PAMBAYANG KOLEHIYO NG MAUBAN

College of Education
The Contemporary World

Name:
_________________________________________________________

Section:_______________________________________________________
_

Instructor : _____________________________________________________
 PAMBAYANG KOLEHIYO NG MAUBAN
2

A world of regions

Government, associations, societies, and groups of regional Organization

and/or networks as a way of coping with the challenges of globalization.
Globalization has made people aware of the world in general, but it has also
made Filipinos more cognizant of specific areas such as Southeast Asia.
How, for instance, did the Philippines come to identify itself with the Southeast
Asian region? Why is it part of a regional grouping known as the Association
of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)?

While regionalism is often seen as a political and economic phenomenon, the

term actually encompasses a broader area. It can be examined in relation to
identities, ethics, religion, ecological sustainability, and health. Regionalism is
also a process, and must be treated as an “emergent, socially constituted
phenomenon.” It means that the regions are not natural or given; rather they
are constructed and defined by policy makers, economic actors, and even
social movements.
This lesson will look at regions as political entities and examine what brings
them together as they interlock with globalization. The other facets of
regionalism will then be explored, especially those that pertain to identities,
ethics, religion, ecological sustainability and health. The lesson will conclude
by asking where all these regionalism are bringing us as members of a nation
and a citizens of the world.

Countries, Regions, and Globalization

Edward Mansfield and Helen V. Milner state that economic and political
definitions of regions vary, but there are certain basic features that everyone
can agree on. First, regions “a group of countries located in the same
geographically specified are” or are “an amalgamation of two regions [or] a
combination of more than two regions” organize to regulate and “oversee
flows and policy choices.” Second, the word regionalization and regionalism
should not be interchanged, as the former refers to the “regional concentration
of economic flows” while the latter is a political process characterized by
economic policy cooperation and coordination among countries.”

Countries respond economically and politically to globalization in various

ways. Some are large enough and have lot of resources to dictate how they
participate in processes of global integration. China, for example, offers its
cheap and huge workforce to attract foreign business and expand trade with
countries it once considered its enemies but now sees as markets for its
goods ( e.g. the US and Japan) . Other countries make up for their small size
by taking advantage of their strategic location. Singapore and Switzerland
compensate for their lack of resources by turning themselves into financial
 PAMBAYANG KOLEHIYO NG MAUBAN
3

and banking hubs. Singapore developed its harbor facilities and made them a
first-class transit port for ships carrying different commodities from Africa,
Europe, the Middle East, and mainland Southeast Asia to countries in the
Asia-Pacific. In the most cases, however, countries from a regional alliance
for - as the saying goes- there is strength in numbers.
Countries from regional associations for several reasons. One is for military
defense. The most widely known defense grouping is the North Atlantic Treaty
Organization (NATO) formed during the Cold War when several Western
European countries plus the United States agreed to protect Europe against
the threat of the Soviet Union . The Soviet Union responded by creating its
regional alliance, the Warsaw Pact, consisting of the Eastern European
countries under soviet domination. The Soviet Union imploded in December
1991, but NATO remains in place.

Countries also form regional organizations to pool their resources, get better
returns for their exports, as well as expand their leverage against trading
partners. The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) was
established in 1960 by Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela to
regulate the production and sale of oil. This regional alliances flexed it’s
muscles in the 1970s when it’s member countries took over domestic
production and dictated crude oil prices in the world market. In a world highly
dependent on oil, this integration became a source of immense power.
OPEC’s success convinced nine other oil-producing countries to join it.

Moreover, there are countries that form regional blocs to protect their
interdependence from the pressures of superpower politics. The Presidents of
Egypt, Ghana, India, Indonesia, and Yugoslavia created the Non-Aligned
Movement (NAM) in 1961 to pursue world peace and international
cooperation, human rights, national sovereignty, racial and national equality,
non-intervention, and peaceful conflict resolution. It called itself non-aligned
because the association refused to side with either the First World capitalist
democracies in Western Europe and North America or the communist states
in Eastern Europe. At its peak, the NAM had 120 member countries. The
movement, however, was never formalized and continues to exist up to the
present, although it lacks the same fervor that it had in the past.
Finally, economy crisis compels countries to come together. The Thai
economy collapsed in 1996 after foreign currency speculators and troubled
international banks demanded that the Thai government pay back its loans. A
rapid withdrawal of foreign investments bankrupted the economy. This crisis
began to spread to other Asian countries as their currencies were also
devalued and foreign investment left in a hurry. The IMF tried to reverse the
crisis, but it was only after the ASEAN countries along with China, Japan, and
South Korea agreed to establish an emergency fund to anticipate a crisis that
the Asian economies stabilized.

The crisis made ASEAN more “unified and coordinated.” The association has
come along way since it was formed as a coalition of countries which were
 PAMBAYANG KOLEHIYO NG MAUBAN
4

pro-American and supportive of the United States intervention in Vietnam.

After the Vietnam war, ASEAN continued to act as military alliance to isolate
Vietnam after it invaded Cambodia, but there were also the beginnings of
economic cooperation.

Non-state Regionalism
It is not only states that agree to work together in the name of a single cause
(or causes). Communities also engage in regional organizing. This “new
regionalism” varies in form; the can be “tiny associations that include no more
than a few actors and focus on a single issue, or huge continental unions that
address a multitude of common problems from territorial defense to food
security.” Organizations representing this “new regionalism likewise rely on
the power of individuals, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and
associations link up with one another in pursuit of a particular goal (or goals).
Finally, “new regionalism “is identified with reformists who share the same
“values, norms, institutions, and system that exists outside the traditional,
established mainstream institutions and systems.”
Their strategies and tactics likewise vary. Some organizations partner with
governments (“legitimizers “) participate in “institutional mechanisms that
afford some civil society groups voice and influence [in] technocratic policy-
making processes.” For example, the ASEAN issued its Human Rights
Declaration in 2009, but the regional body left it to member countries to apply
rights are limited in many ASEAN countries, “ new regionalism” organizations
used this official declaration to pressure these governments to pass laws and
regulations that protect and promote human rights.

In South America, left-wing governments support the Hemispheric Social

Alliance’s opposition to the North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA),
while members of the Mesa de Articulacion de Asosaciones Nacionales y
Redes de ONGs de America Latina y El Caribe ( Roundtable of National
Associations and Networks and NGOs in Latin America and the Caribbean)
participate in “forums, summits, and dialogues with presidents and ministers.”
Likewise, a group called the citizen Diplomacy Forum tries to influence the
policies and programs of the Organizations of American States. In Southeast
Asian, the Organization of an ASEAN Parliamentarians for Human Rights was
in part of the result of non-government organizations, and civil society groups
pushing to “prevent discrimination, uphold political freedom, and promote
democracy ang human rights throughout the region.

Other regional organizations dedicate themselves to specialized causes.

Activists across Central and South America established the Rainforest
Foundation to protect indigenous peoples and the rainforests in Brazil,
Guyana, Panama, and Peru. Young Christians across Asia, Africa, the Middle
East, and the Caribbean formed Regional Interfaith Youth Networks to
promote “conflict prevention resolution, peace education, and sustainable
development.” The Migrant Forum in Asia is another regional network of
 PAMBAYANG KOLEHIYO NG MAUBAN
5

NGOs and trade unions “committed to protect[ing] and promot[ing] the rights
and welfare of migrant workers.”
These organizations’ primary power lies in the moral standing and their ability
to combine lobbying with pressure politics. Unfortunately, most of them are
poorly financed, which places them at a disadvantage when dealing with their
official counterparts who have large state funds. Their impact in global politics,
therefore limited.

New regionalism differs significantly from traditional state-to-state regionalism

when it comes to identifying problems. For example, states treat poverty or
environmental degradation as technical or economic issues that can be
resolved by refining existing programs of state agencies, making minor
changes in economic policies, and creating new offices that address these
issues. However, new regionalism advocates such as the NGO Global Forum
see these issues as reflections of flawed economic development and
environmental models. By “flawed,” they mean economic development plans
that are market-based, profit-driven, and hardly concerned with social welfare,
especially among the poor.

Another challenge for new regionalists is the discord that may emerge among
them. For example, disagreements surface over issues like gender and
religion, with pro-choice NGO’s breaking from religious civil society groups
that side with the Church, Muslim imams, or governments opposed to
reproductive rights and other pro-women policies. Moreover, while civil society
groups are able to dialogue with governments, the latter may not be
welcoming to this new trend and set up one obstacle after another. Migrant
Forum Asia and its ally, the Coordination of Action Research on AIDS
(CARAM), lobbied ASEAN governments to defend migrant labor rights. Their
program of action, however, slowed down once countries like Malaysia,
Singapore, and Thailand refused to recognize the rights of undocumented
migrant workers and rights of the families of migrants.

CONTEMPORARY CHALLENGES TO REGIONALISM

Today, regionalism faces multiple challenges, the most serious of which is the
resurgence of militant nationalism and populism. The refusal to dismantle
NATO after the collapse of the Soviet Union, for example, has become the
basis of the anti-NATO rhetoric of Vladimir Putin in Russia. Now, even the
relationship of the United States-the alliance’s core member with NATO has
become problematic after Donald Trump demonized the organization as
simply leeching off American military power without giving anything in return.
Perhaps the most crisis-ridden regional organization of today is the European
Union. The continuing financial crisis of the region is forcing countries like
Greece to consider leaving the Union to gain more flexibility in their economic
policy. Anti-immigrant sentiment and populist campaign against Europe have
already led to the United Kingdom voting to leave the European Union in a
move the media has termed the “Brexit”.
 PAMBAYANG KOLEHIYO NG MAUBAN
6

ASEAN members continue to disagree over the extent to which member

countries should sacrifice their sovereignty for the sake of regional stability.
The association’s link with East Asia has also been problematic. Recently,
ASEAN countries also disagreed over how to relate to China, with the
Philippines unable to get the other countries to support its condemnation of
China’s occupation of the West Philippine Sea. Cambodia and Laos led the
opposition favoring diplomacy over confrontation, but the real season was the
dramatic increase of Chinese investments and economic aid to these
countries. Moreover, when some formerly authoritarian countries
democratized, this “participatory regionalism” clashes with ASEAN’s policy of
non-interference, as civil society groups in Indonesia, the Philippines, and
Thailand demanded that the other countries democratized adopt a more open
attitude towards foreign criticism.
A final challenge pertains to differing visions of what regionalism should be
for. Western governments may see regional organizations not simply as
economic formations but also as instruments of political democratizations.
Non-Western and developing societies, however, may have different view
regarding globalization, development and democracy. Singapore, China and
Russia see democracy as an obstacle to the implementation and deepening
of economic globalization because constant public inquiry about economic
projects and lengthy debate slow down implementation or lead to unclear
outcomes. Democracy’s tedious procedures must, therefore, give way to
efficiency.
Conclusion
Official regional associations now cover vas deaths of the world. The
population of the countries that joined the Asia-Pacific Economic Council
(APEC) alone comprised 37 percent of the world’s population in 2007. These
countries are also part of the “smaller” organizations that include the
Association of Southeast Asian Nations, the Shanghai Cooperation
Organization, the North American Free Trade Agreement, the Caribbean and
Pacific Group of States, and the Union of South American Nations. Even
“isolationist” North Korea is part of the Regional Forum, which discusses
security issues in the region.
In the same way the countries will find it difficult to reject all forms of global
economic integration, it will also be hard for them to turn their backs on their
regions. Even if the UK leaves the EU , it must continue to trade with its
immediate neighbors and will, therefore, be forced to implement many EU
rules. None of this is to say that regional organizations will remain unaltered.
The history of regionalism shows that regional associations emerge as new
global concerns arise. The future of regionalism will be contingent on the
immense changes in global politics that will emerge in the 21st century.
 PAMBAYANG KOLEHIYO NG MAUBAN
7

CONTEMPORARY INTERNATIONAL
ORGANIZATIONS
This introduces the learners on how to analyze
the dynamics of transnational cooperation and how
governments are affected by globalization. This section
also enables the learners to look into the meaning of
global governance through the discussion of the United
Nations’ (UN) roles and functions.
OBJECTIVES:
At the end of this module, the learners are expected to:
1. Define and explain the meaning of state, nation and nation – states ;
2. Explain the various impacts of globalization on nation – states ;
3. Enumerate and explain the functions of intergovernmental organizations;
4. Identify the roles and functions of the United Nations (UN); and
5. Define and differentiate the concept internationalism from globalism

DIAGNOSTICS:
Instructions: Write AGREE if you think the statement is correct; otherwise,
DISAGREE.
_________ 1. The Human Rights Watch is an international advocacy
organization.
_________ 2. Internationalism and internationalization are two similar ideas.
_________ 3. The Asia Pacific Economic Forum is an intergovernmental
organization (IGO).
_________ 4. The United Nations is a global government.
_________ 5. UN’s fiver permanent security council members have a veto
power.

Weber (1997) defines the state as a compulsory political organization with a

centralized
government that maintains the legitimate use of force within a certain territory.
He explicated that it is
normal for the state to use force and/or violence to suppress lawlessness in
its territory as well as to
protect itself from other states. On the other hand, the concept of nation
emphasizes the organic ties that
hold groups of people together and inspire a sense of loyalty and belonging –
i.e., ethnicity, language,
religion, and others (Schattle, 2014). Combining these two, a nation – state
can then be defined as a
political community that emanates from civic society to legitimately execute
peace. Thus, civic society is
the basis of the people’s oneness.
© maxdefense.blogspot.com
Though some scholars like Appadural and Ohmae claim that globalization has
superseded the
 PAMBAYANG KOLEHIYO NG MAUBAN
8

individual function and jurisdiction of nation – states, this is still arguable. In

fact, nation – states
can manipulate competitive advantages with international and political issues,
transnational civil
society organizations, and multinational companies. They are also
accountable for a host of
international norms and standards, find themselves in subordinate positions to
protect their
economy, and face new kinds of pressures of supranational integration and
focus of local
fragmentation (Schattle, 2014). However, if nation – states no longer have
power in today’s
globalized world, then why does the United Nations (UN), with its increasing
number of states,
remain relevant in global decision making? The 194 member states of UN
prove that
globalization has affected the dynamics of nation – states in the context of
their agency as
legitimate holders of force in their jurisdiction.
The United Nations was established after the Second World War with once
central
mission – to maintain international peace and security. Aside from maintaining
international
peace and security and protecting human rights, UN also carries the functions
of delivering
humanitarian aid, promoting sustainable development, and upholding
international law. It is
composed of six organs:
a. The General Assembly – which serves as the main deliberative policy-
making and
representative organ.
b. The Security Council – is the organ which has the commitment to preserve
peace and
security.
c. The Economic and Social Council – is the main organ for cooperation,
policy, review, policy
dialogue, and advice on economic, environmental and social issues.
d. The Trusteeship Council – is the organ tasked to administer international
oversight for trust
territories and to make sure that adequate procedures are taken for
independence and self –
government.
e. The International Court of Justice – is the UN’s prime judicial organ.
f. The Secretariat – is the organ tasked to execute the daily activities as
assigned by the five
other organs.
 PAMBAYANG KOLEHIYO NG MAUBAN
9

Globalization has, in a way, reshaped the role and functions of nation – states
as
governing bodies in their particular territories.
First, globalization is seen to impose a forced choice upon nation – states.
Either they
conform to the neo – liberal ideas and free – market principles of deregulation,
privatization, and
free trade or run the risk of being left behind in terms of development. Of
course, the nation –
states, in this contemporary age, are forced to submit themselves to the
demands of globally
accepted free – market principles. Though government policies can be put in
place, nation –
states are forced to realign their policies to be congruent with the principles of
free trade because
of the pressures from global corporations. To illustrate, the member states of
the Association of
Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), including the Philippines, established the
ASEAN Free
Trade Area (AFTA) in 1999. Its goal is to encourage the member – states to
deepen their
commitments in investment, trade, and industrial collaboration to brace them
for the increase in
the region’s economic activity.
Second, is the establishment of economic and political integrations. One good
example is
the European Union (EU) and the North America Free Trade Agreement
(NAFTA). EU has
become a supranational body with 28 members. It has a single currency and
monetary system
among 17 states, parliament with legislative powers, with common citizens’
right to live, work,
vote and run for office, with developed collective mechanism to resolve crises
and assist those in
need, and with intercontinental jurisprudence in the case of the European
Court of Justice and the
European court of Human Rights. The statehood of the members is not
dissolved, what has
changed is only how nation – states function, in terms of economy and
politics, as part of a
whole (Schattle, 2014).
The third effect of globalization is the establishment of international laws and
principles.
This is observable in the establishment of the UN that operates as a forum for
nation – states to
air their differences and try to resolve them. The UN Security Council has
powers that include
 PAMBAYANG KOLEHIYO NG MAUBAN
10

the creation of peacekeeping operations and international sanctions and the

authorization of
military action. Also, UN’s International Criminal Court (ICC) prosecutes
individuals accused
of crimes against humanity such as genocide. The founding of ICC is based
on the adoption of
the Rome Statue of International Criminal Court in 1998, with the vote of 120
to 7, with 21
abstentions. It began functioning in 2002 when the statue officially came into
force. However, the United States, China and India are not signatories. Thus,
the treat is not binding to these
economic powers. Moreover, there are also universal principles that are
adopted by nation –
states in relation to the dynamism of globalization. Two of them are the
Universal Declaration of
Human Rights that affirms an individual’s rights and the other is the United
Nations Convention
of the Law of the Sea that defines the rights of nation – states on the use of
the world’s oceans.
These three mentioned effects are vertical effects. Aside from this,
globalization also has
a horizontal effect which can be observed in the formation of
transgovernmental Networks
(Slaughter, 2004). National government offices connect with their counterparts
in other nation –
states in order to establish linkages that would benefit all parties. As
institutions, policies are
agreed upon and individual state – participants are conscious that their home
country policies
should not be violated.
The fourth effect of globalization is the rise of transnational activism (TNA).
Such
happens when activist groups of nation – states connect with their
counterparts in our states. For
example, an advocacy – based organization in the Philippines may connect
itself with and get
support from other human rights groups in Europe to pressure the Philippine
government to
realign its stance and actions in upholding human rights.
The fifth and last effect of globalization is the creation of new communication
network.
Globalization binds communities through digital media. With new technologies
in
communication, political interaction can happen in a virtual sphere. People
can exchange
political perspectives through internet, therefore stirring political discourse on
an online
 PAMBAYANG KOLEHIYO NG MAUBAN
11

platform. Because of the so – called network society (Castells, 2009), nation –

states must
reshape themselves to become part of global networks in the arena of
finance, education, science,
technology, arts and sports. This can be seen in the proliferation of online
education from
universities outside the Philippines. Conversely, Philippine universities offer
online courses to
non – Filipinos. Thus, digital media has become the platform for strategic
communications at
home and abroad wherein the nation – states can utilize the internet to gather
feedback from the
citizens. Social media gives people the power to air their sentiments, and
also, serves as an
avenue to discuss issues. In the case of authoritarian and repressive states
like China, Russia, and
North Korea, the governments make us of media technologies to filter content
that can be viewed
by their citizens. On the other hand, digital media can also be used by
governments to gain
public support in their campaigns. Thus, social media, in particular, can
become an alternative to
mainstream media that advances its biased perspective.
In order to facilitate connections among nation – states, intergovernmental
organizations (IGOs) were established. Their aim is to foster strong economic,
political,
cultural, educational, and technical intergovernmental relationships. Here are
some examples:

