27. 5.

2019

Introduction to IIS and HTTP

Internet Information Services

Ing. Ondrej Sevecek | Windows Server Product Manager | GOPAS a.s. |

MCM:Directory | MVP:Enteprise Security | Certified Ethical Hacker | MCSE:SharePoint |
[email protected] | www.sevecek.com |
GOPAS: info@gopas,cz | www.gopas.cz | www.facebook.com/P.S.GOPAS

Web Server
 separate product for NT 4.0 (IIS 4.0)
• supports TLS/SSL with Schannel
• metabase binary configuration database (LDAP compliant)
 first integrated within Windows 2000 (IIS 5.0)
• no direct support for ASP.NET
• limited application isolation (service or individual worker process)
 integrated with HTTP.SYS in Windows 2003 (IIS 6.0)
• first XML editing of metabase
• application pools and ASP.NET integration
• shared content storage
 strictly XML configuration in Windows 2008 (IIS 7.0)
• HTTPS in kernel mode
• modular architecture and request pipeline
• request filtering
• installation with ServerManagerCmd.exe
• kernel mode authentication, AppPoolIdentity
• IIS Management Service
• non-Windows FTP accounts
• shared configuration storage
• URL rewrite module

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Web Server
 slightly improved in Windows 2008 R2 (IIS 7.5)
• Schannel supports AES, SHA2
• complex and scriptable request filtering
• WebDAV extension
• full installation with PowerShell
• support for managed service accounts
• FTPS
 security improved in Windows 2012 (IIS 8.0)
• TLS SNI for multiple certificates on a single IP address
• binding TLS certificates from a central PFX share
• support for group managed service accounts
• dynamic IP restrictions (DoS, x-forwarded-for)
• CPU limits per application pool
• FTP account lockout
 minor improvements in Windows 2012 R2 (IIS 8.5)
• certificate rebind when renewed
• logging custom fields
 minor improvements in Windows 2016 (IIS 10)
• wildcard hostheaders
• running on Nano Server
• HTTP/2
• powershell cmdlets shadowing appcmd

IIS and HTTP.SYS

User Mode
Hyper-V Replication

Reporting Services
IPHTTPS
WinRM
SSTP

IIS
Certificate

HTTP.SYS

Kernel Mode

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HTTP.SYS
NETSH http show servicestate

NETSTAT -ano | findstr :80

NETSH http show sslcert

Installation

 GUI Add Windows Components wizard

• Windows 2003-
 ocsetup.exe command line
• Windows 2003-
 GUI Server Manager
• Web Server role
• Windows 2008+
 ServerManagerCmd.exe
• Windows 2008
 PowerShell Get-WindowsFeature, Add-WindowsFeature
• Windows 2008 R2+

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NET Framework versions

 v1.0 core engine

 v1.1 core engine
• can be installed manually yet on Windows 2012 R2
 v2.0 core engine (requires installation SXS media on
Windows 2012+)
• 3.0 update + new functionality
• 3.5 update + new functionality
 v4.0 core engine
• 4.5 update + new functionality
• 4.51 update + new functionality
• 4.6 update + new functionality
• 4.6.2, 4.7, ...

Installation paths and Default Web Site

 %windir%\System32\inetsrv
• metabase.bin (IIS 5.0)
• metabase.xml (IIS 6.0)
 %windir%\System32\inetsrv\config
• applicationHost.config (IIS 7.0+)
 %systemroot%\inetpub
• logs
• custErr
• wwwroot = Default Web Site
• temp

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Default Web Site (ID=1)

 By default installed
 Not always necessary (usually configuration can be finished
manually if not present)
• AD CS Web Enrollment
• AD CS Policy/Enrollment Web Services
• Exchange CAS server
• AD FS before Windows 2012 R2
 AD FS Windows 2012 R2+ has direct HTTP.SYS hosting
• SQL Reporting Services until SQL Server 2008 R2
 SQL RS 2008 R2 has direct HTTP.SYS hosting
• Internet printing
 Who does not need Default Web Site
• SharePoint 2010+
• DirectAccess 2012+
• AD FS and WAP on Windows 2012 R2+
• SQL RS 2008 R2+

