MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SOLID VESSEL AND MULTILAYERED

COMPOSITE PRESSURE VESSELS

Abstract
A solid wall vessel consists of a single cylindrical shell, with closed ends. Due to high
internal pressure and large thickness the shell is considered as a „thick‟ cylinder. In general,
the physical criteria are governed by the ratio of diameter to wall thickness and the shell is
designed as thick cylinder, if its wall thickness exceeds one-tenth of the inside diameter. A
solid wall vessel is also termed as Mono Block pressure vessel. Multilayer vessels are built up
by wrapping a series of sheets over a core tube. The construction involves the use of several
layers of material, usually for the purpose of quality control and optimum properties.
Multilayer construction is used for higher pressures. It provides inbuilt safety, utilizes material
economically, no stress relief is required. For corrosive applications the inner liner is made of
special material and is not considered for strength criteria. The outer load bearing shells can be
made of high tensile low carbon alloys.

In this project we are going to create solid vessel by using CAD tool (creo-2) and
analyses with CAE tool (Ansys workbench) with existing material steel-s515-gr70 and
composite materials also. To reduces the stress on the object here we designing one more
model i.e. multi layer vessel and calculating the deformation and stress and strain energy
values from all these values and all other material combinations we conclude which composite
is most suitable and efficient pressure vessel

Tools were used

CAD TOOL: creo-2

CAE TOOL: Ansys workbench

 INTRODUCTION
In Process Industries, like chemical and petroleum industries designers have recognized the
limitations involved for confining large volumes of high internal pressures in single wall
cylindrical metallic vessels. In process engineering as the pressure of the operating fluid
increases, increment in the thickness of the vessel intended to hold that fluid is an automatic
choice. The increment in the thickness beyond a certain value not only possesses fabrication
difficulties but also demands stronger material for the vessel construction. With increasing
demands from industrial processes for higher operating pressures and higher temperature, new
technologies have been developed to handle the present day specialized requirements. Multilayer
Pressure Vessels have extended the art of pressure vessel construction and presented the process
designer with a reliable piece of equipment useful in a wide range of operating conditions for the
problems generated by the storage of hydrogen and hydrogenation processes the term pressure
vessel referred to those reservoirs or containers, which are subjected to internal or external
pressures. The pressure vessels are used to store fluids under pressure. The fluid being stored
may undergo a change of state inside the pressure vessels as in case of steam boilers or it may
combine with other reagents as in chemical plants. Pressure vessels find wide applications in
thermal and nuclear power plants, process and chemical industries, in space and ocean depths,
and in water, steam, gas and air supply system in industries. The material of a pressure vessel
may be brittle such as cast iron, or ductile such as mild steel.

1.1 Types of High Pressure Vessels:

(a) Solid Wall Vessel

A solid wall vessel consists of a single cylindrical shell, with closed ends. Due to high
internal pressure and large thickness the shell is considered as a „thick‟ cylinder. In general, the
physical criteria are governed by the ratio of diameter to wall thickness and the shell is designed
as thick cylinder, if its wall thickness exceeds one-tenth of the inside diameter. A solid wall
vessel is also termed as Mono Block pressure vessel.
 Solid vessel

(b) Multi Layered Cylindrical Vessel

Multilayer vessels are built up by wrapping a series of sheets over a core tube. The construction
involves the use of several layers of material, usually for the purpose of quality control and
optimum properties. Multilayer construction is used for higher pressures. It provides inbuilt
safety, utilizes material economically, no stress relief is required. For corrosive applications the
inner liner is made of special material and is not considered for strength criteria. The outer load
bearing shells can be made of high tensile low carbon alloys.

Multi Layered Cylindrical Vessel

 2. DESIGN PARAMETER OF PRESSURE VESSEL:

The following are design parameters of pressure vessel

1. Design Pressure

2. Allowable stress

3. Corrosion Allowance

2.1 Design Pressure

In the pressure vessels, three terms related to pressure are commonly used a)
Maximum Working pressure is the maximum pressure to which the pressure vessel is subjected.
b) Design pressure is the pressure for which the pressure vessel design c) Hydrostatic test
pressure is the pressure at which the vessel is tested. The pressure vessel is finally tested by the
hydrostatic test before it is put into operation. d) The design pressure and the hydrostatic test
pressure are obtained as follows:

Design pressure = 1.05* (Maximum working pressure)

Hydrostatic test pressure = 1.3* (Design pressure)

2.2 Allowable Stress

As per the IS Code and ASME Code, the allowable stress is based on the ultimate

tensile strength with a factor of safety of 3 and 4 respectively. As per the IS Code, the following

stress is obtained on the yield strength with a factor of safety of 1.

Therefore,

Allowable stress, σall = Sut/3 or

σall= Syt/1.5
 Where,

σall = allowable tensile stress for the pressure vessel, N/mm2

S(ut) = ultimate tensile strength for the pressure vessel material, N/mm2

S(yt) = yield strength for pressure vessel material, N/mm2.

2.3 Corrosion Allowance

The walls of the pressure vessel are subjected to thinning due to corrosion which reduces the life
of the pressure vessel. The corrosion in pressure vessel is due to the following reasons:

a chemical attack by reagents on the inner wall surface of the vessel.

b. due to atmospheric air and moisture.

c. High temperature oxidation.

d. Erosion due to flow of reagent over the wall surface at high velocities.

