math 131 application: volumes by disks: volume part ii 6

6.2 Volumes of Revolution: The Disk Method

One of the simplest applications of integration (Theorem 6.1.1)—and the accumu-

lation process—is to determine so-called volumes of revolution. In this section we
will concentrate on a method known as the disk method.

Solids of Revolution
If a region in the plane is revolved about a line in the same plane, the resulting
object is a solid of revolution, and the line is called the axis of revolution. The
following situation is typical of the problems we will encounter.

Solids of Revolution from Areas Under Curves. Suppose that y = f ( x ) is a contin-

uous (non-negative) function on the interval [ a, b]. Rotate the region under the f
between x = a and x = b around the the x-axis and determine the volume of the
resulting solid of revolution. See Figure 6.10

......
.................. y = f (x) ..............
.................. .... .....
..................
.................. ..................
..................
..
. ... Figure 6.10: Left: The region under
f ( xi ) ........................................................ • f ( xi ) ............................................................. • ... ...

........
....
.........
..
.
...
................ ...
...... ... .. ... .
. .. ....
.
...
.
. ...
...
...
the continuous curve y = f ( x ) on
........ .. ....
.. .. ..
......
.
..
.
........
.....
..
.. ...
.. .
.......... .. .. ...
.
. .. ...
.
. ..
.
.
.
. ...
... the interval [ a, b]. Right: The solid
.
.... .... . .. ....
. .
. ...
....
. ..
.. .....
.
.. .
..... .. ....
. . .
....
...
. generated by rotating the region about
... ... .
. ... ...
....
.....
......
.
...
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
...
...
.
.. the x-axis. Note: The point ( xi , f ( xi ))
a xi b a ........
.........
.
...
... i .. .
.
.
. x ...
.
... b ...
on the curve traces out a circular cross-
......... .. .. ... ...
.........
......... ..... ... ... ...
..............
..................
..................
...
.... .
.
..
.. section of radius r = f ( xi ) when
..
..................
....................... ....
........... rotated.
Once we know the cross-sectional areas of the solid, we can use Theorem 6.1.1
to determine the volume. But as Figure 6.10 shows, when the point ( xi , f ( xi )) on
the curve is rotated about the x-axis, it forms a circular cross-section of radius
R = f ( xi ). Therefore, the cross-sectional area at xi is
A( xi ) = pR2 = p [ f ( xi )]2 .
Since f is continuous, so is p [ f ( x )]2 and consequently Theorem 6.1.1 applies.
Z b Z b
Volume of Solid of Revolution = A( x ) dx = p [ f ( x )]2 dx.
a a
Of course, we could use this same process if we rotated the region about the y-axis
and integrated along the y-axis. We gather these results together and state them as
a theorem.
THEOREM 6.2.1 (The Disk Method). If V is the volume of the solid of revolution determined
by rotating the continuous function f ( x ) on the interval [ a, b] about the x-axis, then
Z b
V=p [ f ( x )]2 dx. (6.2)
a

If V is the volume of the solid of revolution determined by rotating the continuous function
f (y) on the interval [c, d] about the y-axis, then
Z d
V=p [ f (y)]2 dy. (6.3)
c

Another Development of the Disk Method Using Riemann Sums

Instead of using Theorem 6.1.1, we could obtain Theorem 6.2.1 directly by using There are often several ways to prove
the ‘subdivide and conquer’ strategy once again. Since we will use this strategy in a result in mathematics. I hope one of
later situations, let’s quickly go through the argument here. these two will resonate with you.

Volume.tex Version: Mitchell-2015/10/01.08:53:05

math 131 application: volumes by disks: volume part ii 7

As above, we start with a continuous function on [ a, b]. This time, though, we

create a regular partition of [ a, b] using n intervals and draw the corresponding
approximating rectangles of equal width Dx. In left half of Figure 6.11 we have
drawn a single representative approximating rectangle on the ith subinterval.

......
.................. y = f (x) ............
..................
y = f (x)
..................
.................. ..................
..................
Figure 6.11: Left: The region under
.................................... ............................................
.
.
....
......... ....
........
. .
.... .......... . .. .. ..
.
..
........ .... .. .... .. .....
the continuous curve y = f ( x ) on
......... ... ... ......... .. .. .. . ..
..
..
.........
...... ...
.
...
...
f (x ) i ..
..
.........
...... .
... .. .... ... .... i f (x ) the interval [ a, b] and a representative
...
. ..
.... ..... .. .. .. . ..
.
....
.
. .
...
. .. ...
...
.. . .. .. ...
..... .. .... .. .... rectangle. Right: The disk (cylinder) of
... ... .
...
...
...
..
...
...
radius R = f ( xi ) generated by rotating
a Dx b a ... ....
... ...
Dx ..
.
...
b the representative rectangle about
... ... ...
... .... ...
................... the x-axis. The volume or this disk is
pR2 w = p [ f ( xi )]2 Dx.
Rotating each representative rectangle creates a representative disk (cylinder) of
radius R = f ( xi ). (See the right half of Figure 6.11.) The volume of this cylinder is
given by (6.1)

Volume of a Cylinder = (area of the base) ⇥ height.