Post installation WF exceptions

 Inbound
 Process SYSTEM (HTTP.SYS)
 TCP 80
 TCP 443
• although not opened
• firewall hides (stealth) even unopened ports

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HTTP

 Hypertext Transport Protocol

 Plaintext or wrapped inside TLS/SSL HTTPS
 TCP 80 or TCP 443 by default
 Request-response based nature
• every request must contain all parameters
• any request can hit a different farm member

Web server farms (load balancing with separate

TCP connection)
State
State
server
server

Web1

Browser \\FS
Browser
client \\FS
Browser
client https://finance config
client config
LB LB IP Web2
device
GUI web
GUI web
service content switch
service \\FS
client \\FS
client http proxy content
content
Web3

DB
DB

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Web server farms (load balancing with direct

TCP connection)
State
State
server
server

Web1

Browser \\FS
Browser
client \\FS
Browser
client Client
https://finance config
client IP config
LB
Web2
device
GUI web
GUI web
service
service
Client NLB ethernet switch \\FS
client IP
\\FS
client content
content
Web3

DB
DB

Web Site

 Virtual web server

 Binding to http(s):IP:port:host
• more web servers on the same IP:port
 Returns content from a physical disk location

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URI = URL + Query

URL = Protocol + Host + URN
 Unified Resource Identifier

https :// web10.gopas.cz /SitePages/default.aspx ?ID=8&Param=Test #HTMLtagID

protocol host (FQDN) URN Query String Fragment

 Unified Resource Name

• /
• /SitePages/default.aspx
• /Lists/Products/EditForm.aspx
 Query String
• /Lists/Products/EditForm.aspx?ID=8&Param1=X;Param2=Y
 Fragment
• /Wiki.aspx?ID=7#heading1 (references any id="", or <hX>, or <A name="">)

HTTP Methods

 GET
 HEAD
 POST

 GET If-Modified-Since, 304 Not Modified

 GET Authorization
 Kerberos / NTLM
 Basic
 POST
 "postback" to the same URL

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GET vs. POST method

 GET
• URL (URI) encoded form parameters
• ?, #
• bookmarks, history, refresh + reenter
 POST
• might have URL (URI) encoded parameters as well
• mostly included inside request body
• cannot bookmark, no history, invisible in the address bar, F5
asks to resend

URL examples
 http://web10/default.aspx
• not an FQDN, cannot be resolved from internet
 https://web10.gopas.cz/default.aspx
• using FQDN, might be resolvable from internet

 http://finance/Seznam českých jmen.htm

 http://finance/Seznam%20českých%20jmen.htm
 http://finance/seznam%20%C4%8Desk%C3%BDch%20jmen.htm

 file://C:\MyPages\test.htm
• local file only
 file://\\fileserver\WebPages\test.htm

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Encoding URI and header characters

 URI and headers must be 7bit US-ASCII only

 URI characters encoded with %xx in hex format
 Header data are usually encoded with Base-64
• a-z, A-Z, 0-9, =/+
• Ahoj Ondřeji = QWhvaiBPbmTFmWVqaQ==

Static content and returned HTMLs

 Static file
• must have MIME type defined
 Default document
• if not any present, tries Directory Browsing, or HTTP 403
 Directory browsing
• if no explicit URL is specified, generates HTML with
directory listing

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Virtual Directories
 Folder structure from URL perspective

HTTP Status Codes

 200 OK
 30x redirect
• temporary, permanent, method, not modified
 40x client error
• unauthorized, forbidden, bad request
 50x server error
• internal error, overloaded temporarily, gateway timeout

 Substatus not visible to clients by default

• Error pages can switch to detailed errors

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404 Not Found - substatus codes in IIS

