SUBSTANCE ABUSE EDUCATION NSTP101

What is a drug?

W
hat is drug abuse?
▪ Drug abuse is the continuous misuse of
any substance, licit, illicit which
results to changes in and individual’s
physical, mental or behavioral
condition.

Why do people turn to drugs?

▪ Peer pressure
▪ Curiosity
▪ Adventure
▪ Feel good
▪ Escape from reality
▪ Easy access to drugs
History and commonly abused drugs in the
Philippines
A. Pre-Martial law era
a. Hallucinogens- drugs which affects
sensation, thinking and emotion. E.g.
Marijuana, Hashish, LSD

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SUBSTANCE ABUSE EDUCATION NSTP101
b. Sedatives- drugs which reduces anxiety
and excitement. E.g. Barbiturates,
Tranquilizers, Alcohol
c. Narcotics- drug that relieve pain and
induce sleep. E.g. Opium and derivatives
like Heroin, Morphine, Codeine
B. Martial Law era
a. Cough syrups- with narcotic and non-
narcotic cough suppressants. E.g. Corex,
Endotussin, Robitussin AC etc.
b. Inhalants- Chemicals used by
manufacturing industries. E.g. Rugby, Glue,
Thinner
C. After Edsa Revolution
a. Stimulants- drugs which increases
alertness. E.g. Amphetamine, Derivatives,
Cocaine
How can you tell if a person is on drugs?
Changes in …
1. Appearance
2. Mood
3. Behavior
4. Interest

The ill effects of drugs

These are several effects of drugs:
A. Mental health/Psychological effects
a. Disturbance in perception-
auditory and visual hallucination
b. Disturbance in orientation-
paranoia, psychosis
c. Disturbance in memory
d. Disturbance in judgment-
depression that may lead to suicide

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B. Physical health/ Physiological effectsa.
Systemic
1. Cardiac (heart) pathology-
irregularity of heart beat, elevated or
lowered blood pressure, chest pain,
convulsions or death from cardiac
arrest
2. pulmonary (lung) illnesses
3. Hepatic (liver) problems
4. Renal (kidney) diseases
b. General health
1. malnutrition or weight loss
2. infections
3.accidents
4. blood transmitted disease

C. Behavioral effects
Substance seeking behavior can lead
to various criminal and anti-social
acts.
Common signs of drug abuse
The profile of a drug dependent or a
substance abuser is as follows:

▪ Changes in attendance in
school or work
▪ Changes in the normal
capabilities in school/work
▪ Abrupt change in overall
attitude
▪ Generally lazy, irritable,
discourteous,aggressive
▪ Usually untrustworthy and
lacks self-confidence

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SUBSTANCE ABUSE EDUCATION NSTP101
▪ Manipulative
▪ Have a distorted view of
reality
▪ Low frustration tolerance
▪ Con-game player
▪ Lacks interest in his
studies/work (withdrawal
from responsibilities)
▪ Blames everybody but
himself (blame tosser)
▪ Prefers to stay with peers
(barkada)
▪ May frequently go to odd
places (to take drugs)
▪ Poor physical appearance
(unconcerned with grooming
and hygiene)
▪ Wearing of sunglasses at
inappropriate times.
▪ Unusual effort to cover arms
to hide needle marks (long
sleeved garments)
▪ Stealing items which can be
readily sold
▪ Unusual borrowing of money
from relatives and friends
▪ Association with known drug
abusers
Classification of Drug Abusers
Substance abusers can be classified according to
frequency of their substance use.
1. Experimenters- people who abuse the drug(s)
for experimental basis.
2. Occasional users- abuse the drug
occasionally/whenever there are special occasions.
They abuse the drug once every two (2) weeks to
two (2) times a week.
3. Regular users- abuse the drug on a regular basis
approximately three (3) to four (4) times a week or
every other day.

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SUBSTANCE ABUSE EDUCATION NSTP101
4. Drug dependents- people who tend to abuse the
drug(s) everyday (almost everyday) or about five
(5) to seven (7) times a week
5. Mentally Ill chemical abuser/substance
induced psychosis- drug abusers who manifest
signs and symptoms of psychotic disorder caused
by the effects of drugs (hallucination, disorientation,
delusions, etc.)
What are the criteria for drug dependency?

• Withdrawal symptoms
• Need to take drugs to overcome withdrawal
symptoms
• Compulsion
• Tolerance
• Relapse
• Reduced social/occupational act
How can you stay away from drugs?

• Devote yourself to your studies and other

productive activities at home or in school
• Stay away from people, places and events that
promote drug abuse
• Learn to manage feelings and cope with stress
without using drugs
• Develop a strong moral and spiritual
foundation
• Educate yourself about the effects of drug
abuse
• Always say NO

What are the counter-measures for substance abuse?

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SUBSTANCE ABUSE EDUCATION NSTP101

The comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002

There are some of the important provisions in the
Republic Act 9165 also known as the
Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002
Sec 5- sale, administration, dispensation,
delivery, distribution and transportation of
dangerous drugs
Sec 6- maintenance of den, dive or resort
Sec11- possession of dangerous drugs
Sec15- use of dangerous drugs
Sec19- unlawful prescription of dangerous
drugs
Sec36- authorized drug testing
Sec54- voluntary submission of a drug
dependent to confinement, rehabilitation
Sec60- confidentiality of records under the
voluntary submission
Sec61- compulsory confinement of a drug
dependent who refuses to apply under the
voluntary submission.
Under this act, the dangerous drugs board
(DDB) remains as the policy-making and
strategy-formulating body in planning and
formulation of policies and program on drug
prevention and control.Philippine
Drug Enforcement Agency (PDEA) is the
lead anti-drug law enforcement agency,
responsible for preventing, investigation and
combating any dangerous drugs, controlled
precursors and essential chemicals within
the Philippines.
The state needs to enhance further efficacy
of the law against dangerous drugs, it being
one of today’s mote serious social bills.
Towards this end, the government shall
pursue an intensive and unrelenting
campaign against the trafficking and use of
dangerous drugs and other similar
substances. The government shall however
aim to achieve a balance in the national drug
control program so that people with
legitimate medical needs are not prevented
from being treated with adequate amounts of

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SUBSTANCE ABUSE EDUCATION NSTP101
appropriate medications, which include the
use of dangerous drugs.”
Definition of Important terms:
1. Drugs - Drugs are chemicals that affect a person
in such a way as to bring about physiological,
emotional, or behavioral change.
2. Dangerous Drugs - those that have high
tendency for abuse and dependency, these
substances may be organic or synthetic, and pose
harm to those who use them.
3. Drug Use – Any act of injecting, intravenously
or intramuscularly, of consuming either by chewing,
smoking, sniffing, eating, swallowing, drinking or
otherwise introducing into physiological system of
the body, any of the dangerous drugs.
4. Drug Abuse - exists when a person continually
uses a drug other than its intended purpose. This
continued use can lead to drug dependence, a state
of physical and psychological dependence or both
on a dangerous drug.
5. Drug Addiction - is a complex, and often
chronic, brain disease. It is characterized by
excessive drug craving, seeking, and use. Addiction
is caused by brain changes caused by constant drug
use.
6. Dependency - the state of physical and
psychological dependence, or both, on a dangerous
drug, or drugs, experienced by a person following
the use of that substance on a periodic or continuous
basis.
7. High - A high is the feeling that drug users want
to get when they take drugs. There are many types
of high, including a spacey feeling, euphoria, or a
feeling that a person has “special powers”, such as
the ability to fly or see into the future.
8. Den, Dive or Resort – a place where any
dangerous drug is administered, delivered, stored
for illegal purposes, distributed, sold or used in any
form

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9. Drug Syndicate – any organized group of 2 or
more persona forming or joining together with the
intention of committing any offense prescribed
under this Act.
10. Pusher – any person who sells, trades,
administers, dispenses, delivers or gives away to
another, on any terms whatsoever, or distributes,
dispatches in transit or transport dangerous drugs.
▪ Drug Crimes and PenaltiesDrug Trafficking
Penalty: life imprisonment to death Fine: P500,000 to
P1,000,000
▪ Trafficking of Controlled Precursors and Essential
Chemicals
Penalty: 12 years and 1 day to 20 years Fine: P100,000 to
P500,000
▪ Maintenance of Drug Den, Dive or Resort Penalty: life
imprisonment to death
Fine: P500,000 to P10,000,000
▪ Employees and Visitors of a Den, Dive or Resort
Penalty: 12 years and 1 day to 20 years Fine: P100,000 to
P500,000
▪ Possession of Dangerous Drugs Penalty: life
imprisonment to death
Fine: P500,000 to P10,000,000
▪ Possession of Equipment, Instrument, Apparatus and
Other Paraphernalia for Dangerous Drugs
Penalty: 6 months and 1 day to 4 years Fine: 10,000 to
50,000
▪ Use of Dangerous Drugs Penalty:
1st Offense – minimum of 6 months rehabilitation 2nd
Offense – 6 years and 1 day to 12 years and fine ranging
from P50,000 to P200,000.

RESOURCES:
Web links to further enhance knowledge about the
topic:

▪ http://www.drugabuse.gov/news-events/public-education-
projects
▪ http://easyread.drugabuse.gov/drug-abuse-effects.php
▪ http://www.projectknow.com/research/substance-abuse-
education-resources/
▪ http://www.drugfreeworld.org/#/interactive

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SUBSTANCE ABUSE EDUCATION NSTP101

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NSTP 101

The Right to Suffrage

This learning module will discuss the basic concepts about suffrage. It
will highlight the right to vote in the Philippines and latest innovations
on voting.

The Right of Suffrage

• It is found in Article V in 1987 Philippine Constitution.
• The term suffrage comes from the latin word “suffragium”
which is to vote.
• It is the right of the people to choose their officials as their
representatives, for definite and fixed periods, to whom they
entrust the exercise of the powers of government.
• we elect our officials directly
• officials serve for fixed terms
• officials are directly accountable to the people

What are the different types of electoral exercise?

Regular Elections

National
• Every six years – Presidents and Vice-Presidents
• Every three years – Senators

Local
• Every three years
- members of House of Representatives, Party list
representatives
- Provincial, City and Municipal officials
- Barangay, Sanguniang Kabataan (SK) and ARMM
Elections

How often are elections held?