Name
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
Date Established
1967
Members
10 – state members
Objectives
1. Accelerate economic, social and cultural growth and development;
2. Promote regional progression;
3. Advance peace and sustainability;
4. Promote active and beneficial cooperation and mutual assistance in
economic, technical, cultural, administrative and scientific fields;
5. Provide assistance to each other in the framework of training and research
installations in the educational, professional, technical, and administrative
spheres;
6. work hand in hand for more effective and greater use of agriculture and
industries;
7. advance Southeast Asian research; and
 PAMBAYANG KOLEHIYO NG MAUBAN
12

8. Preserve close and beneficial

collaboration with current international and
regional institutions with similar aims and
purposes
Name
European Union (EU)
Date Established
November 1993
Members
28 – state members
Objectives
1. Promote peace, its values, and the well – being of its citizens;
2. Offer freedom, security, and justice without internal borders;
3. Uphold sustainable development based on balanced economic growth and
price stability;
4. Combat social exclusion and discrimination;
5. Promote scientific and technological progress;
6. Enhance economic, social, and territorial cohesion and solidarity among
members countries;
7. Respect cultural and linguistic diversity;
8. Establish an economic and monetary union (europa.eu).
Name
World Trade Organization (WTO)

Date established
January 1, 1995
Members
164 – member states
Objectives
The sole IGO that caters to rules of trade on a global scale. It aims:
1. To ensure that trade runs as smoothly, predictably, and freely as possible;
2. To encourage trade by lowering trade barriers that may hinder how
products and services flow from nation to nation.
Name
Organization OF Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
Date established
September 10 – 14, 1960
Members
13 Member Countries
Objectives
To coordinate and unify the petroleum policies of its Member Countries and
ensure the stabilization of oil markets in order to secure an efficient, economic
and regular supply of petroleum to consumers, a steady income to producers
and a fair return on capital for those investing in the petroleum industry.
(opec.org)
The intensification of relations among nation – states gave birth to the idea of
 PAMBAYANG KOLEHIYO NG MAUBAN
13

internationalism and globalism. The former is the theory and practice of

interdependent
collaboration while the latter is an attitude. Internationalism is basically
anchored on the
opinion that nationalism should be outrun because links that bind people of
different countries
are more powerful than those that disconnect them (Anora, 2014). Immanuel
Kant (1795) stated
that agreements among nations must be reached. He conceptualized the idea
of liberal
internationalism which proposes that nations must give up their freedom and
submit to a larger
system of laws that is embodied by common international principles. Thus, a
form of global
government is needed to create and enforce these laws.
Socialist interactionalism, on the other hand, contradicts liberal
interactionalism. This is
based on the view that capitalism is a global system and that the working
class must unite as a
global class to forward the struggle against capitalism. Its notion is linked to
the goal of a world evolution – to end class struggle globally. The Second
International (1889 – 1916), the original
socialist international, was an organization of labor and social parties
established in Paris in
1889. It is best known for declaring the International Worker’s Day (May 1)
and International
Women’s Day (March 8) and for initiating the campaign for the eight – hour
work day.
On the other hand, globalism emerged as an attitude that seeks to understand
all the
interconnections of the modern world and to highlight patterns that underlie
them. It pursues to
describe and explain a world that is characterized by a network of connections
that spam multi –
continental distances.
Overall, the global interstate system is a facet of contemporary political
globalization
that seeks to form collaboration among nation – states through the
establishment of
intergovernmental organizations. It is rooted on the idea of internationalism.
 PAMBAYANG KOLEHIYO NG MAUBAN
14

Exercise 1: Am I Part of IGO?

Name: ______________________________ Date: ____________
Section: ____________________ Score: ___________
Instructions: Below are organizations that govern international relations.
Compare two of them in terms of their objectives, roles and functions. Write
your answers in bullet form.
1. International Criminal Court (ICC)
2. Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
3. Asia – Pacific Economic Cooperation
4. European Union (EU)
5. North Atlantic Treaty Organization
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
 PAMBAYANG KOLEHIYO NG MAUBAN
15

_______________________________
_______________________________

THE GLOBAL DIVIDES: THE NORTH

AND THE SOUTH
This section enables the learners to
know the concepts of the Global South and
how this is seen in both affluent and
impoverished countries.
OBJECTIVES:
At the end of this module, the learners are
expected to:
1. Explain the term Global South; and
2. Differentiate the Global South from the
Third World
DIAGNOSTICS:
Instructions: Write AGREE if you think the statement is correct; otherwise,
DISAGREE.
_________ 1. The Philippines is an example of Global South.
_________ 2. First World countries are communist nation – states.
_________ 3. Second World countries include the United States of America.
_________ 4. The Philippines is a Third World country.
_________ 5. A Global South country is characterized as a poor nation.
Since the process of globalization is uneven, it follows that there is an
imbalance in the
socio-economic and political categories of the world. The world is divided into
north and south,
and first, second, and third.
Overseas Filipino workers (OFWs) in Europe, Australia, and America tend to
see the big
difference between the ways of living in the Philippines and in Western
countries. Some of them
come home as “one- day millionaires” giving our presents to their family,
relatives, neighbors,
and friends. Although their incomes are relatively higher than if they work in
the Philippines,
they realize that life is still tough despite the remittances they send to their
families and the taxes
that the country gains from these. Furthermore, they cannot escape the reality
that their occasional vacations in the Philippines are temporary because they
would need to go back to
work in order to continue making a living in another country. This is a
reflection of the global
divide between the north and the south as experienced by these Filipinos.
The term Global South is a metaphor for interstate inequality and a product of
Western
 PAMBAYANG KOLEHIYO NG MAUBAN
16

imagination (Claudio, 2014). Historically, there had been divisions and

labeling among the
different nations of the world. Countries that were colonized by the Spaniards
in the southern
part of the American continent are collectively called Latin America. By virtue
of the Treat of
Tordesillas in 1994, the newly discovered lands outside Europe were divided
into two – the West
belonging to the Crown of Castile (now part of Spain) and the East belonging
to the Portuguese
Empire. There is also a split based on labor – the core, the semi – periphery,
and the peripheries.
From these divisions, the Global South refers to the socio – economic and
political divide
primarily focused on the southern hemisphere of the 1569 – designed
Mercatorian map. It also
includes the regions of Latin America, Asia, Africa, and Oceania (Dados &
Connell, 2012). It
connotes developing countries as opposed to rich, industrialized, and wealth
nations. On the
contrary, the Global North is the home of all members of the Group of Eight –
Canada, France,
Germany, Italy, Japan, United Kingdom, Russia, and the United States of
America. It is also the
abode of the four powerful permanent members of the United Nations
Security Council. It also
refers to the developed countries in Asia, Australia, and New Zealand.
Although usually associated with developing nations, the Global South is also
found in
developing countries. Economically poor families, underprivileged individuals,
unfair labor practices, and suppression of human rights, and other violation of
basic rights in Europe,
Australia, US, and Canada are the pieces of evidence that people from
developed countries also
share similar experiences with people from developing countries.
By now, one can say that the
terms Global South and Third World are
conceptually the same. But the term
Third World is the antecedent of Global
South (Claudio, 2014). The
classification of nations as First World
or Third World emerged during the Cold
War. The term “Third World”
historically, was coined by Alfred Sauvy
in 1952 in an article entitled “Three
Worlds, One Planet” (Andrews, 2018).
In this original context, the First World
 PAMBAYANG KOLEHIYO NG MAUBAN
17

included the United States and its

capitalist allies in places such as
Western Europe, Japan and Australia.
The Second World consisted of the
communist Soviet Union and its Eastern
European satellites. The Third World, meanwhile, encompassed all the other
countries that were
not actively aligned with either side in the Cold War. These were often
impoverished former
European colonies, and included nearly all the nations of Africa, the Middle
East, Latin America
and Asia (Andrews, 2018). To illustrate, India was considered a Third World
country for it was a
colony of the United Kingdom. Later, the category was used to refer to
countries that were
neither capitalist nor socialist. Since many countries were impoverished, the
term was also used
to refer to the poor world. These countries were considered to be non –
industrialized and newly
industrialized. They lacked the standard systems in banking, finance, and
trade.
Hence, it is outdated to say that countries in Southeast Asia belong to the
Third World for
the term has ended its usage after the Cold War. These countries may be
classified as the Global
South through some of their citizens experience the Global North within their
territories.
 PAMBAYANG KOLEHIYO NG MAUBAN
18

Exercise 1: Global North and Global South

Name: ______________________________ Date: ____________
Section: ____________________ Score: ___________
Instructions: Choose one city / town in the Philippines where you can observe
or experience the Global North and the Global South. List down the specific
scenarios below:
Name of City / Town: __________________________
Global North Global South
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
 PAMBAYANG KOLEHIYO NG MAUBAN
19

_______________________________
_______________________________

ASIAN REGIONALISM
This section investigates the mechanism of how Asian region integrates and
how nation –
states approach the challenges of world homogenization and division.
OBJECTIVES:
At the end of this module, the learners are expected to:
1. Differentiate between regionalization and globalization;
2. Identify the factors that lead to a greater integration of Asian regions; and
3. Analyze how different Asian states confront the challenges of globalization
and
regionalization through regionalism.
DIAGNOSTICS:
Instructions: Write AGREE if you think the statement is correct; otherwise,
DISAGREE.
_________ 1. Russia is a part of Asia.
_________ 2. Lebanon is in Asia.
_________ 3. East Timor is the youngest state in Asia.
_________ 4. The term Asia was coined by Asians themselves.
_________ 5. Japan colonized
some parts of Asia.

Among all
the continents, Asia
has the biggest
population of at least
two – thirds of the
world’s inhabitants –
with China being a
home of more than
1.4 billion people
based on the 2018
population projection of the United Nations which makes it country as one of
the economic super giants of the world. Asia is most probably one of the
biggest because the continent comprises one – third of the world’s land mass.
In terms of economy, emerging and developing Asian countries and the
Associations of Southeast Asian Nations 5 or the ASEAN 5 (Indonesia,
Malaysia, Philippines, Vietnam, and Thailand) had
an average of 6.3% and 5.1% GDP growth, respectively, compared to the
world average growth
of 3.5% as of 2016 (Obiols, 2017). In 2016, China was the world’s leading
exporter of goods
valued at $1.99 trillion, followed by the United States with $1.45 trillion
(Dillinger, 2018).
 PAMBAYANG KOLEHIYO NG MAUBAN
20

Since the European Union is in its mature state of regionalism, the world is
now focused
on Asia. Most countries want to have collaborations with East Asian countries
and the
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) members because
economic and political
growths in these regions have started to shape up. As a result, the United
States strategically
takes care of its allies in Asia to maintain and further enhance its supply of
raw materials, human
technological skills, and even its military force. At the same time, Europe
keeps its strong relationship with Asian countries to expand its growing
business in the field of medical science
and research. It cannot be denied that Asia is gaining worldwide attention.
In this light, globalization, regionalization, and regionalism are compared.
Also,
exposures to the different factors that bring about better homogenization of
Asia and how
member – states collectively and separately address the challenges they are
facing are discussed.
The terms regionalization and globalization are both related to integration.
However,
while globalization refers to the expansion and intensification of social
relations and
consciousness across world – time and world – space; regionalization, on the
other hand, is the
“growth of societal integration within a region and to the often undirected
process of social and
economic interaction” (Hurrel, 1995). In terms of scope, it is clear that
globalization happens
around the world while regionalization happens only in a specific geographical
region. Social
and economic reciprocal actions of regionalization are undirected because of
diversity – which
comes in different levels of development (from the rich Singapore to the poor
Laos), politics
(from democracy to dictatorship and everything in between), economics (from
free markets to
capitalism and more), and religion (Buddhism, Hinduism, Islam, Christianity,
and more) (Richter
& West, 2014).
Another concept commonly confused with regionalization is regionalism.
Regionalism
refers to regional concentration of economic flows and also pertains to the
process of
intergovernmental collaborations between two or more states (Eliassen &
Arnadottir, 2012),
 PAMBAYANG KOLEHIYO NG MAUBAN
21

while regionalization refers to a political process by economic policy if

cooperation and
coordination are present among countries (Mansfiled & Wilmer,1993).
Asian regionalism is a new concept among the continental communities. New
to
cooperation and collaboration goals, it has the 50 – year – old ASEAN group
and the failed East
Asia Economic Group (EAEG). The ASEAN community is comprised of three
pillars – political
security community, economic community, and socio – cultural community.
The political security community gives importance to human rights, drugs,
foreign
relations, defense, law, and transnational crimes. The association adheres to
significant roles of
monitoring – economic ministers, finance ministers, central bank governors,
free trade area,
investment area, agriculture and forestry, transport ministers,
telecommunications and
information technology ministers, science and technology, energy, minerals,
tourism, free trade
agreements with dialogue partners, and sectoral bodies in the arena of
economic community. In
the socio – cultural community, there is an avenue for cooperation among the
ministers
responsible for culture and arts, sports, disaster management, education,
environment, health,
information, labor, rural development and poverty eradication, women, youth,
and civil service
matters.
ASEAN has also partnered with three East Asian countries – China, Japan,
and South
Korea. It is called the ASEAN +3. Its goal is to address the 1997 Asian
financial crisis and help
each other cope with the crisis. In this context, ASEAN has concretized
regionalism in the Asian
region.
Similar, to the goal of ASEAN in achieving greater integration within the
region, other
countries form groups for various reasons. The North American Free Trade
Agreement
(NAFTA), a free trade pact between Canada, United States and Mexico was
created to help
reduce trading costs, increase business investment, and help North America
to be more
competitive in the global marketplace (NAFTA, 2018). The European Union
(EU) was
 PAMBAYANG KOLEHIYO NG MAUBAN
22

established to ensure free movement of people, goods, services, and capital

within the EU’s
single market (EU, 2018).
Moreover, there are some aspects that led to a greater Asian integration.
 First, integration has been market – driven. Within Asia, there are a variety
of systems,
institutions, procedures, social relations, and infrastructures that are put into
place for
countries to engage in exchange.
 Second, formal institutions such as the Asian Development Bank (ADB)
were
established. The ADB which was conceived in the 1960s, is composed of 67
members,
48 of which are from the Asia – Pacific region. It promotes social and
economic
development and serves as a financial institution that aids its members and
partners by
providing loans, technical assistance, grants, and equity investments. Initially,
ADB
focused its assistance on food production and rural development to serve a
predominantly
agricultural region.
 Third, economic grants and overseas development assistance are made
available by better
Asian economies.
 Fourth, production networks have expanded. Economies are mainly on
comparative
advantage through the regional division of labor.
 Fifth, cooperation among the ASEAN and East Asian countries ensued the
ASEAN +3
Financial Ministers’ Process that established two economic structures – the
Chiang Mai
Initiative and the Asian Bond Markets Initiative. The process aims to
strengthen policy
dialogue, coordination, and collaboration on common financial, monetary, and
fiscal
issues.
 Last, ASEAN follows a consensus rule as an approach to decision making.
The process
prevents collision of cultural beliefs and economic policies that are
understandably not
east to unite because of the region’s diversity of archipelagic lives.
In facing the challenges brought about by globalization, Asian countries have
responded
with regional alternatives as big group, small group and local communities.
As a big group, Asian countries established their own Asian Development
Bank (ADB)
 PAMBAYANG KOLEHIYO NG MAUBAN
23

that is more focused on Asia and the Pacific as a reaction to global economic
integration.
Asian nations work in the form of loans, grants, and information sharing on
topics such as terrorism and regional security.
The establishment of the ASEAN is also another initial reaction to
globalization. It
fosters the spirit of regionalism and oneness of Asian nations. As a group, it
sets out in the
ASEAN Declaration the following aims and purposes:
1. To accelerate economic growth, social progress, and cultural development
in the
region;
2. To promote regional peace and stability;
3. To promote active collaboration and mutual assistance on matters of
common interest;
4. To provide assistance to each other in the form of training and research
facilities;
5. To collaborate more effectively for the greater utilization of their agriculture
and
industries;
6. To expand trade, improve their transportation and communications
facilities, and raise
the living standards of the people;
7. To promote Southeast Asian Studies; and
8. To maintain close and beneficial cooperation.
More so, Asian countries respond to globalization as a small group by doing
bilateral or
multilateral agreements. For example, Philippines has standing bilateral
agreements with China in trade, defense, infrastructure, transnational crimes,
tourism, education, health, and many
others.
Reaction to globalization (and the West) also gave rise to terror groups, like
the Islamic
State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) which has spread to the Muslim communities in
Southern
Philippines, Indonesia, and Malaysia. To combat global terrorism, these
countries made use of
their available resources to minimize and ultimately stop the effects of civilian
– victims such as
displacement and suffering. More so, they reached military multilateral
agreements to address
this common problem. In 2017, the Philippines, Indonesia, and Malaysia had
a trilateral security
meeting wherein they agreed that they need to conduct joint navy patrols
within their boundaries
to prevent he entry and exit of the terror group (Antiporta, 2017).
 PAMBAYANG KOLEHIYO NG MAUBAN
24

Other reactions to globalization came in the form of disengagement from

globalization
that transpired locally. Santi Suk village in Thailand created its own currency,
called the bia, that
was regulated by a central bank in a village. This homemade currency can
only be used in
participating villages, and cannot be exchanged for Thailand’s baht. This trend
is a manifestation
of self – sufficiency movements that emerged after the Asian financial crisis of
1997. Other
forms of disengagement appeared in the formation of self – sufficiency
groups, community –
owned rice mills, and the preference for local products (Kimura, 2014).
To conclude, globalization and regionalization are the same for they refer to
integration.
Their difference lies on the scope. Globalization is worldwide, while
regionalization focuses on a
specific geographical region. As a response to world homogenization and
division, regionalism
that comes in various forms of regional alternatives to globalization spawned
within and among
regions in Asia. Asian integration did not happen based only on one historical
event for there
were different factors that led to this alliance.
 PAMBAYANG KOLEHIYO NG MAUBAN
25

Exercise 1: Towards a Formidable Asian Integration

Name: ______________________________ Date: ____________
Course and Section: ____________________ Score: ___________
Instructions: Identify two strengths of the Philippines that may contribute to a
greater
integration among countries in the Asian region. Explain
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
 PAMBAYANG KOLEHIYO NG MAUBAN
26

MEDIA AND CULTURE

This section exposes the learners
to the different
forms of media in worldwide
integration and how
digitization of media affects our
cultural practices.
OBJECTIVES:
At the end of this section, you are expected to:
1. Define and explain the different forms and functions of
media; and
2. Analyze the impact of digitization of media in our cultural
practices
DIAGNOSTICS:
Instructions: Write AGREE if you think the statement is correct; otherwise,
DISAGREE.
_________ 1. Television is a form of media?
_________ 2. Cultures are never erased nor forgotten.
_________ 3. Cultures are static and fixed.
_________ 4. All cultures are equal.
_________ 5. Globalization of culture will not happen without media.
Culture refers to the unified style of human knowledge, beliefs, and behavior
from which people
learn, and the ability to communicate knowledge to the next generations. Its
development has been mainly
influenced by media.
The word ‘media’ means middle and is often used to describe its location
between the media
industry or institution creating the content (the sender) on the one hand and
the audience member (or
receiver) on the other (Cinque, n.d.). Media are the vehicles or channels
which are used to convey
information, entertainment, news, education, or promotional messages are
disseminated; it includes every
broadcasting and narrowcasting medium such as television, radio,
newspapers, billboards, mails,
telephone, fax, internet etc. (the main means of mass communication)
(Mehraj, et al., 2014). Media
fulfills several basic roles in our society –it provides an entertainment for the
people, educates and
informs the public, serves as a public forum to discuss important issues, and
acts as a watchdog for
government, business and institutions (y University of Minnesota, 2010).
Historically, media underwent five stages of development from the earliest
forms to the complex
 PAMBAYANG KOLEHIYO NG MAUBAN
27

one. These stages affect globalization progressively (Lule, 2014).