What Error code
Site not found 404.1
Denied by policy 404.2
Denied by mime map 404.3
No handler 404.4
Request Filtering: URL Sequence denied 404.5
Request Filtering: Verb denied 404.6
Request Filtering: File extension denied 404.7
Request Filtering: Denied by hidden segment 404.8
Denied since hidden file attribute has been set 404.9
Request Filtering: Denied because request header is too long 404.10
Request Filtering: Denied because URL doubled escaping 404.11
Request Filtering: Denied because of high bit characters 404.12
Request Filtering: Denied because content length too large 404.13
Request Filtering: Denied because URL too long 404.14
Request Filtering: Denied because query string too long 404.15
.NET 2.0/4.0 version not registered 404.17

MIME/content types

 text/html
 image/jpeg
 image/png
 .doc = application/msword
 .docx = application/vnd.openxmlformats-
officedocument.wordprocessingml.document
 application/pdf

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Logging

 W3C log always UTC time

 Logging settings at server-level only default for new
sites
 NETSH HTTP FLUSH LOGBUFFER

Static content HTTP headers

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HTTP.SYS tracing

logman start httptrace -p Microsoft-Windows-

HttpService 0xFFFF -o trace-output.etl -ets

logman stop httptrace -ets

tracerpt.exe trace-output.etl -of XML -o trace-

output.xml

IIS Error Pages

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Static content compression into TEMP

Dynamic content compressed on the fly

Compression settings server wide

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Pipeline and HTTP modules

Dynamic content

 Common gateway interface (CGI)

• simple EXE producing output into stdout
 Active Server Pages (ASP)
• since ever, still supported
 PHP
• similar to ASP
• third-party, yet supported since Windows 2008 R2
 NET Framework ASPX
• various languages such as C#, VB.NET, Python
• inline-code
• code-behind
 ISAPI DLLs such as RPCProxy.dll with Handler Mappings
 HTTP Modules such as Exchange PowerShell or SharePoint
SPRequestModule

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Classic ASP error messages

Custom and ASP.NET developer errors

 Error html vs. IIS detailed errors
• can be customized
• or if missing, generic error message as pure text is returned
• or errorMode="Detailed"
 ASP.NET detailed errors: mode="Off"

<configuration>
<system.web>
<customErrors mode="On|Off|RemoteOnly" />
</system.web>
<system.webServer>
<httpErrors errorMode="Detailed" />
</system.webServer>
</configuration>

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WAS, W3SVC and HTTP.SYS

User Mode

W3WP.exe
WAS Service
W3SVC Sevice

W3WP.exe

W3WP.exe
ASP.NET
.config queue
ASP.NET
queue ASP.NET
queue
.config

TCPIP.SYS HTTP.SYS
HTTP.SYS
queue

Kernel Mode

Some events from WAS

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AppPool
recycling

and

Rapid Fail
Protection

IISRESET
+ /noforce

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Limits
 TCP/IP stack driver limit
• HKLM\System\CurrentControlSet\Service\TCPIP\Parameters
 TcpNumConnections = DWORD = 0 - 16 777 214

Limits
 Web site limits
• http.sys

 Apppool limit
• http.sys

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Limits
 ASP.NET limits
• httpRuntime - executionTimeout

Limits
 ASP.NET limits
• machine.config
• processModel – maxWorkerThreads, maxIoThreads

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Service code isolation

FrontEnd BackEnd

http://finance \\FSFinance

account account DB_Finance

G:\IIS\finance

http://warehouse account

account

DB_Warehouse

\\FSWarehouse
G:\IIS\warehouse

Isolation
Domain Account Network Groups Local Network Kerberos OS
Password Isolation Isolation PAC
Validation

NT SYSTEM automatic Administrators no MACHINE$ no 2000

AUTHORITY 30 days

NT Network Service automatic Users no MACHINE$ no XP

AUTHORITY 30 days

NT Local Service no Users no anonymous no XP

AUTHORITY

NT SERVICE <serviceName> automatic Users yes MACHINE$ no Vista

30 days 2008

IIS APPPOOL <appPoolName> automatic Users yes MACHINE$ no Vista

30 days 2008

<domain> <userName> manual Users yes yes yes 2000

<domain> <managedSvcAccount> automatic Users yes yes no 7

30 days 2008 R2

<domain> <groupSvcAccount> automatic Users yes yes no 8

30 days 2012

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AppPool identity

 appcmd list apppool /text:*

Group Managed Service Account (gmsa)