• Every 2nd Monday of May for National and local electionsThe

term suffrage comes from the latin word “suffragium” which is
to vote.
1. President and Vice-President
2. Senators, Congressmen, Provincial, City and Municipal
Officials
• Every last Monday of October

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X.X The Right to Suffrage

1. Barangay and SK official

2. Every 3 years from March 1993
3. ARMM elections

What is registration?

• Refers to the act of accomplishing and filing of a sworn

application for registration by a qualified voter

Why should I register?

• To have the opportunity to choose our leaders

What’s in it for me?

• Just like text voting, you get heard and counted

What are the requirements for registration?

• A Filipino Citizen
• At least 18 years old
• A resident of the Philippines for 1 year and of the city or
municipality wherein he process to
• vote for at least 6 months immediately preceding the election
• Not otherwise disqualified by the law

What is validation of registration?

• Just like text voting, you get heard and counted A process
wherein fingerprints of the voter would be captured
electronically at no expense to the voter

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NSTP 101

Where should I register?

• Comelec Office

Where should I validate my registration?

• Barangay Office

How do I go about transferring my registration?

The Right to Suffrage 5

X.X The Right to Suffrage

• Just like text voting, you get heard and counted

What are the requirements for registration?

• You may apply with the election officer of new residence for
the transfer of your registration records
• You will be asked to accomplish six application forms.

History of Philippine Elections

Pre Spanish Era

• The government was called “Barangay System”, the head was

called datu.
• There was no election yet, although unity was prevalent that
time.
• If decisions are to be made, the meetings consist of the council
of elders.
• Once they arrive at a decision, people follow them. The council
of elders was known for their wisdom and therefore they were
respected by people.

Malolos Constitution

• The first elections were held.

• However, only the male members of the rich classes or
Ilustrado are eligible voters.
• Emilio Aguinaldo was chosen as the first president of the First
Republic on June 23, 1899 in Malolos, Bulacan.
• Therefore, Aguinaldo was chosen by the elites instead of the
masses.

American Era

• Filipinos have fought for freedom during Filipino-American

War.
• Without their knowledge, the Ilustrados of Aguinaldo
government surrendered and formed an alliance with the
Americans.
• It was 1907 when the Americans allowed Filipinos to form
their own assembly.
• Election was held for its 80 members. Only 1.4% were given a
chance to participate. People who were not allowed to join are

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NSTP 101

women, citizens who don’t own their land and those who are
“no read, no right” in English and Spanish.
• Again, elected candidates of Philippine Assembly came from
rich families.

Commonwealth Era

• Manuel L. Quezon was elected president of Commonwealth

Government under 1935 Constitution approved by America.
• After 10 years, there is still a big gap between the rich and the
poor. Filipino farmers still experience poverty since the land
was owned by few.
• Philippine Economy and Politics were controlled by US
through agreements that were to their advantage.

Post American Era

• US eventually left the Philippines but Filipinos still struggled.

• Japanese occupied the Philippines and it was the Filipino
Guerillas who took undercover.

Post World War II

• After the Japanese occupation, Commonwealth Government

was revived under Pres. Sergio Osmeña.

Post Independence

• In 1946, the first elections as Independent Republic were held.

• It was the first time that positions were open for President,
Vice-President and Legislative.
• It was Pres. Manuel Roxas, supported by US Gen. Douglas
McArthur, who won the said elections.
• Graft and corruption became a problem under his government.
Voters were harassed just to get their votes.
• During this time, Parity Amendment in Constitution was
approved that gave Americans opportunity to gain from us (the
story of colonial mentality).
• Only the members of the ruling elite were given the chance to
run for elections. Graft and corruption was still prevalent.

1949 Elections

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X.X The Right to Suffrage

• Pres. Elpidio Quirino was elected as President of the

Philippines and triggered controversies due to massive fraud.

1953 Elections

• Pres. Ramon Magsaysay won the elections, dubbed as “Man of

the Masses”
• He destroyed rebel farmers and Huk members in Central
Luzon.
• He gave farmers land in Mindanao so they won’t rebel
anymore.

1957 Elections

• Pres. Carlos P. Garcia was elected

• His “Filipino First Policy” aimed to help Filipino industries.
• Filipino manufacturing and local brand flourished but graft and
corruption was still the main problem of society. This greatly
affected his good intentions as a president.

1961 Elections

• Pres. Diosdado Macapagal won the elections.

• He ensured land reform in favor of Filipino farmers.
• He approved foreign investors coming in, eventually Philippine
Peso struggled against US dollar.

Marcos Era

• Pres. Ferdinand E. Marcos was the first president to be re-

elected in 1969, considered to be one of the “dirtiest” election
was had.
• He declared Martial Law in 1972 to prolong his term.
• He abolished the 1935 Constitution and changed to 1973
Constitution that prohibited democratic acts like assemblies,
rallies, freedom of speech and due process.
• Widespread cronyism, military abuses, graft and corruption
and embezzlement.
• During his time, he planned elections that didn’t follow
democratic procedure. His political party reigned, Kilusang
Bagong Lipunan.

1986 Snap Elections

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NSTP 101

• Pres. Marcos declared snap elections with Cory Aquino as

opponent.
• This was a historic moment that proved the power of Filipino
Electorate.
• People regained their strength to vote according to their will.
• Marcos Administration did everything –vote buying, tampering
of voter’s list, tampering of election returns, used intimidation
and harassment and murder.
• According to COMELEC count, it was Marcos who won the
election. It was questioned by Catholic Church and National
Citizens' Movement for Free Elections or NAMFREL.
• People came to a revolution as well, forming the People’s
Power Revolution.

1987 Constitution

• The 1987 Constitution was established through popular voting

under Pres. Cory Aquino.
• Democracy in elections was brought back as elections for
senatorial and local position were held.
• Year 1992 was the first time to elect a president under 1987
Constitution, anti-trapo (traditional politicians) campaigns
become famous.
• Pres. Fidel V. Ramos won the elections, but Miriam Defensor-
Santiago protested with the results. She accused Ramos of
electoral fraud.
• Dagdag-bawas” was coined during 1995 Midterm Elections. It
means to add the vote of a candidate to an opponent.
• President Joseph Estrada, a former actor, became president in
1998.
• Corruption is still a major issue during his time. Once again,
people gathered in EDSA for the 2nd People Power that ousted
him in the position.
• Pres. Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, his vice-president, replaced
him in the seat.
• She was re-elected in 2004 against the actor Fernando Poe Jr.,
using her power to manipulate the election.

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NSTP 101

Automated Election System

• Manual Elections – high percentage of human intervention

(took charge of the ballot box, vote counting etc) therefore; it is
easy to manipulate the results of elections. Not to mention
election violence and the “usad-pagong” canvassing of results.

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Republic Act 8436 – Election Modernization Act amended to

Republic Act 9369

• Elections in the Philippines should utilize modern technology

like computers and machines.
• “To encourage transparency, credibility, fairness, and accuracy
of elections.”
• The machine that will be used is called Precinct Count Optical
Scan (PCOS).

No-more yellow boxes

• No more long hours of waiting and watching.

• Despite criticisms and mounting fears that the PCOS machines
will not ensure credible election results, Comelec expressed
confidence the poll equipment would perform the task.
• Compared to past elections where the winners were known
after weeks or months, local winners were determined in a few
hours, while half of the national winners were known after a
day.
• Most people are satisfied with the election process and the
voting results.

What is going on during election time?

The Board of Election Inspectors will show to everyone and make sure
that the ballot box is empty.

• The PCOS machines have backup battery incase of power loss.

• The BEI will print initialization report as proof that nothing
was encoded.
• Every ballot is configured to a specific precinct and cannot be
used with other machines. It has a corresponding barcode that
is different from every voter.
• The names of the candidates are listed on the ballot. We voters
need to shade the oval space beside the candidate they wish to
vote.
• Using the marking pen provided, the voter should carefully fill
the whole oval space; nothing more, nothing less as it will be
nullified.
• Once a voter is done with his ballot, he will approach the
machine and enter the ballot by himself. The machine will read
the ballot even if it was entered on either side.

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NSTP 101

• All the ballots will be places on a translucent box wherein no

one can have a look on the content.
• The BEI will put indelible ink on your index finger as proof
that you have exercised you right to suffrage.
• At 6pm, the polls will close and the machine will not allow any
ballots coming in. The BEI will print 8 copies of election
returns. One copy of local results will be posted elsewhere in
the area for public’s view.
• The results will be sent electronically to:
1. Municipal Board of Canvassers
2. Comelec Central database
3. Data Server of Accredited Groups (like KBP, Political
Parties and Citizen’s Arm)

PCOS Security Features

• Password/PIN
• Digital Signatures
• Multiple Data Source and Storage
• Back-up Battery
• Quick Electronic Transmission Speed
• Zero Report
• Transmission Reports
• Audit Log
• Copies of ERs and COCs for distribution
• Bar code, Watermark and UV features of the ballot

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References

Web links to further enhance knowledge about the topic:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffrage

http://ldb.org/philcon/suffrage.htm

https://tamayaosbc.wordpress.com/2014/08/02/citizenship-and-
suffrage/

http://electionspinoy.blogspot.com/2009/09/nature-of-right-of-
suffrage.html

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NSTP 101

Ecosystem Management
This learning module will discuss the importance of ecosystem
management. It will describe the process proper ecological
conservation and restoration of natural resources which will help to
meet the world’s socioeconomic, political and cultural needs and
protect the environment for the future generation.

Topic 7

What is Ecosystem Management?

1. Nature of the learning process.

It is a process that aims to conserve major ecological services and

restore natural resources while meeting the socioeconomic, political
and cultural and needs of current and future generations. The principal
objective of ecosystem management is the efficient maintenance and
ethical use of natural resources. It is a multifaceted and holistic
approach which requires a significant change in how the natural and
human environments are identified.

Ecosystem Management 1
X.X Ecosystem Management

Principles in Ecosystem Management

1. Ecosystem management reflects a stage in the continuing evolution

of social values and priorities; it is neither a beginning nor an end;
2. Ecosystem management is place-based and the boundaries of the
place must be clearly and formally defined;
3. Ecosystem management should maintain ecosystems in the
appropriate condition to achieve desired social benefits;

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NSTP 101

4. Ecosystem management should take advantage of the ability of

ecosystems to respond to a variety of stressors, natural and man-
made, but all ecosystems have limited ability to accommodate
stressors and maintain a desired state;
5. Ecosystem management may or may not result in emphasis on
biological diversity;
6. The term sustainability, if used at all in ecosystem management,
should be clearly defined—specifically, the time frame of concern,
the benefits and costs of concern, and the relative priority of the
benefits and costs; and
7. Scientific information is important for effective ecosystem
management, but is only one element in a decision-making process
that is fundamentally one of public and.