Every attempt should be made avoid the corrosion. However, this may not be always possible.
An allowance is, therefore, required to be made by suitable increase in wall thickness to
compensate for the thinning due to corrosion.

Corrosion allowance is an additional thickness of the pressure vessel wall over and
above that required to withstand the internal pressure. Guidelines for providing corrosion
allowance: 1.For cast iron, plain carbon steel and low alloy steel component, the corrosion
allowance of 1.5 mm is provided. However, in case of these chemical industries where severe
conditions are expected, the corrosion allowance may be 3mm 2. For high alloy steel and non-
ferrous components, no corrosion allowance is necessary. 3. When the thickness of cylinder wall
is more than 30mm, no corrosion allowance is necessary.
2.4 Design Objectives

1. To show that multilayer pressure vessels are suitable for high operating pressures than solid
wall pressure vessels.

2. To show a significant saving in weight of material may be made by use of a multilayer vessel
in place of a solid wall vessel.

3. To show there may be a uniform stress distribution over the entire shell, which is the indication
for most effective use of the material in the shell.

4. To check the suitability of using different materials for Liner shell and remaining layers for
reducing the cost of the construction of the vessel.

5. To verify the theoretical stress distribution caused by internal pressure at outside surface of
the shell and to ascertain that the stresses do not reach yield point value during testing.

6. Finally check the design parameters with FEM analysis by using ANSYS package to ascertain
that FEM analysis is suitable for multilayer pressure vessels analysis.

2.5. Factors Considered in Designing Pressure Vessels

1. Dimensions-Diameter, length and their limitations.

2. Operating conditions – Pressure and temperature.

3. Available materials and their physical properties and cost.

4. Corrosive nature of reactants and products.

5. Theories of failure.

6. Types of construction i.e. forged, welded or casted.

7. Method of Fabrication.

8. Fatigue, Brittle failure and Creep.

9. Economic consideration.
 LITERATURE REVIEW

Zhang et al. [1] derived an analytical solution for determining the stress distribution of a
multilayered composite pressure vessel subjected to an internal fluid pressure and a thermal
load. The stress distribution of the pressure vessel was computed using FE method. Ali,
Ghosh, and Alam [2] investigated the effect of auto frottage process in strain hardened thick-
walled pressure vessels theoretically by FE modelling. Wang and Ding [3] obtained the
thermo elastic dynamic solution of a multilayered orthotropic hollow cylinder in the state of
axisymmetric plane strain. Atefi and Mahmoudi[4] offered an analytical solution for obtaining
thermal stresses in a pipe caused by periodic time varying of temperature of medium fluid.
Jabbari, Sohrabpour, and Eslami [5] developed a general analysis of one-dimensional steady-
state thermal stresses in a hollow thick cylinder made of functionally graded material. Shao,
Wang, and Ang [6] carried out thermo mechanical analysis of functionally graded hollow
cylinder subjected to axisymmetric mechanical and transient thermal loads. Thick-walled
cylinders subjected to internal heat flow are used in many engineering applications. Typical
examples are nuclear engineering structures, nozzle sections of rockets, gun tubes, and dies of
hot forming tools. The study of thick-walled cylinders subjected to internal heat flow and/or
internal pressure is a problem of great practical interest. Industrial demands for such
applications have focused the attention of the investigators on this point of research. However,
most investigators have onlydealt with the analysis of thermal stresses of thick-walled
cylinders under steady-state conditions [7]. conductivity as a function of temperature. They
concluded that the effect of thermal conductivity on the temperature and stresses is slight for
small values of internal heat flow. However, for large heat flow, the difference in temperature
and stresses
between temperature-dependent and -independent thermal conductivity can be as much as
20%. Vollbrecht [8] has analysed the stresses in both cylindrical and spherical walls subjected
to internal pressure and stationary heat flow. Kandil [9] has studied the effect of steady-state
temperature and pressure gradient on compound cylinders fitted together by shrink fit. The
finite element method has been used by Sinha [10] to analyse the thermal stresses and
temperature distribution in a hollow thick cylinder subjected to a steady-state heat load in the
radial direction .Naga [11] has presented the stress analysis and the optimization of both thick-
walled impermeable and permeable cylinders under the combined effect of steady-state
temperature and pressure gradient. Zukhova and Pimshtein [12] have studied the one
dimensional, steady-state thermal problem for a laminated cylinder consisting of concentric
layers and subjected to internal pressure and external heating. Their calculations show that the
radial compressive stress due to the internal pressure can permit external heating without layer
separation. They found that the distribution of temperatures and stresses depends on the
manner of stress application and heating. Despite the fact that the theory of thermo elasticity
has been widely used to solve the problem related to the pressure vessel [13], there is not
enough literature available to determine the thermo mechanical stresses in pressure vessel
using finite element approach. In this paper, thermo mechanical stresses was computed in a
two layered composite hollow thick cylindrical pressure vessel taking into the effect of
centrifugal and centripetal heat flow by using finite element approach. The proposed finite
element solution may be used to design multilayered composite pressure vessel under steady
state condition
 3. COMPOSITE MATERIALS

For the specific carbon and glass fiber based composite materials often referred to loosely as
'composites', see Fiber-reinforced polymer.