# on DC
New-AdServiceAccount
-Name web-finance
–DnsHostName finance.gopas.virtual
–PrincipalsAllowedToRetrieveManagedPassword gps-wfe1$,gps-wfe2$

# on each WFE
Add-WindowsFeature RSAT-AD-PowerShell
Install-AdServiceAccount

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HTTP authentication

 HTTP authentication
• no logoff
• Windows offers SSO
 Cookie-based application authentication with forms-
based logon page
• smaller network footprint than Kerberos
• cookie expiration
• cookie sharing with state server

HTTP authentication
Name Type SSO Windows Third party

Anonymous nothing from impersonates IUSR by default

client should use application pool identity instead
Basic clear-text no any yes

Windows NTLM hashed yes any ?

obsolete

Windows Kerberos encrypted yes AD domain ??

mutual no Kernel mode
Windows 7/2008 R2+
Windows Negotiate Kerberos or yes any with NTLM ???
NTLM AD domain with Kerberos
Windows 2000+ with Kerberos
Digest hashed no Windows XP+ yes
Windows 2003 DC
TLS client certificate encrypted yes any yes
mutual

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SSO from IE/Edge/Chrome

 IE, Edge, Chrome respect Windows Internet Settings
• Local Intranet zone

 http://portal
 *.gopas.virtual

SSO from Firefox (no *.wildcard support)

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NTLM loopback check

 Loopback access with NTLM on alias
• LSASS has the same NTLM token with different server
name in cache
 HKLM\System\CCS\Control\LSA\MSV1_0
• BackConnectionHostNames = MULTI_SZ
 HKLM\System\CCS\Control\LSA
• DisableLoopbackCheck = DWORD = 1

Kerberos
 AppPool user/comuters account
• System, Network Service, AppPoolIdentity
• domain user account
 servicePrincipalName
• http/portal
• http/portal.gopas.virtual

SETSPN -a "http/portal" svc-web

SETSPN -a "http/portal.gopas.virtual" svc-web

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Forms authentication

 Plain-text authentication
 Cookies based further access
• expiration in the browser
• expiration on the server
• explicit log-out available
 Customizable user interface
 Implemented in ASP.NET code logic
• might be exposed in GUI or might not

HTTP cookies

 Name=Value; Name=Value; ...

 Path=/subPath
• limited to a subpath
 Domain=.gopas.cz
• can enable cookie from a subdomain to go to other thirt-
level subdomains
 Expires=23-May-2015 22:13:08 GMT
 Max-Age=[seconds]

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Configuration storage

<location >

%windir%\System32\inetsrv\Config applicationHost.config

%webRoot% web.config

%webRoot%\SubFolder web.config
%webRoot%\SubFolder web.config
%webRoot%\SubFolder web.config
<location >

Configuration storage

<location >

%windir%\System32\inetsrv\Config applicationHost.config

%windir%\Microsoft.NET\Framework64\v2.0…\Config machine.config
%windir%\Microsoft.NET\Framework64\v4.0…\Config machine.config

%windir%\Microsoft.NET\Framework64\v2.0…\Config Web.config
%windir%\Microsoft.NET\Framework64\v4.0…\Config web.config

%webRoot% web.config

%webRoot%\SubFolder web.config
%webRoot%\SubFolder web.config
%webRoot%\SubFolder web.config
<location >

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Request blocking

 Windows Firewall
• source IP addresses
 IP address and domain name restrictions
• IP address/range/network
• domain names require DNS PTR reverse lookup
• Proxy mode on Windows 2012+
 Dynamic IP restrictions
• logging only mode: sc-status = 200, sc-substatus = 502
 Request filtering (no regex)
• extensions, size of URL and payload, methods, URL pattern,
query string pattern, hidden segment (/segment/ or /file.name
exactly), header patterns and patterns by .ext (the Rules)
• use Hidden segments in collisions like /bin/ and /binary/ to block
"bin" sequence

