems-with-diagram/28211

Ecosystems: Concept, Structure and Functions of Ecosystems (with diagram). (2014,

February 27). Retrieved July 14, 2020, from
https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/environment/ecosystem/ecosystems-concept-
structure-and-functions-of-ecosystems-with-diagram/28211

Editors, B. (2017, June 08). Marine Ecosystem. Retrieved July 14, 2020, from
https://biologydictionary.net/marine-ecosystem/

Food chain. (2020, July 13). Retrieved July 14, 2020, from
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_chain

Goodwin, M. (2017, September 25). Tundra Ecosystem: Main Characteristics. Retrieved July
14, 2020, from https://www.lifepersona.com/tundra-ecosystem-main-characteristics

54
Home. (n.d.). Retrieved July 14, 2020, from https://www.ser-rrc.org/what-is-ecological-
restoration/

https://energyeducation.ca/encyclopedia/Energy_flow_in_ecosystems
https://files.askiitians.com/cdn1/images/201489-133126673-9470-ecosystem-
classification.jpg
https://www.biologydiscussion.com/ecosystem/energy-flow-in-an-ecosystem-with-
diagram/6740

Rinkesh, A. (2019, August 05). Biodiversity Conservation: Types, Importance, and Methods.
Retrieved July 14, 2020, from https://www.conserve-energy-future.com/biodiversity-
conservation-types-importance-methods.phpContributors, V. (2018, November 19).
Forest Ecosystem:

Rinkesh, A. (2020, May 09). What is Biodiversity? Its Importance and Reasons for Loss of
Biodiversity? Retrieved July 14, 2020, from https://www.conserve-energy-
future.com/what-is-biodiversity.php

Says:, K., Says:, M., Says:, K., & Says:, L. (2020, March 03). The Types Of Ecosystems.
Retrieved July 14, 2020, from https://sciencetrends.com/earths-many-different-types-
ecosystems/

Terrestrial ecosystem: What is, characteristics, parts, types, fauna, flora, climate. (2019,
April 10). Retrieved July 14, 2020, from https://www.euston96.com/en/terrestrial-
ecosystem/

Tundra Ecosystem: Definition, Animals & Characteristics. (2020, February 15). Retrieved
July 14, 2020, from https://www.earthreminder.com/tundra-ecosystem-definition-
characteristics-animals/

Types, Characteristics, Importance. Retrieved July 14, 2020, from

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importance/

University of California Museum of Paleontology. (n.d.). Retrieved July 14, 2020, from
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What is Ecosystem Restoration? (n.d.). Retrieved July 14, 2020, from

https://www.decadeonrestoration.org/what-ecosystem-
restoration?__cf_chl_jschl_tk__=8d7432b66de13d0a7b40e9e64ee5a3a363453d7a-
1594039154-0-
AdhEvDOa_NzdkzpsRFTE7yTNLQeLsdVHxAg99jveOkp0ucJEtygF2LK0_lDKilJnPuPMORxL
MZqkIEiNgN5pw1_sctBFoGTQ1vWLel40ql2sif4BuBC41rn1FBlGOZPj5PzCOLr_8jD_H-
07q1ZlM3IMUux3lZ04j_72y1f_IWZNwTYmiApKEZbcNcrFwHKXfdwp6mX8JgP93OiamKm
NmtVW1xspr65THrJzu-
t1dVNepytJnsjCowo9aFm9oWPRhw94OztXKnsj9d76zr9O4R4zT1UerCaT7WBIzndPNlx2
GVZsRMWdXtWiYJKyFm0VmA

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Conservation/Biodiversity.aspx

55
Lesson 3
Environmental Pollution and
Waste Management

At the end of the lesson, the student should be able to:

1. describe the different types of pollution and discuss their effects to the
environment;

2. explain the different methods on how to manage waste; and

3. analyze the impact of pollution control and waste management in the

environment.

56
 College COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES (CAS)
Program GENERAL EDUCATION
Course Code ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
Course Title MST-Elective
Credit Unit 3
Lesson 1 Week 3

Module Topic Environmental Pollution and Waste Management

At the end of the lesson, the student should be able to:
1. describe the different types of pollution and discuss their effects to the
Intended Learning environment;
Outcomes 2. explain the different methods on how to manage waste; and
3. analyze the impact of pollution control and waste management in the
environment.
Number of Hours 13.5 Hours (12 hours Self-directed learning and 1.5 hours Assessment Tasks)

1. How can you reduce pollution at home?

Study Questions 2. Is pollution a price of progress?
3. What is the importance of solid waste management?

Required Suggested
 Cabildo, J. (2008). Ecology: A Problem based
Lesson 1. Course Module on MST approach to the environment. Manila: Loacan
Elective- Environmental Studies.  Molles, Manuel (2008). Ecology. New York:
Learning Resources University of the Visayas
McGraw-Hill Higher Education

 Educational YouTube Videos

https://youtu.be/9jOpNF2uc2M
https://youtu.be/1Fo_CDHjSdk
https://youtu.be/_NkqwMitQ8o
https://youtu.be/K6ppCC3lboU

1. Student shall study and learn Lesson 1 on Environmental Biology. Student may
refer to the suggested and other recommended learning materials indicated in
Learning Activity this Course Study Guide as additional reading resources.
2. After studying the first sub-topic: Environmental pollution and control in Lesson
3, answer the activity and proceed to the next sub-topic: Waste Management
and answer the activity.
3. When all the lessons are studied, Answer Assessment Task 9 (Diagrammic flow
Chart).
Required Output Diagrammic Flow Chart
1. Activity on Environmental Pollution and Control
Assessment Tasks 2. Activity on Solid Waste and Management
1. Written Response Rubric
Assessment Tool 2. Diagrammic Flow Chart rubric
Critical & Analytical Thinking, Effective Communication, Confidence & Self-directed
Target Competency Lifelong Learning

Prepared by: Reviewed by: Approved for use:

Celeste L. Maghuyop, MAEd. Celeste L. Maghuyop, MAEd. DR. RAMIE L. BULAYBULAY

Faculty Program Coordinator Dean

57
Environmental Pollution and Control

With the progress of industrial revolution, many developed as well as developing countries
where environmental problem is gradually growing day by day. Due to population explosion
and urbanization there has been an excess use of natural resources and natural wealth
which resulted to the depletion of natural resources. Man started cutting down trees for
construction of buildings. With this all the waste accumulated during the course of
construction of these buildings has caused serious damages in pollution and in depletion of
natural resources.

Environmental pollution is defined as any undesirable change in physical, chemical and

biological characteristics of air, land and water. Pollution can be natural as well as man-
made. Pollution occurs when the natural environment cannot destroy an element without
creating harm or damage to itself. Pollution affects the entire ecosystems where it disrupted
marine life, cause a lot of harm to human and animal health, plants and trees and has a
major effect on the depletion of the natural flora and fauna. Furthermore, it has a negative
effect on natural elements that are very important to life, such as water and air. Pollution
takes place when nature does not know how to decompose an element that has been
brought to it an unnatural way.

Pollution on Earth can be identity in several types: Air pollution, water pollution, soil
pollution, radioactive pollution, thermal pollution, and industrial pollution.