Who are involve in Ecosystem Management

Every one is affected by environmental decisions and actions, but we

have also the power to influence the outcome of environmental
decisions relating to our ecosystem and planet. The complex nature of
decisions made in ecosystem management, from local to international
scales, requires stakeholder participation from a diversity of
knowledge, perceptions and values of nature. Stakeholders will often
have different interests in ecosystem services. This means effective
management of ecosystems requires a negotiation process that
develops mutual trust in issues of common interest with the objective
of creating mutually beneficial partnerships.

Ecosystem Management 3
X.X Ecosystem Management

What is an Ecosystem?

An ecosystem is a place/area that includes all of the living things

(plants, animals and organism) in a given area, interacting with each
other, and also with their non-living environments (weather, earth, sun,
soil, climate, atmosphere)

Scales of Ecosystems

Ecosystems vary in size. It can exist in a small area such as underneath

a rock, decaying tree-trunk, or pond in your village or it can exist in

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NSTP 101

large forms such as an entire rain forest. Here’s a fact Earth is huge
ecosystem.

Classification of Ecosystem

• Micro. A small scale ecosystem such as a pond, puddle, tree

trunk, under a rock etc.
• Messo. A medium scale ecosystem such as a forest or a large
lake
• Biome. A very large ecosystem or collection of ecosystems
with similar biotic and abiotic factors. This category can be
classified as aquatic and terrestrial biome.

Different types of Biomes

• Biomes are very large ecological areas on the earth’s surface,

with fauna and flora (animals and plants) adapting to their
environment. Biomes are often defined by abiotic factors such
as climate, relief, geology, soils and vegetation.
• Desert Biome. It has very high temperature, little vegetative
cover, less cloud cover, low atmospheric moisture and the
land’s exposure to the sun. humidity is very low, with a few
events of very little rain
• Aquatic Biome. This includes all water bodies on earth’s
surface. Aquatic biomes are grouped into two, Freshwater and
Marine biomes. These biomes make up about 73% of the total
earth’s surface.
• Forest Biome. This biome makes up about 30% of the total
land cover on earth, and are of incredible value to life on earth.
They are storage of carbon and play a very important role in

Ecosystem Management 5
X.X Ecosystem Management

climate control. They have a watershed role, and are a source

of many raw materials that humans depend on. It is believed
that forests have the most bio-diversity. A small portion of the
rainforest, for example may be home to millions of insects,
birds, animals and plants. There are three biomes that make up
forest biomes. These are the tropical rainforest, temperature
and boreal forests.
• Grassland Biome. As the name suggest, these are massive areas
dominated by one or few species of grass with sparsely
distributed trees. There are two main types of grassland
biomes: the savanna grassland and the temperate grasslands.
One of the major savanna is located in Africa, and takes up
more than a third of the continents land area. Others can be
found in India, South America and Australia. Temperate
grassland can be found in South Africa, Argentina, and some
plains in Central North America.
• Tundra Biome. This is known to be the coldest of all the
terrestrial (land) biomes, with the least bio-diversity capacity.
Tundra got its name from ‘Tunturia’ a Finnish word that means
‘barren land’. This biome has very little rain and extremely
freezing temperatures, and covers about a fifth of the earth’s
land surface. There are two major tundra biomes: The Artic
and the Alpine Tundra. The Artic tundra is around the north-
pole in the northern hemisphere. This biome has temperature of
about 2-3 Celsius in the summer and about -35 Celsius in the
winter. Bogs and ponds are common as a result of constantly
frozen surface moisture and melted permafrost.

Different types of Biomes

1. A clean environment is essential for healthy living. If we don’t

take care of our environment, the more it will become polluted
with contaminants and toxins that have a harmful impact on our
health.
2. Earth is Warming. Global warming is causing climate patterns to
change. Yes, climate change is real and we are largely responsible
because our activities have released large amount of carbon
dioxide and other green house gases into the atmosphere.
3. It is for the future generations. We should conserve our ecosystem
for the benefit of our great great great grand children.
4. Biodiversity is important. Biodiversity pertains to the totality of
plants and animals living in our planet. We need food from various
species and plants to eat, water to drink, air to breath and materials
to provide shelter and other necessities.

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NSTP 101

5. It is our responsibility. Nature gives us many things for free: clean

air, clean water, beautiful landscapes and breathtaking views. We
take so much in nature, but what do we give on return?
6. This is our home. It is where we live, so we better take care of it!

Types of Ecosystem Management

• Adaptive Management. Adaptive management is based on the

concept that predicting future influences/disturbance to an
ecosystem is limited and unclear. Therefore, the goal of
adaptive management is to manage the ecosystem so it
maintains the greatest amount of ecological integrity, but also
to utilize management practices that have the ability to change
based on new experience and insights.
• Natural Resource Management. The term natural resource
management is frequently used when dealing with a particular
resource for human use rather than managing the whole
ecosystem. A main objective of natural resources management
is the sustainability for future generations, which appoints
ecosystem managers to balance natural resources exploitation
and conservation over long-term timeframe. The balanced
relationship of each resource in an ecosystem is subject to
change at different spatial and temporal scales. Dimensions
such as, watersheds, soils, flora and fauna, need to be
considered individually and on a landscape level. A variety of
natural resources are utilized for food, medicine, energy and
shelter.
• Strategic Management. Strategic management encourages the
establishment of goals that will benefit the ecosystem while
keeping socioeconomic and politically relevant issues in mind.
Strategic management differs from other types of ecosystem
management because it keeps stakeholders involved and relies
on their input to develop the best management strategy for an
ecosystem. Similarly, to other modes of ecosystem
management, this method places a high level of importance on
evaluating and reviewing any changes, progress or negative
impacts and prioritizes flexibility in adapting management
protocols as a result of new information.
• Landscape level control/Conservation. Landscape level
conservation is a method that considers wildlife needs at a
broader landscape level scale when implementing conservation
initiatives. This approach to ecosystem management involves
the consideration of broad scale interconnected ecological
systems that acknowledges the whole scope of an

Ecosystem Management 7
X.X Ecosystem Management

environmental problem. In a human–dominated world,

weighing the landscape requirements of wildlife versus the
needs of humans is a complicated matter.
• Command and control management. Command and control
management utilizes a linear problem solving approach where
a perceived problem is solved through controlling devices such
as laws, threats, contracts and/or agreements. This top-down
approach is used across many disciplines and works best with
problems that are relatively simple, well-defined and work in
terms of cause and effect. The application of command and
control management has often attempted to control nature in
order to improve product extractions, establish predictability
and reduce threats. Some obvious examples of command and
control management actions include: the use of herbicides and
pesticides to safeguard crops in order to harvest more products;
the culling of predators in order to obtain larger, more reliable
game species; and the safeguarding of timber supply, by
suppressing forest fires.

Environmental Situation in the Philippines

The Philippines is prone to natural disasters, particularly typhoons,

floods, landslides, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, and tsunamis, lying
as it does astride the typhoon belt, in the active volcanic region known
as the “Pacific Ring of Fire,” and in the geologically unstable region
between the Pacific and Eurasian tectonic plates.

The Philippines also suffers…

major human-caused environmental degradation aggravated by a high

annual population growth rate,
including loss of agricultural lands, deforestation, soil erosion, air and
water pollution, improper

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NSTP 101

disposal of solid and toxic wastes, loss of coral reefs, mismanagement

and abuse of coastal resources,
and over fishing.

According to Greenpeace SouthEast Asia…

the Philippines major historical river, the Pasig River is now

biologically dead due to negligence and industrialization.

Currently, DENR…

has been busy tracking down illegal loggers and been

spearheading projects to preserve the quality of many
remaining rivers that are not yet polluted.

Environmental Situation in the Philippines

1. Climate Change and the Philippines

• Recent scientific studies reveal that human activities
have contributed significantly to the increase of

Ecosystem Management 9
X.X Ecosystem Management

greenhouse gases in the atmosphere that causes climate

change.
• The Philippines is a hotspot for climate change...
• Prone to disasters particularly the risk of agriculture and
food security due to extreme El Nino and sever tropical
cyclones

• Prone to diseases such as: dengue fever, malaria,

cholera have increased throughout the years.
• Climate change impacts on coastal zones and marine
ecosystem caused massive coral bleaching especially in
1998 due to elevated sea temperature and fish kills and
red tides like the one that occurred in 1992 which was
an El Nino period.

• Scientist warned the Philippines. It could experience

famine by 2020, as the adverse impact of global
warming takes its tall on natural resources.

2. Decline of Natural Resources and Biodiversity

• The Philippine is suffering from degradation of the
natural environment.
• It has fifty major rivers now polluted due to abuse and
neglect
• Approximately two-thirds of the country’s original
mangroves have been lost.

A hundred years ago…

• The Philippines had close to 22 million hectares of old
growth forest. At the start of 2000, we had less than

10
NSTP 101

600, 000 hectares of old-growth forest left. In one

century, we had cut down close to 97 percent of our
original forest.

Because of the loss of forest…

• We have less water since most of our fresh water comes
from watershed found in forests. Therefore, loss of
forests means loss of food.

More than 400 plant and animal species…

• Found in Philippines are currently threatened with
extinction, including the Philippine eagle, the tamaraw,
and the dugong.
• Endangered species in the Philippines include the
monkey-eating eagle, Philippine tarsier, tamaraw, four
species of turtle (green sea, hawksbill, olive ridley, and
leatherback), Philippines crocodile, sinarapan, and two
species of butterflies. The Cebu warty pig, Panay flying
fox, and Chapmans’s fruit bat have become extinct.