Double escaping and high-bit characters

 URL part only, not considered in query strings

• only the query and/or fragments

 http://portal/username.aspx
 http://%70 %6F %72 %74 %61 %6C /username.aspx
 http://%25 %37 %30 %25 %36 %46 %25 %37 %32
%25 %37 %34 %25 %36 %31 %25 %36 %43
/username.aspx

 + or % after de-escaping in URL is blocked

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Proxy mode with Dynamic IP restrictions

 Requests coming over proxies

 X-Forwarded-For: client, first-proxy, second-proxy, last-
proxy
 Must make the proxy addresses trusted as Allowed IP
entries
• source IP address of the TCP connection is the last-proxy
• client IP from the X-Forwarded-For is untrusted

Proxy mode (static/dynamic IP restrictions)

Blocked
Client IP

Client

Web

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Proxy mode (static/dynamic IP restrictions)

Blocked
Client IP

Client

Proxy
IP

Proxy Web

Proxy mode (static/dynamic IP restrictions)

Blocked
Client IP

Client

Proxy
IP

Proxy X-Forwarded-For Web

Blocked Client IP

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Transport Layer Security

 Standard cryptographic protocol for secure

transmissions
• RSA/DSA/EC, RC4, DES, AES, MD5, SHA1, …
 Encryption and server identity authentication
• HTTPS, SSTP, IPHTTPS, LDAPS, SQL, RDPS, SMTPS,
Hyper-V replication, 802.1x EAP, IPSec IKEExt
 Client certificate authentication
 Requires public key certificate on the server

SSL vs. TLS vs. DTLS

 SSL 2.0 (1995) - Windows 2000+
• MITM can downgrade cipher suite to 40-bit
• MAC hashes can be downgraded to 40-bit
 SSL 3.0 (1996) - Windows 2000+
• Support for DH, Fortezza key exchanges
• Support for non RSA certificates
 TLS 1.0 (1999) - Windows 2000+
• Security same as SSL 3.0
• Protocol not compatible with SSL 3.0
• IETF and US FIPS standard
 TLS 1.1 and 1.2 (2006, 2008) - Windows 7/2008 R2
• More recent standards offering SHA2 and ECDH suites
• Can fallback to TLS 1.0 without TCP RST
 DTLS 1.0 (based on TLS 1.0) and 1.2 (based on TLS 1.2) - Windows 8/2012
• Update available for Windows 7/2008 R2 (KB2574819)
• UDP datagram based communications such as RDP-UDP

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Secure / insecure

 Insecure
• SSL 2.0, SSL 3.0
• DES, MDx, SHA1, RC4
 Must have for compatibility reasons
• TLS 1.0
 Good
• TLS 1.1, TLS 1.2, …

Current secure algorithms and support

 since Windows 7 and Windows 2008 R2

• AES, SHA2 (SHA-256, SHA-384, SHA-512), RSA 2048,
ECDH
• TLS 1.1+

 certificates
• must contain Subject Alternative Name (SAN)
• all names must be present in SAN
• public CAs do not issue non-public DNS domains

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What we do not want

 SHA-1 (weak at 80/63bit currently)

• 2017-01-01T00:00:00 Windows stops accepting SHA-1 leaf
certificates???
 RC4 (non-FIPS, some limited exploits, rumors, MS
not recommended, RFC 7465 prohibited since
Feb2015)
 MD5, MD4 (non-FIPS)
 RSA 1024
 SSL 2.0, SSL 3.0 (prone to attacks)

Do not confuse signature with thumbprint

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Disable SSL 2.0

 HKLM\System\CurrentControlSet\Control\SecurityPro
viders \SCHANNEL\Protocols
• \PCT 1.0
• \SSL 2.0
 \Client
– Enabled = DWORD = 0
 \Server
– Enabled = DWORD = 0
• \SSL 3.0
 \Client …