In this case when the disk is situated on its side, we think of the height as the
‘width’ Dx of the disk. Moreover, since the base is a circle, its area is pR2 =
p [ f ( xi )]2 so

Volume of a representative disk = DVi = p [ f ( xi )]2 Dx.

To determine the volume of entire solid of revolution, we take each approximat-

ing rectangle, form the corresponding disks (see the middle panel of Figure 6.12)
and sum the resulting volumes, it generates a representative disk whose volume is

DV = pR2 Dx = p [ R( xi )]2 Dx.

Figure 6.12: A general solid of revolu-

tion and its approximation by a series
of n disks. (Diagram from Larson &
Edwards)

Approximating the volume of the entire solid by n such disks (see the right-
hand panel of Figure 6.12) of width Dx and radius f ( xi ) produces a Riemann sum
n n
Volume of Revolution ⇡  p [ f (xi )]2 Dx = p  [ f (xi )]2 Dx. (6.4)
i =1 i =1

As usual, to improve the approximation we let the number of subdivisions n ! •

and take a limit. Recall from our earlier work with Riemann sums, this limit exists

Volume.tex Version: Mitchell-2015/10/01.08:53:05

math 131 application: volumes by disks: volume part ii 8

because [ f ( x )]2 is continuous on [ a, b] since f ( x ) is continuous there.

n Z b
Volume of Revolution = lim p  [ f ( xi )]2 Dx = p [ f ( x )]2 dx (6.5)
n!• a
i =1

where we have used the fact that the limit of a Riemann sum is a definite inte-
gral. This is the same result we obtained in Theorem 6.2.1. Ee could use this same
process if we rotated the region about the y-axis and integrated along the y-axis.

Stop! Notice how we used the ‘subdivide and conquer’ process to approximate
the quantity we wish to determine. That is we have subdivided the volume into
‘approximating disks’ whose volume we know how to compute. We have then
refined this approximation by using finer and finer subdivisions. Taking the limit
of this process provides the answer to our question. Identifying that limit with an
integral makes it possible to easily (!) compute the volume in question. OK, time
for some examples.
I’ll admit it is hard to draw figures like Figure 6.12. However, drawing a rep-
resentative rectangle for the region in question, as in the left half of Figure 6.11 is
usually sufficient to set up the required volume integral.
.. ...........
f ( x ) = x2....... f ( x ) = x2...... ...
...
..
... . ..... ...
... .... ...
Examples ......................
...
.
. ..
.
.
. ...
.
... ...
...
...
...
... ........... .
..
...... ... . ...
.. .... .. .
. . ...
..... .... ..
....... .... ... ...
........ .
Let’s start with a couple of easy ones. .
.....
.. ..
..
... ..
. ...
...
...
........
.. .
....... ... ... ...
.... ... ... ...
... .... ....
...
...
............... . .. ................... . ...
........ ... ... ... ...
....... .. .. .. ..
...... .. .. ..
EXAMPLE 6.2.2. Let y = f ( x ) = x2 on the interval [0, 1]. Rotate the region between the curve
.
1 ....... .. ...
...... .. ..
...... ..
1 .
...
..
.... ..
... ... ...
and the x-axis around the x-axis and find the volume of the resulting solid. ... ..
... ..
......
..
.
...
...... ...
... ...
... ...
... ...
Solution. Using Theorem 6.2.1 .... ....
...

Figure 6.13: Left: A representative

Z b Z 1 1
2 2 2 px5 p rectangle for the curve y = x2 . Right:
V=p [ f ( x )] dx = p [ x ] dx = = . A representative circular slice for the
a 0 5 0 5
curve y = x2 rotated about the x-axis.
Wow, that was easy! 1 ..
f ( x ) = x2.......
...
...
..
EXAMPLE 6.2.3. Let y = f ( x ) = x2 on the interval [0, 1]. Rotate the region between the curve ............................................... .
.....
.......
..................................................
and the y-axis around the y-axis and find the volume of the resulting solid. ...
.
.....
..
......
......
0 ...............
Solution. The region is not the same one as in Example 6.2.2. It lies between the ...............
............................................................................................
........
........ ....
...... 1 p
y-axis and the curve, not the x-axis. See Figure 6.14. ...............
... .........................
... ...................................................................... .....
.......
.............
.
x= y
... ..
Since the rotation is about the y-axis, we need to solve for x as a function of y. ... .
... ...
.... .................................................................................. ......
p .......
......
.......
....
Since y = x2 , then x = y. Notice that the region lies over the interval [0, 1] on the .................... . .....
...
..
.
..
.... .................................................... .....
..... ...
..... .....
...... ......
y-axis now. Using Theorem 6.2.1 ......
....... .
......... ..
..
..
............................................

Z d Z 1 Figure 6.14: Left: A representative

1
2 p py2 p rectangle for the region between the
V=p [ g(y)] dy = p [ y]2 dy = = . p
curve y = x2 (x = y) and the y-axis.
c 0 2 0 2
Right: A representative circular slice
p
for the curve x = y rotated about the
x-axis.
EXAMPLE 6.2.4. Find the
p volume of a sphere of radius r which can be obtained by rotating
the semi-circle f ( x ) = r2 x2 about the x-axis.