3. Alarming Waste Problem in the Philippines

• The Philippines is looming with garbage problems
despite the passage of Ecological Solid Waste
Management Act of RA 9003.
• 2007 first quarter data shows that there are: 677 open
dumpsites, 343 controlled dumps, and 21 landfills in the
country
• About 215 additional landfills are being proposed to be
set up nationwide.
• About 1, 000 open and controlled dump sites exist in
the country.
• Prominent dumps all over the country can be found in
Antipolo and Montalban in Rizal; Baguio City;
Calapan, Mindoro Oriental; Carmen, Cagayan de Oro;
Mandurriao. Iloilo City; Obando, Bulacan; and San
Pedro, Laguna.
• Environmentalist stress that Republic Act 9003 calls for
the adoption of the best environmental practices in
ecological waste management and explicitly excludes
waste incineration as an ecological option.
• These polluting disposal facilities are major sources of
greenhouse gas emissions to the atmosphere which adds
to global warming.

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X.X Ecosystem Management

People’s Behavior Toward Waste

2002 study on household waste management systems and the attitudes

and behavior of the communities in two barangays in Metro Manila
showed that:
1. Waste management is still perceived by many as the
responsibility of government.
2. Public participation in waste management, especially in
segregation at source, remains limited.
3. More extensive awareness- raising activities and training on
ecological waste management are needed, together with stricter
enforcement of the Law and local ordinances must be
observed.
4. There is lack of community empowerment and political will to
resolve the problem.

Recognizing the importance...

• Of the environment’s immediate recovery and effects of
improper waste management to the Philippines, there is a need
for understanding and reformation of attitudes and concern
towards the protection of environment.

The impending garbage crisis can be prevented...

• If we only practice waste segregation at source, recycling, and
composting as what the law requires. An intensive social
marketing program has to be established on a long-term scale
within a barangay – the smallest

Philippines: Strategy for Sustainable Development

Recognizing the need to tackle the environment issues as well as the

need to sustain development and growth, the Philippines came up with
the Sustainable Development Strategy.

The idea for the Sustainable Development Strategy includes…

• Assimilating environmental considerations in administration
• Apposite pricing of natural resources
• Conservation of biodiversity
• Rehabilitation of ecosystems
• Control of population growth and human resources
development
• Inducing growth in rural areas
• Promotion of environmental education

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NSTP 101

• Strengthening citizens’ participation

• Promoting small to medium sized enterprises
• Sustainable agricultural and forestry practices.
• One of the initiatives signed in part of the strategy was the
1992 Earth Summit.
• The government of Philippines has been constantly looking
• Into many different initiatives to improve the environmental
aspects of the country.

How to Make a Compost Pit

• Composting is an effective and environmentally friendly

solution for turning yard waste and kitchen scraps into a
beneficial soil material.
• The traditional method of composting calls for the creation of a
large compost pile located outdoors.

Compost Pit

• This underground method of composting, sometimes also

called "trench composting," is a compact and tidy way to help
your organic waste decompose and enrich your soil.
1. Dig the hole for your compost pit. Your compost hole
should be about 1 foot (30 cm) deep. The area of the
hole will be determined by the amount of organic
matter you want to add.
2. Chop your composting materials finely. Underground
composting proceeds more slowly than aboveground
setups, and maximizing the surface area of your scraps
is key to speeding the process.
3. Add the organic materials to the compost pit. Pile your
food scraps and yard waste into the hole you dug to a
depth of about 4 inches (10 cm). Make sure your
carbon-rich materials (such as paper and dried leaves)
are mixed thoroughly with your nitrogen-rich materials
(like vegetable scraps and fresh grass clippings), as you
will not be turning the underground pile.

Ecosystem Management 13
X.X Ecosystem Management

4. Place a board over the hole if you plan to add more

scraps. If you want to be able to continually add scraps
to the compost pit, cover the compost with a thin layer
of soil.Then place a wooden board over the hole to
prevent anyone from tripping into it.
5. Cover your compost with soil. Once you have finished
adding your organic scraps to the compost pit, you can
backfill it with the soil you removed. Add the soil on
top of the compost, filling the pit until it is again level
with the surrounding soil.
6. Keep the compost pit wet while it is decomposing.
Underground compost decomposes slowly, because it
doesn't have access to as much fresh oxygen as
aboveground piles. To speed the process, ensure the
area stays fairly wet. During dry weather, soak the
ground above the compost pit with a garden hose.
7. Sow plants above the compost after it has decomposed.
A major benefit of underground composting is that you
don't have to perform any extra steps to harvest the
compost and amend your soil. The work is done for
you, as the decomposed scraps will work themselves
into the soil naturally. The best way to take advantage
of this benefit is to plant your plants directly over the
area where you composted your scraps. In fact, each
season you can cycle the locations where you grow
plants and compost; this will ensure your plants' soil is
always freshly amended with organic matter.

The Philippines takes pride...

• in being one of many countries around the world that is an
active party to international commitments for the environment -
- be it for biodiversity, coastal and marine resources, or to
combat the effects of global warming and climate change.
• To step up its efforts in the enforcement of environmental laws,
the Supreme Court has even designated 117 “environmental
courts,” and lately, has promulgated the rules for the “Writ of
Kalikasan,” the first of its kind in the world.
• The country has several environmental laws in existence
consistent with the Constitutional principle of providing every
Filipino the right to a balanced and healthful ecology. These
include laws on forestry, land management, mining, solid
waste management, clean water, and clean air.

Republic Act 8749, or the Clean Air Act of 1999

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NSTP 101

• Goes beyond “making the polluter pay.” It focuses primarily on

pollution prevention rather than on control by encouraging
cooperation and self-regulation among citizens and industries.
• It also enforces a system of accountability for adverse
environmental impacts to heighten compliance to government
environmental regulations.

The Clean Air Act is primarily implemented

• By the Departments of Environment and Natural Resources
(DENR), Transportation and Communication (DOTC), Trade
and Industry (DTI), Energy (DOE), and local government
units.

The Clean Air Act is primarily implemented

• And its being an archipelago keeps the country’s air generally
“clean” as ocean winds keep pollution at bay, but not in highly-
urbanized areas where air pollution is largely caused by
vehicular and industry emissions.

What, then, has the country done so far to improve air quality?
• To check air pollution from motor vehicles, the Clean Air Act
requires smoke emission tests prior to renewal of registration.
• LGUs and partners from the private sector have been
aggressive in initiating programs to combat air pollution caused
by vehicular emissions.
• No less than five city governments in MM are involved in anti-
smoke belching operations to make the 34-kilometer stretch of
EDSA smoke-free!
• Even President Aquino himself has acted as an anti-smoke
belching agent, demonstrating an initiative to report a smoke-
belching bus to the LTO via text messaging. As for industrial
pollution
• The Clean Air Act requires businesses to undergo compliance
testing prior to operation of establishments. Many companies
have also resorted to the use of alternative sources of energy
that result in less emission.
• The DOH reports that the use of cleaner fuels has resulted in a
significant decrease in the number of children with elevated
levels of lead in their blood, which can lead to disabilities and
even death.

What, then, has the country done so far to improve air quality?

Ecosystem Management 15
X.X Ecosystem Management

• One of the marching orders of President Aquino for the DENR

is to clean the air not only in Metro Manila but in all other
urban centers in the country.
• 60%-70% of medicines sold in the market are for bronchitis,
asthma and other respiratory illnesses, we could say that air
pollution is already taking its toll on our people.
• Every Filipino is a partner for clean air. The air quality
principles embodied in the Clean Air Act says it all: “a clean
and healthy environment is for the good of all and should
therefore be a concern of all.”

References
Web links to further enhance knowledge about the topic:

http://www.unep.org/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystem_management
http://www.snre.umich.edu/ecomgt/emapproach/whatisem.htm
http://www.emi-nm.com/

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DISASTER AWARENESS, PREPAREDNESS AND NSTP101
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WHAT IS NATURAL DISASTER?

➢ A disaster is a serious disruption of the function of
society, causing widespread human,material or
environmental losses which exceed the ability of the
affected society to cope on its own resources.
➢ Natural disasters are disruptions that emanate from
nature but which may be aggravated by human
activity, hence the acronym, Human Aggravated
Natural Disasters (HAND).

Example: Ondoy – caused by natural factors but

also by men who throw garbage anywhere.

T
he Philippines is located in the circumpacific belt of
fire and typhoon. This being so, the country has
always been subjected to natural disaster and
calamities anytime of the year. In whatever part of
the country, we have been experiencing yearly
natural calamities – floods, typhoons, tornadoes,
earthquakes, drought, tsunamis and volcanic
eruptions which have brought incessant miseries to
our people, lost of lives and properties.

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DISASTER AWARENESS, PREPAREDNESS AND NSTP101
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In the mid-seventies and

eighties, strong typhoons and
torrential rains brought
devastation to Manila and
large areas of central Luzon.
The 1990 killer earthquake
that hit several Luzon
provinces as well as Metro
Manila and the effects of the
1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruption
had put the National Disaster
Coordinating Council
(NDCC) in the forefront.
To enhance the people‘s
preparedness and ensure
precision and spontaneity in
responding to emergencies or
catastrophes, the NDCC,
together with the concerned
agencies conduct regular mobilization exercises and
drills at all levels with the participation of the
private agencies concerned and the non-government
organization.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Below are the terminologies often used in disaster
response and rescue operations:

• Calamity – refers to a situation that is

associated with catastrophic events where a
number of persons are plunged with hardship
and suffering that are caused by problems like
shortage of food, clothing, medical care and
other basic necessities.
• Disasters – are progressive or sudden events
brought about by natural or human-induced
hazards that cause losses and sufferings the
consequence of which results to people and
communities undertaking extra-ordinary
measures to cope with their impacts.
• Disaster control – refers to the act of limiting
the effect of disaster through the introduction
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DISASTER AWARENESS, PREPAREDNESS AND NSTP101
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of measures designed to prepare the inhabitants
before, during and after a disaster.
• Disaster management – the efficient and
effective utilization of resources and the
application of measure that will mitigate the
impact of unfortunate events and facilitate
return to normalcy and redevelopment.
• Flood – a state or condition when water
overflows from natural waterways caused by
heavy rainfall resulting in the water
accumulation in low lying areas.
• Hazards – are natural or man-induced
phenomena or activities, the presence of which
poses a threat to people‘s lives, limbs,
properties and socio-economic conditions.
• National Disaster Coordinating Council –
the highest government body responsible in
advising the President of the country on the
status of disaster preparedness program and
disaster relief and rehabilitation effort at the
national level.
• Pollution – refers to any discharge of liquid,
solid substance or gases into land, soil, waters,
atmosphere, air or space which will create or
render such environmental elements and
atmospheric air harmful or detrimental or
injurious to human beings, animals, plants and
the nature‘s environment and ecological
balance.
• Radioactive fall-out – dust particles of Earth
and debris, together with the radioactive
materials that cling to them and are drawn up
into mushroom clouds resulting from
detonation of a nuclear weapon or devise and
which are carried by the wind and sent back to
earth.
• Rehabilitation – refers to the restoration of a
person‘s economic dependency to a stable
living either physically, economically, socially
or emotionally.
• Relief – refers to anything that is done to
alleviate the condition of those who are
suffering from the effects of a calamity/disaster