Composites are formed by combining materials together to form an overall structure that is
better than the sum of the individual components

A composite material (also called a composition material or shortened to composite which is

the common name) is a material made from two or more constituent materials with
significantly different physical or chemical properties that, when combined, produce a
material with characteristics different from the individual components. The individual
components remain separate and distinct within the finished structure. The new material may
be preferred for many reasons: common examples include materials which are stronger,
lighter, or less expensive when compared to traditional materials. More recently, researchers
have also begun to actively include sensing, actuation, computation and communication into
composites, which are known as Robotic Materials.

Typical engineered composite materials include:

 mortars, concrete
 Reinforced plastics, such as fiber-reinforced polymer
 Metal composites
 Ceramic composites (composite ceramic and metal matrices)

Composite materials are generally used for buildings, bridges, and structures such as boat
hulls, swimming pool panels, race car bodies, shower stalls, bathtubs, storage tanks,
 imitation granite and cultured marble sinks and countertops. The most advanced examples
perform routinely on spacecraft and aircraft in demanding environments.

Examples

Materials

Concrete is a mixture of cement and aggregate, giving a robust, strong material that is very
widely used.

Plywood is used widely in construction

Composite sandwich structure panel used for testing at NASA

 "Structural Integrity Analysis : Composites" (PDF).

Concrete is the most common artificial composite material of all and typically consists of loose
stones (aggregate) held with a matrix ofcement. Concrete is an inexpensive material, and will not
compress or shatter even under quite a large compressive force. However, concrete cannot
survive tensile loading (i.e., if stretched it will quickly break apart). Therefore, to give concrete
the ability to resist being stretched, steel bars, which can resist high stretching forces, are often
added to concrete to form reinforced concrete.

Fibre-reinforced polymers or FRPs include carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer or CFRP, and glass-

reinforced plastic or GRP. If classified by matrix then there are thermoplastic composites, short
fiber thermoplastics, long fibre thermoplastics or long fibre-reinforced thermoplastics. There are
numerous thermoset composites, including paper composite panels. Many advanced systems
usually incorporate aramid fibre and carbon fibre in an epoxy resin matrix.

Shape memory polymer composites are high-performance composites, formulated using fibre or
fabric reinforcement and shape memory polymer resin as the matrix. Since a shape memory
polymer resin is used as the matrix, these composites have the ability to be easily manipulated
into various configurations when they are heated above their activation temperatures and will
exhibit high strength and stiffness at lower temperatures. They can also be reheated and reshaped
repeatedly without losing their material properties. These composites are ideal for applications
such as lightweight, rigid, deployable structures; rapid manufacturing; and dynamic
reinforcement.

High strain composites are another type of high-performance composites that are designed to
perform in a high deformation setting and are often used in deployable systems where structural
flexing is advantageous. Although high strain composites exhibit many similarities to shape
memory polymers, their performance is generally dependent on the fiber layout as opposed to the
resin content of the matrix.

Composites can also use metal fibres reinforcing other metals, as in metal matrix
composites (MMC) or ceramic matrix composites(CMC), which
includes bone (hydroxyapatite reinforced with collagen fibres), cermet (ceramic and metal)
and concrete. Ceramic matrix composites are built primarily for fracture toughness, not for
strength.

Organic matrix/ceramic aggregate composites include asphalt concrete, polymer concrete, mastic

asphalt, mastic roller hybrid, dental composite, syntactic foam and mother of pearl. Chobham
armour is a special type of composite armour used in military applications.

Additionally, thermoplastic composite materials can be formulated with specific metal powders
resulting in materials with a density range from 2 g/cm³ to 11 g/cm³ (same density as lead). The
most common name for this type of material is "high gravity compound" (HGC), although "lead
replacement" is also used. These materials can be used in place of traditional materials such as
aluminium, stainless steel, brass, bronze, copper, lead, and even tungsten in weighting, balancing
(for example, modifying the centre of gravity of a tennis racquet), vibration damping, and
radiation shielding applications. High density composites are an economically viable option when
certain materials are deemed hazardous and are banned (such as lead) or when secondary
operations costs (such as machining, finishing, or coating) are a factor.

A sandwich-structured composite is a special class of composite material that is fabricated by

attaching two thin but stiff skins to a lightweight but thick core. The core material is normally
low strength material, but its higher thickness provides the sandwich composite with
high bending stiffness with overall low density.

Wood is a naturally occurring composite comprising cellulose fibres in a lignin

and hemicelluloses matrix. Engineered wood includes a wide variety of different products such as
wood fibre board, plywood, oriented strand board, wood plastic composite (recycled wood fibre
in polyethylene matrix), Pyrite (sawdust in ice matrix), Plastic-impregnated or laminated paper or
textiles, Arborite, Formica (plastic) andMicarta. Other engineered laminate composites, such
as Mallite, use a central core of end grain balsa wood, bonded to surface skins of light alloy or
GRP. These generate low-weight, high rigidity materials.
Products

Fiber-reinforced composite materials have gained popularity (despite their generally high cost) in
high-performance products that need to be lightweight, yet strong enough to take harsh loading
conditions such as aerospace components (tails, wings, fuselages, propellers), boat
and scull hulls, bicycle frames and racing car bodies. Other uses include fishing rods, storage
tanks, swimming pool panels, and baseball. The new Boeing 787 structure including the wings
and fuselage is composed largely of composites. Composite materials are also becoming more
common in the realm of surgery. And it is the most common hockey stick material.

