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Looping Control Structures: While

The document discusses different types of repetition or looping control structures in C++ including while loops, for loops, and do-while loops. While and for loops check the loop condition first before executing the loop body, making them pretest loops. Do-while loops check the condition after executing the body, making it a posttest loop so the body executes at least once. These looping structures allow repeating a block of code a specified number of times or as long as a condition remains true.

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Bello, Romalaine Anne C.
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© © All Rights Reserved
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64 views

Looping Control Structures: While

The document discusses different types of repetition or looping control structures in C++ including while loops, for loops, and do-while loops. While and for loops check the loop condition first before executing the loop body, making them pretest loops. Do-while loops check the condition after executing the body, making it a posttest loop so the body executes at least once. These looping structures allow repeating a block of code a specified number of times or as long as a condition remains true.

Uploaded by

Bello, Romalaine Anne C.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Repetition (Looping) Control Structures In C++

In programming languages – while coding a program, sometimes it is necessary to repeat a set of


statements several times (Looping Control Structures ). A way to repeat statements is to type the
same statements in the program over and over. For example, if you want to repeat
some statements 100 times, you type the same statements 100 times in the program. However,
this solution of repeating statements is impractical, if not impossible. Fortunately, there is a better
way to repeat a set of statements.

As noted earlier, C++ has three repetition, or looping control structures that allow you to repeat a
set of statements until certain conditions are met.

Note: The variable that controls the loop is called loop control variable (LCV)

While Looping Control Structures
The first loop that we’re going to discuss about is while loop. The general form of while loop is:

while (expression)
statement

 In C++, while  is a reserved word. Of course, the statement can be either a simple or compound
statement. The expression acts as a decision maker and is usually a logical expression. The
statement is called the body of the loop. Note that the parentheses around the expression are
part of the syntax.

while loop – Looping Control Structures

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int X = 0; //Line 1
while (x <= 20) //Line 2
{
cout << x << " "; //Line 3
x = x + 5; //Line 4
}

return 0;

In Line 1, the variable x is set to 0. The expression in the while statement (in Line 2), x <= 20, is
evaluated. Because the expression x <= 20 evaluates to true, the body of the while loop executes
next. The body of the while loop consists of the statements in Lines 3 and 4. The statement in Line
3 outputs the value of x, which is 0. The statement in Line 4 changes the value of x to 5. After
executing the statements in Lines 3 and 4, the expression in the while loop (Line 2) is evaluated
again. Because x is 5, the expression x <= 20 evaluates to true and the body of the while loop
executes again. This process of evaluating the expression and executing the body of
the while loop continues until the expression, x <= 20 (in Line 2), no longer evaluates to true.

Kinds of while loops are: counter-controlled, flag-controlled, sentinel-controlled, EOF-


controlled while loops and etc.

for Repetition (Looping) Structure


The general form of for  loop is:

for (initial statement; loop condition; update statement)


statement

The initial statement, loop condition, and update statement (called for loop control


statements) enclosed within the parentheses control the body (statement) of the for statement.
For Loop
The for loop executes as follows:

1. The initial statement executes.
2. The loop condition is evaluated. If the loop condition evaluates to true:
1. Execute the for loop statement.
2. Execute the update statement (the third expression in the parentheses).
3. Repeat Step 2 until the loop condition evaluates to false.

The initial statement usually initializes a variable (called the for loop control, or for indexed,


variable).

In C++, for is a reserved word.

Concentrate on the example bellow:

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int x;
for (x = 0; x < 10 ; x++)
{
cout << x << " ";
}
cout << endl;

return 0;
}

The initial statement, x = 0;, initializes the int variable x to 0. Next, the loop condition, x<10, is


evaluated. Because 0<10 is true, the print statement executes and outputs 0. The update
statement, x++, then executes, which sets the value of x to 1. Once again, the loop condition is
evaluated, which is still true, and so on. When x becomes 10, the loop condition evaluates
to false, the for loop terminates, and the statement following the for loop executes.
For Loop Example

do…while Repetition (Looping) Structure


This section describes the third type of looping or repetition structure, called a do…while loop.
The general form of a do…while statement is as follows:

do
statement
while (expression);

do-while Loop
The statement executes first, and then the expression is evaluated. If the expression evaluates
to true, the statement executes again. As long as the expression in a do…while statement is true,
the statement executes. To avoid an infinite loop, you must, once again, make sure that the loop
body contains a statement that ultimately makes the expression false and assures that it exits
properly.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
x = 0;
do {
cout << x << " ";
x = x + 5;
}while (x <= 20);
return 0;
}

The output of the code is:

0  5  10  15  20

After 20 output, the statement:

x = x +5;

changes the value of x to 25 and so x <=20 becomes false, which halts the loop.

 In a while and for loop, the loop condition is evaluated before executing the body of the
loop. Therefore, while and for loops are called pretest loops. On the other hand, the loop
condition in a do…while loop is evaluated after executing the body of the loop.
Therefore, do…while loops are called post-test loops. Because the while and for loops
both have entry conditions, these loops may never activate. The do…while loop, on the
other hand, has an exit condition and therefore always executes the statement at least
once. Looping Control Structures

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