1.

DUAL 3V WHITE LED FLASHER

This circuit alternately flashes two white LEDs, on a 3v supply and produces a very bright flash. The
circuit produces a voltage higher than 5v if the LED is not in circuit but the LED limits the voltage to its
characteristic voltage of 3.2v

2. LED FLASHES FOR 5 SECONDS AFTER BUTTON IS RELEASED

This circuits uses a FLASHING LED - not an ordinary LED. When the switch is pressed, the LEDs flash
for about 5 seconds when the switch is released. and turn off. The circuit takes NO CURRENT after
the LEDs have turned OFF. You can experiment with the value of the electrolytics, the 4k7 and 10k to
get the result you want. Use red or green LEDs. Only 2 white LEDs can used in each string for 9v
supply
3. LED DETECTS LIGHT

All LEDs give off light of a particular colour but some LEDs are also able to detect light. Obviously they
are not as good as a device that has been specially made to detect light; such as solar cell, photocell,
photo resistor, light dependent resistor, photo transistor, photo diode and other photo sensitive devices.
A green LED will detect light and a high-bright red LED will respond about 100 times better than a green
LED, but the LED in this position in the circuit is classified as very high impedance and it requires a
considerable amount of amplification to turn the detection into a worthwhile current-source. All other
LEDs respond very poorly and are not worth trying. The accompanying circuit amplifies the output of
the LED and enables it to be used for a number of applications. The LED only responds when the light
enters the end of the LED and this makes it ideal for solar trackers and any time there is a large
difference between the dark and light conditions. It will not detect the light in a room unless the lamp is
very close.
4. LED driver for 12v CAR
Here is a simple circuit that will drive any
number of LEDs in a single string with a
constant 25mA without having to work out
the value of the dropper resistor. You can
use up to 6 red LED or up to 3 white LEDs
with the same circuit.
The supply can be 12v to 16v without the
brightness altering.

5. LED driver IR LEDs in a 12v

CAR This circuit will drive up to 7 IR LEDs
at a constant current of 70mA from a 12v
supply. These LEDs will illuminate ultra-
violet sensitive paint to produce a white
glow.

6. CONSTANT CURRENT
SOURCE circuit 4
The output will be limited to 100mA by
using a red LED and 10R for Re.
The output will be limited to 500mA by
using a red LED and 2R2 for Re.
BC328 - 800mA max
Use a BD140 in the first circuit and the
output will be limited to 1A by using a
red LED and 1R0 for Re.
5watt LEDs (sometimes called "White
Big Chip LEDs") have a characteristic
voltage across them of 3.2v and draw
1.75amp.
1, 2 or 3 can be connected in series to
the second circuit using a heatsinked
BD140 transistor.
7. SIREN
This circuit produces a wailing or
siren sound that gradually increases
and decreases in frequency as the
100u charges and discharges when
the push-button is pressed and
released. In other words, the circuit is
not automatic. You need to press the
button and release it to produce the
up/down sound.

8. TICKING BOMB
This circuit produces a sound similar to a
loud clicking clock. The frequency of the tick
is adjusted by the 220k pot.
The circuit starts by charging the 2u2 and
when 0.65v is on the base of the NPN
transistor, it starts to turn on. This turns on
the BC 557 and the voltage on the collector
rises. This pushes the small charge on the
2u2 into the base of the BC547 to turn it on
more.
This continues when the negative end of the
2u2 is above 0.65v and now the electro
starts to charge in the opposite direction
until both transistors are fully turned on. The
BC 547 receives less current into the base
and it starts to turn off. Both transistors turn
off very quickly and the cycle starts again.

9. LIE DETECTOR-1
This circuit detects the resistance between your
fingers to produce an oscillation. The detection-
points will detect resistances as high as 300k and
as the resistance decreases, the frequency
increases.
Separate the two touch pads and attach them to
the back of each hand. As the subject feels
nervous, he will sweat and change the frequency
of the circuit.
The photos show the circuit built on PC boards
with separate touch pads.
 10. LIE DETECTOR-4
This circuit detects the resistance between
your fingers to turn the 3LEDs. As you
press harder, more LEDs are illuminated.
The circuit is simpler than Lie Detector-3.