Carbon composite is a key material in today's launch vehicles and heat shields for the re-
entry phase of spacecraft. It is widely used in solar panel substrates, antenna reflectors and yokes
of spacecraft. It is also used in payload adapters, inter-stage structures and heat shields of launch
vehicles. Furthermore, disk brake systems of airplanes and racing cars are
using carbon/carbon material, and the composite material with carbon fibers and silicon
carbide matrix has been introduced in luxury vehicles and sports cars.

In 2006, a fiber-reinforced composite pool panel was introduced for in-ground swimming pools,
residential as well as commercial, as a non-corrosive alternative to galvanized steel.

In 2007, an all-composite military Humvee was introduced by TPI Composites Inc and Armor

Holdings Inc, the first all-composite military vehicle. By using composites the vehicle is lighter,
allowing higher payloads. In 2008, carbon fiber and DuPont Kevlar (five times stronger than
steel) were combined with enhanced thermoset resins to make military transit cases by ECS
Composites creating 30-percent lighter cases with high strength.

Pipes and fittings for various purpose like transportation of potable water, fire-fighting, irrigation,
seawater, desalinated water, chemical and industrial waste, and sewage are now manufactured in
glass reinforced plastics.

A material's property is an intensive, often quantitative, property of some material.

Quantitative properties may be used as a metric by which the benefits of one material versus
another can be assessed, thereby aiding in materials selection.

A property may be a constant or may be a function of one or more independent variables, such

as temperature. Materials properties often vary to some degree according to the direction in
the material in which they are measured, a condition referred to as anisotropy. Materials
properties that relate to different physical phenomena often behave linearly (or approximately
so) in a given operating range. Modelling them as linear can significantly simplify
the differential constitutive equations that the property describes.

Some materials properties are used in relevant equations to predict the attributes of a system a
priori. For example, if a material of a known specific heat gains or loses a known amount of
heat, the temperature change of that material can be determined. Materials properties are most
reliably measured by standardized test methods. Many such test methods have been
documented by their respective user communities and published through ASTM International.

Mechanical properties:
Young’s modulus:

Young's modulus, also known as the tensile modulus or elastic modulus, is a mechanical

property of linear elastic solid materials. It measures the force (per unit area) that is needed to
stretch (or compress) a material sample.

Young's modulus is named after the 19th-century British scientist Thomas Young. However,
the concept was developed in 1727 by Leonhard Euler, and the first experiments that used the
concept of Young's modulus in its current form were performed by the Italian
scientist Giordano Riccati in 1782, pre-dating Young's work by 25 years. The term modulus is
the diminutive of the Latin term modus which means measure.

A solid body deforms when a load is applied to it. If the material is elastic, the body returns to
its original shape after the load is removed. The material is linear if the ratio of load to
deformation remains constant during the loading process. Not many materials are linear and
elastic beyond a small amount of deformation. A constant Young's modulus applies only to
linear elastic materials. A rigid material has an infinite Young's modulus because an infinite
force is needed to deform such a material. A material whose Young's modulus is very high can
be approximated as rigid.

A stiff material needs more force to deform compared to a soft material. Therefore, the
Young's modulus is a measure of the stiffness of a solid material. Do not confuse:
 stiffness and strength: the strength of material is the amount of force it can withstand
and still recover its original shape;
 material stiffness and geometric stiffness: the geometric stiffness depends on shape,
e.g. the stiffness of an I beam is much higher than that of a spring made of the same steel
thus having the same rigidity;
 stiffness and hardness: the hardness of a material defines the relative resistance that its
surface imposes against the penetration of a harder body;
 Stiffness and toughness: toughness is the amount of energy that a material can absorb
before fracturing.

Young's modulus is the ratio of stress (which has units of pressure) to strain (which

is dimensionless), and so Young's modulus has units of pressure. Its SI unit is therefore the
Pascal (Pa or N/m2 or m−1·kg·s−2). The practical units used are mega Pascal’s (MPa or N/mm2)
or (GPa or kN/mm2). In United States customary units, it is expressed as pounds (force) per
square inch (psi). The abbreviation ksi refers to "kpsi", or thousands of pounds per square
inch.

The Young's modulus enables the calculation of the change in the dimension of a bar made of
an isotropic elastic material under tensile or compressive loads. For instance, it predicts how
much a material sample extends under tension or shortens under compression. The Young's
modulus directly applies to cases uniaxial stress, that is tensile or compressive stress in one
direction and no stress in the other directions. Young's modulus is also used in order to predict
the deflection that will occur in a statically determinate beam when a load is applied at a point
in between the beam's supports. Other elastic calculations usually require the use of one
additional elastic property, such as the shear modulus, bulk modulus or Poisson's ratio. Any
two of these parameters are sufficient to fully describe elasticity in an isotropic material.