Air Pollution
Air pollution is the contamination of natural air
with the mixture of different pollutants. Some of
the most excessive sources of air pollution
includes gases emitted by vehicles or
manufacture exhaust, forest fires, dry soil
erosion, and even building constructions and
demolition. Some of the effects include higher
rain acidity, increase in smog, crop depletion
from in adequate oxygen, as well as higher
rates of asthma.

Water Pollution
Water pollution is the contamination of the
water on Earth. The contamination is caused by
pollutants such as chemicals and bacteria. Some
of the cause also include increased sediment
from soil erosion, improper waste disposal and
littering, leaching of soil pollution and organic
material decay in water supplies. This type of
pollution is one of the most dangerous as it
decreases the amount of drinkable water is
available.

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Soil Pollution
Soil pollution or land pollution is the contamination of soil or the land that prevents the
growth of natural life. Soil or land pollution takes place when there is an improper disposal
of waste and garbage which introduces toxins and chemical on the land. Aside from this
other sources of soil or land pollution include hazardous waste and sewage spills, strip
mining and deforestation and heavy use of organic pesticides. One of the majors effects of
this type of pollution result in reduced growth of agriculture. Furthermore, increased soil
contamination will primarily lead to poisoning of the land and nearby water.

Radioactive Pollution
Radioactive pollution is considered as one of the most dangerous and extremely harmful
forms of pollution. In the 20th century, this type of pollution has risen since this has been
used as a nuclear weapons. Some of the sources of radioactive contamination includes
nuclear power plant accidents or leakage, improper nuclear waste disposal, and Uranium
mining operations. Harmful effects results to pollution of air and land, birth defects, cancer
and even death.

Thermal Pollution
Thermal Pollution refers to the excessive temperature increase. This excess heat creates
undesirable effects over long periods of time. Thermal pollution maybe caused by power
plants, urban sprawl, air pollution particulates that trap the earth, deforestation and loss of
temperature moderating water supplies.

Industrial Pollution
Industrial pollution is the release of wastes and pollutants generated by industrial activities.
This pollutants generated by industries may cause contamination on air, water and land.
Some of the leading industries that contributes to this type of pollution are the power
plants, steel mill, sewage treatment plants, heating plants, and processing and
manufacturing companies which releases smoke, material wastes, contaminated residues,
and toxic by –products. Industrial pollution can cause ecosystem imbalance, adversely
damage plants, and even kill animals.

Causes of Environmental Pollution

1. Industries
2. Transportation
3. Agricultural activities
4. Trading activities
5. Residences

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Effects of Environmental Pollution

As we identified some of the main causes

of environmental pollution, let us now
evaluate the negative effects to the
following:

1. Effects on Humans
- Respiratory infections such as
allergies, asthma, irritation of
the eye, and nasal passages;
- Major factor in the
development of cancers;
- Diseases like hepatitis,
typhoid affections, diarrhea,
and hormonal disruptions.

2. Effects on Animals
- It causes harm to the living environment thus, making I toxic for them to live in.
- Acid rains can change the composition of rivers and seas, making them toxic for
fishes;
- An essential quantity of ozone in the lower parts of the atmosphere can cause
lung problems to all animals;
- Nitrogen and phosphates in water will cause the overgrowth of toxic algae,
preventing other forms of life to follow their normal course;
- Soil pollution will cause harm and, sometimes, even the destruction of
microorganisms, which can have the dramatic effect of killing the first layers of
the primary food chain.

3. Effects on Plants
- Acid rains modifies the natural environment of the plants;
- Ozone in the lower atmosphere block the plant respiration, and harmful
pollutants can be absorbed from the water or soil.

4. Effects on the Ecosystem

- Destroys crucial layers of it and causing an even more negative effect on the
upper layers.

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Environmental Pollution Control

Our environment is deteriorating day by day due to industrial pollution, toxic chemicals,
automobile emission and natural resource depletion. Pollution in its various forms is
increasing tremendously which has caused severe damaged to the ecosystems as well as
enhances human diseases and death rates of various plants and animals.

Pollution prevention is a major global concern because of its harmful effects on person’s
health and on the environment. People should understand the importance of the
environment for our own survival and of other life forms. In order to do so, we need to
identify main steps that can be followed to prevent the different types of pollution.

Here are some essential ways that will help prevent pollution:
1. Using smokeless sources of energy;
2. Plant trees;
3. Industries should be far from residential areas;
4. Strict monitoring of automobiles’ exhaust emission;
5. Adequate sewage and industrial waste treatment;
6. Re-use, Reduce and Recycle
7. Proper solid waste disposal;
8. Avoid using of fertilizers and pesticides;
9. Avoiding polythene bags;
10. Proper noise and smoke precipitators should be used to bring down the amount of
lethal smoke and noise produced to help protect the environment.

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Assessment 7
Activity on Environmental Pollution and Control

A. Identification.Determine the terms described in the statements below. (1 point

each)

_____________ 1. Defined as any undesirable change in physical, chemical and

biological characteristics of air, land and water.
_____________ 2. It is a type of pollution which is considered as one of the most
dangerous and extremely harmful forms of pollution.
_____________ 3. It is a major global concern because of its harmful effects on
person’s health and on the environment.
_____________ 4. It is a type of pollution which refers to the excessive temperature
increase.
_____________ 5. It is a type of pollutionwhich releases wastes and pollutants
generated by industrial activities.

B. True or False.Read the statements below carefully. Write True if the statement
describes good life and write False if the statement states otherwise. (1 point each)

_____________ 1. Pollution is always man-made in origin.

_____________ 2. Using of fertilizers and pesticides can prevent pollution.
_____________ 3. Pollution takes place when nature does not know how to
decompose an element that has been brought to it an unnatural way.
_____________ 4. Using smokeless sources of energy can contribute to pollution
control.
_____________ 5. Proper noise and smoke precipitators should be used to bring
down the amount of lethal smoke and noise produced to help protect the
environment.

C. Directions:Answer the following questions in 3-5 sentences. (5 points each)

1. How can you reduce pollution at home?

2. Is pollution a price of progress?

3. Why urban areas more polluted than rural ones?

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 Written Response Rubric

NOTE: This rubric will be rated by your Instructor only!

Exemplary Accomplished Developing Beginning

5 Points 4 Points 3 Points 2 Points

Topic Sentence The paragraph has a clear The topic sentence The topic sentence is relatively There is no clear topic
and thoughtful topic contains the main idea of clear and addresses the main sentence.
sentence that refers to the the question or assigned point fairly well.
main idea of the question or topic.
assigned topic

Main Body/ The paragraph contains at The paragraph contains at The paragraph contains a few The paragraph contains no
Supporting least three sentences that least three supporting supporting sentences that clear supporting sentences
Sentences support the main idea with sentences. The details in support the main idea.
reasons, details, or facts. these sentences elaborate
The details are well on the main topic fairly
organized, interesting, and well.
elaborate on the main topic
of the paragraph.

Conclusion The conclusion wraps up the The conclusion wraps up The conclusion repeats the There is no evidence of a
paragraph and refers to the the paragraph fairly well introduction. conclusion.
main idea without repeating and refers to the main
it. idea.