11. TOUCH SWITCH-2

This circuit detects the skin resistance of a
finger to turn the circuit ON for about 1 second.
The output can be taken to a counting circuit.
The circuit consumes no current when in
quiescent mode:
 12. LIGHT ALARM - 1
This circuit operates when the Light
Dependent Resistor receives light.
When no light falls on the LDR, its resistance
is high and the transistor driving the speaker
is not turned on.
When light falls on the LDR its resistance
decreases and the collector of the second
transistor falls. This turns off the first transistor
slightly via the second 100n and the first 100n
puts an additional spike into the base of the
second transistor. This continues until the
second transistor is turned on as hard as it
can go. The first 100n is now nearly charged
and it cannot keep the second transistor
turned on. The second transistor starts to turn
off and both transistors swap conditions to
produce the second half of the cycle.

13. LIGHT ALARM - 2

This circuit is similar to Light Alarm -1
but produces a louder output due to the
speaker being connected directly to the
circuit.
The circuit is basically a high-gain
amplifier that is turned on initially by the
LDR and then the 10n keeps the circuit
turning on until it can turn on no more.
The circuit then starts to turn off and
eventually turns off completely. The
current through the LDR starts the cycle
again.

14. DYNAMIC MICROPHONE

AMPLIFIER
This circuit takes the place of an
electret microphone. It turns an ordinary
mini speaker into a very sensitive
microphone.
Any NPN transistors such as BC 547
can be used. The circuit will work from
3v to 9v. It is a common-base amplifier
and accepts the low impedance of the
speaker to produce a gain of more than
100.
15. SIMPLE MOTOR SPEED CONTROL
This circuit is better than reducing the RPM of a
motor via a resistor. Firstly it is more efficient. And

secondly it gives the motor a set of pulses

and this allows it to start at low RPM. It's a
simple Pulse-Width circuit or Pulse-Circuit.

16. NIGHT LIGHT

This circuit activates a relay when illumination falls
below a preset level on the Light Dependent
Resistor (Photo Cell).

This circuit will drive 30cm strips to 5m strips. Two

5m strips have been tested with this circuit.
17. LED Flasher Circuit

The circuit configuration of LED flasher is shown below. The following circuit is built with one of the most
popular components like the 555 timer and integrated circuits. This circuit will blink the led ON & OFF at
regular intervals.

LED Flasher Circuit

From left to right in the circuit, the capacitor and the two transistors set the time and it takes to switch
the LED ON or OFF. By changing the time it takes to charge the capacitor to activate the timer.The IC
555 timer is used to determine the time of the LED stays ON & OFF. It includes a difficult circuit inside,
but since it is enclosed in the integrated circuit.The two capacitors are located at the right side of the
timer and these are required for the timer to work properly. The last part is the LED and the resistor. The
resistor is used to restrict the current on the LED. So, it won’t damage

18. Invisible Burglar Alarm

The circuit of the invisible burglar alarm is built with a photo transistor and an IR LED. When there is no
obstacle in the path of infrared rays, an alarm will not generate buzzer sound. When somebody crosses
the Infrared beam, then an alarm generated buzzer sound. If the photo transistor and the infrared LED
are enclosed in black tubes and connected perfectly, the circuit range is 1 meter.
 Invisible Burglar Alarm
When the infrared beam falls on the L14F1 photo transistor, it performs to keep the BC557 (PNP) out
of conduction and the buzzer will not generate the sound in this condition. When the infrared beam
breaks, then the photo transistor turns OFF, permitting the PNP transistor to perform and the buzzer
sounds. Fix the photo transistor and infrared LED on the reverse sides with correct position to make the
buzzer silent. Adjust the variable resistor to set the biasing of the PNP transistor.Here other kinds of
photo transistors can also be used instead of LI4F1, but L14F1 is more sensitive.