Enable TLS 1.1 and TLS 1.2

 HKLM\System\CurrentControlSet\Control\SecurityPro
viders \SCHANNEL\Protocols
• \TLS 1.1
• \TLS 1.2
 \Client
– Enabled = DWORD = 1
– DisabledByDefault = DWORD = 0
 \Server
– Enabled = DWORD = 1
– DisabledByDefault = DWORD = 0

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Automatic (re)binding

 IIS manual setting

 Windows 2012 R2+ with automatic rebind if enabled

PowerShell (re)binding
$serverName = 'portal'
dir Cert:\LocalMachine\My | ? {
($_.Issuer -ne $_.Subject) -and
($_.DnsNameList -contains $serverName) -and
($_.NotBefore -lt [DateTime]::Now) -and
($_.NotAfter -gt [DateTime]::Now) -and
($_.HasPrivateKey) -and
(-not $_.Archived) -and
($_.Extensions['2.5.29.37'].EnhancedKeyUsages['1.3.6.1.5.5.7.3.1'] -ne $null) } |
Sort -Desc NotAfter | Select -First 1

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Change TLS allowed suites and order

Windows XP/2003- TLS/SSL cipher suites (no AES)

TLS_RSA_WITH_RC4_128_MD5
TLS_RSA_WITH_RC4_128_SHA
TLS_RSA_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA
TLS_DHE_DSS_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA
TLS_RSA_WITH_DES_CBC_SHA
TLS_DHE_DSS_WITH_DES_CBC_SHA
TLS_RSA_EXPORT1024_WITH_RC4_56_SHA
TLS_RSA_EXPORT1024_WITH_DES_CBC_SHA
TLS_DHE_DSS_EXPORT1024_WITH_DES_CBC_SHA
TLS_RSA_EXPORT_WITH_RC4_40_MD5
TLS_RSA_EXPORT_WITH_RC2_CBC_40_MD5
TLS_RSA_WITH_NULL_MD5
TLS_RSA_WITH_NULL_SHA

SSL_RSA_WITH_RC4_128_SHA
SSL_RSA_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA
SSL_DHE_DSS_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA
SSL_RSA_WITH_RC4_128_MD5

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Windows 7/2008 R2 TLS v1.1 cipher suites (AES/EC/SHA2)

TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA256 TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA_P384
TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA_P256
TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA256 TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA_P384
TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA TLS_DHE_DSS_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA256
TLS_RSA_WITH_RC4_128_SHA TLS_DHE_DSS_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA
TLS_RSA_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA TLS_DHE_DSS_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA256
TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA256_P256 TLS_DHE_DSS_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA
TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA256_P384 TLS_DHE_DSS_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA
TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA_P256 TLS_RSA_WITH_RC4_128_MD5
TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA_P384 SSL_CK_RC4_128_WITH_MD5
TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA_P256 SSL_CK_DES_192_EDE3_CBC_WITH_MD5
TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA_P384 TLS_RSA_WITH_NULL_SHA256
TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256_P256 TLS_RSA_WITH_NULL_SHA
TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA256_P256
TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA384_P384 SSL_RSA_WITH_RC4_128_SHA
TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA384_P384 SSL_RSA_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA
TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA_P256 SSL_DHE_DSS_WITH_3DES_EDE_CBC_SHA
SSL_RSA_WITH_RC4_128_MD5

Validate your TLS server

 http://www.ssllabs.com

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SSL enforcement vs. HTTP 403 error

Redirects

 302 normal redirect

 301 permanent change
• browsers can update cache, bookmarks and links
 307 temporary change

 Always create separate site for the redirects!