The first stage started with oral communication. Language allowed humans to
communicate and
share information. Moreover, language became the most important tool for
exploring the world and the
different cultures. It helped people move and settle down. Oral communication
led to markets, trade, and
cross – continental routes.
The next stage is the invention of script. Distance became a hindrance to oral
communication.
Script allowed humans to communicate over a larger space and for a much
longer duration. It allowed the
permanent codification of economic, cultural, religious, and political practice.
Knowledge, beliefs, and
behaviors were written and made available for transmission to the next
generation and to other nations
and cultures.
Third stage is printing press. The advent of printing press allowed continuous
production,
reproduction, and circulation of print materials. Written documents were
produced in large volumes
which gave everyone access to information that was only available to the
wealth, powerful and religious.
This era of media development had an impact in globalization by transforming
various institutions such as
schools, markets, businesses, churches, governments, and armies, among
others.
Followed by the next stage, which is the emergence of electronic media as
characterized by its
use electricity. Electronic media includes the telegraph, telephone, radio, film,
and television. The wide
reach of these media continues to open up new perspectives in the economic,
political, and cultural
processes of globalization. Both radio and television became medium to
observe international events.
The last stage is the digital media which relies on digital codes. It can be
created, modified, and
stored in any digital electronic device. Digitalized content is transmitted over
the internet and computer
networks. In politics, candidates often use this media as their campaign tools.
In economics, it serves as a
platform for advertisement of products and online business transactions.
HOW DOES DIGITAL MEDIA OR “NEW MEDIA” AFFECT US?
The term ‘new media’ comprises content that is created, stored or retrieved in
digital form,
encompassing text, still pictures, audio and video. New media forms are
differentiated from legacy media
 PAMBAYANG KOLEHIYO NG MAUBAN
28

in that they are instantaneous, globally accessible, fast and efficient ways of
passing on news and
information. New media has also created an almost virtual world. There are
online games in which a
person will be creating an avatar which serves as the person’s ‘alter ego’
living in a virtual world, offers
an escape from the reality (Mehraj, et al., 2014).
Through the process of digitization, interactions from individuals from all over
the world is
possible and thus results in the integration of cultures. Pieterse (2004) asserts
that the only outcomes of
the influence of globalization on culture are cultural differentialism, cultural
convergence, and cultural
hybridity.
Cultural differentialism views cultural difference as immutable. As the West
and non – Western
civilizations interact or are brought in contract through globalization, clash of
civilizations such as that of
the West and Islam logically follows.
Cultural convergence suggests that globalization engenders a growing
sameness of cultures.
However, the culture of powerful and progressive countries becomes culture.
Example is the Korean Pop
Culture. Some Filipino adolescents prefer to style themselves like their South
Korean idols. Most of them
have also joined different fan clubs as to show their admiration and support of
their Korean idols.
Cultural hybridity suggests that globalization spawns an increasing and
ongoing mixing of
cultures. An example of this is the Chabacano, a Spanish – based creole
language of the Zamboanga City
and of some hybridity in language prompted by the merging of two cultures.
This trend will further bring
about new cultural forms, not only in language but also in food, fashion, arts,
music, among others.
These outcomes set the dynamics between local and global cultural
production. Glocalization,
coined from globalization and localization, is a rather new concept brought
about by the increased
frequency of contact among cultures. This reinforces the fact that local
cultures are not weak, static, or
fixed; they are built and understood new each day in a globalized world (Lule,
2014). Local cultures
continue to accommodate and assimilate cultures of the world due to
globalization.
All in all, the five stages of development of media have greatly influenced the
globalization of
 PAMBAYANG KOLEHIYO NG MAUBAN
29

culture. From pamphlets to Facebook media has produced and reproduced

cultural products around the
globe. Moreover, the increase in cultural interactions generated by media
results in outcomes that exhibit
the vigor of local cultures influenced by the global culture.
 PAMBAYANG KOLEHIYO NG MAUBAN
30

Exercise 1: Globalization without Media

Name: ______________________________ Date: ____________
Course and Section: ____________________ Score: ___________
Instructions: Write an argumentative essay presenting your stand on the topic:
Gloalization does not need media for global integration.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
 PAMBAYANG KOLEHIYO NG MAUBAN
31

GLOBAL VS LOCAL CULTURE

This section delves into the difference between
what is local and what is global culture, the
tensions
between them, and in their material and non-
material
manifestations in our everyday lives.
Intended Learning Outcomes:
At the end of this section, you are expected to:
1.) differentiate global from local culture; and
2.) analyze the erosion of local culture due to the
dominating forces of global culture.
In the preceding section, we already encountered what cultural hybridization
and glocalization is about, and that they cannot be separated from
globalization itself. Basically, the former is an increased mixing of different
cultures while the latter is the accommodation by local culture of foreign ones
(Brazalote and Leonardo 2019). However, these two are too simplistic and fail
to show us the more nuanced and complicated version of how local and
global cultures interact. There is nothing new with the interaction of different
cultures with one another, with the consequence that at least one of them
changes.
But in this case, such phenomena have been accelerated to a large degree by
the forces of globalization.
But before we go to such nuances, definitions are in order:
1.) Local Culture – cultural configuration which characterize the experience of
everyday life in specific, diverse and identifiable localities
.
2.) Global Culture – way of life that is governed by a set of ideas, beliefs and
values that are based on the exposure and consumption of cultural products
uniformly produced for everyone irrespective of their background.
Based on the definitions stated above, we can see that the two are essentially
polar opposites. However, we should note that even though this is true, their
existence is dependent on each other. This means that what is global cannot
make sense if it is not contrasted with the local, and the same can be said
vice-versa. In addition, we can only recognize the diversity of local cultures if it
is placed side-by-side with the uniformity of global culture. Take one Filipino
staple party food, for example: spaghetti bolognese. It is global in the sense
that you can basically find it everywhere in the world, but it would only version
of the pasta dish only exists because there are other versions globally, too. To
better illustrate the point, here is a table that provides an overview of the
respective characteristics of global and local culture.
Characteristics Global Culture Local Culture
Primary Uniformity Diversity
emphasis
Geographic scale Large Small
Objective To be everywhere, to To retain roots, to be
consume sustainable
 PAMBAYANG KOLEHIYO NG MAUBAN
32

Point of origin Western origins, Different localities as

particularly American points of
origin
Value Economic efficiency, Continuing long-held
“everything can be a traditions,
commodity” authenticity
Nature of To be a spectator To be a participant
Activity
Relationship with Buying, having, Making, being,
cultural products entertainment authentic experience

To give us a better idea of these general differences, here is another table

with some examples:
Examples Global Local
Travel Tourist: tourist Traveler: makes his/her
packages, exclusive own flexible
transportation, itinerary (if at all),
standardized itinerary, commutes like the
hotels, international locals do, inns, local
food, lives like a food, tries to live like
visitor a local
Food and Fast food chains, food Family-owned
Dining companies and restaurants, street
corporations stalls,
small-scale businesses
Clothes Ready-to-wear outfits, Hand/tailor-made
trend-based clothes, indigenous
garments
Music and Film Mass-produced and Independent projects
mainstream
Consumption of Products that need Products are the
Products extensive marketing advertisements
and advertisement themselves; word of
mouth
Reason for What is trendy What would last a long
Buying nowadays? time?

As you can see in the table above, it is evident that the presence of global
culture may cause
erosion to local cultures. Basically, what happens is that a culture loses many
of its fundamental
elements because of the arrival of a new one. When such changes, happen
there are always positive or
negative effects. Positive effects may include the improvement of the way
things are being done or being
thought off, doing away with obsolete and inefficient practices, or clearer
understanding of things that we
 PAMBAYANG KOLEHIYO NG MAUBAN
33

experience. Negative consequences may be that things that are already good
and working may be replaced
with something worse, being efficient but not effective, or being confused on
how things really work.
On a more material level, this means that new jobs will be available, but those
working on old
ones will be unemployed; and it is not a simple manner to learn new things
when you are used to doing
other ones. Consumers can have new choices on what products to buy, but
this is not a guarantee that the new ones are better overall. The influx of new
products would also mean that old ones will be disposed of even if they are
still working perfectly fine, which means that it generates more waste than
necessary. Big businesses may flourish, but smaller scale ones would suffer;
this benefits the rich more than it does the poor. These are things that happen
when global culture causes erosion of local ones.
Mauban town in Quezon province recently celebrated the Maubanog Festival,
showcasing its rich history and cultural heritage centered on the Christian faith
and its buri palm weaving industry.

Maubanog is from the town’s name and the word “bangog,” meaning “high
spirit.”
First held in 2000, the weeklong event, which is an expanded town fiesta
celebration supported by the National Commission for Culture and the Arts
(NCCA), featured trade

exhibit, indigenous games, cultural

night and barangay-arch
decorating contest.
It was highlighted by the street
parade and street dance
competition, participated by 17
primary and high schools, including
a contingent from the Dumagat
ethnolinguistic group.
The Maubanog Festival song and
the “Nilala” (weave) song and dance were utilized by the competing
participants to represent some of the town’s famous people, such as the
Dumagat leader Gat Pangil, also known as Gat Uban, whom the town was
believed to be named after, and Jesuit scholar Fr. Horacio dela Costa.
The festival song is a song of thanksgiving for Mauban’s bountiful sea and
agricultural resources while the “Nilala” imparts and simulates the weaving of
the traditional hat called sambalilo.
Mauban North Elementary School topped the elementary category of the
street-dance competition while Dr. Maria D. Pastrana National High School
dominated anew the high school division.
Aside from its weaving industry, Mauban is also known for its nipa lambanog
called lambanog sasa or nipanog.
 PAMBAYANG KOLEHIYO NG MAUBAN
34

The
same holds true of Bacolod’s MassKara, Davao’s
Kadayawan, Iloilo’s Dinagyang, Baguio’s Panagbenga or Cebu’s Sinulog. The
religious components and
community camaraderie are being overshadowed by the encroachment of
telecommunications companies,
fast food chains, celebrity appearances, band concerts and broadcast
networks that attract droves of
visitors to flock into these communities, with the effect of making these
festivals look and feel more
and more similar with one another year after year. The authentic differences
between them are slowly being felt less and less every year they are
celebrated. This is what the erosion of local culture looks and
feels like, and this happens because of the forces of global culture are slowly
exerting its dominance.
Things like these can be averted. Local and indigenous cultures can serve as
pockets of resistance
to the steamrolling effects of global cultures. The continuing emergence of
independent art projects (films
and music), do-it-yourself movements, travelogues, blogs and vlogs found
online that promote local
cultural products, and efforts by local government units in the Philippines to
bring local cultural products
to the fore of the market (i.e. Niyogyugan festival) all bring a halt to the
dominance of global culture in
the Philippines. Although the effects may be small and short-lived, through the
support of small
consumers like us, such efforts can be sustained so that the erosion of local
cultures can be averted.
 PAMBAYANG KOLEHIYO NG MAUBAN
35

Exercise 1: Global vs Local Culture

Name: ______________________________ Date: ____________
Course and Section: ____________________ Score: ___________
Instructions: For you to have a better idea about the differences between
global and local culture, let’s do a little exercise. In the table below, make a list
of the pros and cons if Mauban will have fast food chains (Jollibee, Chowking,
etc.)
Exercise 1: Fast Food Chains in Lucban (10 pts)
Pros Cons
 PAMBAYANG KOLEHIYO NG MAUBAN
36

GLOBALIZATION OF RELIGIOUS
PRACTICES
This section examines how
religious practices are being
affected by the changes brought
about by globalization,
particularly through the realm of
information technology.
The tension between global forces
and traditional religious beliefs and
practices are also given attention and how it contributes to new forms of
religiosity, or its disappearance altogether.
Intended Learning Outcomes
At the end of this section, you are expected to:
1.) explain how globalization affects religious beliefs and practices; and
2.) analyze the changing forms of religiosity in the face of globalization.
As a reference point, etymologically, we could look at religion through the lens
of two Latin words: religio (respect for the sacred) and religare (to bind in the
sense of an obligation). This implies that the word describes a group of people
or an institution that is bound together by a common view on what is good or
sacred. However, the simplest one that encompasses what we want to learn
in this module is that religion is “a collection of cultural belief systems and
worldviews that establishes symbols that relate humanity to spirituality and
moral values.1
” Now, what does this mean exactly? A breakdown of the definition is in order.
It tells us that religion relates to almost all aspects of our way of life (culture)
characterized by what we see as true or not (belief), our fundamental
interpretation of in reality (worldview). Religion does this by having
representations (symbols) that connect humanity to something higher than
ourselves (spirituality) and what is good and worthwhile (moral values).
If that sounds like a lot to take in, well, because it is. The influence of religion
is so vast that it can be observable from our personal lives to our social ones,
from the way we act to how social movements occur, from individual choices
to global events. In the case of us Filipinos, a lot of what we believe and do
are rooted on religious beliefs, and we subscribe to the practices of our
respective religions one way or another. Take Christmas, for example. A lot of
our values and beliefs as Filipinos are highlighted during the season’s
festivities. The belief of sharing and valuing close family ties are reflected
through practices like gatherings, parties, exchanging gifts and the likes. We
partake in and consume things that symbolize sharing our blessings with one
another. That’s why one can say that the Christmas season is the longest
holiday in the Philippines.
Now, where does globalization comes in? According to Brazalote and
Leonardo (2019), there are 4 events where globalization caused the most
changes in religion that we could see nowadays:
1.) Religious Nationalism – After World War II, nationalism was very much
related to religious affiliation, hence to a specific set of beliefs. As an example,
 PAMBAYANG KOLEHIYO NG MAUBAN
37

in the Philippines where most people are Catholics, laws for religious holidays
are legislated and are being observed by most of the populace even though
they do not belong to Roman Catholicism.
2.) Turning of Religion into Public Life – Related to the first item in this list,
religious values
extended out beyond the performance and observance of religious
sacraments into the domain of public affairs. Today, religious institutions can
exert considerable influence on the laws that lawmakers legislate, which
means that the boundary between church and state is adjusting.
3.) Proliferation of Religious Fundamentalism and Extremism – The
digitalization of information and culture helped spread religious
fundamentalism (belief in the prime superiority of religious teachings over
everything and the strict observance on who are the righteous or not) and
extremism (political violence according to the will of a supreme being).
Leaders of such groups legitimize the conflicts they create and battles they
fight using religious texts, much to the loss of innocent life and disruption of
peace in many parts of the world.
4.) Increase of Individual Religiosity – For many who practice such a
religiosity, the confidence on one’s own belief and relationship with a supreme
being is a better alternative to the rigid dogmas that their religious affiliation
observes and calls for. The exposure to different information in a globalized
world hugely contributes to this. Some reasons for individual religiosity are the
dissatisfaction from religious institutions, desire for a more personal search for
salvation, or just disliking to belong to any organization.
Isn’t There Something More Concrete?
Although religion is commonly thought of as something concerned with the
immaterial, the effects of it are very material and observable in nature. As we
can see, the information age in globalization has penetrated religions in an
accelerated rate, which has various impacts in the methods that religions use
to spread their own respective teachings. The proliferation, increased
production and continuous consumption religious teachings and information
can be now seen not only in religious institutions like churches and schools
but also in books and e-books, films, cell phone applications, social media,
websites and many more. In this pandemic, you might have observed that
more and more people “attend” televised masses, download religious texts or
search for gospels online in lieu of personally going to church. There is also a
marked increase of accessing computer and cell phone applications to enable
parishioners to attend mass, worship rites or other religious gatherings. This
means that because religion is a very important facet of our lives, many will
find ways, through globalization, to continue its practice even in the midst of a
pandemic where gatherings are discouraged.
So far, we have talked about how globalization has contributes to continuing
practices that are religious in nature, albeit in new modified forms. They are
very effective indeed, as knowledge propagation and information
dissemination has exponentially improved through information
communications technology. But what about the discontinuity of these same
 PAMBAYANG KOLEHIYO NG MAUBAN
38

religious beliefs and practices, or more appropriately, the changing of

traditional ones that was unimaginable just 20 years ago?
Even though nationalism also tied to religious beliefs as was stated above,
there is an increasing tendency for religious beliefs to be spread outside of
traditional or national boundaries. Today, religion is rarely tied to national and
even continental borders, since traditional ones and new forms of it are vastly
spreading at an accelerated rate through information technology. For
example, the current pope, Jorge Mario Bergoglio (Pope Francis) is from
Argentina, in the South American continent. It is the first time that a pope was
selected outside Europe—a sign that the order of power is changing
significantly in the Catholic Church. This may be also a sign that Catholic or
Christian religiosity may be already declining in Europe, its original seat. This
makes sense since Europe has the most non-believers among all the
continents
Due to the digitalization of information and globalization, it is now very easy to
do two things: study religious text or related information and be conscious of
religious conflict around the world. These two are self-explanatory and
obvious, but their major impacts deserve attention. Never before has
humanity experienced a time when information, particularly those which
pertains to religion, is readily available. With some clicks on your mouse or
taps on your phone, you could study a myriad of religious knowledge—from
the pre-deluge times of Enoch and the Giants to the writings of the Apostolic
Fathers, the ancient Vedas of Hinduism, or the paradoxical koans of Zen
Buddhism. This inevitably leads to the appreciation of other forms of religion,
but at the same time may cause one to question his/her religious convictions.
It may also lead to confusion, since a person may be exposed to differing and
contradicting beliefs, values and worldviews. This may ultimately lead a
person to conclude that religious affiliation, as the human inventions that they
are, are less important than one’s relationship with a supreme being.
The exposure to religious conflict and strife around the globe may also lead to
the same
conclusion, albeit a more negative one. We have been taught from a young
age that one of the major tenets of religious beliefs is peace, and yet battles
and wars are being fought around the world in an unprecedented rate in the
name of religion. Religious fundamentalism and extremism can be seen as a
reaction to the threats to religion brought about by the modernizing forces of
globalization. Add to that some news of corruption and immoral scandals of
religious leaders from time to time and you have a
recipe for dissatisfaction with organized religion. These all may explain the
marked increase in individual religiosity around the world.
To conclude this section, we can say that religion is one of the last vestiges of
traditional life.
This ironically makes the new influences of globalization the most prominent
of all aspects of life since the old had become very new, so to speak. The
contrasting elements of the old and new make religion the most affected by
globalization among the different social institutions. The changes, therefore,
are felt on an individual and societal level. Globalization’s impact on society is
 PAMBAYANG KOLEHIYO NG MAUBAN
39

very significant, with the greatest effect being on religion because of its
nature. Religion used to bind people as intimate or face-toface communities,
but globalization has turned this configuration of religious phenomenon upside
down. As people move and communicate around the globe, the increased
rate of exchange of ideas through information technology continually creates
changes in many forms of religion. It has positive and negative effects, which
brings forth a lot of confusion. One the one hand, it results into some people
holding on to religion and its more traditional (sometimes extreme) forms. One
the other hand, sometimes it results into people not believing in religion
altogether, or at least having only a personal relationship with his/her supreme
being.