Volume.tex Version: Mitchell-2015/10/01.08:53:05

math 131 application: volumes by disks: volume part ii 9

......................... .........................
............. ........ ............. ........
....... ...... ....... ...... Figure 6.15: Left: A representative
...... . ...... p
..... ......................... ..... ...........
.... .... .. ......
...
.
.
.. ... .... .....
.
. . ... .......
.
... .. ...... rectangle for the curve y = r2 x2 .
.... .. ....
. ... ...
. ..
.
... ...
..
...
...
.... ....
... ....
...
...
... ...
...
...
... ... ....
.. ...
Right: A representative circular slice for
.... .... .... ...
..
... ...
.. ..
...
.. ..... .....
... ... the sphere that results when rotating
.. ..
... ..
...
... ... . ..
... ...
. the semi-circle about the x-axis.
r r ...
...
...
... .
.
... ... .. ....
... ... .. ...
.... ... . .....
..... .............
.....
...... .
........ . . ......
............... ...................
.......

Solution. Using Theorem 6.2.1

Z b Z r p
V=p [ f ( x )]2 dx = p [ r2 x2 ]2 dx
a r
Z r
=p r2 x2 dx
r
✓ ◆ r
x3
= p r2 x
3 r
✓ ◆ ✓ ◆
r3 r3
=p r3 3
r +
3 3
4pr3
= .
3
Amazing! We have derived the volume formula of a sphere from the volume by ........
................
....................................................
. . . . . ........
.
h
.................... ..
...................................................... .
disks formula. ...
...
... .
..
.
... .
...
... ... .
... ... .
... ... .
...
YOU TRY IT 6.9. Find the volume of a cone of radius r and height h by rotating the line ...
...
... ..... .
... .... .
through (0, 0) and (r, h) about the y-axis. (See Figure 6.16.) ...
... ....
......
... .
.
.. .
p
EXAMPLE 6.2.5 (Two Pieces). Consider the region enclosed by the curves y = x, y = 6 x, r
and the x-axis. Rotate this region about the x-axis and find the resulting volume. Figure 6.16: Determine the volume of a
cone of radius r and height h.
Solution. It is important to sketch the region to see the relationship between
the curves. Pay particular attention to the bounding curves. Draw representative
rectangles. This will help you set up the appropriate integrals. It is less important
to try to draw a very accurate three-dimensional picture.
.....
.....
.....
.....
.....
..... Figure 6.17: Left: The
p region enclosed
..... ......................
2 ........ .
. .
...
.....................
. ..
2 ......................
............... .... ........
.. by the curves y = x, y = 6 x,
..
...
.......... .... ......... ...............
.. ..
..
...
.........
.
.
...
.
..... .....
................... .... ... .....
.. ....... and the x-axis and two representative
.......... .. ... ..... ........ .. ... .........
..
....... .... .... ..... ....... ..
..
.....
. .
...
. ... ..
... .. .
. ...............
... ......... ..........
. ....
..
.
..
.
. .. .....
..... rectangles. Right: The resulting solid of
.....
. ..
. ... ......... ..... .
. .....
..
.
.
.
....
. .
... ..
... ..
.
.
.
.
... .... ....... ...
....
..
.
...
. .
...
.
.....
..... revolution about the x-axis is formed
.. ... . . .
. .. . ..... ..... .... .....
0 ... . .. .. ... ...
0 ... ... ..
.
....
. by two distinct pieces each requiring its
... ... . .....
.... . .
.....
0 4 6
.....
.....
........
....
... 4
.
.
.
.
.
.. .
... .
....
6 own integral.
........ ... .....
........ ... .. .....
........ ... .. .........
........ ... . .
....
............ . .
.
...............
............... ... ..........
............... .... ........
............
p
First determine where the curves intersect: Obviously y = x meets the x-axis
p
at x = 0 and y = 6 x meets the x-axis at x = 6. For y = 6 x and y = x,
p
6 x= x ) 36 12x + x2 = x ) x2 13x + 36 = ( x 4)( x + 9) = 0
) x = 4, (x = 9 is not in the domain).

From Figure 6.17 we see that the solid is made up of two separate pieces (the top
curve changes at x = 4) and each requires its own integral. Using Theorem 6.2.1

Volume.tex Version: Mitchell-2015/10/01.08:53:05

math 131 application: volumes by disks: volume part ii 10

Z 4 p Z 6
V=p [ x ]2 dx + p [6 x ]2 dx
0 4
Z 4 Z 6
=p x dx + p [6 x ]2 dx
0 4
4 6
px2
p (6 x )3
= +
2 0 3 4
✓ ◆
( 8p )
= (8p 0) + 0
3
32p
= .
3
Note: We used a ‘mental adjustment’ to do the second integral (with u = 6 x and
du = dx). Overall, the integration is easy once the problem is set up correctly. Be
sure you have the correct region.
EXAMPLE 6.2.6 (One Piece: Two integrals). Reconsider the same region as in Example 6.2.5
p
enclosed by the curves y = x, y = 6 x, and the x-axis. Now rotate this region about the
y-axis instead and find the resulting volume.