Young's modulus, E, can be calculated by dividing the tensile stress by the extensional

strain in the elastic (initial, linear) portion of the stress–strain curve:
 where

E is the Young's modulus (modulus of elasticity)

F is the force exerted on an object under tension;
A0 is the original cross-sectional area through which the force is applied;
ΔL is the amount by which the length of the object changes;
L0 is the original length of the object.

Poison’s ratio:

Poisson's ratio, named after Siméon Poisson, is the negative ratio of transverse to axial strain.
When a material is compressed in one direction, it usually tends to expand in the other two
directions perpendicular to the direction of compression. This phenomenon is called
the Poisson effect. Poisson's ratio   (nu) is a measure of this effect. The Poisson ratio is the
fraction (or percent) of expansion divided by the fraction (or percent) of compression, for
small values of these changes.

Conversely, if the material is stretched rather than compressed, it usually tends to contract in
the directions transverse to the direction of stretching. This is a common observation when a
rubber band is stretched, when it becomes noticeably thinner. Again, the Poisson ratio will be
the ratio of relative contraction to relative expansion, and will have the same value as above.
In certain rare cases, a material will actually shrink in the transverse direction when
compressed (or expand when stretched) which will yield a negative value of the Poisson ratio.

The Poisson's ratio of a stable, isotropic, linear elastic material cannot be less than −1.0 nor
greater than 0.5 due to the requirement that Young's modulus, the shear modulus and bulk
modulus have positive values. Most materials have Poisson's ratio values ranging between 0.0
and 0.5. A perfectly incompressible material deformed elastically at small strains would have
a Poisson's ratio of exactly 0.5. Most steels and rigid polymers when used within their design
limits (before yield) exhibit values of about 0.3, increasing to 0.5 for post-yield deformation
(Seismic Performance of Steel-Encased Concrete Piles by RJT Park) (which occurs largely at
 constant volume.) Rubber has a Poisson ratio of nearly 0.5. Cork's Poisson ratio is close to 0:
showing very little lateral expansion when compressed. Some materials, mostly polymer
foams, have a negative Poisson's ratio; if these auxetic materials are stretched in one direction,
they become thicker in perpendicular direction. Some anisotropic materials have one or more
Poisson ratios above 0.5 in some directions.

Assuming that the material is stretched or compressed along the axial direction (the x axis in
the below diagram):

where

 is the resulting Poisson's ratio,

 is transverse strain (negative for axial tension (stretching), positive for axial
compression)
 is axial strain (positive for axial tension, negative for axial compression).

Yield strength:

A yield strength or yield point of a material is defined in engineering and materials science as

the stress at which a material begins to deform plastically. Prior to the yield point the material
will deform elastically and will return to its original shape when the applied stress is removed.
Once the yield point is passed, some fraction of the deformation will be permanent and non-
reversible. In the three-dimensional space of the principal stresses ( ), an infinite
number of yield points form together a yield surface.

Knowledge of the yield point is vital when designing a component since it generally represents
an upper limit to the load that can be applied. It is also important for the control of many
materials production techniques such as forging, rolling, or pressing. In structural engineering,
this is a soft failure mode which does not normally cause catastrophic failure or ultimate
failure unless it accelerates buckling.
 It is often difficult to precisely define yielding due to the wide variety of stress–strain
curves exhibited by real materials. In addition, there are several possible ways to define
yielding:

True elastic limit 

The lowest stress at which dislocations move. This definition is rarely used, since
dislocations move at very low stresses, and detecting such movement is very difficult.

Proportionality limit 
Up to this amount of stress, stress is proportional to strain (Hooke's law), so the stress-strain
graph is a straight line, and the gradient will be equal to the elastic modulus of the material.

Elastic limit (yield strength) 

Beyond the elastic limit, permanent deformation will occur. The elastic limit is therefore the
lowest stress at which permanent deformation can be measured. This requires a manual load-
unload procedure, and the accuracy is critically dependent on the equipment used and operator
skill. For elastomers, such as rubber, the elastic limit is much larger than the proportionality
limit. Also, precise strain measurements have shown that plastic strain begins at low stresses.
Yield point 
The point in the stress-strain curve at which the curve levels off and plastic deformation
begins to occur.
Offset yield point (proof stress) 
When a yield point is not easily defined based on the shape of the stress-strain curve an offset
yield point is arbitrarily defined. The value for this is commonly set at 0.1 or 0.2% plastic
strain.[The offset value is given as a subscript, e.g., Rp0.2=310 MPa. High strength steel and
aluminum alloys do not exhibit a yield point, so this offset yield point is used on these
materials
Upper and lower yield points 
Some metals, such as mild steel, reach an upper yield point before dropping rapidly to a lower
yield point. The material response is linear up until the upper yield point, but the lower yield
point is used in structural engineering as a conservative value. If a metal is only stressed to the
upper yield point, and beyond, Lüders bands can develop
Epoxy carbon

Carbon fibre reinforced polymer, carbon fibber reinforced plastic or carbon fibre reinforced

thermoplastic (CFRP, CRP, CFRTP or often simply carbon fiber, or even carbon), is an
extremely strong and light fiber-reinforced plastic which contains carbon fibres. The spelling
'fibre' is common in British Commonwealth countries.