Conventions Demonstrates correct Spelling, punctuation, and Some spelling, punctuation, Frequent misspelled words
spelling, correct use of capitalization errors occur incomplete sentences, and misused, or missing
punctuation, complete but do not detract from capitalization errors occur that punctuation and
sentences, and the overall quality of the detract from the overall capitalization greatly
capitalization. Precise use of essay. Contains some quality of the essay. detract from the overall
grammar and vocabulary. minor grammar errors. Occasional grammar errors. quality and understanding
Work is legible. Most errors Contains few incomplete Vocabulary words are misused of the essay. Most
are revised. sentences. Few vocabulary or inaccurate. Evidence of sentences are incomplete.
words are misused or revision and proofreading is Frequent grammar errors.
inaccurate. Evidence of less apparent. Vocabulary words are
revision and proofreading misused. No evidence of
is obvious. revision and proofreading.

Questions 1
______/5
2
______/5
3
______/5

Total Score _______/15

Adopted from https://sweetwaterschools.instructure.com

63
Solid Waste Management
Solid waste refers to the range of garbage
materials—arising from animal and human
activities—that are discarded as unwanted
and useless. Solid waste is generated from
industrial, residential, and commercial
activities in a given area, and may be
handled in a variety of ways. As such,
landfills are typically classified as sanitary,
municipal, construction and demolition, or
industrial waste sites. We should ensure
best environmentl practices regardless of
the origin, hazard potential of theses solid
waste.

Waste can be categorized based on

material, such as plastic, paper, glass,
metal, and organic waste. Categorization may also be based on hazard potential, including
radioactive, flammable, infectious, toxic, or non-toxic wastes. Categories may also pertain
to the origin of the waste, whether industrial, domestic, commercial, institutional, or
construction and demolition.

Categories of Waste
1. Organic waste: Kitchen waste, waste from food preparation, vegetables, flowers,
leaves, fruits, and market places.
2. Combustibles: Paper, wood, dried leaves, packaging for relief items etc. that are
highly organic and having low moisture content.
3. Non-combustibles: Metal, Tins, Cans, bottles, stones, etc.
4. Toxic waste: Old medicines, paints, chemicals, bulbs, spray cans, fertilizer and
pesticide containers, batteries, shoe polish.
5. Recyclables: Paper, glass, metals, plastics.
6. Ashes or Dust: Residue from fires that are used for cooking.
7. Construction waste: Rubble, roofing, broken concrete etc.
8. Hazardous waste: Oil, battery acid, medical waste, industrial waste, hospital waste.
9. Dead animals: Carcasses of dead livestock or other animals.
10. Bulky waste: Tree branches, tires etc.
11. Soiled waste: Hospital waste such as cloth soiled with blood and other body fluids.

Every day, tonnes of solid waste are disposed of at various landfill sites. This waste comes
from homes, offices, industries and various other agricultural related activities. These
landfill sites produce foul smell if waste is not stored and treated properly. It can pollute the
surrounding air and can seriously affect the health of humans, wildlife and our environment.

Here some effects of Poor Solid Waste Management

1. Litter Surroundings.
Though people clean their surroundings, we cannot deny the fact that they litter their
surroundings due to improper waste disposal system.
2. Impact on Human Health
Exposure to waste can cause several illnesses or diseases which includes respiratory
problems, blood infections, growth problems, reproductive issues and even skin
irritations.

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 3. Impact on the environment
Hazardous waste and chemical that has been released to the environment can cause
biological and physicochemical impact to the environment.
4. Disease-causing Pests
Due to improper waste disposal decomposition of biodegradable waste produces foul
smell and become a breeding ground for disease-causing insects.
5. Soil and groundwater Pollution
The improper disposal of toxic materials and chemicals may be the source of
pollution of groundwater.
6. Emission of Toxic Gases
Improper disposal of hazardous waste may cause the emission of toxic gases which
may cause various diseases including cancer.
7. Impact on Land and Aquatic Animals
Improper disposal of garbage also affects land and aquatic animals which would lead
to poisoning.

Solid Waste Management

Solid-waste management refers to the collecting, treating, and disposing of solid material
that is discarded. Improper disposal of municipal solid waste can create unsanitary
conditions, and these conditions in turn can lead to pollution of the environment and to
outbreaks of vector-borne disease—that is, diseases spread by rodents and insects.

The tasks of solid-waste management present complex technical challenges. They also pose
a wide variety of administrative, economic, and social problems that must be managed and
solved. Furthermore, solid-waste management reduces and eliminates impacts on human
health and environment.

The sources of solid waste include residential, commercial, institutional, and industrial
activities. Certain types of wastes that cause immediate danger to exposed individuals or
environments are classified as hazardous; these are discussed in the article hazardous-
waste management. Garbage is mostly decomposable food waste; rubbish is mostly dry
material such as glass, paper, cloth, or wood. Garbage is highly putrescible or
decomposable, whereas rubbish is not. Trash is rubbish that includes bulky items such as
old refrigerators, couches, or large tree stumps. Trash requires special collection and
handling.

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Methods of Solid Waste Management
Proper solid waste management is an integral part of environmental conservation that
should be observed by both individuals and companies globally.
In order to minimize the harmful effect of improper waste disposal, here are some of the
following methods of solid waste management:

1. Efficient management of sanitary landfills.

2. Incineration. A process which involves burning of solid waste at high temperatures
until turned into ashes.
3. Don’t forget the 3R’s: Re-use, Reduce, and Recycle.
4. Composting. A biological process in which micro-organisms convert degradable
organic waste into humus.
5. Pyrolysis. A method where solid wastes are chemically decomposed by heat without
the presence of oxygen.

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Assessment 8

Activity on Solid Waste Management

Directions: Read the material on the “Solid Waste Management”. Answer the given
questions in 5 -10 sentences. (5 points each)

1. How are you going to define waste?

2. Why is burning waste not an accepted practice of solid waste management?

3. Examine and describe the advantages of recycling?

4. What are the different methods of solid waste management?

5. How do you implement solid waste management at home?

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 Written Response Rubric

NOTE: This rubric will be rated by your Instructor only!

Exemplary Accomplished Developing Beginning

5 Points 4 Points 3 Points 2 Points

Topic Sentence The paragraph has a clear The topic sentence The topic sentence is relatively There is no clear topic
and thoughtful topic contains the main idea of clear and addresses the main sentence.
sentence that refers to the the question or assigned point fairly well.
main idea of the question or topic.
assigned topic

Main Body/ The paragraph contains at The paragraph contains at The paragraph contains a few The paragraph contains no
Supporting least three sentences that least three supporting supporting sentences that clear supporting sentences
Sentences support the main idea with sentences. The details in support the main idea.
reasons, details, or facts. these sentences elaborate
The details are well on the main topic fairly
organized, interesting, and well.
elaborate on the main topic
of the paragraph.

Conclusion The conclusion wraps up the The conclusion wraps up The conclusion repeats the There is no evidence of a
paragraph and refers to the the paragraph fairly well introduction. conclusion.
main idea without repeating and refers to the main
it. idea.

Conventions Demonstrates correct Spelling, punctuation, and Some spelling, punctuation, Frequent misspelled words
spelling, correct use of capitalization errors occur incomplete sentences, and misused, or missing
punctuation, complete but do not detract from capitalization errors occur that punctuation and
sentences, and the overall quality of the detract from the overall capitalization greatly
capitalization. Precise use of essay. Contains some quality of the essay. detract from the overall
grammar and vocabulary. minor grammar errors. Occasional grammar errors. quality and understanding
Work is legible. Most errors Contains few incomplete Vocabulary words are misused of the essay. Most
are revised. sentences. Few vocabulary or inaccurate. Evidence of sentences are incomplete.
words are misused or revision and proofreading is Frequent grammar errors.
inaccurate. Evidence of less apparent. Vocabulary words are
revision and proofreading misused. No evidence of
is obvious. revision and proofreading.