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DISASTER AWARENESS, PREPAREDNESS AND NSTP101
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and who at that particular time are completely
helpless.
• Risks – refers to the degree or chance and
frequency that such hazards will affect or
impact people and communities.
• Space debris – these are remains of artificial
satellites and other components as well as their
means of carriage aloft which fall back to
earth.
• State of calamity – it is a condition that is
declared by the President of the country in the
event of a widespread destruction to property
and lives due to destructive forces of nature
and emergencies.
• Volcanic eruption – an occurrence
characterized by an ejection of volcanic
materials such as molten lava, rock fragments,
ashes, lahar flow, steam and other gases
through the fissure brought about by
tremendous pressure which forces open the
rock formation or steam reservoirs beneath the
Earth‘s crust.
• Vulnerability – the level of susceptibility or
resiliency of the people and communities
against the impact of the prevailing hazards
based on the state of physical, social, and
economic conditions in a given area.
NATIONAL DISASTER COORDINATING COUNCIL
AND ITS OPERATING POLICIES
Since the DND and the AFP possess the
capability to react to natural calamities with the
DND‘s unique nature of organization and network
of troops and asset disposition, an inter-agency plan
headed by the DND was organized specifically to
put into realization an action oriented Civil Defense
Plan with the creation of the National Disaster
Coordinating Council.
In the year 1989, the NDCC, by virtue of
Memorandum Order Number 4 has issued some
functional policies and procedures intended to assist
the victims of calamities and alleviate their plight.

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DISASTER AWARENESS, PREPAREDNESS AND NSTP101
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Upon the declaration of a state calamity by
the President, priority assistance is instantly
extended to victims in terms of relief operations,
medical assistance, and immediate repair of vital
infrastructures which were damaged by natural
disasters and resettlement of calamity victims.
Calamity funds are released directly to the
implementing departments and agencies. Funds
released to the Department of Social Welfare and
Development are used for emergency relief and
rehabilitation assistance to affected areas and
disaster victims. Funds released to the Department
of Health are used in the procurement of needed
medicines and for medical assistance to disaster
victims.
The NDCC is composed of the following:
▪ Department of National Defense (lead
agency)
▪ Department of Public Works and Highways
▪ Department of Transportation and
Communication
▪ Department of Social Welfare and
Development
▪ Department of Education
▪ Department of Finance
▪ Department of Labor and Employment
▪ Department of Justice
▪ Department of Trade and Industries
▪ Department of Interior and Local
Government
▪ Department of Public Information
▪ Department of Budget and Management
▪ Chief of Staff, AFP
▪ Secretary General, Philippine National Red
Cross
▪ Civil Defense Office

KEY PLAYERS IN DISASTER MANAGEMENT

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DISASTER AWARENESS, PREPAREDNESS AND NSTP101
MANAGEMENT
Disaster risk management includes
administrative decisions and operational
activities that involve:
Prevention
Mitigation
Preparedness
Response
Recovery
Rehabilitation

It involves all levels of government –

decision makers and local government. Non-
government and community-based
organizations plays a vital role in the
process. Meanwhile, communities
themselves are the first responders.
ROLE OF GOVERNMENT AGENCIES
During disaster operations, all other
disaster coordinating councils make
available their facilities and expertise
relative to the effective implementation of
the council mission. Likewise, the office of
the Civil Defense prepares the
national/regional disaster and calamity
preparedness plan in accordance with the
approved disaster and calamity guidelines.
The members and tasks of the NDCC are as
follows:

1. Chairman – convenes the Council as

often as necessary and calls on all other
departments/bureaus/agencies, other
instrumentalities of the government and the
private sector for assistance when the need
arises.

2. Administrator, Office of Civil Defense –

coordinates the activities, functions of the
various agencies and instrumentalities of the
government, private institutions and civic
organizations to implement the policies and
programs of the NDCC; disseminates
materials relative to disaster prevention,

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DISASTER AWARENESS, PREPAREDNESS AND NSTP101
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control and mitigation; advises the
Chairman on matters concerning disaster
management.

3. Secretary of Interior and Local

Government – oversees the organization of
DCCs, the establishment of Disaster
Operations Centers of all local governments,
and the training of DCC members in
coordination with OCD, DSWD, PNRC, and
other appropriate agencies.

4. Secretary of Social Welfare and

Development – extends relief assistance and
social services to the victims as necessary.

5. Secretary of Health – provides health

services during emergencies as necessary,
and organizes reaction teams in hospitals,
clinics and sanitary and other health
institutions.

6. Director-General, NEDA – responsible

for the determination and analysis of the
effects of disasters and calamities on the
socio-economic plans and programs of the
country, and development of damage
assessment scheme.

7. Secretary of Labor and Employment –

provides emergency employment
opportunities to disaster victims, implements
the industrial civil defense programs and
measures, and organizes and trains Disaster
Control Groups in all factories and industrial
complexes.

8. Secretary of Education – provides

assistance in the public education and
campaign regarding disaster preparedness,
prevention and mitigation, makes available
school buildings as evacuation centers, and
organizes and trains disaster control groups

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DISASTER AWARENESS, PREPAREDNESS AND NSTP101
MANAGEMENT
and reaction teams in all schools and
institutions of learning.

9. Secretary of Trade and Industry –

maintains normal level of prices of
commodities during emergencies, and
organizes Disaster Control Groups and
Reaction Teams in large buildings used for
commercial and recreational purposes.

10. Secretary of Agriculture – undertakes

surveys in disaster areas to determine the
extent of damage of agricultural crops,
livestock and fisheries and renders technical
assistance to disaster victims whose crops or
livestock have been destroyed.

11. Secretary of Budget and Management

– releases funds required by the departments
for disaster operations.

12. Secretary of Environment and

Natural Resources – responsible for
reforestation and control of areas which tend
to cause flooding, landslides, mudflow and
ground subsidence, provide seeds, seedlings
and saplings and technical assistance
regarding mines, forests and lands,
formulates rules and regulations for the
control of water and land pollution.

13. Secretary of Finance – issues rules and

regulations with the relevant agencies
concerned for the funding by local
government of the requirements for
organizing, equipping, and training of their
disaster coordinating councils and reaction
teams.

14. Secretary of Public Works and

Highways – restores destroyed public
structures such as flood control, waterworks,
roads, bridges, and other vertical and
horizontal facilities/structures and provides

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DISASTER AWARENESS, PREPAREDNESS AND NSTP101
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heavy and light equipment for relief, rescue
and recovery operations.

15. Secretary of Tourism – organizes and

trains disaster control groups and reaction
teams in hotels, pension houses, restaurants
and other tourist-oriented facilities.

16. Secretary of Transportation and

Communications – restores destroyed
communication and transportation facilities
such as railroads and vertical structures, and
organizes emergency transport services from
the national down to the barangay level; and
restores destroyed communication and
transportation facilities such as railroads and
vertical structures.

17. Director, Philippine Information

Agency – provides public information
service through dissemination of disaster
mitigation measures.

18. Secretary-General, Philippine

National Red Cross – conducts disaster
leadership training courses, assists in the
training of DCCs at all levels; and assists in
providing emergency relief assistance to
disaster victims.

19. Chief of Staff, Armed Forces of the

Philippines – responsible for the provision
of security in disaster area and provision of
assistance in the reconstruction of roads,
bridges and other structures and
transportation facilities for rapid movement
of relief supplies and personnel and for the
evacuation of disaster victims.

WHAT CAN YOU DO IN DISASTER

MANAGEMENT?
All able-bodied young citizen of the
land should get themselves involved in civic

9
DISASTER AWARENESS, PREPAREDNESS AND NSTP101
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actions in the community where she/he lives
and should be ready to render assistance
anywhere and anytime their service are
needed. More than anything else, it is
everybody‘s moral obligation to assist
her/his countrymen in distress.
In times of natural calamities or
manmade disorders, the youth should be
willing and ready to render direct assistance
to calamity victims in any of the following
areas:

Sorting, loading and distribution of

relief goods
Administering first aid treatment on
victims
Comforting and assisting in their
rehabilitation
Disseminating information to
concerned individual
Surveying of affected families and
areas
Monitoring and liaisoning work

FIRST AID
Emergency and some first aid procedures
When faced with an emergency situation, you should follow
a set routine and establish your priorities. If possible, send
someone to call for medical help while you deal with the
situation. Make sure that you are in no danger and make
the scene safe. Then check the victims’condition and carry
out treatment as appropriate.
I. WHEN THERE IS AN EMERGENCY
- GETTING APPROPRIATE HELP
Life-threatening emergencies require professional
medical assistance. If possible,ask a bystander to
contact emergency services. Useful information to
have at hand includes:

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DISASTER AWARENESS, PREPAREDNESS AND NSTP101
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Details of what happened.
Number of people injured.
Type of illness or injuries.
Whether or not person is breathing.
The exact address with landmarks if
possible.
A contact phone number.
Do not hang up until the operator tells you to.
He or she may be able to guideyou through first
aid procedures if you are unsure of what to do
next.
- MAKING THE SCENE SAFE
The cardinal rule of first aid is to ensure that
you can give assistance without endangering
yourself.
Do not rush to the scene: walk slowly and
steadily, looking around for potential
dangers and an overview of what has
happened.
Be prepared to take charge unless someone
more qualified than you is present.
Identify dangers and remove them if it is
safe to do so, but if you cannoteliminate the
danger, call for emergency help and advice
and consider whether the danger poses
continuing risk to the injured person.
If it does, assess whether you can safely
move him or her. If in doubt, do
notapproach the scene. Keep everybody else
back and call for emergency help.

Potential dangers include:

At the scene of an accident --- other cars,
broken glass or metal, or an unsteady crash
vehicle.
Chemicals, fire, or electricity.
Aggressive behavior in those who maybe ill,
hysterical, or as a result of drugs or alcohol.
Sharp objects on the floor such as a knife or
syringe.