Global Population and Mobility

Learning Objectives:
At the end of the chapter, students are expected to be able to:
1. Discuss and describe the importance of global population in understanding
the contemporary world.
2. Relate and analyze the contribution of mortality and fertility to the global
population.
3. Value the political, economic, cultural, health and social factors underlying
the global movements of people.
Introduction
Human population grew rapidly during the Industrial Revolution, not because
the birth rate increased, but because the death rate began to fall. This
mortality revolution began in the 1700s in Europe and spread to North
America by the mid-1800s. Death rates fell as new farming and transportation
technology expanded the food supply and lessened the danger of famine.
New technologies and increasing industrialization improved public health and
living standards. Late in the 19th century, birth rates also began to fall in
Europe and North America, slowing the population growth that had resulted
from continued moderately higher birth rates than death rates. Since 1900,
both birth and death rates in the more developed countries have continued to
fall in tandem, with a few interruptions. A worldwide influenza pandemic in
1918 caused the death of between 20 million and 40 million people and
produced a temporary increase in the death rate. A
slight increase in birth rates occurred after World Wars I and II. Since the
1950s, birth rates have continued their decline, while death rates declined into
the 1960s but have been slowly increasing since. In some European
countries, declining birth rates and an increase in death rates are contributing
to declining population size. The total fertility rate (TFR) in many more-
developed countries is well below replacement levels of two children per
couple.
Mortality and Fertility: Components of Population Change
Fertility, mortality and migration are principal determinants of population
growth (or its
 PAMBAYANG KOLEHIYO NG MAUBAN
40

inverse). In the absence of technological intervention, one might say almost

the sole determinants, but improvements in contraceptive techniques,
increasing acceptance of abortion, and slackening of some traditional
religious and cultural traditions has in many parts of the world reduced the
role of fertility.
IMPORTANT TERMS TO REMEMBER:
Age-sex structure: The composition of a population as determined by the
number or proportion of males and females in each age category. The age-
sex structure of a population is the cumulative result of past trends in fertility,
mortality, and migration. Information on age-sex composition is essential for
the description and analysis of many other types of demographic data.
Baby boom: A dramatic increase in fertility rates and in the absolute number
of births. In the United
States this occurred during the period following World War II (1946 to 1964).
Birth rate (or crude birth rate): The number of live births per 1,000 population
in a given year. Not
to be confused with the growth rate.

Death rate (or crude death rate): The number of deaths per 1,000 population
in a given year.
Growth rate: The number of persons added to (or subtracted from) a
population in a year due to
natural increase and net migration; expressed as a percentage of the
population at the beginning of
the time period.
Less developed countries: Less developed countries include all countries in
Africa, Asia (excluding
Japan), and Latin America and the Caribbean, and the regions of Melanesia,
Micronesia, and
Polynesia.
Life expectancy: The average number of additional years a person of a given
age could expect to
live if current mortality trends were to continue for the rest of that person’s life.
Most commonly cited
as life expectancy at birth.
More developed countries: More developed countries include all countries in
Europe, North
America, Australia, New Zealand, and Japan.
Mortality: Deaths as a component of population change.
Net migration: The net effect of immigration and emigration on an area’s
population in a given time
period, expressed as an increase or decrease.
Population pyramid: A bar chart, arranged vertically, that shows the
distribution of a population by
age and sex. By convention, the younger ages are at the bottom, with males
on the left and females
on the right.
 PAMBAYANG KOLEHIYO NG MAUBAN
41

Rate of natural increase: The

rate at which a population is
increasing (or decreasing) in a
given
year due to a surplus (or deficit)
of births over deaths, expressed
as a percentage of the base
population.
Zero population growth: A
population in equilibrium, with a
growth rate of zero, achieved
when
births plus immigration equal deaths plus emigration. Zero growth is not to be
confused with
replacement level fertility.
Fertility
The human female is generally fertile from early teens to about mid-forties.
The human male
generally remains fertile throughout adulthood, though sperm count and
quality diminish from middleage onward. In the absence of a conscious effort
to control the size of families, the larger the fraction
of the population who are in the fertile age range the more rapid will be the
population growth, and
this will influence the average age of the population structure towards the
younger end of the
spectrum.

In terms of populations rather than

individuals, fertility is usually expressed
using the proxy measure of birth rate,
either crude or standardised for age and
sex. Worldwide, there are significant
differences between birth rates. A major
study in the 1980s, carried out by the
Population Division of the Department of
International Economic and Social Affairs of the UN Secretariat, studied the
relationship between population age and sex distribution and crude fertility
rates for twenty one countries in the developing world. They concluded the
higher the birthrate the more markedly the birthrate is depressed by the age
structure. All other things being equal, fertility should decline more rapidly in
the countries where it is currently lowest since the age structure appears to
favor such a course. The mean number of children ever born also ranged
widely among the twenty one countries. Differences in completed family size
range from 8.6 children in Jordan to 5.2 children in Indonesia.
In the developed world, though, there is a global tendency for family sizes on
average to be smaller than the replacement level. The “replacement level of
 PAMBAYANG KOLEHIYO NG MAUBAN
42

fertility” is the number that causes a country’s population to slow down and
eventually stabilize.

Mortality
The effect of mortality on population structures is to reduce the component of
the population in which the mortality occurs. Historically, the most dangerous
ages were infancy and old age (variously reckoned according to
circumstances). In addition, some epidemics of infectious diseases (e.g.
Covid-19) had their highest mortality among young adults, whose immune
systems were presumably insufficiently primed. It is expected that the forecast
bird 'flu epidemic’ will behave similarly. War differentially reduces the
proportion of younger men. The majority of infectious diseases of early
childhood have been reduced by immunization, and improved nutrition and
hygiene have rendered childhood safer. Antibiotics, welfare state, and
improvements in medical, surgical, and palliative care have resulted in great
increases in life expectancy in the developed world, where life expectancy is
now in the middle to upper 70s or lower 80s, and rising every year. The effect
of this is to raise the population in the upper age groups substantially. Women
have higher life expectancy than men wherever they live. The tendency of
people to retire to particular resorts means that in some parts of the South
Coast of England the average (arithmetic mean) age of the population is only
just below retirement age.
The down side of this is that the extended lives are often lived in bad health,
as the treatments people receive may keep them alive but do little to
ameliorate the underlying pain or disability brought on by the diseases, and
virtually nothing for the various forms of senile dementia that are increasingly
encountered.
 PAMBAYANG KOLEHIYO NG MAUBAN
43

Suggested Activity: Group Processing and Writing Exercise (50-points

Rubric Assessment)
1. Choose one (1) of any of the two articles below:
a. “The Effects of Mortality on Fertility: Population Dynamics After a Natural
Disaster”
https://d.docs.live.net/422aa362ba7a5008/Documents/GEC04%20The%20
Contemporary%20World/2020_Effect%20of%20Mortality%20on
%20Fertility.pdf
b. Department of Health: Mortality
https://d.docs.live.net/422aa362ba7a5008/Documents/GEC04%20The%20
Contemporary%20World/Mortality%20_%20Department%20of%20Health
%20website.html
2. Form a group of 5 members in a team and discuss about the article of your
choice. The group must only discuss an article as agreed upon by the
majority. Notify the instructor about the names of your members, so that s/he
can monitor the group membership in the class.
3. Facilitate a small – group discussion online, and discuss the following guide
questions:
a. What important highlights have you learned in the article about mortality?
Identify two
important points.
b. What significant insights can you draw from the recommendations or
reports by the
authors/ researchers? Enumerate these in your own words.
4. Summarize by writing a 2-3 pages report based on the groups’ discussion
on the article.
Follow the prescribed content and format:
 PAMBAYANG KOLEHIYO NG MAUBAN
44

a. Title of the article

b. Introduction (Write a brief introduction relative to the article and its
contribution to fertility and mortality.)
c. Summary (Write the highlight of the group’s discussion based on the guide
questions.)
d. Conclusion (Composed a short paragraph on the topic you discussed
based on the
formulated summary.)
e. Observe the format – 11 Arial font style, 1.5 pages, one inch margins on all
sides.
f. Observe proper citation in any reference material you used (if there’s any).

Rubric Assessment:
Organization of ideas (Relevance of ideas presented, well-researched
ideas/ thoughts, good discussion points) 30 points

Composition skills (Clarity, use of medium, grammar, and format) 15 points

Cooperation and teamwork (Working relationship, shared

involvement, delegated tasks)
5 points
Total Score 50 points
 PAMBAYANG KOLEHIYO NG MAUBAN
45

IMPACTS OF GLOBAL MIGRATION

In this section, you will be familiarized with the basic concepts that scholars
use in the study of international migration, as well as the factors that affect the
departure and arrival of people from one country to another. We will also
delve into the reasons why they do so in relation to these.
Finally, a comparison of the benefits and detriments of migration will be
tackled, particularly in relation to the OFW phenomenon.

Intended Learning Outcomes At the end of this section, you are expected to:
1.) become acquainted with the basic concepts in the study of migration;
2.) explain the factors that affect immigration and emigration;
3.) analyze the motivations behind the movement of migrants; and
4.) weigh in on the benefits and detriments of migration in the context of the
OFW phenomenon. In the preceding topic, you have been already introduced
to the basics of the first two areas of demography: mortality and fertility. While
this topic doesn’t have that much direct on why and how people die or are
being born, it does have significant effects on the quality of life of a given
population. Simply put, migration is the movement of people across a
specified boundary for the purpose of establishing a new or semi-permanent
residence (Bogue 1969). Moreover, when migration happens as an inflow of
people into a country, it is called immigration, while migration happening as an
outflow from a country is emigration. For example, you decided to leave the
Philippines to live and work in the United Kingdom. From the perspective of
someone in the Philippines (your home country), you are an emigrant to the
UK. Conversely, from the perspective of someone in the UK (your destination
country), you are an immigrant to their country. From this example, we can
see that any immigrant is an emigrant at the same time, viceversa.
To further familiarize ourselves with the basic concepts in the study of
migration, here are some key terms to remember from the International
Organization for Migration2 :
1. Country of destination - a country where a migrant is going to; this may also
be called a receiving country.
2. Country of origin – a country of nationality or of former habitual residence of
a person or group of persons who have migrated abroad.
3. Integration – The two-way process of mutual adaptation between migrants
and the societies in which they live, whereby migrants are incorporated into
the social, economic, cultural and political life of the receiving community.
4. International migration – The movement of persons away from their place
of usual residence and across an international border to a country of which
they are not nationals.

5. Irregular migration – Movement of persons that takes place outside the

laws, regulations, or international agreements governing the entry into or exit
from the country of origin or destination.
6. Labor migration – Movement of persons from one country to another, or
within their own country of residence, for the purpose of employment.
 PAMBAYANG KOLEHIYO NG MAUBAN
46

7. Migrant stock – For statistical purposes, the total number of international

migrants present in a given country at a particular point in time.
8. Migrant worker – A person who is to be engaged, is engaged or has been
engaged in a labor in a country of which he or she is not a national.
9. Regular migration – Migration that occurs in compliance with the laws of the
country of origin, transit and destination.
10. Reintegration – A process which enables individuals to re-establish the
economic, social and psychosocial relationships needed to maintain life,
livelihood and dignity and inclusion in civic life upon return to their country of
origin.
11. Remittances – Private international monetary transfers that migrants
make, individually or collectively.
12. Social remittances – The transfer of ideas, skills, behaviors, identities and
social capital from migrants to their communities of origin. The role of
globalization on migration cannot be ignored. Globalization has, through the
years, changed the ways in which people live their lives. It increased access
not only to various goods and services around the globe but also different
lifestyles. Parallel to this is the prompting of businesses to be more
competitive and productive in the face of the new global market. Various
innovations in technology improved information dissemination among people
locally and internationally. These in turn enabled exchanges between people
of different nations and cultures and in so doing induced changes to national
borders and the frequency of people crossing them. Finally, it facilitated
various forms of population change not only in size but also in composition.
To better understand how this happens, it is important to look at the factors
that contribute to how migration happens in the first place. 6.A. Factors that
Affect Immigration and Emigration Most of the world’s international migration
involves people from low-income countries moving to ones with higher income
(Human Development Report 2009). This means that the general pattern of
migration is asymmetrical. On the one hand, lower-income countries usually
have low levels of capital but possess a very abundant and potent labour
force. These can be considered significant push factors. On the other hand,
higher-income countries have high levels of capital but have a scarce labour
force in terms of quantity, considerable pull factors that attract migrants. Labor
migrants leave the weakened labor market in their countries of origin in
search for better paying jobs overseas. (Semyonov and Gorodzeisky 2005).
To better understand this, look at the illustration below:

Simply put, push factors are characteristics that make it difficult or impossible
to live in countries of origin, whereas pull factors are conditions that make
living in destination countries a more attractive place to live2 . Some
examples of the former are political corruption, poverty, violence, gender
inequality, inaccessibility of healthcare, substandard education, and climate
change; while some examples of the latter are better economic opportunities,
supportive institutions, possibility of family reunification, better healthcare,
quality education and gender equity. We may look at push and pull factors as
 PAMBAYANG KOLEHIYO NG MAUBAN
47

economic, political, cultural and environmental in nature. However, there are

also differences among populations in terms of age and sex that affect
migration and are being affected by it at the same time. These are called
demographic factors. Populations in the lower-income countries have a wider,
younger base while the higher-income countries are usually composed of an
older populace compared to the former. This means that the latter have more
employment opportunities to the younger generations from lower-income
countries. As an example, let’s look at the population pyramids below:
 PAMBAYANG KOLEHIYO NG MAUBAN
48

The figures above show us the age-sex structure of the population of the
Philippines and that of
one of the top destinations for Filipino migrants: Canada. If you would look at
any world map,
you’d know that the Philippines is a very small country compared to Canada,
and yet our
population size is almost triple than that of theirs! Aside from the fact that
lower-income
countries like ours are overpopulated, the largest section of our population
(40%) is very young
(0-19 years old); almost all are below the legal working age. In comparison,
Canada’s largest
sections of the population, around 50%, are definitely of working age (25-34
and 55-59 years
old). This translates into a strong and healthy working group as the majority of
population; one
 PAMBAYANG KOLEHIYO NG MAUBAN
49

of the explanations for the country’s prosperity. Moreover, by percentage,

there are more senior
citizens (60 years old onwards) in Canada compared to ours, which means
that the quality of life
over there is better, which means more people get to live longer past their
retirement age. No
wonder a lot of Filipinos want to come and live in the Great White North.
At first glance, it might seem that migrants from poorer countries really need
the higher-income
ones. While that is true, high-income countries also need more migrants from
lower-income
ones. How so? This is because higher income countries also need more
manpower to work in
their territories to prevent their economy from stagnating. Again, as reference,
the remarkably
fewer number of children in Canada—although a sign of good healthcare and
family planning—
would become a problem decades later because there would be less workers.
It is a common
occurrence that citizens in high-income countries postpone and limit having
children because it
is economically taxing for the parents. In other words, when having a family,
people prioritize
the quality of their lives over quantity. As a response to the problem of having
fewer workers in
the future, high-income countries like Canada implement policies to attract
more migrants so that
their economy can still be prosperous. More workers  more people with
income  increased
production and consumption of products  better circulation of money  good
economy
 PAMBAYANG KOLEHIYO NG MAUBAN
50

Exercise 1: Let us assess your understanding of migration so far. Identify the

following
statements if they can be classified as Push, Pull, or Demographic factors.
Write your answer
on the spaces provided before each number.
_______________1.) A chance to be reunited with one’s own family
overseas.
_______________2.) Higher percentage of old or ageing population.
_______________3.) Better treatment for the LGBTQ community.
_______________4.) Extra-judicial killings and human rights violations.
_______________5.) Violent invasion of one country by another resulting to
war.
_______________6.) Policies that implement a more generous maternity
leave.
_______________7.) A population with a large, working force aged 20-60
years old.
_______________8.) Women of child-bearing age who postpone having
children.
_______________9.) The PhilHealth 15 billion-peso scandal.
______________10.) A more conducive business climate for aspiring
entrepreneurs.
 PAMBAYANG KOLEHIYO NG MAUBAN
51

6.B. Motivations for Movement

So far, we have acquainted with the fundamental factors that influence
migration. If you have
noticed, these factors rarely mention anything about the individual migrants
themselves, which if
you might wonder, is a little strange. Barring wars, pandemics or other
calamities, it’s usually the
migrant’s decision if he/she leaves, right? Well, you are right, but the
abovementioned factors
are ones that are macro or large scale in nature. Now, we will look into factors
that influence the
decision-making of migrants or potential migrants on the micro level; their
motivations.
1.) Marital status is one of the most common motivations that drive individuals
to migrate.
People who marry opt to transfer to another place to live their new lives or to
give their
new family a better life. Conversely, being single could also encourage one to
migrate,
since he/she is not tied to family life3
.
2.) Life cycle pertains to motivations that stem from or are related to a
person’s
development. Retirement, parental ties or children’s education may
encourage a migrant
to leave one’s country of origin or return to it (Haour-Knipe and Davies 2008).
The age
and health of the migrant and his/her loved ones may also be one of the
reasons behind
leaving for another country or returning from foreign lands, as considerations
are made if
being a migrant would be or still worth it.
3.) The Household is also a very significant motivation for people as they
participate mainly
in the decision making. The household may also decide who is fit to leave
their home in
consideration of their economic well-being
4
. This results to new living arrangements and
tasking on the people who will be left behind, which in turn is a significant part
of the
potential migrant’s decision.
4.) Networks are basically social connections that facilitate the experiences of
migrants.
They can be in the form of a family, relatives or migrant stocks. The presence
of family
 PAMBAYANG KOLEHIYO NG MAUBAN
52

or friends at home and abroad also help the migrant in his/her decision-
making, migration
expenses, job seeking, place to stay abroad, how to adjust to a new culture
overseas to
make the integration process smoother, allocation of both financial and social
remittances and many more (Haug 2008).
The above list is just the fundamental motivations for movement of migrants.
There are many
more motivations behind their movement and may combine to further motivate
or modify the
migrant’s experiences overseas or upon return. Even though this is a rather
short list, what is
important is for us to know that the main difference of motivations from factors
is that
motivations are more immediately seen, felt and utilized by migrants
compared to the rather
distant macro level factors. In other words, migrants are more aware of
motivations and hence
are more in control of them.
The Philippines has a culture of migration, and it is no surprise that a
considerable number of us
have parents or relatives that are currently overseas to work. It’s also very
probable that some of
us will be OFWs or permanent migrants in another country in the future.
Therefore, it is very
useful for us to be knowledgeable, at least aware, of the factors that influence
immigration/emigration and the motivation or movement of migrants. After
having studied such
topics, we ought to realize that neither factors nor motivations singularly
account for the actions
of a migrant; it is always a combination of the interaction between large scale
factors small scale
motivations. The illustration below serves to simplify this point.

6.C. Benefits and Detriments After looking at the factors that affect emigration
and immigration as well as the motivations for migrants’ movement, we will
now delve into the good things that come out of it, as well as the not-so-good
ones. Like any phenomena in contemporary times, migration can be viewed in
many different angles in order to be able to see its many facets. Also, since
some of you face a possibility of being migrants in the future, you might as
well look at the potential benefits of harms of migration in general and of being
a migrant in particular. This will be viewed through the lens of the OFW
phenomenon later in this section. However, for simplicity’s sake, let us look at
the table below (Nabi 2014; Virupaksha et al. 2014) 4, 5, 6: Issues of
Migration and Migrants Benefits Detriments Economic - Economic growth in
countries of destination from filling up job vacancies and skill gaps - Countries
 PAMBAYANG KOLEHIYO NG MAUBAN
53

of origin will benefit largely from increased remittances from migrants -

Reduction of unemployment - Tax deficits can be addressed because of new
tax payers - Increase in number of workers may lead to lowering of wages -
Brain drain (highly trained or intelligent people emigrate) - Care drain
(emigration of women as healthcare workers) - Income gap in communities
may worsen as more people increase their wealth compared to those who do
not benefit from migration Political - Immigration and emigration policies may
be improved - Institutionalization: more and more government agencies
participate in the facilitation migration - Diplomacy and international relations
may be improved to sustain growth brought about by migration - Aversion of
possible conflicts, even wars, due to the presence of migrants - Improvement
of policies may leave out irregular migrants - Institutionalization may become
more expensive and cumbersome for poorer people; more opportunities for
corruption - Increased diversity may breed conflict and make peacekeeping
more difficult and complicated in countries of destination - Governments may
be too dependent on the benefits of migration instead of pursuing
development programs.