Questions 1
______/5
2
______/5
3
______/5

Total Score _______/15

Adopted from https://sweetwaterschools.instructure.com

68
Assessment 9
Diagrammic Flowchart9on Environmental Pollution
and Waste Management
Directions: Create a “Diagrammatic flowchart” showing or depicting on the impact pollution
waste management in the environment. Below on your diagrammatic flow chart, write a
brief explanation about it.

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DIAGRAMMATIC FLOWCHART MAKING RUBRIC

Advance Proficient Fair Poor Given

10 points 7-9 points 4-6points 1-3points Score
Concept Demonstrates Demonstrates No knowledge
Understanding Demonstrates beginning little shown of
full understanding of understanding content
understanding the concept being of the concept studied.
of the concept studied. being studied.
being studied.
The graphic The graphic
The Flowchart is organizer is organizer is not
written in the written mostly in in the students
students own the students own own words.
words. words.
Student can not
Student can Student can explain their
explain their partially explain learning.
learning. their learning.
Graphic It is thorough, It is somewhat It is too simple. No logical
Organizer but easy to thorough, but flow,
follow. missing some There is no Components
important pieces. support from are out of
Information is texts. order, and not
supported by There is limited proofed.
Texts and support from Very limited.
activities text(s) Minimal effort.
performed in
class, and Incomplete.
through Web.

Complete.
Visual The graphic The graphic No visual
organizer is well The graphic organizer is not differences
organized. organizer is well organized. between
organized. components.
Use of a variety No use of a
of color, size Limited use of variety of color, Minimal Effort
and font. variety of color, size and font. shown
size and font.
Uses a variety of Uses the same Incomplete.
graphics to Uses some variety type of graphic
create interest. of graphics to organizer.
create interest.
Over-all Beyond Meets 100% Meets 90% Less of the
Impact Expectation expected outcome expected expected
outcome output

Adopted from: https://www.rcampus.com/rubricshowc.cfm?sp=true&code=RXX3CXW Total Score

70
REFERENCES :

10 Practical ways to prevent air, land and water pollution. (2011, March 04). Retrieved July
14, 2020, from https://www.preservearticles.com/environment/10-practical-ways-to-
prevent-air-land-and-water-pollution/2779

LeBlanc, R. (n.d.). An Introduction to Solid Waste Management. Retrieved July 14, 2020,
from https://www.thebalancesmb.com/an-introduction-to-solid-waste-management-
2878102

Sharma, P. & Sharma, R. (2014, April 21). Different Types of Pollution and Methods of
Control. Retrieved July 14, 2020, from https://blog.udemy.com/different-types-of-
pollution/

Nikita. (2015, December 01). Different Types of Pollution. Retrieved July 14, 2020, from
http://www.differencebetween.info/different-types-of-pollution

Nathanson, J. (2019, July 30). Solid-waste management. Retrieved July 14, 2020, from
https://www.britannica.com/technology/solid-waste-management

Madaan, S. (2020, May 23). 8 Various Types of Environmental Pollution. Retrieved July 14,
2020, from https://www.eartheclipse.com/pollution/various-types-of-environmental-
pollution.html

Rinkesh, A. (2020, June 20). What is Solid Waste Management? Sources and Methods of
Solid Waste Management. Retrieved July 14, 2020, from https://www.conserve-
energy-future.com/sources-effects-methods-of-solid-waste-management.php

Rinkesh, A. (2020, July 02). Causes, Effects and Wonderful Solutions to Environmental
Pollution. Retrieved July 14, 2020, from https://www.conserve-energy-
future.com/causes-and-effects-of-environmental-pollution.php

Pollution. (n.d.). Retrieved July 14, 2020, from https://www.pollution.co.in/environmental-

pollution

Skye, J. (n.d.). Types of Pollution. Retrieved July 14, 2020, from

https://greenliving.lovetoknow.com/Types_of_Pollution

(n.d.). Retrieved July 14, 2020, from

https://lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra2001/ra_9003_2001.html

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Lesson 4
Environmental Assessment,
Ethics and Policies

At the end of the lesson, the student should be able to:

1. discuss different environmental issues in the Philippines;

2. explain different regulations, statues legislations and treaties to protect the

environment; and

3. propose a research study related to environmental issues.

72
 College COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES (CAS)
Program GENERAL EDUCATION
Course Code ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
Course Title MST-Elective
Credit Unit 3
Lesson 1 Week 4

Module Topic Environmental Assessment, Ethics and Laws

At the end of the lesson, the student should be able to:
1. discuss different environmental issues in the Philippines;
Intended Learning
2. explain different regulations, statues legislations and treaties to protect the
Outcomes
environment; and
3. propose a research study related to environmental issues.
Number of Hours 13.5 Hours (12 hours Self-directed learning and 1.5 hours Assessment Tasks)

1. What are the current environmental issues in the Philippines?

Study Questions
2. What are the goals of environmental policies or laws?

Required Suggested
 Cabildo, J. (2008). Ecology: A Problem based
Lesson 1. Course Module on MST approach to the environment. Manila: Loacan
Elective- Environmental Studies.  Molles, Manuel (2008). Ecology. New York:
Learning Resources University of the Visayas McGraw-Hill Higher Education
 La Vina, A. (1991). Law and Ecology: A
Compilation of Philippine Law and international
documents pertaining to Ecology, the Legal
Rights and Natural Resesiurces center.
Mandaluyong: Cacho

 Educational YouTube Videos

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A0pB1qw8SMs
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=afNRimFNWyw
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YVhOEehUyIA
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AIzwXHn74QI
1. Student shall study and learn Lesson 1 on Environmental Biology. Student may
refer to the suggested and other recommended learning materials indicated in this
Learning Activity Course Study Guide as additional reading resources.
2. After studying the first sub-topic: Environmental Issues and Assessment in Lesson
4, answer the activity and proceed to the next sub-topic: Environmental Ethics
and Laws and answer the activity.
3. When all the lessons are studied, Answer Assessment Task 12 (Research
Proposal)
Required Output Research Proposal
1. Activity on Environmental Issues and Assessment
Assessment Tasks 2. Activity on Environmetnal laws
1. Written Response Rubric
Assessment Tool 2. Research Proposal Rubric
Critical & Analytical Thinking, Effective Communication, Confidence & Self-directed
Target Competency Lifelong Learning

Prepared by: Reviewed by: Approved for use:

Celeste L. Maghuyop, MAEd.
Celeste L. Maghuyop, MAEd. DR. RAMIE L. BULAYBULAY
Faculty Program Coordinator Dean

73
GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES

Environmental issues are defined as problems with the planet’s systems (air, water, soil,
etc.) that have developed as a result of human interference or mistreatment of the planet.
The planet earth is constantly changing. We cannot deny the fact that as the population
changes, there is also an increasing problems that surrounds it. People need to be aware of
the different environmental problems that we are facing right now like, the influx of natural
disasters, global warming, and much more. These current environmental problems makes
us more vulnerable to different disasters and tragedies. We need to address various
environmental issues seriously in order to avoid such problems. We should protect our
environmenton the individual, organizational or governmental levels, for the benefit of both
the environment and humans.