Solution. OK, the region is the same as above. Here is where you have to be very
careful. Since the rotation is about the y-axis, the strips are horizontal this time.
Notice that there are two strips. When this region is rotated about the y-axis, the
solid will have a ‘hollowed out’ center portion (see Figure 6.18). Thus, we must
take the outer region formed by the curve y = 6 x and subtract the inner region
p
formed by y = x from it.
....................................................................................................................................
2 .................... ................... 2
..................................... .......................... .......................................................................................................................................................................................
..... .....
. ............... ......... .....
........................................................
.....
.....
.....
.
...
.....
.
. .........
........ ........
............ .....
..... Figure 6.18: Left: The
p region enclosed
..... ..... ..... ........ ........ .....
.
.... ..
......................................................................................................................... ..
...... ........
..
.. ..
...
......... .....
..... by the curves y = x, y = 6 x,
.... ..... .....
.... ............................................................................................................
..
. ..
.
.......... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ......
. .... ... .
..
. ... .. ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ....... ...
...... ....... ............
0 .... .....
. ..
..
.............
...................................
..
.. .
...........
and the x-axis and two representative
...........................................................................................................................................................................
rectangles. Right: The resulting solid of
0 4 6
revolution about the x-axis (a ‘volcano’)
Since the rotation is about the y-axis, to use the disk method we need to write is formed by two distinct pieces each
the curves in the form x as a function of y. We have requiring its own integral.
p
y = x ) x = y2 and y = 6 x ) x = 6 y.

The outer curve is x = 6 y and the inner curve is x = y2 from the perspective
of the y-axis. From the previous problem we already know the intersection points.
However we need their y-coordinates. When x = 4 the corresponding y-coordinate
p
(using either y = x or y = 6 x) is y = 2. The other coordinate is y = 0. So this
time using Theorem 6.2.1 (note the subtraction of the inner volume)

V = Outer Volume Inner Volume

Z 2 Z 2
=p [6 y]2 dy p [y2 ]2 dy
0 0
2 2
p (6 y )3 py 5
=
3 0 5 0
✓ ◆ ✓ ◆
64p 216p 32p
= 0
3 3 5
664p
= .
15
Whew! That’s a lot of things to process. Getting a clear picture of the region is
crucial. Even if you never draw the three-dimensional version, understanding the

Volume.tex Version: Mitchell-2015/10/01.08:53:05

math 131 application: volumes by disks: volume part ii 11

representative rectangles is critical. In this case the representative rectangles did

not extend from the bottom to the top curve (i.e., the left to the right), but rather
from the y-axis to each curve separately to represent the outer solid and the inner
solid.

Caution! We wrote the volume of the solid as the outer minus inner volume:
Z 2 Z 2
2
V=p [6 y] dy p [y2 ]2 dy.
0 0

Since the interval is the same for both integrals, we could have written this as
Z 2
V=p [6 y ]2 [y2 ]2 dy
0

where each individual radius is squared separately. If you do combine the integrals,
you cannot square the difference of the two radii:
Z 2
V 6= p [6 y y2 ]2 dy
0

because
[6 y ]2 [ y2 ]2 6 = [6 y y2 ]2 .
You’ve been warned!
Look, there are two situations you need to distinguish when multiple curves
are used for a solid of revolution. The curves might create two pieces which sum
together to create the entire solid in which case you will need to add integrals
together to find the volume (see Figure 6.17). Or the curves might be situated so
that resulting solid is formed by hollowing out one solid from another in which
case you will need to subtract one integral from another (see Figure 6.18). This is
why a sketch of the position of the curves relative to the axis of rotation is critical.
Let’s do a couple more.
p
EXAMPLE 6.2.7. Consider the region enclosed by the curves y = x, y = x 2, and the
x-axis. Rotate this region about the x-axis and find the resulting volume.

Solution. Is this the sum of two integrals or is it difference of two integrals?

p
First determine where the curves intersect: Obviously y = x meets the x-axis
p
at x = 0 and y = x 2 meets the x-axis at x = 2. Now y = x 2 and y = x 2 ............... .........
.................
...............
............... ....
....
.......................
intersect when .
. . .
..
..
. ....
.
. .
.. .... ..
........ ............
....... .. ..... ..
....... ... ..... ....
........
........ Outer ... ......... .. Inner
p .
..
.....
.
..
.. .
.
............
..... ...
...
x 2= x ) x2 4x + 4 = x ) x2 3x + 4 = ( x 4)( x + 1) = 0 .
.
....
......
.
...
... ...
. .
.......
. . ...
...
.... ..
.. ...
0 . ..... .. .
) x = 4, (not x = 1).
0 2 4
Figure 6.19: Left: The
p region enclosed
From the sketch in Figure 6.19 if revolved about the x-axis will result in a solid by the curves y = x, y = 2 x, and
that has been partially hollowed out (a cone has been removed). This requires a the x-axis. When rotated about the
x-axis, one region must be subtracted
from the other. Instead of using repre-
sentative rectangles, we simply indicate
the appropriate radii with arrows.