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DISASTER AWARENESS, PREPAREDNESS AND NSTP101
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TREATING THE INJURED OR ILL
If you can give first aid safely, your
priorities are to maintain an open airway and
resuscitate if necessary to treat serious
bleeding and to treat for shock.
If faced with several injured people,
always approach the quietest first --- a
person who is shouting is at least able to
maintain a clear airway.
Determining what may be wrong with an
injured person is part of the treatment. To
help you reach a provisional diagnosis you
need to consider:
What actually happened (from what
you or the bystander has observed).
The signs (what you can see, hear,
touch, or smell on the victim such as
pale skin, swelling, noisy breathing,
or alcohol on the breath).
The symptoms (what the injured or
ill persons tell you --- for example,
he or she feels dizzy or is in pain.
II. WHAT TO DO WHEN SOMEBODY HAS COLLAPSED:
Facing situation where somebody has
collapsed is frightening, particularly if it
issomebody you know. However, there are some
very simple steps that you can take to help you
decide the best course of action, which in an
emergency could mean thedifference between life
and death.
- CHECK THE SCENE
Is it safe for you to approach the person who
collapsed? Do not become a victimyourself. Check
for dangers such as chemicals, electricity, or traffic.
If you can safely remove the danger, do so. If not,
consider if you can safely and easily move the
person from danger, or whether you need to call for
additional help such as the fire services.
CHECK THE RESPONSE

12
DISASTER AWARENESS, PREPAREDNESS AND NSTP101
MANAGEMENT
Is the person who has collapsed conscious?
Gently squeeze the shoulders and ask
loudly, “Are you all right?”
Speak loudly and clearly.
Always assume there may be a neck injury
and squeeze gently.
The most important rule of first aid is never to put
yourself in danger. Do not rush to the scene; look
around you to assess potential dangers. If in doubt,
stay back.
For babies and young children
Do not squeeze the shoulders--- try to provoke a
response by stroking the cheek or the sole of the
foot and speaking loudly.
IF THERE IS NO RESPONSE
If there is no response, the immediate danger
is that the victim might be unconscious and
may have a blocked airway or be in need of
resuscitation.
Shout for help.
If possible, leave the victim in the position
in which you found him and open theairway.
When it is not possible to carry out an
assessment of the victim in the position
found, turn him onto his back and open the
airway.
OPEN THE AIRWAY
Place one hand on the forehead and gently
tilt the head back.
Remove any obvious obstructions from the
victim’s mouth, including dislodged
dentures, but leave well-fitting dentures in
place.
Place the fingertips of two fingers under the
point of the victim’s chin and lift the chin. If
injury to the neck is suspected, handle the
head very gently and try to avoid tilting the
head too much.

13
DISASTER AWARENESS, PREPAREDNESS AND NSTP101
MANAGEMENT
For a baby, use only one finger to lift the
chin and take particular care not to over tilt
the head.
CHECK FOR BREATHING
Once the airway is open, the next priority is to
check whether or not the person is breathing. Keep
the airway open with one hand on the forehead and
one hand lifting the chin. Put your cheek to the
victim’s face and look down the chest.
LOOK for the movement of the chest and
stomach.
LISTEN for breath sounds.
FEEL for breathing on the side of your face.
If the victim is breathing, turn into the
recovery position.
If the victim is not breathing
Call for emergency help.
If you have not already done so, make sure
that an ambulance has been called.
Start resuscitation.
ABC RESUSCITATION
Airway Ensure a clear airway. Breathing Check
breathing and provide rescue breathing to the non-
breathing person. Circulation Check that the person
has a good circulation and help them if their
circulation has stopped or is damaged.
III. HOW TO TREAT NOSEBLEEDS
Nosebleeds are very common among
children and many start spontaneously.
Unless they are a direct result of an impact
to the nose, the cause may not be known.
Simple treatment whereby the blood is
encouraged to clot is usually effective. The
priority is to protect the victim’s airway and
to try and prevent blood from being
swallowed.
1. Lean the child forward and encourage her
to spit blood into a handkerchief or some
other receptacle.
14
DISASTER AWARENESS, PREPAREDNESS AND NSTP101
MANAGEMENT
2. Pinch the child’s nose just below the hard
part at its top to and apply firm pressure for
10 minutes (this is the amount of time it
takes for a clot to form). If the bleeding has
not stopped after 10 minutes, apply pressure
for two further periods of 10 minutes. If
bleeding continues then take the child to
hospital.
3. Once the bleeding has stopped, advice the
child not to scratch, pick, or blow her nose,
not to drink hot liquid, and not to exert
herself, because all these activities can
dislodge the clot and cause the bleeding to
start again.

RESOURCES
▪ National Service Training Program Module
(n.d.). Manila: Mapua Institute of
Technology
▪ National Service Training Program (2014).
Valenzuela: Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng
Valenzuela
Images
https://operationnaturechronicles.files.wordpress.co
m/2010/04/k19_205201051.jpghttp://media-
3.web.britannica.com/eb-media/57/5457-004-
BF686A70.jpg

15
LEADERSHIP TRAINING NSTP101

Leadership
- is the art of influencing people to get the
necessary support and cooperation in
community affairs to maintain solidarity among
people - is the ability to influence others
towards desired goals
Leader
✓ One who helps/facilitates communities of
people, takes risks, and envisions a better
future for his group, encourages commitment,
and helps people move ahead along apath to
accomplish a goal.
✓ Makes decisions to direct community activities.
✓ A leader has followers.
Virtues as a Foundations of Leadership

• Prudence- the habit which enables man to

direct his actions to human life’s goals,
knowing the right thing to do and applying it.
• Justice- the habit of giving each one his due
with constant and perpetual will.
• Fortitude- the habit of overcoming the
difficulties and pressures of life in the pursuit
ofgood.
• Temperance- the habit of bringing desires
and natural inclination of man under the
control of reason
• Loyalty- the habit of remaining true to your
friends and to your principles in times of
difficulty
• Responsibility- the habit of being accountable
for one’s duties and obligations
• Cheerfulness- the habit of being optimistic ,
positive, always seeing the bright side of
things
• Generosity- the habit of sharing the good that
one has with other people Magnanimity- the
habit of having great ideals and ambitions of
doing good.
Sources of Leader Power

1
 LEADERSHIP TRAINING NSTP101
According to Arnold and Feldman, there are
five distinct sources of leader power. Any
particular leader may have at his or her
disposal any combination of these different
sources of power.
REWARD POWER

• refers to the leader’s capacity to reward

followers. Rewards such as praise,
recognition, and attention are sources of
personal power possessed by the leader.
COERCIVE POWER

• refers to the leader’s capacity to coerce or

punish followers. Sources of coercive power
break down into personal and positional
components.
LEGITIMATE POWER

• refers to power that a leader possesses as a

result of occupying a particular position in
the organization. Certain types of requests
and directions issued by leaders to
subordinates are viewed to be legitimate and
valid.
EXPERT POWER

• refers to the power that a leader possesses as

a result of his or her knowledge and expertise
regarding the tasks to be performed by
subordinates.
REFERENT POWER

• is dependent upon the extent to which

subordinates are identified with, look up to,
and wish to emulate the leader. The more that
subordinates admire and identify the leader,
the greater the leader’s referent power over
subordinates
Principles of Leadership
1: He should be able to assess his inner
source of strength, confident of his stock of

2
LEADERSHIP TRAINING NSTP101
self-restraint, self-control, and self-
discipline. Massiger states that he who
would govern others should first be the
master of himself.
2: He should be able to cultivate breadth
sympathies, sensitive to the plight of the
members. Sympathy is the first great lesson
which man should learn.
3: He should be able to operate within a
framework furnished by group norms.
Leadership is a form of interaction between
an individual (leader) and group members.
4: He should be keen enough to find proper
point of agreement between different
demands of the groups. He should be able to
strive for cohesiveness in time of
confrontations.
5: He should be able to continually test
himself on his character and spirit. His
imagination, energy and intensity will have
much to do with one’s success as a leader.
6: He should be able to clearly define his
goals. In other words a good leader regards
the direction of his organization. The
effectiveness in leadership can come from
the pursuit of a consistent aim or purpose.
7: He should be able to create a climate for
innovation and change. It is the
responsibility of the leader to stimulate and
effect change for the betterment of the
organization.
8: He should be able to have the processes
carefully studied and planned in agreement
with the purpose or objectives he seeks to
achieve. In this case, he should be able to
define the role-positions of the members,
their relations with one another within the
organization or community.
9: He should have the ability to grow and
develop and evaluate himself. According to

3
 LEADERSHIP TRAINING NSTP101
Cunningham, a leader should conceptualize
his role and his work, and think about his
situation in new terms.
How can Leaders Apply Concepts and Principles of
Leadership?
✓ Do I have enough courage and imagination for such
a role as a leader?
✓ Do I understand my followers keenly and
sensitively, especially their personality and potential
for it?
✓ Do I have sufficient sense of perception through
which my members could be alert to new
developments affecting their role?
✓ Do I have it in me to remain the central figure in the
organization?
✓ Do I look at the various aspects of leadership, its
areas of stress in relation to other members of my
group or to group processes?
✓ Whom shall I involve – the teachers, parents, youth,
workers, community leaders?
Leadership Styles
1. Autocratic
Classical approach
Retains as much power and decision-
making authority as possible.
Employees are expected to obey without
receiving any explanation.
Environment: a structured set of
rewards and punishments

4
LEADERSHIP TRAINING NSTP101
DO NOT USE WHEN…
 Employees become tense, fearful or
resentful
 Employees expect to have their opinions
heard
 Employees begin depending on their
manager to make all their decisions
 Low employee morale, high turn-over,
absenteeism and work stoppage

2: Bureaucratic
Manages “by the book”
Everything must be done according to
procedure or policy
Leader= Police Officer (enforces the rules)

5
LEADERSHIP TRAINING NSTP101
3.Democratic
Participative style
Requires the leader to be a coach who has
the final say, but gathers information from
staff members before making a decision
Employees like the trust they receive.
Recognizes and encourages achievement.

4
4. Laissez-faire
Hands-off style
Manager provides little or no direction
Gives employees freedom
All authority or power is given to the employees
and they must determine goals, make decisions
Problems their own.