CFRPs can be expensive to produce but are commonly used wherever high strength-to-weight
ratio and rigidity are required, such as aerospace, automotive, civil engineering, sports goods
and an increasing number of other consumer and technical applications.

The binding polymer is often a thermo set resin such as epoxy, but other thermo set
or thermoplastic polymers, such as polyester, vinyl ester or nylon, are sometimes used.
The composite may contain other fibres, such as
an aramid (e.g. Kevlar, Twaron), aluminium, ultra-high-molecular-weight
polyethylene(UHMWPE) or glass fibres, as well as carbon fibre. The properties of the final
CFRP product can also be affected by the type of additives introduced to the binding matrix
(the resin). The most frequent additive is silica, but other additives such as rubber and carbon
nano tubes can be used. The material is also referred to as graphite-reinforced
polymer or graphite fibre-reinforced polymer (GFRP is less common, as it clashes with glass-
(fiber)-reinforced polymer). In product advertisements, it is sometimes referred to simply
as graphite fiber for short

Applications

The fire resistance of polymers and thermo-set composites is significantly improved if a thin
layer of carbon fibres is moulded near the surface because a dense, compact layer of carbon
fibres efficiently reflects heat.

CFRP is also finding application in an increasing number of high-end products that require
stiffness and low weight, these include:

 Guitar Picks, such as those made by Pick Heaven.

 Laptop cases by an increasing number of manufacturers.
 Audio components such as turntables and loudspeakers.
 Musical instruments, including violin bows, guitar pick-guards, drum shells, bagpipe
chanters and entire musical instruments such as Luis and Clark's carbon fibre cellos, violas
and violins; and Blackbird Guitars' acoustic guitars and ukuleles.
 Kite systems use carbon fibre reinforced rods to obtain shapes and performances
previously not possible.
 Firearms use it to replace certain metal, wood, and fibreglass components but many of
the internal parts are still limited to metal alloys as current reinforced plastics are
unsuitable.
 High-performance radio-controlled vehicle and aircraft components such as helicopter
rotor blades.
 Tripod legs, tent poles, fishing rods, billiards cues, walking sticks.
 Many other light and durable consumer items such as the handles of high-end knives.
 Poles for high reach, e.g. poles used by window cleaners and water fed poles.
 In dentistry, carbon fibre posts are used in restoring root canal treated teeth.
 Railed train bogies for passenger service. This reduces the weight by up to 50%
compared to metal bogies, which contributes to energy savings.
Epoxy E-Glass and S-Glass:

Fiberglas (or fibreglass) is a type of fibre-reinforced plastic where the reinforcement fibre is

specifically glass fiber. The glass fiber may be randomly arranged, flattened into a sheet
(called a chopped strand mat), or woven into a fabric. The plastic matrix may be
a thermosetting plastic – most often epoxy, polyester resin – or vinyl ester, or thermoplastic.

The glass fibres are made of various types of glass depending upon the fibreglass use. These
glasses all contain silica or silicate, with varying amounts of oxides of calcium, magnesium,
and sometimes boron. To be used in fibreglass, glass fibres have to be made with very low
levels of defects.

Fiberglas is a strong lightweight material and is used for many products. Although it is not as
strong and stiff as composites based on carbon fibre, it is less brittle, and its raw materials are
much cheaper. Its bulk strength and weight are also better than many metals, and it can be
more readily moulded into complex shapes. Applications of fibreglass include aircraft, boats,
automobiles, bath tubs and enclosures, swimming pools, hot tubs, septic tanks, water tanks,
roofing, pipes, cladding, casts, surfboards, and external door skins.

Other common names for fibreglass are glass-reinforced plastic (GRP), glass-fibre reinforced

plastic (GFRP) or GFK (from German: Glasfaserverstärkter Kunststoff). Because glass fibre
itself is sometimes referred to as "fibreglass", the composite is also called "fibreglass
reinforced plastic." This article will adopt the convention that "fibreglass" refers to the
complete glass fibre reinforced composite material, rather than only to the glass fibre within it.

Examples of fibreglass use:

 DIY bows / youth recurve; longbows

 Pole vaulting poles
 Equipment handles(Hammers, axes, etc.)
 Traffic lights
 Ship hulls
 Rowing shells and oars
 Waterpipes
 Helicopter rotor blades
 Surfboards, tent poles
 Gliders, kit cars, microcars, karts, bodyshells, kayaks, flat roofs, lorries
 Pods, domes and architectural features where a light weight is necessary
 High-end bicycles
 Auto body parts (for instance, body kits,[14] hoods, spoilers, etc.), and entire auto bodies
(e.g. Lotus Elan, Anadol, Reliant, Quantum Quantum Coupé, Chevrolet
Corvette andStudebaker Avanti, and DeLorean DMC-12 underbody)
 Antenna covers and structures, such as radomes, UHF broadcasting antennas, and
pipes used in hex beam antennas for amateur radio communications
 FRP tanks and vessels: FRP is used extensively to manufacture chemical equipment
and tanks and vessels. BS4994 is a British standard related to this application.
 Most commercial velomobiles
 Most printed circuit boards consist of alternating layers of copper and fiberglass FR-4
 Large commercial wind turbine blades
 RF coils used in MRI scanners
 Drum Sets
 Sub-sea installation protection covers
 Reinforcement of asphalt pavement, as a fabric or mesh interlayer between lifts[15]
 Helmets and other protective gear used in various sports
 Orthopaedic casts
 Fibreglass grating is used for walkways on ships and oil rigs, and in factories
 Fiber-reinforced composite columns
 Water slides