Volume.tex Version: Mitchell-2015/10/01.08:53:05

math 131 application: volumes by disks: volume part ii 12

difference of integrals. Using Theorem 6.2.1

V = Outer Volume Inner Volume

Z 4 p Z 4
=p [ x ]2 dx p [ x 2]2 dx
0 2
Z 4 Z 4
=p x dx p [x 2]2 dx
0 2
2 4 4
px p(x 2)3
=
2 0 3 2
✓ ◆
8p
= (8p 0) + 0
3
16p
= .
3

p
EXAMPLE 6.2.8. Again consider the region enclosed by the curves y = x, y = x 2, and the
x-axis. This time rotate the region about the y-axis and find the resulting volume.

Solution. Is this the sum of two integrals or is it difference of two integrals?

Since the rotation is about the y-axis, the radii of the respective regions are hori-
2 ...............
zontal, see Figure 6.20. This is again a difference of two integrals. ............... .....
............... .........
...............
Inner
.................................................................................
............... .
.....
Translating the curves into functions of y we have x = y2 , x = y + 2, and y = 0 ....
..... ....
........ .....
....... .....
........ .....
....... Outer ....
(the x-axis). The curves intersect the x-axis at y = 0. We’ve seen that the line and ..
... . ..
................................................................................................
...
..... ....
.....

... .....
.....
square root function meet when x = 4 since x = y + 2 there, then the y-coordinate 0
...
..... .
....
.......

of the intersection is y = 2. 0 2 4
Using Theorem 6.2.1 Figure 6.20: p
The region enclosed by the
Z 2 Z 2 curves y = x, y = 2 x, and the
x-axis and representative radii. When
V = Outer Volume Inner Volume = p [y + 2]2 dy p [y2 ]2 dy rotated about the y-axis, one region
0 0
2 2 must be subtracted from the other.
p ( y + 2)3 py5
=
3 0 5
✓ ◆ ✓ 0 ◆
64p 8p 32p
= 0
3 3 5
184p
= .
15

EXAMPLE 6.2.9. Consider the region enclosed by the curves y = e x , x = 1 and the y-axis.
Rotate the region about the y-axis and find the resulting volume.
..........
e ... y = e x or
.....
Solution. Is this the sum of two integrals or is it difference of two integrals? .
..
..... ....
... ...
. x = ln y
Inner .
....
.........................................................
.
....
Since the rotation is about the y-axis, the radii of the respective regions are hori- ........
....
...
...
...
. ... ...
.. ...
zontal, see Figure 6.21. This is again a difference of two integrals. .
.....
....
. ...
....
..... ...
..
1 ....... ...
Translating the curves into functions of y we see y = e x becomes x = ln y. Outer
....
.
.........................................................................
Notice that x = ln y meets the y-axis at 1 and it meets the line x = 1 at y = e.
..
...
..
0
The solid formed by the region between the y-axis and the curve x = ln y 0 1
must be subtracted from the ordinary cylinder formed by rotating the line x = 1 Figure 6.21: The region enclosed by the
about the y-axis. This cylinder has radius 1 and height e so its volume is v = curves y = e x , x = 1 and the y-axis.
Rotate the region about the y-axis and
p (1)2 e = pe. (We could also find this by integrating, but why bother.) So Using
find the resulting volume.
Theorem 6.2.1
Z e
V = Outer Volume Inner Volume = pe p [ln y]2 dy =???
1

Volume.tex Version: Mitchell-2015/10/01.08:53:05

math 131 application: volumes by disks: volume part ii 13

Since we don’t know an antiderivative for (ln x )2 we are stuck. (By the way, notice
that the limits of integration for the integral are from 1 to e, not 0 to e.) So we
will have to invent another method of finding such volumes if we are to solve
this problem. This shows the importance of having a wide-variety of methods for
solving a single problem.

YOU TRY IT 6.10. Let R be the entire region enclosed by y = x2 and y = 2 x2 in the upper
half-plane. Sketch the region. Rotate R about the x-axis and find the resulting volume.
(Answer: 163 p.)

YOU TRY IT 6.11. Let R be the region enclosed by y = 2x and y = x2 .

(a) Rotation about the x-axis. Find the volume of the hollowed-out solid generated by
revolving R about the x-axis. (Answer: 64p/15)
(b) Rotation about the y-axis. Find the volume of the solid generated by revolving R
about the y-axis by using the disk method and integrating along the y-axis. (Answer:
8p/3)

webwork: Click to try Problems 83 through 86. Use guest login, if not in my course.

Volume.tex Version: Mitchell-2015/10/01.08:53:05

math 131 application: volumes by disks: volume part ii 14

6.3 Optional: Rotation About Other Axes

It is relatively easy to adapt the disk method to finding volumes of solids of rev-
olution using other horizontal or vertical axes. The key steps are to determine the
radii of the slices and express them in terms of the correct variable. A couple of
examples should give you the idea.