Migrants can develop new perspectives and improved doing of things in their
lives - Cultural diversity is developed in countries of destination - Families left
behind are able to experience or consume new things - Social remittances
such as innovations, skills, new ways of thinking, or even development
initiatives in countries of origin - Problems with integration like racism,
prejudice and discrimination - Exploitation, especially of irregular migrants
who are less protected by the law - Care drain as more mothers leave their
children back at home - Erosion of local cultures due to foreign influences in
the form of financial and social remittances Psychological - Possibility for
migrants to improve their skill sets and identity - Resilience in the presence of
foreigners - Migrants may develop new worldviews due to increased contact
with a diverse group of people - Family reunification may improve mental
health due to feelings of belongingness and better community relations upon
return - Role confusion and identity crisis leading to low levels of self-esteem -
Fear and anxiety over xenophobia and discrimination - Feelings of
homesickness or nostalgia - Insecurity or possibility of trauma due to the
needed adjustments to a new life abroad, which may impede integration -
Feelings of estrangement upon return which makes reintegration more difficult
and stressful Although not an exhaustive list, the table above gives us a good
overview on the pros and cons of migration as a phenomenon and the
positive and negative experiences of migrants. For a better learning
experience from which we can relate to, let us now look at the issues of
migration through the lens of the OFW phenomenon. But before we go to
there, let us assess what you have learned so far in this section by completing
the exercise below.
 PAMBAYANG KOLEHIYO NG MAUBAN
54

Exercise 2. Odd One Out: Encircle the one that does not belong to the group
(10 pts).
1.) Improving his/her
children’s lives
Joining one’s spouse to
live in another place
Not being tied to
family life
Taking one’s family
to a wealthier country
2.) Relatives abroad Migrant stocks Friends abroad Being single
3.) Flows of social
remittances
Exploitation of
irregular migrants
Homesickness and
nostalgia
Cultures become more
diverse
4.) New living
arrangements
Education of the
migrant’s children
Decision over who in
the family will leave
Tasking of people left
behind
5.) Stay home Invest in a business Return home Leave to migrate
6.) Improvement of
migration policies
Progress in
international relations
Institutionalization of
migration
Lowering of wages
due to competition
7.) Brain drain Fear of discrimination Development of
resilience
Feelings of
Belongingness

8.) Growth from

increased remittances
Filling up skill gaps in
the labor force
Occurrence of
 PAMBAYANG KOLEHIYO NG MAUBAN
55

brain drain
Increase of
employment
9.) Social remittances Age Health Retirement
10.) Immediately seen
and felt
Migrants have more
control
Micro-level
phenomena
Macro-level
Phenomena

So, what happens to the fundamental unit of society, the family, when one of
its heads becomes
an OFW? As you may have already thought after reading the texts above and
from what you’ve
heard or personally experienced, it’s not that good.
Let’s focus on the issues of husband-wife relationship first.
1.) Psychological Issues - You
see, one of the fundamental
reasons why people marry is that
they try to achieve the ideal of
being and growing together
physically, emotionally,
psychologically and spiritually for
the rest of their lives. Labor
migration disrupts this
arrangement and results in the
emergence of psychological issues
that could plague their marriage. We must always keep in mind that
separation driven by
the need to work abroad is ALWAYS a painful decision for both husband and
wife.
1.) Marital Infidelity Issues – One of the cornerstones of a married relationship
is intimacy,
and labor migration makes this very difficult to sustain because the husband
and wife are
physically apart. Being left alone is the most common reason for marital
infidelity, which
is quite common among spouses of migrant workers (Santamaria 1992).
2.) Gender Role Issues –When the husband leaves, the wife takes most of
her husband’s
roles in their household; when the wife leaves, the husband tries to assume
most of his
wife’s roles in the family. Pretty neat, right? Well, not really, since the wife has
originally
 PAMBAYANG KOLEHIYO NG MAUBAN
56

more roles in their household compared to the husband. This means that the
man of the
house usually finds it more difficult to assume the role of a mother compared
to when his
wife assumes the role of a father. In doing so, the “ideal houseband” needs to
face
challenges to his and his community’s concept of manhood aside from the
workload in
the house (Añonuevo and Añonuevo 2002). This, when not handled well, can
cause
unbearable strain not only on their marriage but their whole family.
Now, let’s talk about the problems of parent-child relationship.
1.) Psychological strain on parents and children – When a parent leaves as a
migrant,
he/she has already considered the trade-off between economic well-being
and family
proximity. This becomes a source of anxiety and guilt for parents and children
because
they long for each other’s presence, especially if it is the mother who leaves
(OharaHirano 2000). On the one hand, parents may feel anxious of their
children’s safety back
home, or if they are providing them enough, but at the same time feel guilty of
leaving
them behind. On the other hand, children may feel anxious of their parents
return while
at the same time feel guilty about such negative emotions because their
parents leaving is
just for their family’s sake.
2.) Caregiving arrangements - The 3 main forms of care in parenting are
moral care,
emotional care and material care. Migration disrupts and rearranges these
forms in the
common household (Parrenas 2003). When a parent migrates, he/she is
usually forced to
just focus on material care (sending money and products from abroad). This
results into a
few issues like the following:
a. Incomplete involvement of left-behind husbands if the wife is the migrant;
rarely
happens when the wife is the one left behind.
b. Proxy caretakers in the form of relatives
or sometimes, trusted friends. Degrees
of strictness may vary, so feelings of
discontent may appear in the children
which may cause bad behavior.
c. Other people taking care of the children
left-behind may disrupt the values that
 PAMBAYANG KOLEHIYO NG MAUBAN
57

were previously taught to them by the

parent.
d. To compensate and fill the gaps,
parenting from afar is done. This may
be accomplished by using mobile
phones, increasing information
technology social media and literacy, or
the traditional padala and pasalubong.
Evidently, temporary labor migration for the common Filipino family is neither
all about
glamour and prosperity abroad nor new gadgets and boxes of chocolates
back home. It is a very
intricate and complicated matter that is rife with problems and issues that a lot
of us or our
loved ones face every day. This section hopefully made you cognizant about
some of the issues
that migrant families face, their motivations behind leaving, and the factors
that drive them to
undertake very difficult decisions—all for the sake of having a better life that
seems very elusive
in our own country. The OFW phenomenon would not disappear, at least for
the next several
decades to come. Participation from the government, NGOs, schools and
individual households
is needed to help family members cope up with the challenges brought about
by migration so that
we could minimize the social costs of it and maximize the economic benefits.
 PAMBAYANG KOLEHIYO NG MAUBAN
58

Exercise 3. Modified True or False: Write TRUE if the statement is true.

Otherwise, ENCIRCLE
the word/s that made it so and write the correct word/s on the space provided
before each number
(2 points each).
_______________1.) When a country’s population structure has a large base,
it is usually poor.
_______________2.) Regular migration occurs outside the laws, governing
the entry into or exit
from the country of origin or destination.
_______________3.) The existence of migrant stocks is one of the main
features of life cycle as
a
motivation for movement.
_______________4.) When an individual is single and not tied down to family
life, he/she is free
To move around through migration.
_______________5.) Migration inevitably disrupts the relationship of husband
and wife.
_______________6.) The three main forms of care in parenting are moral,
social and material.
_______________7.) Brain drain happens when there is an abundance of
emigrating care
workers,
particularly women, who also leave their children behind.
_______________8.) When parents leave to work abroad and leave their
children behind, they
are
forced to focus solely on material care.
_______________9.) Being in a long distance relationship is usually the
reason behind marital
infidelity among married migrant couples.
_______________10.) One of the most prevalent political detriments of
migration is feelings of
homesickness and nostalgia

Exercise 4. Essay A: Below are the population pyramids of New Zealand,

Japan and South
Korea, three of the top 10 dream destinations of aspiring OFWs according to
JobStreet.com.
Choose ONLY ONE and study it carefully. Answer the questions that follow in
a concise
Manner.
PAMBAYANG KOLEHIYO NG MAUBAN
59
PAMBAYANG KOLEHIYO NG MAUBAN
60
PAMBAYANG KOLEHIYO NG MAUBAN
61
 PAMBAYANG KOLEHIYO NG MAUBAN
62

OVERPOPULATION
In this lesson, learners will understand the
important concepts and factors that lead to overpopulation
and overconsumption of our natural resources. Family
size and poverty will be tackled and several things will be
taken into account on how population growth causes
poverty.
OBJECTIVES:
At the end of this lesson, the learners are expected to:
1. Identify what overpopulation is all about ;
2. Explain the impacts of overpopulation to overconsumption ;
3. Understand the relationship between population and resources;
4. Define terms and factors that leads to overpopulation; and
5. Understand the effects of overpopulation to family and poverty and vice-
versa.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN POPULATION AND RESOURCES
Current idea on the population question starts
with Thomas Malthus, one of the known English
economic analysts, whose Essay on the Principle of
Population was first distributed in 1798. In it, Malthus
broadly affirmed that the number of population in a given
nation develops at a geometric rate while food flexibly
grows just numerically; hence, in the long run, the
methods for resource would arrive at a characteristic
cutoff and the outcome would be, unavoidably,
deficiencies, hunger, starvation, and epidemics. Indeed,
even in typical occasions, growth in population depressed
wages and extended the hopelessness of the common
laborers, driving Malthus to contend that the Poor Laws
of England and different types of monetary help for the
poor just animated widespread population growth and
postponed inescapable crisis. For several years, Malthus'
ideas were utilized to legitimize conservative class
interests, the genetic counseling development, and hard
supreme reactions to hunger and starvation (Bashford,
2014; Davis, 2001). However, Malthusianism was likewise snared with battles
for women's right to
reproduction, driven by women's activists, for example, Emma Goldman, who
broadcasted that the
common laborers could accomplish its own liberation through 'conscious
procreation', and Margaret
Sanger, the one who founded the Planned Parenthood (Connelly, 2008;
Masjuan and Martinez-Alier,
2004).
In the twentieth century, the supposed neo-Malthusians adjusted Malthus'
demographic
 PAMBAYANG KOLEHIYO NG MAUBAN
63

determinism to warn of the depletion of land and natural resources, not simply
the food supply. Popular
books, for example, William Vogt's The Road to Survival and Fairfield
Osborn's Our Plundered Planet
(both from 1948) mixed feelings of dread that uncontrolled population growth
and industrialization were
carrying the Earth to the furthest reaches of its 'carrying capacity' (Robertson,
2012).
After Ehrlich, population growth turned into a point of convergence in
deliberate investigations of
the reasons for ecological degradation (predominantly in economics and
sociology). Ehrlich assisted with
building up the IPAT equation, where: This equation is naturally identified with
the idea of 'biological impression', which introduced an
accounting strategy to evaluate the effects of consumption beyond natural
borders. Taking all things
together, this impacts the accounting research has demonstrated that rising
consumption in nations with
moderately high pay and low population growth (primarily, the Global North),
has broad natural impacts
in developing countries (the Global South) since, for instance, “the footprint of
the typical American is
nearly 25 times greater than that of the typical Bangladeshi” (York et al., 2003,
p. 295). In any case, later
“changes in patterns of consumption have blurred this binary distinction
between rich and poor societies”
(Rosa et al., 2015, p. 37).
OUR POPULATION HAS BECOME SO LARGE THAT THE EARTH
CANNOT COPE
Currently, there are more than
7,800,000,000 people on planet Earth.
It took until the early of the 19th
century for the world population to reach
one billion. Now we add a billion every 12-
15 years.
THE EARTH CANNOT PROVIDE FOR US ALL AND THE NATURAL
WORLD IS PAYING
THE PRICE
Biodiversity loss, climate change, world pollution, deforestation, water and
food deficiency these
are totally exacerbated by our enormous and ever-expanding numbers. Our
impact on nature is a result of
our consumption and our population. We should address both.
Household Population, Number of Households, and Average Household Size
of the Philippines
The household population of the Philippines reached about 100.57 million
people in 2015. This is
 PAMBAYANG KOLEHIYO NG MAUBAN
64

8.48 million higher than the 92.10 million family unit population detailed in
2010, and 24.24 million
more than the 76.33 million household population posted in 2000. The
household population included
99.6 percent of the complete Philippine population, while the remaining 0.4
percent is contained the
institutional population or those dwelling in aggregate or institutional living
quarters, for example,
hospitals, orphanages, and military camps; and Filipinos in Philippine
embassies, consulates, and
missions outside the country.
Number of households increased by 2.80 million from 20.17 million in 2010 to
22.98 million in 2015
 The total number of households in the country in 2015 was recorded at
22.98 million, higher by
2.80 million compared with 20.17 million in 2010 and by 7.70 million
compared with 15.28
million in 2000. See Table B and Figure 2.
 Among the country’s administrative 18 regions, Region IV-A
(CALABARZON) had the most
number of households with 3.40 million, followed by the National Capital
Region (NCR) with
3.10 million and Region III (Central Luzon) with 2.57 million.
Average household size was 4.4 persons in 2015
 The country’s average household size (AHS) decreased from 4.6 persons
in 2010 to 4.4 persons in
2015. In 2000, there were 5.0 persons, on average, per household.
 The Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) registered the
highest AHS of 6.1 persons,
followed by Region V (Bicol) with 4.8 persons. The lowest AHS was recorded
in the NCR and
Region XI (Davao), both with 4.1 persons
Population and Environmentalism
Today, the governmental issues of overpopulation are vexed. Malthusian idea
was an imperative
supporting of an international environmental movement during the 1970s, and
we can see its traces in
'lifeboat ethics,' Spaceship Earth, the 'limits of growth' position, concerns over
desertification, and
different tropes of environmental talk from that period. Nonetheless, at this
point population control is,
best case scenario, a heating issue for most major environmental
organizations (Cafaro, 2015).
Conservatives reject neo-Malthusianism for its anti-growth ethic and coercive
family planning endeavors
while progressives recoil at its racist and neo-colonial suggestions (Hoff and
Robertson, 2016).
 PAMBAYANG KOLEHIYO NG MAUBAN
65

Meanwhile, rates of fertility have generally declined, in the US and around the
globe, likewise collapsing
the desperation of population control. This 'baby bust' or population stagnation
has several implications
for a wide range of issues, from immigration to supporting government
assistance state advantages to
resurgent ethnic patriotism (Robbins and Smith, 2016). Today, there is a wide
agreement, steady with
segment change hypothesis, that mortality-lessening enhancements in
general wellbeing, alongside
neediness decrease and female empowerment, by and large lead toward
lower fertility rate, reducing the
requirement for pressure in reproductive issues.
In studies about environment, the overpopulation question may appear to be
dead, a thing of the
past. But, the question remains, can population and consumption keep on
growing together at current rates
without serious effect on natural resource stocks, biological system
administrations, and worldwide
climate? As Crist and Cafaro (2012, p. 4) outline it, innovation and a generally
unchallenged commitment
to an entrepreneur development worldview have empowered mankind to push
well past the cutoff points
Malthus or Ehrlich anticipated, in the process "turning the entire world in
Resource World"— yet, is this
actually an accomplishment to be praised, or rather, "a dishonorable and
crooked objective"? Maybe it is
the ideal opportunity for a rapprochement among Malthusian and hostile to
Malthusian camps, to manage
the social, natural, and moral difficulties of this Anthropocene period.
Drivers of Population Growth
 Agriculture: local agriculture and farming (10,000-6000 BCE), global
agriculture and exchange
of plants, animals, and people between countries (1500-1750).
 Public health (1950): reduced death rates among children in poor countries
 Improved health care and sanitation (1900s): reduced infectious disease
Drivers of CURRENT increase in population
1. Decreases in mortality among infants
2. Increases in LONGEVITY
a. increasing everywhere except in Southern Africa (due to HIV/AIDS)
b. there is a huge gaps between developed and developing nations
c. birth and death rates are declining worldwide, but as long as fertility is
higher than
mortality rates, population will continue to grow.
d. overall economic development, public healthcare, advancement in food
production and
distribution, water and sanitation have led to dramatic decline in mortality
 PAMBAYANG KOLEHIYO NG MAUBAN
66

Things to remember on Population Change

 population growth is at an exponential rate: it took 120,000 years to add the
first billion people,
130 years to get to 2 billion, but only 12 years to go from 6 to 7 billion
 more than 85% of population growth in the last 40,000 years occurred in the
last 200 years
 there are optimistic estimates that the population level will be lower than
2050 by 2100 if birth
rate is low
 while population is still growing, the ANNUAL GROWTH RATE has been
decreasing since
1960s for rich countries, a falling growth rate began before 1950; for poor
countries, this began
around 1965
The Oceans and Overpopulation
Around 70-75 million tons of fish are caught every year which is a 34%
development in the
course of the most recent decade. Fish are the biggest source of protein to
the human diet. That rate is
increasing. Fish production surpasses that of cows, sheep, poultry, and eggs.
Because of
overconsumption, fish species are vanishing. The greater part of the regularly
consumed fishes like tuna,
salmon, haddock, halibut, cod are endangered.
The Forests and Overpopulation
As population density increases, the percentage of forest cover decreases as
a result of:
 destruction caused by fire
 mass industrial logging
 building and spread of plantations
Livestock and Overpopulation
Animals take up a disproportion amount of people’s land. Animals contribute
to 17% of our diet.
30% of arable and farm land is used to grow feed for meat animals. As a
result, meat consumption is
increasing.
Fossil Fuels and Overpopulation
More people = more energy consumption. It basically resulted to:
• more resource decrease,
• need for search to expand energy sources,
• as we find new energy sources, we push the carrying capacity upward. It's a
vicious cycle; we are
currently consuming 87 million barrels of oil per day.
• there are only 135 billion barrels remaining,
• assuming no new increases in oil reserves, that's 41 years of oil left oil is
getting harder to get to.
 PAMBAYANG KOLEHIYO NG MAUBAN
67

• more deep water drilling is necessary, there are 59 years of natural gas left
and 120 years of coal
Carbon Dioxide and Overpopulation
More people = increased CO2 emissions from fossil fuels = climate change;
CO2 dissolves into the ocean
and resulted to:
• forming of carbonic acid
• makes the oceans more polluted and acidic
• ocean acidity has increased by 25% in last 200 years
• higher acidity causes reproductive disorders in marine life
• higher acidity destroys sea weeds and coral reefs
Fresh Water and Overpopulation
The global fresh water crisis is the new oil crisis; water shortage and scarcity
is directly related to:
• overconsumption
• climate change that affects weather pattern
• rainfall changes
What happens when there is water scarcity:
• nutrient loss in our body
• soil degradation due to acidity
• loss of biodiversity and other forms of life
• imbalance and ecological disruption
• health issues like waterborne disease
• loss of food
• natural calamities and disasters
There are up to 8 million deaths per year due to water scarcity.
Controlling Future Population Growth
1. Contraception and Maternal Health Services: increased access to
healthcare services and
contraception for those who want it would have immediate effects on
population control.
2. Feed the Most Vulnerable: better nutrition for pregnant women, breast-
feeding women and
nursing children and infants up to five years of age. It will improve the health
and ability to learn
effects will be observed.
3. Universal Secondary Education: educating all children delays first marriage
and first child,
reduces overall number of children, improves survival of offspring so that
there are fewer
incentives to having more children; effects would be fest in 5 to 25 years.
The S Curve
THE S CURVE: This type of population growth is termed Density-dependent
since growth rate
depends on the numbers present in the population.
1. Population increases slowly initially.
2. Increases rapidly approaching exponential growth rate.
 PAMBAYANG KOLEHIYO NG MAUBAN
68