Pollution
Pollution is the process which
involves the contamination of the
environment. There are types of
pollution – air, water, soil, noise,
radioactive, light and thermal and
these are primary causes that affect
our environment in many ways. All
these types of pollution are
interlinked and influence each other.
Pollution of air, water and soil
requires millions of years to recoup.
Industry and motor vehicle exhaust
are the number one pollutants. Heavy metals, nitrates and plastic are toxins responsible for
pollution. While water pollution is caused by oil spill, acid rain, urban runoff, air pollution is
caused by various gases and toxins released by industries and factories and combustion of
fossil fuels; soil pollution is majorly caused by industrial waste that deprives soil from
essential nutrients.

Stopping pollution is very important for the survival of our planet as well as for our health
and well-being. Here are some ways to stop pollution:
2. Making Sustainable Transportation Choices;
3. Making Sustainable Food Choices;
4. Making Sustainable Energy Choices;
5. Reducing, Reusing, and Recycling; and
6. Keeping Chemicals Out of the Water Supply.

Soil degradation
Soil degradation refers to the decline in soil
quality. Aside from this, there is also an
adverse changes in alkalinity, acidity or
salinity of soil. Soils get damaged due to
many reasons. Overgrazing, monoculture
planting, erosion, soil compaction,
overexposure to pollutants, land-use
conversion - there's a long list of ways that
soils are being damaged. The loss of fertile
soil makes land less productive for

74
agriculture, creates new deserts, pollutes waterways and can alter how water flows through
the landscape, potentially making flooding more common. Food security depends on the
factor whether or not soils are in good condition in order to produce crops. Presently, a wide
range of techniques of soil conservation and restoration exist, from no-till agriculture to crop
rotation to water-retention through terrace-building.

Deforestation
Deforestation simply means clearing of
forests and make that land available for
residential, industrial or commercial
purposes. Species-rich wild forests are
being destroyed, especially in the
tropics, often to make way for cattle
ranching, soybean or palm oil
plantations, or other agricultural
monocultures. The forest has a
significant rule in the absorption of
carbon dioxide and also responsible for
the release of oxygen for fresh air, In
addition, forests act as biodiversity
reserves and helps regulated
temperature and rainfall.

So, what causes deforestation? The ost common causes of deforestaion includes
agriculture, unsustainable forest management, mining, industriaization and forest fires.
Infrastrature activities also cause great loss of forest such as building if roads. On of the
major effects of deforestation is the loss of habitat since forest serves as home of many
animals as well of plants. Secondly, with the advent loss of forest causes greenhouse gas
emission in the atmosphere for trees capture and stores carbon dioxide. Thus, loss anf
damge of forest will lead to global warming.

There’s simply no way we can fight the climate crisis if we don’t stop deforestation.  It is
indeed a great challenged to eliminate deforestation. Forest has been reshaped, altered and
removed. So what would be the best thing to do in order to reduce deforestation? Forest
management, efforts for reforestation and maintaining the integrity of protected areas
would help in sustaining our forest even with the growth of population. However, it is not
only possible, but necessary if we intend to preserve our most precious wildlife, respect and
empower local communities, maintain critical ecosystem services and reduce greenhouse
gas
Emissions

Climate Change and Global Warming

Climate change, also called global warming not only refers

to the rise in the average temperature on Earth but also it
includes extreme weather events, shifting wildlife
populations and habitats, rising seas, and a range of other
impacts.

The heating up of the earth’s surface are primarily cause

by human practices like the emission of greenhouse
gases. Humans use of fossil fuels, such as oil and coal
which releases carbon dioxide and other greenhouse

75
gases into the air. Other human activities, such as agriculture and deforestation, also
contribute to the proliferation of greenhouse gases that cause climate change.The gases
trap heat within the atmosphere, which can have a range of effects on ecosystems,
including rising sea levels, severe weather events, and droughts that render landscapes
more susceptible to wildfires.

The warming of the earth leads to the rising temperatures of the oceans and on the earth’s
surface. Rising sea levels due to the melting of the polar ice caps (again, caused by climate
change) contribute to greater storm damage; warming ocean temperatures are associated
with stronger and more frequent storms; additional rainfall, particularly during severe
weather events, leads to flooding and other damage; an increase in the incidence and
severity of wildfires threatens habitats, homes, and lives; and heat waves contribute to
human deaths and other consequences.

Overpopulation
Overpopulation is defined as a condition in
which the number of existing human
population exceeds the natural capacity of
the earth. Overpopulation is also one of
the crucial current environmental
problems. The population of the planet has
reached to an unsustainable level.
In 20th century, there has been a fast
increase of population all over the world.
Most of the growth is happening on the
African continent, and in southern and
eastern Asia.Growing global populations,
combined with growing affluence, is
putting ever greater pressure on essential
natural resources, like water.

Overpopulation is caused by a number of

factors. Reduced mortality rate, better
medical facilities, depletion of precious
resources, technological advancement in
fertility treatment, poverty, migration, family planning are few of the causes which result in
overpopulation. It is possible for a sparsely populated area to become densely populated if it
is not able to sustain life.

The most obvious effect of overpopulation is the impact on the environment. Increase
population also means increased in the use of natural resources. The continuous use of
natural resources, as well as growth in energy production from coal, oil, and natural gas, is
harming the planet.Due to rapid increase of population each yeaar, it has resulted in
growing deforestation, extinction of animals, and plant species.

Loss of Biodiversity

Loss of biodiversity refers to the extinction of human, plant or animal species worldwide. It
also includes the decrease in the number of a species in a certain habitat. Due to the
degradation of environment especially of our natural resources it leads to the loss of
biodiversity. Thus, leading to global extinction.

76
Increased emission of greenhouse gases
which causes climate change is one of the
factors of biodiversity loss. The high rise
of atmospheric carbon condition is due to
large scale of cutting trees every year.
Climate has changed which also increase
the temperature of land and oceans,
change the precipitation as well as there
is a rise in the sea level. With this change
of climate it contributes to the inimical
impact on species. Secondly, human
activity is also one of the important factor
that leads to the extinction of species and
habitats and loss of biodiversity. The growth in population is a major cause in fuelling the
demand for natural resources.Direct human drivers include changes in local land use,
species introductions or removals, harvesting, air and water pollution, and climate change.
Indirect human drivers include demographic, economic, technological, and cultural and
religious factors.

Species extinction
When we talk of extinction, it simply
refers to a species that becoming
extinct. It usually affects living
organisms such as plants and
animals. These species deserves to
live and deserves to be taken care of.
But unfortunately these group of
species die and cease to be present in
the earth’s surface. But what are
exactly the main reason why most of
them are now become extinct?

One of the causes of animal extinction is the habitat degradation where most of the lives of
these species are being interfered with and thus become harmful for the life of the species.
Poisoning mess up the life of a species thus causing the degradation of the habitat. Over-
exploitation of species also contributes to the extinction of species. When plants and
animals become exhausted their loves will be at stake. Change of climate, predation,
hunting and genetic population are also some of the factors that causes extinction.