EXAMPLE 6.3.1. Consider the region enclosed by the curves y = x2 2x and y = 3. Rotate
this region about the line y = 3 and find the resulting volume.

Solution. The two curves meet when

x2 2x = 3 ) x2 2x 3 = (x 3)( x + 1) = 0 ) x = 3, 1.

The parabola and the line are easy to sketch; see Figure 6.22 on the left.
..............
........ .............
.....
....
.... .. ........... Figure 6.22: Left: The region enclosed
.. . .... .....
by the curves y = x2 2x and y = 3.
.
... ... .... .....
... ... ..
. .. ... ...
... ... ... .. Since the axis of revolution is y = 3, a
.. ..
..
. . ... ..
.. ... ..
.
.... . ...
...
...
... representative radius extends from the
... ... ...
.....
. . . .
...
...
...
... line y = 3 to the curve y = x2 2x.
y=3 y=3 .
.
.. .
.
.. ...
.
...
. Right: The resulting solid of revolution
.......................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................................
... ...
... ... ... .. ... ..
...
... .... ...
...
...
.. .. ..
. . ...
. about the line y = 3.
... .... ..
.. ... ... .... .... ...
... .
. ... .. ... ... ..
... .
.
.... .. ... . . ...
.. ... .. ... ... .... ...
.. ... .. .. .. ... .. ..
.. ... y=x .. 2 2x .. . . ..
.. ... .. ... .... .... ..
... .
. . ... ..
... .... .. ... .. ... .. ...
.. . . .
... .
. ..
. ... ... ... .... .....
...
... .... ..... ...
... .
.. .. .. ... . .
....
.... ........ ...... ....
....
...
......................
...... ...... ......
1 ............................... 3 1 ................................ 3
A representative radius extends from the line y = 3 to the curve y = x2 2x.
The length of a radius is the difference between these two values, that is, the radius
of a circular cross-section perpendicular to the line y = 3 is

r=3 ( x2 2x ) = 3 + 2x x2 .

Since a cross-section is a circle, its area is

A = A( x ) = pr2 = p (3 + 2x x 2 )2 .

Since we know the cross-sectional area, we can use Theorem 6.1.1 to find the vol-
ume
Z b Z 3
V= A( x ) dx = p (3 + 2x x2 )2 dx
a 1
Z 3
=p 9 + 12x 2x2 4x3 + x4 )2 dx
1
✓ ◆ 3
2x3 x5
= p 9x + 6x2 x4 +
3 5 1
✓ ◆ ✓ ◆
243 2 1
= p 27 + 54 18 81 + 9+6+ 1
5 3 5
512p
= .
15

EXAMPLE 6.3.2. Consider the region enclosed by the curves x = y2 and x = 2 y2 . Rotate
this region about the line x = 3 and find the resulting volume.

Volume.tex Version: Mitchell-2015/10/01.08:53:05

math 131 application: volumes by disks: volume part ii 15

... x=3 .. x=3 Figure 6.23: Left: The region enclosed

. ..
x=2 y2 .. ...
by the curves x = y2 and x = 2 y2
........... . .. ...................... ..
....
....
................ . ..........................................................
........................... ... ..
....... ......
1 1 .............
...
.......... .. .. . . .. ......
..
.
...
. ...
. ... . ..... .........................
..... . .
...
....
....
..................
...
............................................................
...................
..... and two representative radii emanating
.............................................................................................. ...... . .... .....
........ .... .. .....
.
.. .
....
.
... .
. .....
.... from the axis of rotation x = 3. Right:
..... ....
. . .... . .... ...
........................................... ...
... .. .. .... ... ...... ....... ......... ....... ...
..... . ....... .. The resulting ‘hollowed out’ solid of
.... . ...... .
.
... .
. ..................... .
.
.. .. ....... ........ ....... ....... .... . .
.. ..........
... ...
. .. ... ................................ ..
.........................................................................................................................
..........
..
.. revolution about the line x = 3 looks
.... ..... .. .... .. .
.
...... ... ..... .. .. ...
.
.... ..
......
......
...... ..........
...
..
. ...
.
.....
..... .... ..
..... . ......... ....... ....... ....... ........ ....... ....... ....... ........... .........
..... ..... like a ‘doughnut.’
............... .............
1 .
...... ..
..
.
..
.........................
..
..
.. 1 ...........
.....................................
..
.
.
......................................................... ..... . .
. ....
. .
.. ....
x=y 2 ...
...
. .
... ...
. .

Solution. The two curves meet when

y2 = 2 y2 ) 2y2 = 2 ) y = ±1.

The region is easy to sketch; see Figure 6.23 on the left.