Fibreglass is an immensely versatile material due to its light weight, inherent strength,
weather-resistant finish and variety of surface textures.
The development of fibre-reinforced plastic for commercial use was extensively researched in
the 1930s. It was of particular interest to the aviation industry. A means of mass production of
glass strands was accidentally discovered in 1932 when a researcher at Illinois directed a jet of
compressed air at a stream of molten glass and produced fibres. After Owens merged with the
Corning company in 1935,Owens Corning adapted the method to produce its patented
"Fiberglas" (one "s"). A suitable resin for combining the "Fiberglas" with a plastic was
developed in 1936 by du Pont. The first ancestor of modern polyester resins is Cyanamid's of
1942. Peroxide curing systems were used by then.

During World War II, fibreglass was developed as a replacement for the moulded plywood
used in aircraft radomes (fibreglass being transparent to microwaves). Its first main civilian
application was for the building of boats and sports car bodies, where it gained acceptance in
the 1950s. Its use has broadened to the automotive and sport equipment sectors. In some
aircraft production, fibreglass is now yielding to carbon fibre, which weighs less and is
stronger by volume and weight.

Advanced manufacturing techniques such as pre-pregs and fiber rovings extend fibreglass’s

applications and the tensile strength possible with fibre-reinforced plastics.

CHAPTER – 4

INTRODUCTION TO CREO

4.1 CAD:
Computer aided design (cad) is defined as any activity that involves the effective use of the

computer to create, modify, analyze, or document an engineering design. CAD is most

commonly associated with the use of an interactive computer graphics system, referred to as

cad system. The term CAD/CAM system is also used if it supports manufacturing as well as

design applications.

4.2 Introduction to CREO:

CREO is a suite of programs that are used in the design, analysis, and manufacturing of a

virtually unlimited range of product.

CREO is a parametric, feature-based solid modeling system, “Feature based” means that you

can create part and assembly by defining feature like pad, rib, slots, holes, rounds, and so on,

instead of specifying low-level geometry like lines, arcs, and circle& features are specifying

by setting values and attributes of element such as reference planes or surfaces direction of

creation, pattern parameters, shape, dimensions and others.

“Parametric” means that the physical shape of the part or assembly is driven by the values

assigned to the attributes (primarily dimensions) of its features. Parametric may define or

modify a feature’s dimensions or other attributes at any time.

For example, if your design intent is such that a hole is centered on a block, you can relate the

dimensional location of the hole to the block dimensions using a numerical formula; if the

block dimensions change, the centered hole position will be recomputed automatically.

“Solid Modeling” means that the computer model to create it able to contain all the

information that a real solid object would have. The most useful thing about the solid
 modeling is that it is impossible to create a computer model that is ambiguous or physically

non-realizable.

There are six core CREO concepts. Those are:

1. Solid Modelling

2. Feature Based

3. Parametric

4. Parent / Child Relationships

5. Associative

1. Model Centric

1. Capabilities and Benefits:

1. Complete 3D modelling capabilities enable you to exceed quality arid time to arid time to
market goals.
2. Maximum production efficiency through automated generation of associative C tooling

design, assembly instructions, and machine code.

3. Ability to simulate and analysis virtual prototype to improve production performance and

optimized product design.

4. Ability to share digital product data seamlessly among all appropriate team members

5. Compatibility with myriad CAD tools-including associative data exchange and industry

standard data formats.

4.4 Features of CREO:

CREO is a one-stop for any manufacturing industry. It offers effective feature, incorporated

for a wide variety of purpose. Some of the important features are as follows:
1. Simple and powerful tool

2. Parametric design

3. Feature-based approach

4. Parent child relationship

5. Associative and model centric

4.4.1 Simple and Powerful Tool:

CREO tools are used friendly. Although the execution of any operation using the tool can

create a highly complex model.

4.4.2 Parametric Design:

CREO designs are parametric. The term “parametric” means that the design operations that are

captured can be stored as they take place. They can be used effectively in the future for

modifying and editing the design. These types of modeling help in faster and easier

modifications of design.

4.4.3 Feature-Based Approach:

Features are the basic building blocks required to create an object. CREO wildfire models are

based on the series of feature. Each feature builds upon the previous feature, to create the

model (only one single feature can be modified at a time). Each feature may appear simple,

individually, but collectively forms a complex part and assemblies.The idea behind feature

based modeling is that the designer construct on object, composed of individual feature that

describe the manner in which the geometry supports the object, if its dimensions change. The

first feature is called the base feature.

4.4.4 Parent Child Relationship:

The parent child relationship is a powerful way to capture your design intent in a model. This

relationship naturally occurs among features, during the modelling process. When you create a

new feature, the existing feature that are referenced, become parent to the feature.

4.4.5 Associative and Model Centric:

CREO drawings are model centric. This means that CREO models that are represented in

assembly or drawings are associative. If changes are made in one module, these will

automatically get updated in the referenced module.