The extinction of the species is a threat to human life. Animal extinction is a threat in that
there are a lot of things that the animals provide to the human beings that can not be
counted. Look at food, clothing, hides and skins, look at attraction, look at the role that
biodiversity at large. So this is the reason why extinction of species has got more
disadvantages than advantages.

77
Ozone Layer Depletion

The ozone layer is an invisible layer of protection

around the planet that protects us from the sun’s
harmful rays. It is mainly found in the stratosphere
where it encircles the earth. The problems and causes
of the depletion of the ozone layer directly arise from
human activities. The depletion attributes to the
pollution caused by chlorine and bromine found in
chlro-fluro carbons (CRF) containing substances.
These gases are considered to be toxic and once
reached to the atmosphere it will create a hole in the
ozone layer.

Ozone layer cane have some serious effects on human health, plants, marine ecosystems,
bio-geochemical cycles and especially on the earth’s environment. With the depletion of the
ozone layer all living organisms are prone to ultraviolet rays from the sun once it reaches
the earth’s surface. It will also affects plants’ growth and development, distribution of
nutrients and metabolism. Lastly, Increases in UV radiation alters both sources and sinks of
greenhouse gasses in the biosphere e.g.: e.g., carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, carbonyl
sulfide, ozone, and possibly other gases.

78
Assessment 10
Reflective Essay on Environmental Issues

Directions:Write a reflective essay on the concept “Environmental Issues in the

Philippines”. Answer the review question below in 5-10 sentence paragraph.

Guide Questions to answer:

1. What are the current environmental issues in the Philippines?
2. What solutions do you think would be most appropriate to solve the problems?
3. In what way is better protection of environment a possible result of successful
development in the Philippines?

79
 Reflective Essay Rubric
NOTE: This rubric will be rated by your Instructor only!

Exemplary Accomplished Developing Beginning Points

20-16 15-11 10-6 5-1
Reflective The reflection The reflection The reflection The reflection
Thinking explains the explains the attempts to does not address
student’s own student’s demonstrate the student’s _____/20
thinking and thinking about thinking about thinking and/or
learning his/her own learning but is learning.
processes, as learning vague and/or
well as processes. unclear about
implications for the personal
future learning. learning process.

Analysis 20-16 15-11 10-6 5-1

The reflection The reflection is The reflection The reflection
is an in-depth an analysis of attempts to does not move
analysis of the the learning analyze the beyond a
______/20
learning experience and learning description of
experience, the the value of the experience but the learning
value of the derived learning the value of the experience.
derived to self or others. learning to the
learning to self student or
or others, and others is vague
the and/or unclear.
enhancement
of the student’s
appreciation for
the discipline.
Making 10-8 7-5 4-2 1
Connections
The reflection The reflection The reflection The reflection
articulates articulates attempts to does not
multiple connections articulate articulate any
connections between this connections connection to
______/10
between this learning between this other learning or
learning experience and learning experiences.
experience and content from experience and
content from other courses, content from
other courses, past learning other courses,
past learning, experiences, past learning
life experiences and/or future experiences, or
and/or future goals. personal goals,
goals. but the
connection is
vague and/or
unclear.
Total Points ______/50

Adopted from http://earlycollegeconference.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Portfolio-

Rubric-for-Reflection.PRINT_.pdf

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ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS AND LAWS

Different environmental issues like global

warming, global climate change, deforestation,
pollution, species extinction makes our planet
suffer. Most of these are primarily caused by
the destruction of natural resources due to
human activities. Therefore, there should be an
established relationship between humans and
earth in order to prevent such destruction.
Environmental ethics is the discipline in
philosophy that studies the moral relationship
of human beings to, and also the value and
moral status of, the environment and its non-
human contents.

With the rapid increase in world’s population, the consumption of natural resources has
increased several times. For example, when the trees are being cut down to build houses
we are using our natural resources. Continuous consumption of this resources is going at a
faster rate that leads to deforestation thus, in the near future there will be no more
materials used in building houses. With environmental ethics, you can ensure that you are
doing your part to keep the environment safe and protected. It is not that difficult to do as
long as you are willing to take part in keeping the environment free of danger.
Environmental ethics believes that human beings as well plants and animals are part of
society thus, it is essential that every human being respect and honor this and use morals
and ethics when dealing with these creatures. The definition of environmental ethics rests
on the principle that there is an ethical relationship between human beings and the natural
environment.

The concept of environmental ethics brings out the fact that all the life forms on Earth
animals, plants and humans have the right to live and has the right to be taken care of.
Human beings are a part of the environment and so are the other living beings. All the living
organism are closely linked with each other. All are creations of nature and each depend on
one another and the environment. As humans, respecting the existence and recognizing the
rights of all the living organisms is our primary duty. It is the responsibility of all to ensure
that environmental ethics are being met. It is somewhat difficult to make adjustments that
are necessary to ensure that you are following all environmental ethics.

When we talk about the philosophical principle that guides our life, we often ignore the fact
that even plants and animals are a part of our lives. They are an integral part of the
environment and hence cannot be denied their right to live. Since they are an inseparable
part of nature and closely associated with our living, the guiding principles of our life and
our ethical values should include them. They need to be considered as entities with the right
to co-exist with human beings.

There are many ethical decisions that human beings make with respect to the environment.
For example:
- Should humans continue to clear cut forests for the sake of human consumption?
- Why should humans continue to propagate its species, and life itself?
- Should humans continue to make gasoline-powered vehicles?
- What environmental obligations do humans need to keep for future generations?

81
 - Is it right for humans to knowingly cause the extinction of a species for the
convenience of humanity?
- How should humans best use and conserve the space environment to secure and
expand life?
- What role can Planetary Boundaries play in reshaping the human-earth
relationship?

Issues in Environmental Ethics

1. Consumption of Natural Resources

Our natural resources is a reserve resources which are crucial to the existence of life.
It is not a storehouse where you can just get the resources anytime you want. Due
to excessive consumption like cutting of trees for building houses, there is already an
alarming depletion of our natural resources. And this has been continuous up to
present times which may be risking the life of our future generations.

2. Destruction of Forests
When industrial processes lead to destruction of resources, is it not the industry’s
responsibility to restore the depleted resources? Moreover, can a restored
environment make up for the original one? Mining processes disrupt the ecological
balance in certain areas. They harm the plant and animal life in those regions. Slash-
and-burn techniques are used for clearing land that leads to the destruction of
forests and woodland. The land is used for agriculture, but is the loss of so many
trees compensated for?

3. Environmental Pollution
Many human activities lead to environmental pollution. The rising human population
is increasing the demand for nature’s resources. As the population is exceeding the
carrying capacity of our planet, animal and plant habitats are being destroyed to
make space for human habitation. Huge constructions (roads and buildings for
residential and industrial use) are being made at the cost of the environment. To
allow space for these constructions, so many trees have to lose their lives. The
animals that thrive in them lose their natural habitats and eventually their lives.
However, the cutting down of trees is seldom even considered as loss of lives. Isn’t
this unethical?

4. Harm to Animals
Because of the destruction of their natural habitat, many of the animals tend to enter
the human settlements. Those animals may become threat to the people living in the

82
 area. Other animals serve as food source of humans for which they are being killed.
Animals also are being used for experimental purposes thus, also killing them.
Reduction of animal species continues and some become extinct because of the
continued destruction of their habitats. The reduction in the populations of several
other animal species continues. How can we deny the animals their right to live? How
are we right in depriving them of their habitat and food? Who gave us the right to
harm them for our convenience? These are some of the ethical environmental issues
that need to be addressed.