3. Then declines in a negative acceleration rate until at zero growth rate the
population stabilizes.
BIRTH = DEATH,
MORTALITY = OVERCROWDING & FOOD SUPPLY
- Results from the gradually increasing environmental pressures as population
density increase
J Curve
The J-curve is more dramatic because it frequently results in a population
collapse.
1. Population density increases rapidly exponentially.
2. Stops abruptly as environmental resistance (seasonality) or some other
factor becomes
effective (end of breeding phase)
BEYOND CARRYING CAPACITY
Population growth overshoot the carrying capacity but the environmental
resistance becomes
effective only at the last minute (due to the speed of the population growth)
and population suffer severe
die-backs
Where is the J curve seen in natural populations? The most typical examples
being algal blooms,
some insects (locusts) and lemmings
RENEWABLE RESOURCES
Everybody understands that huge numbers of the Earth's assets are limited.
We are at present
totally dependent on petroleum derivatives, iron and different metals, minerals
and even such
fundamental wares as sand to keep the cutting edge world ticking over.
Including more purchasers makes
those assets run out quicker.
The Earth likewise gives for our necessities inexhaustible assets, for example,
lumber, clean
water and air, healthy soils and wild fish consumed for food. In any case, our
demands are extraordinary
to such an extent that we are currently consuming those assets at 1.7 times
the rate that the Earth can
reestablish them. That rate has expanded consistently since the 1970s and,
except if thing change, we will
require three Earths to supply our necessities by 2050. (Source: Global
Footprint Network)
Few people accept that more prominent efficiencies in the utilization of
resources mean we will
consume less of them. There is no proof to help that, notwithstanding. An
examination by the
Massachussets Institute of Technology in 2017 assessed the consumption of
crude materials, for example,
 PAMBAYANG KOLEHIYO NG MAUBAN
69

raw petroleum and silicon, and found that more prominent efficiencies
prompted cost decreases, making
wares more moderate and, expanding their interest and use. They explored in
excess of 60 materials, and
found that just in six was consumption diminishing.
FOOD AND WATER
More than 800 million individuals right now don't get enough food to meet their
nutritional needs
each day. However, 650 million are obese. Individuals go hungry not on the
grounds that there is lacking
food but since our worldwide economic system distributes it unfairly.
However, every extra mouth to feed puts more pressure on our food supply.
That is already under
threat from multiple factors, including shortage of fresh water, soil depletion,
decimated populations of
insect pollinators and climate change. The UN currently projects that we will
need 70% more food by
2050. Increasing agricultural production comes at a cost to nature, however.
Habitat loss and exploitation
are the two most significant threats to biodiversity - currently 80% of extinction
threats to mammals and
birds are due to agriculture.
A milestone report on diet and sustainability by the EAT-Lancet Commission
in 2019 inferred
that it is conceivable to take care of a population of 10 billion reasonably if
radical move is made to
reform dietary habits and food creation. It went on to say, however:
“ Global population is expected to exceed 11 billion people by 2100 unless
actions are taken to stabilise
population growth. Healthy diets from sustainable food systems are possible
for up to 10 billion people
but become increasingly unlikely past this population threshold.”
Action to address population is essential if we are to meet the most basic
human right of all -
ensuring people have enough to eat.
Water is an absolute fundamental human need, and every individual adds to
demand threats to
fresh water are much more critical. An MIT study said that almost five billion
individuals will live in
water-stressed location by 2050. The United Nations has calculated that water
deficiencies because of
environmental change could dislodge a huge number of individuals by 2030.
Territorial varieties in water
accessibility are extraordinary yet a significant number of the world's least
fortunate locales, and those
which have high population growth, are among those with the briefest
flexibility. Developed nations
 PAMBAYANG KOLEHIYO NG MAUBAN
70

likewise experience the ill effects of the impacts of population pressure on

water supply. The densely
populated south-east of England is positioned in the base 10% of worldwide
districts for capacity to
supply water to its occupants.
POLLUTION
Likewise with each ecological issue, while there are numerous solutions to
pollution, adding
more people to the population adds more polluters and makes those solutions
less helpful. While rich
nations produce more plastic waste per individual, for example, helpless
locales where population growth
overwhelms the framework to discard waste may contribute more plastic in
general.
GREED, NEED AND INJUSTICE
Material footprint per capita in high-income countries is 60% higher than in
upper-middle-income
countries and more than 13 times the level of low-income countries. -United
Nations
Huge aberrations exist in consumption and impact between the rich world and
the Global South,
and within nations themselves. More just global system, wherein resources
are distributed more
impartially, is needed. Whatever structure that it takes, in order to guarantee
that there is sufficient to
meet everybody's right to a better than average way of life, the richest must
consume more economically
as such, expend less. At the point when countries leave poverty, their fertility
rates lessen however,
inseparably with that increasing prosperity comes expanded consumption.
Individuals ought not need
compete after the Earth's resources.
That is the reason population and family size is an issue in both developed
and developing
countries. Where affluence and consumption is high, diminishing the quantity
of new consumers is a
compelling, lasting method of lessening the channel they place on resources,
just as their ecological
effect. It doesn't imply that individuals ought not do different things to diminish
their consumption, or that
more extensive issues of worldwide injustice do not need to be attended to.
All things considered,
lessening, through viable, moral methods, the number of rich individuals
consuming is a basic, viable technique to assuage relieve the pressure.

In the developing world, fewer people means less competition for natural
resources, especially
 PAMBAYANG KOLEHIYO NG MAUBAN
71

local resources such as land and fresh water. In the longer term, fewer people
being born means that as
countries move out of poverty, their level of consumption will be lower.
WHAT OUR DIETS AND POPULATION GROWTH MEAN FOR THE
ENVIRONMENT
A new report reveals that global adoption of current food consumption
patterns in G20 countries would
ruin our chance of meeting climate and sustainability targets, exceeding the
planetary boundary for foodrelated emissions by almost three-fold and
requiring up to seven Earths to support.
Diets for a Better Future, published by EAT, demonstrates that even national
dietary guidelines in
almost all G20 countries are incompatible with emissions reduction targets
under the Paris Agreement,
which aims to restrict warming to “well below” 2 °C and ideally 1.5 °C. The
authors emphasis the
importance of a drastic dietary reduction in animal products and that
sustainable, healthy diets will
become impossible if our population exceeds 10 billion people, as is expected
to happen in the latter half
of the century.
THE NEGLECTED FOOD FACTOR
Agriculture already utilizes 40% of the Earth's land area and is the essential
driver of
deforestation, environment annihilation and biodiversity loss. Production of
food is responsible for a
fourth of the world's ozone harming substance outflows, equalling the
contribution made by generating
electricity and surpassing that of industry.
“Global food production is the single largest human pressure on Earth,
threatening local ecosystems,
driving a sixth mass extinction of species, and impacting the stability of the
entire Earth system. Feeding
and producing food for our current population of 7.7 billion people accounts
for approximately 12.5 Gt
CO2eq or 24% of annual greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.” – Diets for a
Better Future, EAT, 2020
The landmark 2019 EAT-Lancet report concluded that achieving healthy,
systematic and
sustainable diets for 10 billion people by 2050 is possible but it requires
profound transformation to
eating habits and food production. Notably, it mentioned that exceeding this
population threshold will
make this outcome “increasingly unlikely”. However, the UN predicts a
population size close to 11
billion by 2100.
 PAMBAYANG KOLEHIYO NG MAUBAN
72

About 820 million people suffer from starvation and that number has been
rising in recent years
due to progress not keeping up with rapid population growth in the hardest hit
areas. Another 2 billion
and counting are considered obese or overweight due to unhealthy diets,
which are also fuelling
environmental destruction.
The report takes note of that regardless of the enormous effect of food system
on climate change,
biodiversity and health, they have generally been excluded from worldwide
approach plans. It warns that
in the event that we proceed on current food and population trajectories we
won't meet either the Paris
Agreement or the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
FEEDING THE CLIMATE CRISIS
To get an opportunity of restricting warming to 1.5 °C, emissions need to peak
in 2020 and divide
each decade, accomplishing net-zero emanations no later than 2050. To meet
this objective, the EATLancet Commission concluded that emissions from
food can't surpass a yearly carbon spending plan of
5.0 Gigatonnes (Gt) CO2-equivalent.
The report states:
“Current food consumption trajectories and estimated growth of another 2 billion
people on the planet by
2050 will largely exceed food’s maximum allowable “carbon budget”. Behavioral
changes associated
with rising incomes and urbanization are driving a global dietary transition in which
traditional diets are being replaced by more homogenous diets higher in animal source
foods. If this trend is not broken and
reversed, emissions from food production will nearly double by 2050.”

In fact, yearly worldwide food-related outflows, at 5.6 Gt, as of now exceed

this financial plan,
with G20 nations responsible for 66% of them. As of now, the top five most
crowded nations in the G20,
China, India, United States, Indonesia, and Brazil, are additionally the nations
with the most elevated total
emissions from food production. Worldwide selection of G20 nations' present
food consumption
examples would require up to 7.4 Earths to be feasible.
The authors contend that if everybody followed their nation's public dietary
rules, food-related
greenhouse gas emissions would be reduced comparative with today but
would still surpass the planetary
atmosphere limit for food by right around two-fold and we would in any case
require up to five Earths.
 PAMBAYANG KOLEHIYO NG MAUBAN
73

The "Planetary Health Diet", proposed by the EAT-Lancet Commission, would

bring about a practically
half decrease, essentially through reduced red meat and dairy consumption.
In nations that despite
everything have broad malnutrition, including India and Indonesia, food-
related outflows would really
increment somewhat if either diet was generally adopted.
It is clear that countries must adjust their dietary rules to consider ecological
sustainability, and
keeping in mind that economical food frameworks should without a doubt be
applied for global strategy
conversations, so should manageable population. The sooner we settle our
population, the almost certain
we are to have the option to take care of the world without destroying our
environment. Empowering,
decision based population solutions are vital to meeting the SDGs and
accomplishing a superior future for
people and planet.
POVERTY
While billions appreciate an affluent style, in excess of a tenth of the total
population live in
extreme poverty today. Poverty isn't a result of restricted worldwide assets,
however political and
economic injustice. Be that as it may, the least fortunate individuals are quite
often at most serious risk
from environmental damage, climate change and competition for resources.
The impacts of impractical
population hit the poorest first, and hardest.
FAMILY SIZE AND POVERTY
Poor people mostly have large families. Why? The most fundamental reason
behind it is that poor
people tend to believe that “two hands are better than one”. Poor parents see
benefits in having more
hands for subsistence agribusiness, for example, as well as to ensure that
they will have a stable support
when they get old. They believe that one or more person in the family will be a
help in their work and
give them a decent family earning. What they don’t understand is that this
would in turn lead to their
misery.
There are several problems of having a large number of children. The basic
problem is with
respect to employment generation programs, because there is a limit to what
the government can generate.
Furthermore, additional children hinder mothers from getting employed, since
the mothers have to look
 PAMBAYANG KOLEHIYO NG MAUBAN
74

after them. Third, the low per capita household income compels the small
children to involve themselves
in child labor in order to sustain the family which can be very dangerous for a
growing child. Fourth, with
additional child, all the family resources are exhausted in bringing up, with a
result that there is no
savings in the poor family for any unsolicited future needs.
As indicated by Boyd Orr's survey data, birth order and child mortality are
directly related. For
example, a fourth child born to a family will have a more noteworthy possibility
of mortality in the early
age compared with the third child. Consequently this adds to the issue with
enormous family size.
Another downside of having a huge family is that the kids don't get enough
consideration with respect to
nutrients and education. Thus without appropriate development and
instruction, rather than adding to the
prosperity of the family, the kids would not become self-supporting. This
prompts more neediness
bringing about more births and the cycle continues.
Along these lines in a nation like India where the greater part of the population
is significantly
poor, the large family size has become a significant issue in lessening income
gap just as guaranteeing a
better than average way of life to everybody. India isn't confronting the issue
of huge population; it is
battling with the problem of large poor population which isn't even self-
sustaining.
The answer for this can be that the government can boost the large poor
families by increasing
Child Benefit regarding extra child and through different plans which mean to
protect large families. Yet,
this additionally has two significant issues. To start with, it would cost a ton of
cash and consequently
will make a gigantic weight on public exchequer bringing about other financial
problems. Second, this
arrangement can push people to have large families considering the
advantages they are getting.
In this manner the point ought to be to help the current large families just as
awareness among the
poor about family planning through different programs which will in general
confer information with
respect to the burdens of having a huge family. The use of financial motivating
forces or incentives to
empower family planning among the poor is an innovative technique that can
most likely add to control
 PAMBAYANG KOLEHIYO NG MAUBAN
75

family size. Incentives, like giving free food, can be utilized to encourage
appearance of the poor people
at contraceptive educations gatherings, adoption and promotion of
contraceptive methods, sterilization,
and to plan the family. Besides in any program or courses on family planning,
the essential subject should
be fertility awareness since numerous women are not even mindful that they
have a natural pattern of
fertile and infertile periods.
Furthermore, birth control devices should be made free and efforts should be
taken to make them
available and usable to the poor. These efforts have to be taken not only by
the government but also by
the people because the best way to eradicate anything is to prune its roots.
What two factors correlate with HIGH birth rates? POVERTY & LACK of
education
It has long been known that when living standards rise in a community, birth
rates tend to decline
(the "demographic shift")
Where women have had access to media and education, birth rates have
showed significant
Declines- even when income levels had not increased.
The world's poorest countries tend to have the largest family sizes and fertility
rates. When
people have no economic security and cannot rely on their government and a
social safety net, they often
have children to ensure they will be looked after when they are older. Where
child mortality is high, there
is an even greater impetus to have more children. Those circumstances can
lead in turn to a culture which
values high family size.
This understandable human impulse can contribute to a vicious cycle. Poor
families with large
numbers of dependents may perceive the need to take children out of
matriculation early, or marry off
their daughters at earlier age. They will also often live in deprived
communities where there is only
limited access to modern family planning. All these factors combine to keep
family sizes high,
perpetuating the cycle.
What applies to families, applies also to countries. In poorer nations, providing
infrastructure,
jobs, education and health services to a constantly growing population can be
an impossible task. In the
worst cases, even food can be impossible to produce. In countries with very
high population growth, huge
 PAMBAYANG KOLEHIYO NG MAUBAN
76

numbers of dependent children in comparison to economically productive

adults create a further burden.
In sub-Saharan Africa, the median age of the entire population is just 19 years
old. In Nigeria, the country
with the world's highest fertility rate, the median age is just 15.3 years.
Why do the poor have large families?
There are many reasons why a family affected by poverty may choose to
have many children and why
poor countries have high birth rates ranging from cultural values to issues of
social justice.
1. High child mortality rates. Imagine living in a home where your children's
lives are continually
undermined. There's insufficient nutritious food, limited access to clean water,
lacking lodging,
poor healthcare system and negligible government support. These factors add
to child mortality
and parents in poverty know this. According to the World Health Organization,
5.4 million
children under five are dying each year, with a large portion of these kids in
developing countries.
Faced with this reality, parents may have more children, understanding the
disastrous truth that
some of their children basically won't survive..
2. Misconceptions about family planning. In many communities, there are still
stigmas in using
contraception. These beliefs can originate from a variety of sources, including
cultural biases,
breakdowns in public health education and even scepticism about the motives
of the government
in controlling family size. Often, they contribute to the cultivation of fear and
confusion over
using certain family planning methods.
3. Lack of access to health services. It’s not always misconceptions that
prevent individuals from
practicing family planning. Sometimes it’s the lack of access to healthcare
providers. For some
families, health clinics are located far from their homes and sitios, making it
difficult to travel to
get needed support. Especially in rural areas, a lack of infrastructure, roads
and transportation can
also be a barrier toward receiving professional health care.
4. Patriarchal values. In Canada, having fewer children or no children means
an increasingly
familiar norm and the conversation around women’s reproductive rights is one
that’s top
priority. But in many countries, the severity of patriarchal values is still a
reality. In these
 PAMBAYANG KOLEHIYO NG MAUBAN
77

circumstances, men can often make the decisions for their wives and families,
including whether
or not to use contraception. The result of this, women are often left without
any control over how
many children they’ll end up having.
5. Forced early marriage. Forced early marriage is any marriage where either
person is under 18
and hasn’t given their full consent to be married. It happens for so many
reasons and teenage girls
are the most vulnerable. When a girl is married young, her childbearing years
start much earlier,
meaning among other complications she’s likely to have more kids.
6. Lack of education. Girls who marry and begin their families in adolescent
period are much less
likely to finish school and go on to model educational examples for their
children. They are also
likely to have more children, making it difficult to afford the cost of education
for her every
child. On the other hand, women who go further in their education tend to
have fewer kids. They
often marry later in life and are more likely to prioritize their own children’s
education,
understanding the financial investment it will require.
7. Religious beliefs. In many faiths, children are seen as blessing from
heaven. Religious texts and
scripture can enforce this idea and often act as a strong guiding influence in
people’s lives. When
a life philosophy is anchored in the belief that your offspring will be provided
for and that children are incredible gifts, it stands to reason that couples would
rather have the idea of a large
family.
8. Social reputation. In a community where children are viewed as blessings,
the larger the family
the more blessed you are. In more parts of the Global South, couples without
children are
stigmatized, being discriminated and looked down upon. Big families are
viewed as powerful and
if a woman is unable to bear children, it’s not uncommon for her husband to
abandon her or begin
a family with someone else.
9. Family legacy. Many believed that the desire to preserve lineage, history
and a family name can
feel like a natural, human instinct. It’s not uncommon for parents to be partial
to passing on their
own genetics to continue their family legacy.
10. Limited finances. Families living in poverty, particularly those who make
their living through
 PAMBAYANG KOLEHIYO NG MAUBAN
78

farming may have more children as a way of supporting the family’s livelihood.
Children are
often tasked with chores like walking to collect water, gardening, field work
and animal care,
even when they’re very young. In more dire situations, children may enter the
labour force often
illegally to earn more income for the family’s survival.
11. Care for elders. As children grow up, they are not only carry on their
family’s legacy, but also
the responsibility of providing for and protecting their parents and siblings.
This is especially
important in countries without strong governmental safety nets. In these
cases, having more kids
may provide an extra sense of security for parents, with the added hope that
one day, one or more
children may be successful enough to lift the entire family out of poverty.
POVERTY AND LOCAL ENVIRONMENTAL DESTRUCTION
While people living in poverty make a minuscule impact on global
environmental problems such
as climate change, they can have a devastating impact on their local
environment. Soils may be eroded in
an attempt to increase crop yields, fish stocks decimated to provide food and
local forests razed for timber
and firewood. These actions, along with increasing conflict between humans
and wildlife and hunting of
animals for food can have a huge impact on biodiversity.
Environmental damage can have wider impacts. For instance, in places where
there is no water
supply and no refuse collection, people are obliged to use and discard plastic
packaging or bottles,
sometimes in waterways, contributing to plastic pollution in the oceans. The
perception that poverty
equates to a low environmental footprint does not hold true in many
circumstances.
SOLUTIONS
The most basic things to do in ending population growth is positive and
simple, and also leads to a better
quality of life for all:
1. Lift people out of poverty
2. Provide universal access to modern family planning and quality education
3. Empower women
4. Encourage and incentivize smaller families
5. If all of these methods are used in combination, they are most effective,
and have secured
dramatic reductions in fertility rates in many countries.
 PAMBAYANG KOLEHIYO NG MAUBAN
79

ACTIVITY 1: LOTS OF PEOPLE, LOTS OF HUNGER?