6
LEADERSHIP TRAINING NSTP101

RESOURCES

➢ National Service Training Program

Module (n.d.). Manila: Mapua Institute
of Technology
➢ National Service Training Program
(2014). Valenzuela: Pamantasan ng
Lungsod ng Valenzuela
Images
http://jeknetwork.typepad.com/.a/6a00e554e887
2388330147e0325962970b-pi
http://www.nextlevelsystem.com/wp-
content/uploads/jml.jpg

7
DECISION-MAKING PROCESS NSTP101

Decision-making

• Making a choice or coming to a conclusion

• The act or process of deciding, a determination
arrived at after careful consideration
• Involves commitment to action

Kinds of Decisions
1. Operational Decision- concerned with how the
different functions of the organization, such as
marketing, production, finance, etc. will contribute
to its strategic plan
2. Strategic Decision- concerned with the scope of
the organization’s activities
3. Routine Decision- an ordinary decision on a
wide range of issues. The decisions are left to one
person, usually the leader
4. Urgent Decision- intended for some problems
that occur rapidly and may cause serious
consequences if not dealt with urgency.
5. Problematic Decision- must be taken when a
difficulty has emerged and there is no obvious
solution.
6. Consultative Decision- involves those who are
affected by the results of the decision.
DECISION-MAKING PROCESS NSTP101

Box 1 - Leaders should achieve success, at

least in the short term, but they may leave
longer term problems as their 'selfish'
decision making is restricted through not
listening enough to others. They are the
ideal short term solution in rapidly changing
or conflict situations where decisions need
to be made quickly and followed through.

Box 2 - Leaders are ideal in short term

stable situations, and in the long term, but
they may not work too well in short term
rapidly changing or conflict situations.

Box 3 - Leaders may enjoy some success in

the short term if there is sufficient overlap of
personal needs with the needs of the team.
Leader will fail in long term due to all
decisions being made to fulfil own
emotional needs.
DECISION-MAKING PROCESS NSTP101
Box 4 - Leaders may enjoy some success in
the short term, dependent upon the makeup
of the team members. Leader will fail in
long term due to all decisions being made to
satisfy the emotional needs of other team
members.

Key Steps in Decision-making by Systematic Approach

➢ Setting objectives
- Define the purpose of the decision and
consider what outcomes or objectives it will
achieve
➢ Collecting Information
- Have sufficient information for the choices
you need to make
➢ Identifying Alternative Decision
- Look at all possible decisions-
➢ Evaluating Options
- Involves determining the extent to which
the decision options meet the decision
objectives
➢ Selecting the Best Option
- After the evaluation, the “best” option is
selected using anyone of a number of
techniques or approaches

Difficulties in Decision-making
1. Fear of Consequences - The possible outcome
of an impending decision may bring division and
disagreement.
2. Conflicting Loyalties - When one person is a
member of a number of groups, thisfrequently leads
to divided loyalties about decisions.
DECISION-MAKING PROCESS NSTP101
3. Interpersonal Conflict - Personal differences
occur which provokes feelings of affection or
dislike among members and which interfere with
sound decision making. Often another member who
is not involved in the interpersonal conflict can
bring the real problem into the open.
4. Hidden Agenda - One person may try to get the
group to make a certain decision, which he wants
for reasons which he will not share with the group.
5. Blundering Methods - A group may be so bound
by rigid procedures that there is little chance for a
free expression of differences. Or a group may
allow itself to substitute personal opinions for
adequate information. Or group may approach the
decision making process without testing for
consensus.
6. Inadequate Leadership - A leader may hinder
good decision making if he restricts the expression
of opinion or discussion on issues too soon. Leaders
also may fail to provide assistance in selecting
appropriate methods for decision making or be
insensitive to the factors causing difficulty in the
group.
7. Clash of Interest - Sometimes different groups
or individuals within an organization do have
opposing interest. Conflict Resolution and Styles
and Problem Solving
CONFLICT – a sharp disagreement or clash of ideas,
interest, etc.
1. “Win-Lose” Style - One party in a
conflict situation seeks to meet individual
goals at all cost, without concern for the
needs of his opponent or their relationship.
2. “Yield-Lose” Style - One party view the
relationship with the other party as the most
important consideration and not the
attainment of one‘s goals. The party using
this style yields and loses his position.
3. “Lose-Leave” Style - One party has low
concern for both the goals and the
DECISION-MAKING PROCESS NSTP101
relationship with the opponent. He loses by
default through withdrawing from the
situation.
4. “Compromise” Style - One party has a
moderate degree of concern for both the
goals and the relationship with the opponent.
The party will try to reach a ―compromise
or what is known as the ―win some - lose
some effect.
5. “Integrative” Style - One party has a
high concern for both the goal and the
relationship with the opponent. The conflict
is resolved by working collaboratively with
all concerned parties so that everyone will
end up a winner. This is also known as
―win – win style.

RESOURCES

• National Service Training Program Module (n.d.).

Manila: Mapua Institute ofTechnology
• National Service Training Program (2014).
Valenzuela: Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Valenzuela
Retrieved
• from http://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newTE
D_00.htmRetrieved from http://www.winning-
teams.com/leadership.html

Images
http://jeknetwork.typepad.com/.a/6a00e554e887238833014
7e0325962970b-pi
 THE NSTP LAW NSTP101

THE NSTP LAW

History of NSTP

• 1762 - Military Training

Course in University of Sto. Tomas

• Organized in 1762 by Father

Domingo Collantes, O.P. Rector
and Chancellor of UST Military
training course similar to the ROTC
who was attended by a battalion of
young students.

• 1912 – Military Instruction in

University of the Philippines In
1912, military instruction started in
University of the Philippines. The
university received the services of a
U.S. Army officer as a professor of
Military Science. the first ROTC unit
in the country was established and
instruction started on July 3, 1922.

o The National University, Ateneo de

Manila, and the Colegio de San Juan
de Letran formed their respective
ROTC units. These units remained
independent of each other until 1936,
when ROTC existed throughout the
country was supervised and
controlled.

1935 - Commonwealth Act No. 1 / National

Defense Act Under the government of Pres.
Manuel L. Quezon

▪ Required college students, particularly

males to finish 2 years (equivalent to 4
semesters), ofmilitary training Started

1
 THE NSTP LAW NSTP101
the reservist system in the Philippine
national defense.

ROTC in World War II

• By 1941 there were 33 colleges and
universities throughout the country that
maintained ROTC units. All however, were
closed with the onset of World War II. The
war saw ROTC products in action for the
first time. Cadets from different Metro
Manila units took part in the defense
of Bataan and after the surrender of last
American bastion in the archipelago.

1980 – Presidential Decree No. 1706 / National Service

Law Mandated compulsory national service to all
Filipino citizens

• It was composed of 3 main program

components namely:
Civic Welfare Service (CWS)
Law Enforcement Service (LES)
Military Service (MS)

• College students were given an option to

choose one from among these components
in compliance with this requirement.
1986-1987 Republic Act No. 7077 / The Citizen Armed
Forces of the Philippines Reservist Law

• Under Pres. Corazon C Aquino, it paved the

way for the conceptualization of the Basic
Reserve Officer’s Training Corps (ROTC)

2
 THE NSTP LAW NSTP101
ROTC Crisis of 2001

• Good intentions of ROTC were tainted with

anomalies, thus defeating the purpose which
this military training was anchored.
• Student protests threaten the very existence
of ROTC

Mark Welson Chua

• a student of the University of Sto Tomas

whose death is widely believed to be linked
to his exposé of anomalies in the ROTC
Unit of the university.
• His death became the channel for the
passage of Republic Act 9163 or the
"National Service Training Program
(NSTP)" Law.
• Chua received death threats after his
revelations. The new ROTC commandant
advised him to undergo security training at
Fort Bonifacio. On March 15, 2001, he was
supposed to "meet" an agent but he was
never seen alive again.
• Three days later, his decomposing body
wrapped in a carpet floated in the dirty
waters of Pasig River, with his hands and
feet tied and face wrapped in cloth and
packing tape. The autopsy report showed
sludge in his lungs, indicating he was alive
when he was thrown into the river.
Mandatory No-More – Expanded ROTC (E-ROTC)

• The end of mandatory ROTC in the

Philippines, and the establishment of the
National Service Reserve Corps (RA
9163)
THE NATIONAL SERVICE TRAINING PROGRAM
[R.A. 9163]
1. What is the legal basis of the National
Service Training Program (NSTP)?

3
 THE NSTP LAW NSTP101
The National Service Training Program
(NSTP) Law or RA 9163 also known as
―An Act Establishing the National
Service Training Program (NSTP) for
tertiary level students, amending for the
purpose Republic Act No. 7077 and
Presidential Decree No. 1706, and for
other purposes.‖was enacted last January
2002 to amend the Expanded ROTC. This
program aimed to enhance civic
consciousness and defense preparedness in
the youth by developing the ethics of
service and patriotism while undergoing
training in any of its three (3) program
components, specifically designed to
enhance the youth‘s active contribution to
the general welfare.

2. What are the components of the NSTP?

Reserve Officers` Training Corps [ROTC]

-refers to the program component,
institutionalized under Section 38 and 39
of Republic Act No. 7077, designed to
provide military training to motivate, train
organize and mobilize them for national
defense preparedness. b. Civic Welfare
Training Service [CWTS] - refers to the
program component or activities
contributory to the general welfare and the
betterment of life for the members of the
community or the enhancement of its
facilities, especially those devoted to
improving health, education, environment,
entrepreneurship, safety, recreation and
moral of the citizenry and other social
welfare services. c. Literacy Training
Service [LTS] - refers to the program
component designed to train the students
to teach literacy and numeracy skills to
school children, out-of-school youth and
other segments of society in need of their
services.

3. Who are covered by the NSTP Law?

4
 THE NSTP LAW NSTP101
A. All incoming freshmen students, male,
female, starting school year (SY) 2002-
2003, enrolled in any baccalaureate and in
at least two (2) year technical-vocational
or associate courses, are required to
complete one (1) NSTP component of
their choice, as a graduation requirement;
B. All higher and technical-vocational
education institutions must at least offer
one (1) of the NSTP components;
C. State universities and colleges (SUC‘s),
shall offer the ROTC component and at
least one (1) other NSTP component;
D. The Philippine Military Academy
(PMA), Philippine Merchant Marine
Academy (PMMA), Philippine National
Police Academy (PNPA), and other SUC‘s
of similar nature, in view of the special
character of these institutions, are
exempted from the NSTP;
E. Private higher education and technical-
vocational education institutions with at
least 350 student cadets may offer the
ROTC component and consequently
establish / maintain a Department Of
Military Science and Tactics (DMST),
subject to the existing rules and
regulations of the Armed Forces of the
Philippines (AFP).