 Switch anonymous authentication to use AppPoolIdentity
 NTFS permissions Read for IIS APPPOOL\redirapppool

 Redirecting with including query string

• https://finance$S$Q + exact destination

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Client started HTTP and 302 redirect

HTTP GET /uri.htm

Host: www.gopas.cz

HTTP 302 Redirect

Server
Client

Location: HTTPS://www.gopas.cz/uri.htm

HTTPS GET /uri.htm

Host: www.gopas.cz

Client started HTTP and HTTPS links <a href>

HTTP GET /uri.htm

Host: www.gopas.cz

HTTP 200 OK
HTML: …
Server
Client

<a href="https://www.gopas.cz/link1.htm>
<a href="https://www.gopas.cz/link2.htm>
<img src="https://www.gopas.cz/pic1.png>

HTTPS GET /link1.htm

Host: www.gopas.cz

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MITM attack with HTTPS strip (SSL strip)

Certificate

Attacker

Server
Client

HTTP HTTPS

Strict-Transport-Security (HSTS)

HTTP GET /uri.htm

Host: www.gopas.cz

HTTP 200 OK
HTML: …
Server
Client

Strict-Transport-Security: max-age=360;
includeSubDomains;
<a href="https://www.gopas.cz/link2.htm>
<img src="https://www.gopas.cz/pic1.png>

Cache
HTTPS GET /link1.htm
Host: www.gopas.cz

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More web servers on a common IP address - single host header

Server Certificate
www.gopas.cz
TLS tunnel
IP : Port IP: 10.10.0.37:443

HTTP GET /uri.htm

WebSite
Client

User-Agent: Internet Explorer

Accept-Language: cs-cz
Host: www.gopas.cz

More web servers on a common IP address - different host headers

on Windows 2008 R2-

Server Certificate
www.gopas.cz
TLS tunnel
IP : Port IP: 10.10.0.37:443
Website

HTTP GET /uri.htm

Client

Host: www.gopas.cz
Website

HTTP GET /uri.htm

Host: www.sevecek.com

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Host header vs. wildcard certificate on Windows 2008 R2-

Server Certificate
*.gopas.cz
TLS tunnel
IP : Port IP: 10.10.0.37:443

Website
HTTP GET /uri.htm
Client

Host: www.gopas.cz

Website
HTTP GET /uri.htm
Host: kurzy.gopas.cz

Server Name Indication (SNI) with Windows 7 (IE7) and Windows

2012+

Server Certificate
TLS tunnel www.gopas.cz
IP : Port : Host
Website

IP: 10.10.0.37:443
HTTP GET /uri.htm
Client

Host: www.gopas.cz
Website

HTTP GET /uri.htm

Host: www.sevecek.com
Server Certificate
www.sevecek.co
m
IP: 10.10.0.37:443

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Network Load Balancing

State
IP1 State
server
IP NLB
server

Web1
https://www.gopas.cz
Browser \\FS
Browser
client IP2 \\FS
Browser
client Client
https://bi config
client IP1:Port1 IP NLB config
NLB
ethernet Web2
switch
GUI web
GUI web
service
service Client NLB ethernet switch \\FS
client IP2:Port2 \\FS
client content
content
Web3
IP3

IP NLB

DB
DB

NLB notes #1

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NLB notes #2 (dedicated vs. cluster IPs)

NLB notes #3 (or create a new zone)

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NLB notes #4 (on both nodes manually)

Testing load balancing

 HTTP response headers (IIS server level)

• add custom header: NLB-Node: severName

 HTTP response headers (web-site level)

• temporarily disable Connection keep-alive

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Testing load-balancing with PowerShell

Invoke-WebRequest

Central shared IIS configuration

 Manual config
• windows features
 Add-WindowsFeature …
• group managed service accounts registration
 Install-AdServiceAccount …
• SSL certificates
 netsh http show sslcert
 Netsh http add sslcert

 What does not work

• additional HTTP headers per server

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PHP integration
 install PHP
• download PHP
• download VC 201x redistributable
 Add-WindowsFeatures Web-CGI
 register Handle Mapping per site
• *.php -> PHP-CGI.exe
 allow the PHP-CGI.exe in server CGI restrictions

PHP integration

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PHP integration

49