Our Moral Responsibility

What is our moral responsibility to the environment? For the sake of development and
convenience, is it morally right to burn fuels though pollution is caused? Is it morally right
to destroy the habitat of the animals for industrialization? Is it morally right to continue with
technological advances at the cost of the environment? Climate change is known to have a
negative impact on plant diversity. It is a fact that the increasing pollution levels are
hazardous for not only humans but also for plants and animals. Given this, isn’t it our moral
responsibility to protect the environment?

One of the important point in relation to environmental ethics is of our moral responsibility.
It is very important to preserve nature and know our moral responsibilities to take care of
the environment for our future generations. Time will come that they will no longer see the
beauty of nature and they could no longer benefit from it. We should remember that we are
only temporary stewards of this planet. It is our duty to live a good environment for future
generations to live in.

The continuous usage of non-renewable energy resources are fast-depleting and sadly, it
isn’t possible to replenish them. This is an example of our natural resource that may no
longer available for the next generations. We need to strike a balance between our needs
and the availability of resources, so that the forthcoming generations are also able to
benefit from their use. We are morally obliged to consider the needs of even the other
elements of our environment. They include not just other human beings, but also plants and
animals. Even if the human race is considered as the main constituent of the environment,
animals and plants are in no way less important. They have a right to get a fair share of
resources and lead a safe life.

Major Environmental Laws

Humans has been aware of its environment and

much more with the existence of laws that protects
the environment. Environmental law is a collective
term encompassing aspects of the law that provide
protection to the environment. This term is used to
explain different regulations, statues legislations
and treaties to protect the environment form
damage as well as it includes legal consequences.
A related but distinct set of regulatory regimes,
now strongly influenced by environmental legal
principles, focus on the management of
specific natural resources, such as forests,
minerals, or fisheries. Other areas, such as
environmental impact assessment, may not fit

83
neatly into either category, but are nonetheless important components of environmental
law.

Early examples of legal enactments designed to consciously preserve the environment, for
its own sake or human enjoyment, are found throughout history.
- In the common law, the primary protection was found in the law of nuisance, but
this only allowed for private actions for damages or injunctions if there was harm
to land.
- Private enforcement, however, was limited and found to be woefully inadequate
to deal with major environmental threats, particularly threats to common
resources.
- During the "Great Stink" of 1858, the dumping of sewerage into the River
Thames began to smell so ghastly in the summer heat that Parliament had to be
evacuated. Ironically, the Metropolitan Commission of Sewers Act 1848 had
allowed the Metropolitan Commission for Sewers to close cesspits around the city
in an attempt to "clean up" but this simply led people to pollute the river.
- In 19 days, Parliament passed a further Act to build the London sewerage
system. London also suffered from terrible air pollution, and this culminated in
the "Great Smog" of 1952, which in turn triggered its own legislative response:
the Clean Air Act 1956. The basic regulatory structure was to set limits on
emissions for households and business (particularly burning coal) while an
inspectorate would enforce compliance.
Notwithstanding early analogues, the concept of "environmental law" as a separate and
distinct body of law is a twentieth-century development.The recognition that the natural
environment was fragile and in need of special legal protections, the translation of that
recognition into legal structures, the development of those structures into a larger body of
"environmental law," and the strong influence of environmental law on natural resource
laws, did not occur until about the 1960s. While the modern history of environmental law is
one of continuing controversy, by the end of the twentieth century environmental law had
been established as a component of the legal landscape in all developed nations of the
world, many developing ones, and the larger project of international law.

Philippine Laws on Environment

Source: Environmental Management Bureau
As people become more vigilant on the state of our environment, the Philippine
Environmental laws and government regulations are in place in protecting the environment
and aid people from all walk of life to a balance and healthful ecology.
Indeed, the environment has become such an important issue. It is imperative that people
should be fully informed on what he relevant environmental laws are so that they may be
full aware what are allowed and what are prohibited in relation to the actions they take
towards the environment.
Here are some of the Environmental laws in the Philippines:
REPUBLIC ACT 9003 ECOLOGICAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT ACT OF 2000

In partnership with stakeholders, the law aims to adopt a systematic, comprehensive and
ecological solid waste management program that shall ensure the protection of public health
and environment. The law ensures proper segregation, collection, storage, treatment and
disposal of solid waste through the formulation and adaptation of best eco-waste products.

84
REPUBLIC ACT 9275 PHILIPPINE CLEAN WATER ACT OF 2004

The law aims to protect the country's water bodies from pollution from land-based sources
(industries and commercial establishments, agriculture and community/household
activities). It provides for comprehensive and integrated strategy to prevent and minimize
pollution through a multi-sectoral and participatory approach involving all the stakeholders.

REPUBLIC ACT 8749 PHILIPPINE CLEAN AIR ACT OF 1999

The law aims to achieve and maintain clean air that meets the National Air Quality guideline
values for criteria pollutants, throughout the Philippines, while minimizing the possible
associated impacts to the economy.

REPUBLIC ACT 6969 TOXIC SUBSTANCES, HAZARDOUS AND NUCLEAR WASTE

CONTROL ACT OF 1990

The law aims to regulate restrict or prohibit the importation, manufacture, processing, sale,
distribution, use and disposal of chemical substances and mixtures the present
unreasonable risk to human health. It likewise prohibits the entry, even in transit, of
hazardous and nuclear wastes and their disposal into the Philippine territorial limits for
whatever purpose; and to provide advancement and facilitate research and studies on toxic
chemicals.

PRESIDENTIAL DECREE 1586 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT (EIS)

STATEMENT OF 1978

The Environment Impact Assessment System was formally established in 1978 with the
enactment of Presidential Decree no. 1586 to facilitate the attainment and maintenance of
rational and orderly balance between socio-economic development and environmental
protection. EIA is a planning and management tool that will help government, decision
makers, the proponents and the affected community address the negative consequences or
risks on the environment. The process assures implementation of environment-friendly
projects.

REPUBLIC ACT NO, 7586 PRTOECTED AREA LAW

National Integrated Protected Areas System (NIPAS), which shall encompass outstanding
remarkable areas and biologically important public lands that are habitats of rare and
endangered species of plants and animals, biogeographic zones and related ecosystems,
whether terrestrial, wetland or marine, all of which shall be designated as protected areas.

85
Assessment 11
Short Answer Essay on
Envrionmental Ethcis and Laws
Directions: Read the material on the “Solid Waste Management”. Answer the given
questions in 5 -10 sentences. (5 points each)

1. Why do we need a set of ethics for the environment?

2. Ethics, emphasizes happiness, justice, human rights, and equality. How do these
ideas relate to the environment and future generations?

3. What are the goals of environmental policies or laws?

4. Are the Philippine Environmental Law strictly implemented? Cite and example.

5. What do you think should the Philippine government focus on in relation to

environmental problems? Support your answer.

86
 Written Response Rubric

NOTE: This rubric will be rated by your Instructor only!