Direction: Read the following scenarios thoroughly and answer the questions
provided afterwards.

FRED
Fred's family lives on the twelfth floor of an apartment building overlooking
Rizal Park in Manila. There
are six children in Fred's family. His father is a lawyer and his mother is a
dentist, and the family's major
worry is about saving enough money to send the kids to good colleges. There
are over 67,000 people
living in the square mile where Fred's building is located, according to the
PSA census.

MARCIA
Marcia, her two brothers, and her parents live on a farm in Zambales. There
are about five other families
within a mile of their farm. Marcia's parents do not own the farm but rent it
from a local landowner. Even
though last year Marcia's family grew more rice and corns than ever before,
prices paid for their crops
were low. They had to get food stamps to buy enough food for the family.
Answer the following:

1. Whose family is more likely to worry about going without food? Why?

2. Whose family lives in an "overpopulated'' area? Explain

 PAMBAYANG KOLEHIYO NG MAUBAN
80

CONCEPTS OF GLOBALIZATION This module discusses the essence and

reality of a sustainable world. The Sustainable Development focuses on the
importance of highlighting environmental considerations in terms of
development and how countries must be conscious of the role of the
environment in development.
OBJECTIVES: At the end of this module, the learners are expected to:
1. Determine the significance of sustainable development globalized world.
2. Differentiate the concept of stability from sustainability; and
3. Evaluate the concept of sustainable development in shrinking world.
DIAGNOSTICS: Instructions:
Write AGREE if you think the statement is correct; otherwise, DISAGREE.
1. Sustainable development is just an ideal pattern or trend.
2. Sustainable development can only be achieved by developed countries.
3. Environment plays a minor role in achieving sustainable development.
4. Sustainability is a vague concept in international relations.
5. There is a difference between stability and sustainability.
Global Issues
1. CLIMATE ACTION ACCELERATED? -The numbers are in: The past
decade has been the warmest in recorded history. Deadly wildfires
including those affecting Australia, hurricanes, extreme weather
events, and climate-influenced migration and hunger in many parts of
the world are now regular occurrences. Ice caps are melting, sea levels
are rising, and the very survival of island nations is being threatened.
Indeed, our entire ecosystem is at risk: 1 million animal and plant
species may be extinct within years, the largest-scale ecological loss
humans have seen. And a mounting global movement of youth
impatient for change is pushing climate protection into the global
consciousness like never before. (Source. Brown, 2020. 5 GLOBAL
ISSUES TO WATCH IN 2020. United Nations.org) Figure 1. The
Global Greenhouse gas emissions under current scenario. It reveals
that the decade to significantly curb carbon emission and avoid
catastrophe, it face an even more pressing mandate. There is a need
to halve global emissions by 2030 but the emissions gap between what
is needed and the current commitments is significant. Starting this
year, it need to cut emissions by 7.6% every year for the next 10 years
to limit warming to 1.5 degrees. 2. A DECADE TO DELIVER ON THE
SDGS - The start of 2020 ushers in the ten-year countdown to deliver
the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and is a crucial year for
ensuring our policies, financing, and ambition align to reach the Goals
by 2030. The first four years since the Goals’ launch witnessed new
commitments, coalitions, and approaches among national governments
from the developed and developing world, local actors and leaders, the
investment community and private sector, and other non-state actors.
For its part, the United Nations embarked on a major reform effort to
better deliver on the SDGs. The relationship between climate, the
SDGs, and peace has also come into greater focus. Figure 2. shows
the world has made substantial strides: The extreme poverty rate has
PAMBAYANG KOLEHIYO NG MAUBAN
81

fallen below 8%, the lowest recorded level in human history. For the
first time since the start of the SDGs, the number of people in extreme
poverty in Africa is decreasing. India, once a global hot spot for
poverty, is now on track to end extreme poverty. Children around the
world are living longer and healthier lives. The mortality rate in children
under five has nearly halved over the last twenty years and more
children than ever are receiving an education, getting necessary
vaccinations, and drinking clean water. More people have access to
electricity and nearly three-quarters of the world has essential health
services.
Figure 3 illustrate the account for world extreme poor in 2030. These
bright spots the world is off track to realize the global goals by the end
of this coming decade. On today’s trajectory, nearly half a billion people
will still live in extreme poverty in 2030: 589 million today compared
with 479 million in ten years. The overwhelming majority of those will
be in Africa, affected by a warming planet and unstable societies.
Poverty data for most of Sub-Saharan Africa, for example,
comes from information gathered before the creation of the SDGs five
years ago: a reminder that we urgently need more and better data if we
are even to know for sure how we are doing, and what policies are
working. 3. INEQUALITY AND EXCLUSION IN FOCUS Inequality is at
the heart of many of the gravest issues facing the global community,
including development, climate, and peace. It affects people and
structures across societies and borders and threatens to stymie hard-
fought development gains. What does this mean? A recent United
Nations report shows that 20% of development progress was lost in
recent years due to the unequal distribution of education, health, and
living standards. The World Economic Forum has calculated that it will
take women almost 100 years to reach gender equality. Exclusionary
practices in security, justice, and politics are at the heart of many
violent conflicts today. And it is seen as a key factor in the rise of
protests around the globe, which shows no signs of abating in 2020.
Toppling barriers to opportunity is key to making the transformative
progress needed in 2020. As stressed in the 2019 Human
Development Report, we need to evolve our understanding of
inequality. Just as the SDGs replaced the more basic Millennium
Development Goals, so, too, must we expand our definition of
inequality to address the obstacles to 21st century skills and
opportunities.

Figure 5 present the new framework for inequality. This perspective on

inequality means understanding who is getting left behind – where, and
how. The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation’s annual Goalkeepers report
measuring SDG progress noted that birthplace and gender are some of
the most powerful predictors of future success. For many of the world’s
poorest, including women and children, the odds are stacked against
them simply because of where they were born. Another tool to address
PAMBAYANG KOLEHIYO NG MAUBAN
82

inequality is expanding measures of economic performance to account

for social conditions, as many leading thinkers are starting to do. Some
actors, though not nearly enough, are also taking action. New Zealand
has created the world’s first ‘Well Being’ budget which balances
economic measures with social indicators. And the Business
Roundtable shook the business community with a statement that shifts
company focus from shareholders to stakeholders.
4. CRISES ON THE BRINK: CONFLICT, PEACE, AND
HUMANITARIAN RESPONSE The year 2020 marks the ninth
anniversary of the war in Syria, and the fifth in Yemen. Venezuela may
very well become the source of the world’s largest and most
underfunded refugee crisis. Lethal violence and violent crime is on the
rise, affecting growing cities in an urbanizing world. And the risk of
interstate conflicts and geopolitical strife has taken center stage. Figure
6 shows the factors build on worrying trends from 2019, where more
people required assistance than initially forecast due to conflicts and
extreme weather-related disasters. Women and children are being
disproportionately affected and are at higher risks of sexual and
gender-based violence. Over 60% of the world’s chronically food
insecure people live in countries affected by conflict. These figures put
into stark relief the challenges of achieving the SDGs in such daunting
contexts. At current rates, 80% of the world’s population living in
extreme poverty in 2030 will be in fragile or conflict-affected settings. 5.
A UNITED WORLD? THE UN AT 75 The year 2020 is the time to move
the world closer to a sustainable, equitable, and just future and to set
the tone for the decade ahead. This comes as the UN approaches its
75th anniversary, offering a moment to reflect on the world we have
achieved working together. It is also an opportunity to look forward
together. The UN is launching a global conversation about the future
we want and the issues that matter most, with an intent of asking us all
countries, communities, businesses, organizations, individuals – to
help define what we need to get there. It is looking for new ideas,
approaches, and partnerships crucial for the complex challenges the
world faces, like the ones detailed above. It will encourage us to
consider the intersecting issues and mega-trends that will shape the
world ahead:
digital technology, conflict and violence, inequality, climate change,
shifting demographics, and global health. (Wacth UN@75 :
https://youtu.be/xJ2b5BtUvuA) These five issues have real and
pressing implications today, but their fast-moving trajectories demand
global cooperation. This September’s UN General Assembly will serve
as an important inflection point on the progress made, gaps remaining,
and future needs for collective action to tackle poverty, climate, climate
and inequality. And this anniversary year for the UN is a moment to
look forward at the many critical paths the world faces and to put in
place critical efforts that will affect our world not just today but in the
years ahead. The stakes are high and the challenges are not to be
PAMBAYANG KOLEHIYO NG MAUBAN
83

underestimated. In 2020, our ability to act, in our shared best interest

and for greater collective impact, has never been more important.
Guiding Light  Explain the link between the five issues in the global
economic crisis.  What would be role of SDGs in addressing the gaps
in global context? Discussion Sustainable Development is the
development that meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
It focuses on fulfilling the basic needs of citizens rather than amazing
profits. The World Commission on the Environment and Development
(WCED) outline for environment and development policies following its
concept of sustainable development. 1. Revving growth 2. Changing
the quality of growth 3. Meeting essential needs for jobs, food, energy,
water, and sanitation, 4. Ensuring a sustainable level of population, 5.
Conserving and enhancing the resource base, 6. Reorienting
technology and managing risk, and 7. Merging environment and
economics in decision making. UN Agenda 21 of 1992 Agenda 21 is a
comprehensive plan of action to be taken globally, nationally and
locally by organizations of the United Nations System, Governments,
and Major Groups in every area in which human impacts on the
environment. (See the Full text of the UN Agenda 21 of 1992 at
https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/Agenda21.p
df. Agenda 21 requires that nations participating in the quest for a more
sustainable social, environmental and economic future develop
national strategies for their sustainable development. The UK
Government bases its vision of sustainable development on four broad
objectives.  Social progress which recognizes the needs of everyone;
 Effective protection of the environment;  Prudent use of natural
resources; and  Maintenance of high and stable levels of economic
growth and employment. The UK Sustainable Development Strategy
recognizes that everybody has the right to a healthy, clean and safe
environment. This can be achieved by reducing pollution, poverty, poor
housing and unemployment. Global environmental threats, such as
climate change and poor air quality must be reduced to protect human
and environmental health. The use of non-renewable resources such
as fossil fuels should not be stopped overnight, but they must be used
efficiently, and the development of alternatives should be used to help
phase them out. Finally, everybody has the right to a good standard of
living, with better job opportunities. Economic prosperity is required if
the UK is to prosper. For this, we need a workforce equipped with
suitable skills and education within a framework to support them. The
UK Sustainable Development Strategy recognizes the need for a new,
more environmentally sound approach to development, especially with
regard to transport, energy production and waste management. The
Government wishes to allow economic growth to continue, but more
sustainably, to ensure that the costs of growth do result in excessive
environmental deterioration or social injustice. Changing the way we
think about development is an important part of the UK Strategy. The
PAMBAYANG KOLEHIYO NG MAUBAN
84

UK Strategy is a catalyst for change. Its ten guiding principles are

summarized below:  putting people at the center;  taking a long term
perspective;  taking account of costs and benefits;  creating an open
and supportive economic system;  combating poverty and social
exclusion;  respecting environmental limits;  the precautionary
principle;  using scientific knowledge;  transparency, information,
participation and access to justice;  making the polluter pay. Source:
https://www.sustainable
environment.org.uk/Action/UK_Strategy.php#:~:text Sustainability and
Stability Sustainability leads to stability; however, stability alone may
not necessarily lead to sustainability. Stable environment is simply
resistant to change but somehow lack the element of resiliency that
sustainable environment possess because is far for stable environment
to become unstable in comparison to the possibility of sustainable
environments becoming: unsustainable.” Analyze the research article
entitled Environmental stability and sustainable development of Santos,
(2005) https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/sd.259.
PAMBAYANG KOLEHIYO NG MAUBAN
85

OVERVIEW This module presents the concepts about climate change

and a short discussion about its causes and how it happens. This also
provides you with an understanding of its ecological, and socio-
economic consequences as it influences and being influenced by the
process of globalization. OBJECTIVES: At the end of this module, the
learners are expected to: 1. Define and explain what climate change is;
2. Identify its environmental, and socio-economic consequences; and
3. Recognize the interaction between climate change and globalization
DIAGNOSTICS: Instructions: Write AGREE if you think the statement
is correct; otherwise, DISAGREE.
_________ 1. Climate change and global warming are synonymous
terms.
_________ 2. Carbon dioxide is the main contributor to climate
change.
_________ 3. Increasing temperature of the planet results to drought
as well as flooding .
_________ 4. The most vulnerable sector to climate risk is tourism.
_________ 5. Globalization caused climate change but can also help in
addressing it. DISCUSSION Climate Change and Its causes Climate
change refers to the long-term changes in the climate that occur over
decades, centuries or longer. It is caused by rapidly increasing
greenhouse gases in the Earth’s atmosphere due primarily to burning
fossil fuels (e.g., coal, oil, and natural gas). Much like the glass of a
greenhouse, gases in our atmosphere sustain life on Earth by trapping
the sun’s heat. These gases allow the sun’s rays to pass through and
warm the earth, but prevent this warmth from escaping our atmosphere
into space. Without naturallyoccurring, heat-trapping gases—mainly
water vapor, carbon dioxide and methane—Earth would be too cold to
sustain life as we know it. The danger lies in the rapid increase of
carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases that intensify this natural
greenhouse effect. For thousands of years, the global carbon supply
was essentially stable as natural processes removed as much carbon
as they released. Modern human activity—burning fossil fuels,
deforestation, intensive agriculture—has added huge quantities of
carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. Today’s atmosphere
contains 42 per cent more carbon dioxide than it did at the start of the
industrial era. Levels of methane and carbon dioxide are the highest
they have been in nearly thousands of years. These heat-trapping
gases are warming the Earth and the Oceans resulting in rising sea
levels, changes in storm patterns, altered ocean currents, changes in
rainfall, melting snow and ice, more extreme heat events, fires, and
drought. These impacts are projected to continue and in some cases,
intensify, affecting human health, infrastructure, forests, agriculture,
freshwater supplies, coastlines, and marine systems. The common
greenhouse gases are carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide,
hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons and sulphur hexafluoride. Of
these six gases, three are of primary concern because they are closely
PAMBAYANG KOLEHIYO NG MAUBAN
86

associated to human activities.  Carbon dioxide is the main contributor

to climate change, especially through the burning of fossil fuels. 
Methane is produced naturally when vegetation is burned, digested or
rotted without the presence of oxygen. Large amounts of methane are
released by cattle farming, waste dumps, rice farming and the
production of oil and gas. Oil and gas drilling and hydraulic fracturing
(“fracking”) operations are major sources of methane pollution, via
leaks from damaged or improperly fitted equipment and intentionally
vented gas.  Nitrous oxide, released by chemical fertilizers and
burning fossil fuels, has a global warming potential 310 times that of
carbon dioxide. By disrupting the atmospheric balance that keeps the
climate stable, we are now seeing extreme effects around the globe.
The climate changes and it gets warmer. Extreme weather events also
become more common. These effects are already having a significant
impact on ecosystems, economies and communities. Environmental
Consequences of Climate Change Among the many environmental
effects of climate change are the following:  Changes in soil moisture
levels Many habitats and species of organisms are adapted to a rather
wet environment. Climate change forecasts expect moisture levels to
decrease, so habitats that are sensitive to moisture levels will suffer if
the climate becomes much drier. Reduction in function of loss of
habitats could impact food production, water supply and quality, and
use of land for tourism and leisure. Reduced soil moisture is also linked
to increased risk of wildfires, and the vulnerability of species to pests
and disease.  Extreme flooding and coastline changes A coastal
environment is dynamic and with high biodiversity, supporting a wide
range of species. Changes in sea level can change coastal habitats
through erosion or sediment deposits, providing both risks and new
opportunities to plant and animal species. Some coastal features also
play an important role in protecting human settlements from flooding.
Typically coastal changes occur over a long period of time but events
such as storm surges and major flooding can lead to large-scale
changes in a short period of time (although this is rare). Climate
change is expected to lead to sea level rise and both loss of habitats
and creation of new ones along the coastlines. Some international
studies project significant losses of coastal habitats, but since coastal
land often provides leisure, landscape and tourism benefits, adapting
and managing new coastal habitats could be cost-effective.  Increased
risk from pests, disease and invasive non-native species These issues
are interlinked and the risk is expected to increase due to climate
change because many species are climate sensitive, and also because
generally warmer winters provide a more conducive environment for
non-native species and pathogens. Most of the research to date has
focused on human health effects, but the risk also applies to broader
biodiversity. The introduction of non-native species (either deliberate or
accidental) may displace existing species and lead to the introduction
of new pests and diseases as well as disrupt agriculture. It is also
PAMBAYANG KOLEHIYO NG MAUBAN
87

possible that a changing climate may favour non-native species to the

detriment of native ones.  Species unable to track changing climate
space Species distribution is often associated with a particular range of
climate parameters, so changing climate is likely to shift their preferred
habitat either geographically or in terms of size. Some species may not
be able to find an available and suitable new habitat, leaving them
vulnerable to extinction. In turn this reduces biodiversity and potentially
the resilience of the local ecosystem.  Changes in soil organic carbon
The organic content of soil influences the supply of nutrients and water
to plants and the release of greenhouse gases. All components of soil
are considered to be at risk from climate change, reducing the ability of
the ecosystem to function. While climate change may lead to increased
atmospheric carbon dioxide which could potentially increase plant
productivity, temperature increases are likely to increase biomass
decomposition (reducing soil organic carbon) and the combination of
drier summers and wetter winters to increase soil erosion.  Changes
in species migration patterns Many animals, especially birds, migrate to
warmer climates in winter. Changing climates can therefore impact
migration patterns. This may present both risks and opportunities to
migratory species. Observations suggest that patterns are already
changing, in terms of geography and timing, behaviour which itself
might be considered an adaptation to climate change. However
concern is that it may impact breeding patterns and successes. 
Increased water temperature Aquatic species are generally highly
sensitive to water temperatures, and the stratification of water bodies
can also be impacted by climate chance, affecting the supply of oxygen
and nutrients which in turn affects fish growth and viability.  Impacts
on water quality Water pollution is a major source of damage to aquatic
habitats. It can occur through human and agricultural waste
deliberately or accidentally deposited in water bodies, and can be
exacerbated by low rainfall. Climate change may lead to a change in
rainfall patterns, and indirectly impact the use of fertilisers in
agriculture. The key challenge is to reduce pollution at its source. 
Increased risk of wildfires Hotter, drier summers, and reduced soil
moisture as described above, lead to greater fire risk. This can result in
habitat destruction and species extinction, as well as increased soil
erosion and water pollution.  Reduced water quantity A reduction in
water supply due to climate change combined with an increase in
demand for agricultural irrigation will have an impact on the ability of
aquatic ecosystems to maintain and replenish. It is known that low
water flows can lead to increases in pollution and nutrient
concentrations. This can affect both wildlife and drinking water. While
the impact of climate change on some species is already well
understood, less is known about the interactions of different species
and of habitat change. The inevitable impact of climate change on most
ecosystems is exacerbated by human-driven factors such as land use
change, pollution and even globalization. Some ecosystems may prove
PAMBAYANG KOLEHIYO NG MAUBAN
88

resilient to some climate change impacts, but the evidence suggests

that most need to be supported by a planned adaptation response if
irreversible changes to ecosystems are to be prevented. Socio-
economic Impacts of Climate Change Sectors to be affected by climate
change include the following:  On Agriculture and Fishery The sector
most vulnerable to climate risk is agriculture. Many countries of the
Third World are very dependent on agriculture and they would bear the
onerous effect of climate change. Extreme rainfall events have caused
historic flooding decimating crops and livestock of farmers and this
could impact food supply. This lost yield could cause prices to rise, and
disrupt market places. As a result of climate change impacts, it is
projected that current yield of basic crops like rice and corn would
shoot up. In addition to flooding, increased heat and drought will likely
reduce crop yields. According to a 2011 National Academy of Sciences
report, for every degree Celsius the global thermostat rises, there will
be a 5 to 15 percent decrease in overall crop production. Many
commodity crops such as corn, soybean, wheat, rice, and some others
do not grow well above certain temperature thresholds. In addition,
crops will be affected by less availability of water and groundwater,
increased pests and weeds, and fire risk. And as farmers struggle to
stay afloat by finding ways to adapt to changing conditions, prices will
likely increase and be passed along to consumers. For fisheries, the
rise in sea temperatures will cause fish species to move to colder
waters, which in turn will lead to a loss of revenue for tropical countries.
The increased frequency of storms will have consequences for fishing
trips, security, and may entail risks for the destruction of fishing boats
and flooding of fishermen’s villages. Shellfish resources, as a vital
element for fishing communities, will be impacted by higher sea surface
temperatures, sea-level rise and ocean acidification.  On Infrastructure
Much of our society’s critical infrastructure is at risk from flooding. Sea
level rise could potentially cause a loss of value of assets the end of
the century. That is loss from damage to housing, damage to airports
on the coasts, damage to piers, and other infrastructure which are
along the coast. Much of this infrastructure will likely need to be
repaired or replaced. Many important cities in the world are located on
the coastline. Some of them are already experiencing the adverse
effects of coastal erosion and sea-level rise, such as floods, water table
pollution and habitat and infrastructure deterioration. These are
particularly felt by most vulnerable populations. An international report
mentions the case of an event that occurred in Durban, South Africa
where as a result of the combination of a high sea level and a cyclone,
a swell of over 14 metres surged up and created havoc estimated at
US $ 100 million.  On Human Health Climate changes will affect
human health both directly and indirectly, including through heat stress,
the incidence of illnesses such as malaria or meningitis, the geographic
or seasonal expansion of a number of bacterium, consequences from
hunger and malnutrition as well as illnesses caused by unclean water.
PAMBAYANG KOLEHIYO NG MAUBAN
89