An ‘outer’ representative radius extends from the line x = 3 to the curve x = y2
and an ‘inner’ representative radius extends from the line x = 3 to x = 2 y2 . The
length of a representative radius is the difference between the corresponding pairs
of values. The outer radius is R = 3 y2 and the inner radius is 3 (2 y2 ) = 1 +
y2 . The integration will take place along the y-axis on the interval [ 1, 1] because
the disks are horizontal when points are rotated about the line x = 3. Since we
know the cross-sections are circles, we can use Theorem 6.1.1 to find the volume
Z 1 Z 1
V = Outer Volume Inner Volume = p (3 y2 )2 dy p (1 + y2 )2 dy
1 1
Z 1 Z 1
=p 9 6y2 + y4 dy p 1 + 2y2 + y4 dy
1 1
Z 1
=p 8 8y2 dy
1
✓ ◆ 1
8y3
= p 8y
3 1
✓ ◆ ✓ ◆
8 8
=p 8 8+
3 3
32p
= .
3
Because the interval of integration was the same for both the inner and outer vol-
umes, we are able to combine the two integrals which greatly simplified the inte-
gration and evaluation. If you understand this problem, you are in good shape.
YOU TRY IT 6.12. Let R be the region enclosed by y = x3 , x = 2, and the x-axis. Draw the
region.
(a) Rotate R about the x-axis and find the resulting volume. (Answer: 128p/7)
(b) Rotate R about the line y = 9 and find the resulting volume. (Answer: 376p/7)
(c) Rotate R about the line x = 2 and find the resulting volume. (Answer: 16p/5)
YOU TRY IT 6.13. Draw the region R in the first quadrant enclosed by y = x2 , y = 2 x and
the x-axis.
(a) Rotate R about the x-axis and find the resulting volume. [Is it the sum of two integrals
or outside minus inside?]
(b) Rotate R about the y-axis and find the resulting volume. [Is it the sum of two integrals
or outside minus inside?]
YOU TRY IT 6.14. Let S be the region in the first quadrant enclosed by y = x2 , y = 2 x and
the y-axis.
(a) Rotate S about the x-axis. [Is it the sum of two integrals or outside minus inside?]
(b) Rotate S about the y-axis. [Is it the sum of two integrals or outside minus inside?]

Volume.tex Version: Mitchell-2015/10/01.08:53:05

math 131 application: volumes by disks: volume part ii 16
.........
p ............... ....
............... .........
YOU TRY IT 6.15. Let R be the region in the upper half-plane bounded by y = x + 2, the ..
...
. .............
...............
........
.
........ .....
....
........
x-axis and the line y = x. Find the volume resulting when R is rotated around the x-axis. ........
........
..... .....
.....
.....
..
.. ....
.. ...
Remember: Outside minus inside. How many integrals do you need? ....
.. .....
.....
... .....

YOU TRY IT 6.16. A small canal bouy is formed by taking the region in the first quadrant
bounded by the y-axis, the parabola y = 2x2 , and the line y = 5 3x and rotating it about
the y-axis. (Units are feet.) Find the volume of this bouy. (Answer: 2p cubic feet.)
Figure 6.24: The region for you try it
YOU TRY IT 6.17. Just set up the integrals for each of the following volume problems. Sim- 6.15 .
plify the integrands where possible. Use figures below.
(a) R is the region enclosed by y = x2 , y = x + 2, and the y-axis in the first quadrant.
Rotate R about the x-axis.
(b) Same R, but rotate around the y-axis.
(c) Same R, but rotate around the line y = 4.
(d) S is the region enclosed by y = x2 + 2x + 3, y = 3x 3, the y-axis, and the x-axis in
the first quadrant. Rotate S about the x-axis.
(e) T is the region enclosed by y = x2 + 2x + 3, y = 3x 3, and the x-axis in the first
quadrant. Rotate T about the x-axis.
(f ) R is the region enclosed by y = 12 x2 + 2 and y = x2 . Rotate R about the x-axis.
(g) Same R, but rotate around the line y = 4.
1 2
(h) S is the region enclosed by y = 2x + 2 and y = x2 in the first quadrant. Rotate S
about the y-axis.
p
(i) T is the region enclosed by y = x 2, y = 4 x, the y-axis and the x-axis. Rotate T
about the y-axis.
p
(j) V is the region enclosed by y = x 2, y = 4 x, and the x-axis. Rotate V about the
y-axis.
(k) Same V, but rotate around the x-axis.
(l) Hard: Same V, but rotate around the line y = 2.

6 a–c .
... ....
..... 6 d–e ...
Figure 6.25: The regions for you try
... ..... ...
... ..... ...
.....
....
..
.
....
.
.
...
... it 6.17 .
.....
... ......... ...
.. . ...
.
... ......... ...
.. ..... ...
.. .... ...
4 ....... 4 ........
..... ....... ........... ..
...........
. ..
..... ... ..
.
.
.... . .... ..
..... ... .... ... ..
..... ... .. ... ..
..... ... ......
..... .. ... .
.
..
.. ... .......
..... .. ... ...
.......
. .
... .. ....
.
..... ... .. ...
..... ...
.
...
...
2 ..... .. 2 S ...
.. ... ...
.
. ... ...
..
R ...
.. .
..
.
..
...
...
.. .. ...
..
.
... .
..
.
.. T ...
...
... .
.. ...
... . ...
.... ..
..... . ...
0 ... ... .
...
0 ... ..