Exemplary Accomplished Developing Beginning

5 Points 4 Points 3 Points 2 Points

Topic Sentence The paragraph has a clear The topic sentence The topic sentence is relatively There is no clear topic
and thoughtful topic contains the main idea of clear and addresses the main sentence.
sentence that refers to the the question or assigned point fairly well.
main idea of the question or topic.
assigned topic

Main Body/ The paragraph contains at The paragraph contains at The paragraph contains a few The paragraph contains no
Supporting least three sentences that least three supporting supporting sentences that clear supporting sentences
Sentences support the main idea with sentences. The details in support the main idea.
reasons, details, or facts. these sentences elaborate
The details are well on the main topic fairly
organized, interesting, and well.
elaborate on the main topic
of the paragraph.

Conclusion The conclusion wraps up the The conclusion wraps up The conclusion repeats the There is no evidence of a
paragraph and refers to the the paragraph fairly well introduction. conclusion.
main idea without repeating and refers to the main
it. idea.

Conventions Demonstrates correct Spelling, punctuation, and Some spelling, punctuation, Frequent misspelled words
spelling, correct use of capitalization errors occur incomplete sentences, and misused, or missing
punctuation, complete but do not detract from capitalization errors occur that punctuation and
sentences, and the overall quality of the detract from the overall capitalization greatly
capitalization. Precise use of essay. Contains some quality of the essay. detract from the overall
grammar and vocabulary. minor grammar errors. Occasional grammar errors. quality and understanding
Work is legible. Most errors Contains few incomplete Vocabulary words are misused of the essay. Most
are revised. sentences. Few vocabulary or inaccurate. Evidence of sentences are incomplete.
words are misused or revision and proofreading is Frequent grammar errors.
inaccurate. Evidence of less apparent. Vocabulary words are
revision and proofreading misused. No evidence of
is obvious. revision and proofreading.

Questions 1
______/5
2
______/5
3
______/5

Total Score _______/15

Adopted from https://sweetwaterschools.instructure.com

87
Assessment 12
29
Research Proposal on Environmental Issues
in the Philippines
FINAL OUTPUT

Directions:Make a Research Proposal on the common environmental issues in the

Philippines. Your research proposal should include the following:

1. Topic/Title;
2. Introduction;
3. Construct rationale;
4. Identify specific Problems;
5. Make a conceptual flow of your study; and
6. Conclusion.

Submission could be in digital copy or printed copy. If you want to submit a digital copy,
you may email it to your teacher’s corporate email.

88
 Research Proposal & Presentation Rubric

Needs
Excellent Competent Incomplete
Improvement Score
10pts 7pts 1 pt
3pts

Title/
Introductio An intriguing A fairly well Introduction is not Lacks a proper
n title/ formulated well constructed, introduction.
introduction title/ uninteresting, or
based on facts introduction does not lead into
leads clearly with some the research
into the evidence to proposal.
research support the
proposal. topic leads
into the
research
proposal.

Problem
Statement Stated the Fairly well Statement of the Lacks a proper
research posed problem is not statement of
problem clearly, statement of clearly stated the problem.
and provided the problem and/or lacks
motivation for that provides quality evidence to Evidence
undertaking the evidence but support the presented does
research. the evidence problem not support the
is not as thesis or
strong as it problem
could be. statement.

Literature Demonstrated Demonstrated Unclearly Did not mention

Review basic knowledge basic mentioned some any previous
of literature in knowledge of previous work in research,
the area, literature or the area. literature, or
and of prior previous theories.
work on the research in
specific research the area, but
problem. did not
Mentioned at mention any
least 1 theory. theories.

Writing Very well Well written Fairly written Poorly written

Mechanics written proposal proposal with proposal that lacks paper that lacks
with few few clarity; has poor organization.
grammatical grammatical transition There are
errors. Adheres errors. sentences. There multiple
to all the Adheres to are several grammatical
proposal writing most of the grammatical errors. Fails to
format proposal errors. Adheres to adhere to the
requirements as writing format most of the proposal writing
presented in the requirements proposal writing format
guidelines. as presented format requirements as
in the requirements as presented in the

89
 guidelines. presented in the guidelines.
guidelines.

Overall Excellent use Good use was Acceptable use was

Presentati was made of the made of the made of the The
on Quality student's student's student's presentation
presentation. presentation. presentation. Most was not timed
Each section of Each section sections of the appropriate.
the written of the written written proposal Some portions
proposal was proposal was was mentioned. of the proposal
mentioned. mentioned. English quality was were ignored.
English quality English quality inconsistent. English was
was advanced. was difficult to
acceptable. understand.

References References are References References are No references

given for more are given for 2 given for more are provided, or
than 2 relevant relevant than 1 relevant they are not
sources. sources. source. cited correctly.
Appropriate Appropriate Appropriate
Harvard citation Harvard Harvard citation
style is used. citation style style is used.
is used.

Total score:
____/60

Suggestions/ Recommendations:

90
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ethics

Welle, D. (n.d.). Five of the world's biggest environmental problems: DW: 11.10.2016.
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environmental-problems/a-35915705

Urbanization: Expanding opportunities, but deeper divides | UN DESA Department of

Economic and Social Affairs. (n.d.). Retrieved July 14, 2020, from
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opportunities-but-deeper-divides.html

https://www.usaid.gov/urban

DEFORESTATION CAUSES, IMPACT, EFFECTS, FACTS, DEFINITION. (n.d.). Retrieved July

14, 2020, from https://www.saveearth.info/deforestation/

Mason, M. Environmental Law: Government and Public Policy Towards the Environment.
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law

https://aboutphilippines.org/files/Philippine-Laws-on-Environmental-Pollution.pdf

Loss of Biodiversity: Meaning, Causes, Effects and Solutions. (2018, August 30). Retrieved
July 14, 2020, from https://www.indiacelebrating.com/environmental-issues/loss-of-
biodiversity-meaning-causes-effects-and-solutions/

Global Warming Effects. (2019, February 04). Retrieved July 14, 2020, from
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effects/

Brennan, A., & Lo, Y. (2015, July 21). Environmental Ethics. Retrieved July 14, 2020, from
https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ethics-environmental/

Madaan, S. (2016, December 01). Causes, Effects and Solutions of Ozone Layer Depletion.
Retrieved July 14, 2020, from https://www.eartheclipse.com/environment/causes-
effects-solutions-of-ozone-layer-depletion.html

Rinkesh, A. (2016, December 25). What are Environmental Ethics? Retrieved July 14, 2020,
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Derouin, S. (2019, November 6). Deforestation: Facts, Causes & Effects Retrieved. July 14,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_environmental_issues

Jensen, K. (2020, April 10). How to Help Stop Pollution. Retrieved July 14, 2020, from
https://www.wikihow.com/Help-Stop-Pollution

Selin, H., & Mann, M. (2020, April 27). Future climate-change policy. Retrieved July 14,
2020, from https://www.britannica.com/science/global-warming/Future-climate-
change-policy

Rinkesh, A. (2020, May 13). Various Causes, Effects and Surprising Solutions to Soil
Degradation. Retrieved July 14, 2020, from https://www.conserve-energy-
future.com/causes-effects-solutions-soil-degradation.php

Howell, N. (2020, June 11). Overpopulation: Cause, Effect and Solution. Retrieved July 14,
2020, from https://earthandhuman.org/overpopulation-causes-effects-solutions/

Rinkesh, A. (2020, June 17). 20 Current Environmental Problems That Our World is Facing.
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