4. What is the duration and equivalent

course unit of each of the NSTP
Component?
Each of the NSTP components shall be
undertaken for an academic period of two
(2) semesters for 54 to 90 training hours
per semester. It shall be credited for three
(3) units per semester.
5. What fees shall be charged to students
taking any of the NSTP components?
No other fees shall be collected except
basic tuition fees, which should not be
more than 50% of the charges of the
school per academic unit.

5
THE NSTP LAW NSTP101
6. Who are covered by the suspension of
the ROTC requirement?

The completion of ROTC training as a

requisite for graduation is set aside for
students who have completed all their
academic requirements for their respective
courses as certified by the school on or
before the effectivity of the NSTP Act of
2001, which is March 23, 2002. The
concerned students may apply for
graduation in their respective schools.

7. What happens to male students who

are currently enrolled and have not
taken nor completed the ROTC
requirements for graduation?

a. Male students who are not covered by

Section 12 of this Rule and are currently
enrolled but have not taken any of the
Military Service (MS), Civic Welfare
Service (CWS) or Law Enforcement
Service (LES) shall be covered by th;e
NSTP Law.
b. Male students who have completed two
semesters of the Expanded ROTC (E-
ROTC) / National Service Program (NSP)
are deemed to have complied with the
NSTP requirement.
c. Male students who are not covered by
Section 12 of these Rules and have taken
only one (1) semester of Basic ROTC or
E-ROTC/NSP shall take any of the NSTP
components to qualify for graduation.
d. Students who want to qualify for
enlistment in the Reserve Force or attend
the advance ROTC program shall
undertake a special program for this
purpose.

8. How are Clustering and Cross-

Enrollment done?

a. Clustering of students from different

education institutions during semestral or

6
THE NSTP LAW NSTP101
summer periods may be done for any of
the NSTP component, taking into account
logistics, branch of service and
geographical locations. The host school
shall be responsible in managing the
Program.
b. Schools that do not meet the required
number of students to maintain the
optional ROTC and any of the NSTP
components, or do not offer the
component chosen by the student shall
allow their students to cross-enroll in other
schools irrespective of whether such
school is under CHED or TESDA; and in
the case the students taking the ROTC
component irrespective of whether the two
semesters shall be taken from different
schools whose ROTC is managed by
different branches of service of the Armed
forces of the Philippines(AFP).

9. What is NSTP-One Summer Program

(NSTP-OSP)?
NSTP-OSP is created under RA 9163 or
the NSTP Act of 2001, especially Section
6 and jointly devised, formulated and
adopted by DND, CHED and TESDA.
NSTP-OSP is established for the three (3)
components: ROTC, CWTS and LTS.
This is intended for graduating students in
baccalaureate or at least two-year
technical-vocational or associate courses,
who have yet to comply with the NSTP as
a requirement for graduation, as well as
for students, thus allow them to
concentrate on the academic subjects and
other co-curricular concerns.

9. What is the National Service Reserve

Corps (NSRC)?
NSRC is created under Section 11 of RA
9163 or the NSTP Act of 2001, composed
of graduates of the non-ROTC
components: the CWTS and LTS.
Members of this Corps maybe tapped by
the State for literacy and civic welfare

7
 THE NSTP LAW NSTP101
activities, through the joint efforts of
DND, CHED, and TESDA.

REFERENCES

Explore the history of NSTP through this link:

http://www.academia.edu/3713550/HISTORY_OF_NSTP

8
SELF AWARENESS AND SELF MANAGEMENT NSTP101

Self Awareness and Self Management

What is Self Awareness?
• is having a clear perception of your personality,
including strengths, weaknesses, thoughts, beliefs,
motivation, and emotions
• Allows you to understand other people, how they
perceive you, your attitude and your responses to
them in the moment.
• Is the first step in creating what you want and
mastering it. Where you can focus your attention,
your emotions, reactions, personality andbehavior
determine where you go in life.

Characteristics of a Person
Eddie Babor discussed in his book ―The Human
Person, Not Real But Existing‖ that the human
person have several characteristics, among which
are the following:
1. Rational - Every person is a rational being. This
is what distinguishes a person from all other
creatures in the world. As a rational being, a person
is free to think and has the capacity to reason. He
can distinguish what is right and what is wrong
because he has intellect.
2. Free - All human beings are born free. A person
has the freedom to do or not to do a specific action.
However, every person must be responsible for his
own action. In other words, a person can do
whatever he pleases but not to the extent of doing
harm to his co-creatures.
3. Unique - Every person is unique. Every person
has his own identity such that no two persons are
the same. Generally speaking, human beings have
the same characteristics and physical features and
but no two persons are the same because every
person has its own perception, has different sets of
values and priorities in life.
SELF AWARENESS AND SELF MANAGEMENT NSTP101
4. Social being - Every person is intrinsically a
social being. He cannot detach his ―being‖from
others and all other creatures in the universe.
Human nature is characterized by his togetherness
and relationship towards other creatures; be it a
thing, object or his fellowman.
5. Sexual - All created living things are sexual in
nature but the uniqueness of expression of a
person‘s sexuality makes it all different. The
expression of a person‘s emotions, attitudes,
feelings, actions and thoughts in sexual activity best
exemplifies his uniqueness from animals.
You as You
1. Know the difference between your biological or
inherited traits and your environmental or acquired
traits.
2. Self-awareness is an awareness of one’s own
personality or individuality.
✓ Be your own best friend and believe in
yourself, so that you become the person you
want to be.
✓ You are you and you are what you think.
✓ You are unique in your own way.
✓ Only you can control your destiny and make
a difference in your life
You as a Filipino
1. Being aware of and remaining constantly on
guard against the Filipino tendency towards
negativism
2. Use your “lakas ng loob” (courage and strength)
to move away from the fatalisitc “gulong ng palad”
(wheel of fortune) and “bahala na” (come what
may) attitude.
✓ Begin by getting involved with your own
life.
✓ Begin without expecting instant miracles.
✓ Believe in your abilities and work
unyieldingly to reach your objective.
You and Your Faith
SELF AWARENESS AND SELF MANAGEMENT NSTP101
1. Recognizing Divine Providence2. Filipino
worship is directed towards God as a father-figure
who takes care of all- “Bahala na ang Diyos”
Your self-help concepts
-Self- improvement teachings Examples:
✓ Believe in Yourself
✓ Keep Your Priorities Straight
✓ Take Responsibility for Yourself
✓ Focus on What You Want
✓ Control Stress
✓ Do Everything with Love
Your self-made wall of negative self-talk
Negative Self-concept Examples:
 It’s just no use!
 I just know what it won’t work!
 That’s just my luck!
 I’m so clumsy!
 Everything I eat goes right to my waist.
 Today just isn’t my day!
 I can never afford the things I want
 I never have enough time!
 That really makes me mad!
 I’m too shy!
 I never know what to say!
 And the never ending list goes on…

The Self-Management sequence

1. Life is not a matter of luck or fortune

2. Success in self-management is always the result
of something else, something that leads up to it.
3. Most of what happens to you happens because of
you- something you created, directed, influenced, or
allowed to happen.

1. behavior
➢ Means our ACTIONS- How we act, what
we do, each moment of each day will
determine whether or not we will be
successful that moment or that day in
everything we do.
➢ What we do or do not do
SELF AWARENESS AND SELF MANAGEMENT NSTP101
2. Feelings
➢ How we feel about something will always
determine or affect what we do and how we
will do it.
➢ Our feelings will directly influence our
actions.
➢ Our feelings are created, controlled,
determined, or influenced by our attitudes.
3. Attitudes
➢ Are the perspectives from which you view
life.
➢ Good attitudes are created, controlled, or
influenced entirely by our beliefs.
“The difference between a good day and a bad day is your attitude”
4. Beliefs
✓ What we believe about anything will determine
our attitudes about it, create our feelings, direct
our actions, and influence us to do well or
poorly, or succeed or fail.
✓ Belief is a power to make something appear to
be something different than what it really is!
✓ Belief does not require something to be true: it
only requires us to believe that it’s true.
5. Programming
✓ Our conditioning from the day we were born
has created, reinforced, and nearly permanently
cemented most of what we believe about
ourselves and what we believe about most of
what goes on around us.
CONCLUSION…
1. Programming creates beliefs.
2. Beliefs create attitudes
3. Attitudes create feelings
4. Feelings determine actions5. Actions create results

THE LEVELS OF SELF- TALK

SELF AWARENESS AND SELF MANAGEMENT NSTP101

Level I: negative acceptance

✓ The lowest, least beneficial, and the most harmful level
of self-talk
✓ You say something bad or negative about yourself, and
you accept it.
✓ “I can’t” “If only I could…”
Level II: recognition and need to change
✓ This level is beguiling.
✓ On the surface it looks as though it should work for us,
but instead, it works against us.
✓ “I need to…” “I ought…” “I would…”
Level III: decision to change
✓ Is the first level of self-talk that works for you.
✓ You recognize the need to change, but also you make
the decision to do something about it.
✓ You state the decision in the “present tense” like “I
never…” “I no longer…”
Level IV: better you
✓ The most effective kind of self-talk.
✓ You are painting a completed new picture of
yourself.
✓ “This is me I want myself to create” “ I am…” “
Yes I can”
Level V: universal affirmation
✓ self-talk which has been spoken for thousands of
years.
✓ Self-talk of “oneness” with God
✓ “It is…”
“I am one of the universe and it is one with me. I am fit, within it, and exist
as a shining spark in a firmament of divine goodness”
SELF AWARENESS AND SELF MANAGEMENT NSTP101
SELF AWARENESS AND SELF MANAGEMENT NSTP101

RESOURCES

• National Service Training

Program Module (n.d.). Manila: Mapua Institute
ofTechnology.
• National Service Training Program (2014).
Valenzuela: Pamantasan ng Lungsod ngValenzuela
• Retrieved
from http://psychology.about.com/od/cognitivepsyc
hology/fl/What-Is-Self-Awareness.htm

Images
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