2 4 6 2 4 6

6 6 6 i–l

f–g h
..
..... 4 .
....
4 ... 4 .....
.....
..... ...... .... .....
.. .. ..... ..... .....
.. ... ....... ...... .....
... ...
... ..... ..
. .... ... .....
.... .. . ..
... .
.....
... ..... ... .. .... ...
.....
... ..... .... .. .... ..
.....
... ...... .... .. .... ....
.....
... ...... ....... ....
. .
... .....
.....
....... ... . .
..... .
... ......... ....... ... ...... ... .....
.. ...................................... .. .............. ...
.....
..
.. 2 ..
.. 2 .. 2 .....
..... .....
...............
.. .. ..... ...............
.. .. . ..... ...............
...
... R R ...
... S ...
..
.
T .....
..... ... ...........
..............
... ... .. ..... .........
... ..
... ... .........
... .
. .. ....... ........
....
...
..
...
.. ...... .....
....
..... .... .... ........ V .....
...... ..... .... ..
...
.....
................................. ...... .....
.............. 0 ... ...

3 1 1 3 0 2 2 4 6

Volume.tex Version: Mitchell-2015/10/01.08:53:05

math 131 application: volumes by disks: volume part ii 17

Solution. Here are the solutions before the integands have been simplified.
Remember, you should simplify each integrand before actually integrating.
Z 2 Z 2 Z 4 Z 4
p
(a) p ( x + 2)2 dx p ( x2 )2 dx (b) p ( y)2 dy p (y 2)2 dy
0 0 0 2
Z 2 Z 2 Z 2 Z 2
2 2 2 2 2
(c) p (4 x ) dx p (4 ( x + 2)) dx (d) p ( x + 2x + 3) dx p (3x 3)2 dx
0 0 0 1
Z 2 Z 3
(e) p (3x 3)2 dx + p ( x2 + 2x + 3)2 dx (f ) Homework
1 2
Z 4 Z 4 ⇣p ⌘2
p
(g) Homework (h) p ( y)2 dy p 2y 4 dy
0 2
Z 1 Z 4
(i) p (y2 + 2)2 dy + p (4 y)2 dy
0 1
Z 1 Z 1 Z 3 p Z 4
2 2 2 2
(j) p (4 y) dy p (y + 2) dy (k) p ( x 2) dx + p (4 x )2 dx
0 0 2 3
Z 3 Z 3  Z Z 4
p 4
(l) p 22 dx p (2 x 2)2 dx + p 22 dx p 22 (2 (4 x ))2 dx
2 2 3 3

YOU TRY IT 6.18 (Rotation about the x-axis). Let R be the region in the first quadrant enclosed
p
by y = x 1, y = x 7 and the x-axis. Sketch the region. Rotate R about the x-axis and
find the resulting volume. (Answer: 63/2p.)

YOU TRY IT 6.19. Let R be the entire region enclosed by y = x2 and y = 2 x2 in the upper
half-plane. Sketch the region. Rotate R about the x-axis and find the resulting volume.
(Answer: 163 p.)

YOU TRY IT 6.20 (Rotation about the y-axis). Let R be the region enclosed by the x-axis, y =
p
x, and y = 2 x. Rotate R about the y-axis and find the volume. (Answer: 32p/15.)

YOU TRY IT 6.21 (Rotation about a line parallel to the x-axis). Find the volume of the hollowed-
out solid generated by revolving R about the line y = 4. (Answer: 32p/5)

YOU TRY IT 6.22 (Rotation about a line parallel to the x-axis). Let R be the region enclosed by
y = 1 x2 and the x-axis. Rotate R about the line y = 2 and find the resulting volume.
(Answer: 64p/15.)

YOU TRY IT 6.23. Extra Fun.

(a) Let R be the region enclosed by y = arctan x, y = p/4, and the y-axis. Find the
area
p of R. Hint: Only integration along one axis is possible at this point. (Answer:
ln 2 = 0.5 ln 2)
(b) Rotate R about the y-axis and find the resulting volume. Use a trig identity for tan2 q.
(Answer: p p 2 /4)

YOU TRY IT 6.24. Here are a few more:

(a) Let y = 1x on [1, a], where a > 1. Let R be the region under the curve over this interval.
Rotate R about the x-axis. What value of a gives a volume of p/2? (Answer: a = 2)
(b) What happens to the volume if a ! •? Does the volume get infinitely large? Use
limits to answer the question.
(c) Instead rotate R about the y-axis. What value of a gives a volume of p/2? This is
particularly easy to do by shells! (Answer: a = 5/4)
(d) Instead rotate R about the line y = 1. If we let a = e what is the resulting volume?
(Answer: 3p pe )
p
YOU TRY IT 6.25. Let R be the region enclosed by y = x, y = 2, and the y-axis.
(a) Rotate R about the x-axis and find the resulting volume. (Answer: 8p)
(b) Rotate R about the line y = 2 and find the resulting volume. (Answer: 8p/3)
(c) Rotate R about the line y = 4 and find the resulting volume. (Answer: 40p/3)

Volume.tex Version: Mitchell-2015/10/01.08:53:05