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Lecture 31

This document discusses different types of logic gates: - Inverters change a 1 to a 0 and vice versa. AND gates output 1 only if all inputs are 1. OR gates output 1 if any input is 1. NAND and NOR gates are combinations of AND/OR with inverters and act as universal gates. Exclusive OR gates output 1 if only one input is 1. Truth tables and symbols are provided for each gate.

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Huzaifa Rehan
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29 views

Lecture 31

This document discusses different types of logic gates: - Inverters change a 1 to a 0 and vice versa. AND gates output 1 only if all inputs are 1. OR gates output 1 if any input is 1. NAND and NOR gates are combinations of AND/OR with inverters and act as universal gates. Exclusive OR gates output 1 if only one input is 1. Truth tables and symbols are provided for each gate.

Uploaded by

Huzaifa Rehan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture 31: Logic Gates

Inverter
The inverter (NOT circuit) performs the operation called inversion or complementation. The inverter
changes one logic level to the opposite level. In terms of bits, it changes a 1 to a 0 and a 0 to a 1.
The negation indicator is a “bubble” ( ) that indicates inversion or complementation when it
appears on the input or output of any logic element. The truth table for inverter is also shown in
the figure.

Fig. 1: An inverter

AND Gate
The AND gate is one of the basic gates that can be combined to form any logic function. An AND
gate can have two or more inputs and performs what is known as logical multiplication. The term
gate is used to describe a circuit that performs a basic logic operation. The AND gate is composed
of two or more inputs and a single output, as indicated by the standard logic symbols shown in
Fig. 2. Inputs are on the left, and the output is on the right in each symbol. Gates with two inputs
are shown; however, an AND gate can have any number of inputs greater than one. An AND
gate produces a HIGH output only when all of the inputs are HIGH. When any of the inputs is
LOW, the output is LOW. Therefore, the basic purpose of an AND gate is to determine when
certain conditions are simultaneously true, as indicated by HIGH levels on all of its inputs, and
to produce a HIGH on its output to indicate that all these conditions are true.

Fig. 2: An AND gate and its truth table


OR Gate
The OR gate is another of the basic gates from which all logic functions are constructed. An OR
gate can have two or more inputs and performs what is known as logical addition. An OR gate
has two or more inputs and one output, as indicated by the standard logic symbols in Fig. 3,
where OR gates with two inputs are illustrated.

Fig. 2: An OR gate and its truth table


NAND Gate
The NAND gate is a popular logic element because it can be used as a universal gate; that is,
NAND gates can be used in combination to perform the AND, OR, and inverter operations. The
term NAND is a contraction of NOT-AND and implies an AND function with a complemented
(inverted) output. The standard logic symbol for a 2-input NAND gate and its equivalency to an
AND gate followed by an inverter are shown in Fig. 4, where the symbol ≡ means equivalent to.

Fig. 3: A NAND gate and its truth table

The Boolean expression for the output of a 2-input NAND gate is

X = AB
NOR Gate
The NOR gate, like the NAND gate, is a useful logic element because it can also be used as a
universal gate; that is, NOR gates can be used in combination to perform the AND, OR, and
inverter operations. The term NOR is a contraction of NOT-OR and implies an OR function with
an inverted (complemented) output. The standard logic symbol for a 2-input NOR gate and its
equivalent OR gate followed by an inverter are shown in Fig. 4.

Fig. 4: A NOR gate and its truth table

The Boolean expression for the output of a 2-input NOR gate can be written as

𝑋 = ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝐴 + 𝐵
Exclusive OR Gate
Exclusive-OR and exclusive-NOR gates are formed by a combination of other gates already
discussed. However, because of their fundamental importance in many applications, these gates
are often treated as basic logic elements with their own unique symbols. Standard symbols for an
exclusive-OR (XOR for short) gate are shown in Fig. 5. The XOR gate has only two inputs.

Fig. 5: An Exclusive OR gate and its truth table

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