The development of toxic algae will impact the health of ecosystems,

with consequences on coastal productivity, nursery areas, biodiversity
and human health through the consumption of contaminated seafood.
Increasing warmth and precipitation will also add to the risk of
waterborne and foodborne diseases and allergies, and spur the
proliferation of insects that spread diseases like Zika, West Nile, and
dengue disease into new territories. Extreme weather and climate-
related natural disasters can also exacerbate mental health issues. The
most vulnerable populations, such as the elderly, children, low-income
communities and communities of color, will be most affected by these
health impacts.  On Tourism Predominant on the coastline, tourism
will be directly affected by the evolution of climate conditions
(temperatures, rainfalls, strength of the wind), aquatic parameters
(surface temperatures, invasive species, including algae and
jellyfishes) or coastal risks (erosion and floods). Available beach areas
will be reduced as a result of erosion and sea-level rise, thereby
causing significant damages to the fishing industry and fishery-
dependent local economies. Additional resources will need to be set
aside for the protection of the coastline and related infrastructures.
These changes will generally affect the attractiveness of destinations
and tourists’ preferences. In addition, as water temperatures increase,
water quality could suffer due to more frequent and more intense algae
blooms, which can be toxic, thus curtailing recreational water activities
and freshwater fishing. More frequent and severe wildfires will worsen
air quality and discourage tourism. Sea level rise could submerge small
islands and coastal areas, while deforestation and its destructive
impacts on biodiversity could make some tourist destinations less
attractive.  On Business and the Financial Market Climate change and
its impacts across the globe will threaten the bottom line of businesses
in a variety of ways. The frequency and intensity of extreme weather in
many countries can damage factories, supply chain operations and
other infrastructure, and disrupt transport. Drought will make water
more expensive, which will likely affect the cost of raw materials and
production. Climate volatility may force companies to deal with
uncertainty in the price of resources for production, energy transport
and insurance. And some products could become obsolete or lose their
market, such as equipment related to coal mining or skiing in an area
that no longer has snow. In 2018, the Carbon Disclosure Project asked
more than 7,000 companies to assess their financial risks from climate
change. The CDP found that, unless they took preemptive measures,
215 of the world’s 500 biggest global corpprations could lose an
estimated one trillion dollars due to climate change, beginning within
five years. For example, Alphabet (Google’s parent company) will likely
have to deal with rising cooling costs for its data centers. Hitachi Ltd.’s
suppliers in Southeast Asia could be disrupted by increased rainfall
and flooding. Some companies have already been impacted by climate
change-related losses. Western Digital Technologies, maker of hard
PAMBAYANG KOLEHIYO NG MAUBAN
90

disks, suffered enormous losses in 2011 after flooding in Thailand

disrupted its production. Because of global warming, the trend would
be to veer away from the use of fossil fuels but the movement away
from fossil fuels will have a big impact which could affect banks and
investment firms that have relationships with the fossil fuel industry,
according to some economists. For example, the stock market value of
the U.S. coal industry in 2011 was
something like $37 billion. Today it’s about $2 billion. So anybody that
lent a lot of money
to the coal industry 10 years back would be in trouble. One of the
things worrying those in
the financial field is that this could happen to the oil and gas industry.
So people who have
invested in them or lent money to them are potentially at risk.
Climate Change and Globalization
Globalization is to blame.
The threats of climate change and ecological degradation are a product
of the rapid
carbon-intensive economic growth that has underpinned globalization.
With the expansion
of the global economy from the 1950s a process known as the ‘Great
Acceleration’ led to
rapid increases of socio-economic indicators, from GDP growth to
urbanization, that are
causally linked to rising CO2 emissions and environmental
deterioration. We now face a
dismal situation. Unless we undertake immediate and radical measures
to curb greenhouse
gas emissions and restore the Earth’s capacities to cool itself, we risk
triggering ‘tipping
points’ that lead to rapid, self-reinforcing and uncontrollable increases
in global
temperatures with devastating consequences for humanity. Now, more
than ever, the
interaction between environmental problems like climate change and
globalization is
becoming more and more obvious.
Most of the time, we see globalization from economic aspect.
Economic globalization is a
multi-dimensional concept. In short, it can be defined as the use and
distribution of goods
and services, people, knowledge and capital across national borders.
Its notion regularly
evokes controversy. Proponents point to the wide range of available
consumer goods and
services, efficiency gains due to product specialization, and the
diffusion of technological
PAMBAYANG KOLEHIYO NG MAUBAN
91

progress. On the other hand, there are also many opponents who see
globalization as the
cause of, among other things, increasing income inequality and the
destruction of jobs.
Economic globalization is also seen as one of the factors responsible
for climate change
and environmental issues.
Although it is difficult to calculate the exact climate impact of
globalization, there is
clearly a link between the two as what have been stated earlier. This
negative impact of
globalization on climate is mainly due to increased greenhouse gas
emissions. The main
direct sources of greenhouse gas emissions are power supply,
industrial production and
transport. Even without globalization, these activities would take place.
But the trend
towards globalization in the 20th century and especially in recent
decades has contributed
to its global acceleration. In the first place, globalization gave rise to a
multiplication of
transport networks in the form of road, rail, sea and air transport within
and across
national borders. In addition, growing international trade and
investment have stimulated
global industrial activity.
These developments went hand in hand with an increase in global
greenhouse gas emissions.
Initially, developed regions such as the US and Europe were the main
polluters, but over
time emerging economies such as China have become the main
emitters. After all, an
important part of global production has shifted to these countries,
where, moreover, less
stringent environmental standards often apply.
Economic globalization has led to many positive developments, but its
negative contribution
to the climate problem is undeniable. This does not mean, however
and according to some economists, that globalization and climate
change are incompatible. They claimed that there is no doubt that the
production and transport of goods will have to be done in a more
sustainable way going forward. Agreements at the global level and
monitored compliance are highly needed. From a macroeconomic point
of view, in an ideal world the negative externalities of transport and
production would be eliminated or compensated – likely through pricing
- without undoing the positive effects of international free trade.
However, the means through which such a system, or other options for
PAMBAYANG KOLEHIYO NG MAUBAN
92

combating climate change, could be implemented, such as public

policy or providing incentives to change private behavior, have proven
difficult to achieve. After all, complex, global problems in the longer
term are less of a priority for policymakers, who tend to focus on more
acute, national themes where visible results can be achieved quickly.
Globalization can help. On the other hand, globalization can also
contribute to possible solutions to climate problems. The diffusion of
green or climate-friendly technologies is facilitated through global
networks of industry, capital flows and research and development. In
addition, the rapid dissemination of technological improvements will
also make it possible to better monitor and report on all kinds of climate
actions. This heightened transparency will increase global climate
awareness and the pressure to act will only intensify. In order to tackle
the climate issue thoroughly, a profound collaboration between public
and private parties with cooperation platforms that cross national
borders will be necessary. Globalization facilitates this process. It is
also important to take greater account of the distribution of the benefits
and costs of economic globalization. Many developing countries today
are hardest hit by global warming while enjoying relatively little of the
benefits of globalization. However, throwing the baby out with the
bathwater and reversing economic globalization is a step too far. After
all, its positive effects worldwide are considerable. The challenge,
therefore, is to make globalization both economically and ecologically
interesting. This is not an obvious goal, but a necessary one.
PAMBAYANG KOLEHIYO NG MAUBAN
93

Exercise 1: Globalization and I Name:

______________________________ Date: ____________ Course
and Section: ____________________ Score: ___________
Instructions: Find, read and attach an opinion-editorial (op-ed) article
discussing globalization. Extract the underlying concept of globalization
explained in the article.
___________________________________________________ Title
and Author of the Chosen Article 1. Based on the article, is
globalization a process, a condition, or an ideology? Explain your
choice.
________________________________________________________
___
________________________________________________________
___
________________________________________________________
___
________________________________________________________
___
________________________________________________________
___
________________________________________________________
___
________________________________________________________
___
________________________________________________________
___ 2. On whose perspective is the definition of globalization anchored
(political scientists, economists, or culture and communications
experts) Give at least three (3) reasons to support your choice.
________________________________________________________
___
________________________________________________________
___
________________________________________________________
___
________________________________________________________
___
________________________________________________________
___
________________________________________________________
___
________________________________________________________
___ ____________________________
PAMBAYANG KOLEHIYO NG MAUBAN
94

Exercise : Personal Experience on Environmental Degradation and

Globalization
Name: ______________________________ Date: ____________
Course and Section: ____________________ Score: ___________
Instructions: Identify as many environmental problems as you can in
your
barangay and explain the degree by which these problems are caused
by
globalization.
1. _______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
2. _______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
3. _______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
4. _______________________________________
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
PAMBAYANG KOLEHIYO NG MAUBAN
95

CONCEPTS OF FOOD SECURITY

Food Security, or as a stand-alone introduction to the concepts of
food security, malnutrition, and the global food system. It can be
taught in any course discussing food security or it can be modified
to fit a variety of courses of in the sciences and social sciences. The
activities included in this unit are appropriate for introductory-level
college students or as a basis for more in-depth class discussions on
food security for upper-level students.
OBJECTIVES:
At the end of this module, the learners are expected to:
 Define food security.
 List the major causes of food (in)security.
 Describe the three components of malnutrition.
 Describe and illustrate the components of the global food system.
 Be able to create a simple map using ArcGIS Online.
DIAGNOSTICS:
Instructions: Read the Pablo Neruda’s “Oda a la manzana: (Ode to the
Apple”). Explain and
Analyze the images below.
Food Security and the Global Food System
What is Food Security?
Food security is centered on the premise “that all people at all times
have access (including
physical, social and economic) to sufficient, safe and nutritious food
necessary to lead active
and healthy lives” (FAO 2009). Essentially, humans should not have to
rely on stealing,
scavenging, or obtaining emergency supplies for food. When
populations face food insecurity
they are living with the absence of food security.
The region in the world to experience the greatest threat of food
security is Sub-Saharan
Africa. However, food security is something that every country and
region on Earth must
contend with.
Malnutrition and Food Security
Closely tied to food security is the concept of malnutrition. Rebekah
Paci-Green and Gigi
Berardi remind us that food security “can be considered as access to a
daily minimum amount
of culturally appropriate calories” (2015, pg. 686). Most people
associate malnutrition solely
with chronic hunger (also known as energy deficiency), which afflicts
more than a billion
people on the planet (McDonald 2010). There are, however, still two
other types of
PAMBAYANG KOLEHIYO NG MAUBAN
96

malnutrition: nutrient deficiencies and excessive energy intake. Nutrient

deficiencies,
associated with deficiencies in key vitamins, lead to higher maternal
death rates, blindness,
birth defects, and greater susceptibility to diseases. Excessive net
energy intake is when
people take in energy rich foods that are nutrient poor. Combining
these foods with very
little exercise often leads to obesity and chronic diseases such as Type
2 Diabetes (Sage
2010).
Factors Influencing Food Security
Brian McDonald, author of Food Security, identified five factors
presently influencing food
security. These factors, which include population growth, changing
diets/food consumption,
global food prices, climate change, and changing technology will be
described in greater
detail below.
1) Population Growth. Earth’s human population has increased from
1.7 billion in 1900 to
more than 7 billion people in 2016. Much of our population growth
comes from regions in the
global south as well as urban areas. However, given our growing
population, scientists predict
that we will still have enough food to feed the world’s population. Albeit
efforts to provide
enough food to feed this population will continue to put pressure on
Earth’s resources
(Godfray et al., 2010; McDonald 2010).
2) Changing diets/food consumption.
Changing diets and food preferences are occurring in China, India, and
Brazil as a result of
their middle class. With greater spending power, these populations are
adding more meat to
their diets, which is driving up the cost of meat and poultry. In the
1990s, less than half of
all meat consumed in the world took place in developing countries and
by 2006 that
percentage had jumped to 60 percent. In addition, as more people on
our planet consume
greater amounts of meat, more land is required to support this diet. For
example, the
average vegetarian diet requires roughly 800 square meters per person
of land, while a meat
and dairy diet requires 4000 square meters.
3) Global Food Price Crisis of 2008
PAMBAYANG KOLEHIYO NG MAUBAN
97

Over the last decade, global food prices had been on the rise and were
especially
exacerbated by the recession in 2008. An extreme example of this
price jump occurred over
a five-month period in 2007 when the prices of corn and wheat
doubled. A number of factors
have lead to the increase in food cost: the growing wealth in places like
China and India
where consumers can pay more food, eat larger meals, and consume
diets that contain more
meat, the high price of oil, fertilizers and pesticides, and an overall
decrease in food
stockpiles.
4) Climate Change
One of the greatest concerns in food security is climate change, which
will continue to put
pressure on the environment. Growing seasons will extend in some
regions (particularly the
mid-to high latitudes i.e. North America, Russia, and Central Asia)
while being reduced in
others due to drought, heat waves, hurricanes, and floods.
5) Changing Technology
A number of innovations in technology have led to changes in food
security. Scientists have
made advancements in agriculture and food production alongside
greater refinement in crop breeding. Improvements in irrigation are
leading to less water waste, and machinery has
replaced animal and human muscle.
In addition to these five factors, Paci-Green and Berardi (2015) further
elaborate on the
negative impacts of food security to also include conflict and natural
hazards:
1. Civil conflict or limited access to food-producing resources,
especially land,
results in food deficits.
2. Natural hazards strike vulnerable populations, whether that is a
broad segment
of a community or, more frequently, its marginalized members.
3. Food quality is compromised, due to either (1) or (2) above, or to
inadequate
quality of food (little fresh produce, poor protein sources, low-nutrient
calories)
and/or reasonably priced retail outlets selling high quality foods. (pg.
686)
The Global Food System
Previous centuries provide examples of a global food system largely
limited to luxury food
PAMBAYANG KOLEHIYO NG MAUBAN
98

items such as sugar and spices (Sage 2012). More recently, however,
our world is complexly
interconnected through culture, politics, and economies in a process
called globalization.
The scale and intensity of the interconnectivity is unprecedented in
human history, and our
food system is no exception. McDonald defines the global food system
as “complex network
of relations that includes the production, harvest, processing, transport,
and consumption
of food (p. 28). Colin Sage elaborates to describe the primary
components of the global agrifood system: consumers, food retailing
and service, processing and manufacturing, and
primary production (2012, p. 30). The global food system also relies
heavily on transportation
infrastructure that includes travel routes, ports of entry, interstate road
and railroad
networks, and fuel for transportation (Paci-Green and Berardi 2015; p.
689).
The Future of Food Security
Charles Godfrey and others remind us that while we can continue to be
optimistic in
scientific and technological innovation for our global food system, we
must also be cautious
of growing greenhouse gas emissions and increasing water scarcity,
which will pose enormous
challenges to sustainably producing food in the future (2010). In
addition, McDonald argues
that in order to create food security, we must uncouple the global food
system and address
food insecurity at a range of scales. “Individuals and communities can
define problems,
prioritize efforts, increase transparency, and develop solutions” (pgs.
155-156). Education
is key to informing people about their food choices, how their food was
produced, its
nutritional value, and the overall ecological footprint of their food (often
including the
distance it has traveled).
PAMBAYANG KOLEHIYO NG MAUBAN
99

Name: __________________________ Date: __________

Course and Section: _______________ Score: _________
Multiple Choice Review Questions
1. All of the following impact food security except?
a) Changing wealth in countries like China and Brazil
b) Climate change placing stressors on the environment
c) Increase in global food prices
d) Population growth in rural areas
2. Globalization includes increasing interconnectedness of our world in
what areas:
a) Political
b) Cultural
c) Economic
d) All of the above
3. Malnutrition resulting from energy rich, nutrient poor foods combined
with reduced physical
activities best describes
a)Energy Deficiencies
b) Nutrient deficiencies
c) Excessive net energy intake
d) None of the Above
4. Elements of the global food system include:
a) production
b) harvest
c)processing
d) transport
e) All of the Above
5. What region of the world experiences the greatest threat to food
security?
a) Sub-Saharan Africa
b) Europe
c) SE Asia
d) North America
PAMBAYANG KOLEHIYO NG MAUBAN
100

Name: __________________________ Date: __________

Course and Section: ________________ Score: _________
Answers the following :
1. When you hear the words food security, what images, places,
characteristics come to mind? Spend a few minutes writing your
impressions (a couple sentences). You could also search for images
that
illustrate your thoughts. Paste those images into your word document.
2. Obtain background on understanding of traditional cocoa production
to
prepare mapping activity, read
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3109247/ focusing
specifically on (Abstract, Introduction, Different Disciplines, Different
Explanations; Conclusion). Be prepared to discuss cocoa production in
class, prepare one or two points you wish to contribute to the
discussion.
Analyze the Myth of Complex Cocoa Agroforests: The Case of Ghana
and
provide an insight of food security development.
PAMBAYANG KOLEHIYO NG MAUBAN
101