4.5 CREO Basic Design Modes:

When a design from conception to completion in CREO, the design information goes through

three basic design steps.

1. Creating the component parts of the design

2. Joining the parts in an assembly that records the relative position of the parts.

3. Creating mechanical drawing based on the information in the parts and the assembly.

4.6 Assembly In CREO:

Bottom-Up Design (Modeling):

The components (parts) are created first and then added to the assembly file. This technique is

particularly useful when parts already exist from previous designs and are being re-used.

Top-Down Design (Modeling):

The assembly file is created first and then the components are created in the assembly file. The

parts are build relative to other components. Useful in new designs

In practice, the combination of Top-Down and Bottom-Up approaches is used. As you often

use existing parts and create new parts in order to meet your design needs.

Degrees of Freedom:

An object in space has six degrees of freedom.

1. Translation – movement along X, Y, and Z axis (three degrees of freedom)

2. Rotation – rotate about X, Y, and Z axis (three degrees of freedom)

Assembly Constraints:

In order to completely define the position of one part relative to another, we must constrain all

of the degrees of freedom COINCIDENT, OFFSET

OFFSET:

Two surfaces are made parallel with a specified offset distance..

COINCIDENT:

Two selected surfaces become co-planar and face in the same direction. Can also be applied to

revolved surfaces. This constrains 3 degrees of freedom (two rotations and one translation).

When Align is used on revolved surfaces, they become coaxial (axes through the centers

align).

4.7 CREO Modules:

1. Sketcher (2D)

2. Part (3D)

3. Assembly

4. Drawing and Drafting

5. Sheet Metal
6. Surface modeling

Reference model for creating object

3D MODEL WAS DEVELOPED USING CREO:-

Open pro-e/creo
New enter namemultilayer vessel modelok

Then we will get a new window

Create model with dimensions

Then select revolveok360*ok

And repeat the same process for another layer also

Final model
 CHAPTER – 5

CAE-ANALYSIS TOOL ANSYS (Analytical System)

 5.1 ANALYSIS:

ANSYS is an Engineering Simulation Software (computer aided Engineering). Its tools cover
Thermal, Static, Dynamic, and Fatigue finite element analysis along with other tools all
designed to help with the development of the product.

The company was founded in 1970 by Dr. John A. Swanson as Swanson Analysis Systems,
Inc. SASI. Its primary purpose was to develop and market finite element analysis software for
structural physics that could simulate static (stationary), dynamic (moving) and heat transfer
(thermal) problems. SASI developed its business in parallel with the growth in computer
technology and engineering needs. The company grew by 10 percent to 20 percent each year,
and in 1994 it was sold. The new owners took SASI’s leading software, called ANSYS®, as
their flagship product and designated ANSYS, Inc. as the new company name.

5.2 BENEFITS OF ANSYS:

1. The ANSYS advantage and benefits of using a modular simulation system in the
design process are well documented. According to studies performed by the Aberdeen
Group, best-in-class companies perform more simulations earlier. As a leader in virtual
prototyping, ANSYS is unmatched in terms of functionality and power necessary to
optimize components and systems.
1. The ANSYS advantage is well-documented.
2. ANSYS is a virtual prototyping and modular simulation system that is easy to use and
extends to meet customer needs, making it a low-riskinvestment that canexpand as
value is demonstrated within a company. It is scalable to all levels of the organization,
degrees of analysis complexity, and stages of product development.

5.3 Finite Element Method:

General Description of the Finite Element Method:

In the finite element method, the actual continuum or body of matter like solid, liquid or gas is
represented as assemblage of sub divisions called finite elements. These elements are
considered to be interconnected at specified joints, which are called nodes or nodal points. The
nodes usually lie on the element boundaries where adjacent elements are considered to be
connected. Since the actual variation of the field variable (like displacement, stress,
temperature, pressure and velocity) inside the continuum is not known, we assume that the
variation of field variable inside a finite element can be approximated by a simple function.
These approximating functions (also called interpolation models) are defined in terms of the
values at the nodes.

Structural Analysis:

Structural analysis is probably the most common application of the finite element method. The
term structural (or structure) implies not only civil engineering structures such as ship hulls,
aircraft bodies, and machine housings, as well as mechanical components such as pistons,
machine parts, and tools.

5.4 Types Of Structural Analysis:

Different types of structural analysis are:

1. Static analysis
2. Modal analysis
3. Harmonic analysis
4. Transient dynamic analysis
5. Spectrum analysis
6. Bucking analysis
7. Explicit dynamic analysis

Static Analysis:

A static analysis calculates the effects of steady loading conditions on a structure, while
ignoring inertia and damping effects, such as those caused by time varying loads. A static
analysis can, however, include steady inertia loads (such as gravity and rotational velocity),
and time-varying loads that can be approximated as static equivalent loads (such as the static
equivalent wind arid seismic loads commonly defined in many building codes).
 Static analysis is used to determine the displacements, stresses, strains, and forces in
structural components caused by loads that do not induce significant inertia and damping
effects. Steady loading and response are assumed to vary slowly with respect to time.

The kinds of loading that can be applied in a static analysis include:

1. Externally applied forces and pressures

2. Steady-state inertial forces (such as gravity or rotational velocity)
3. Imposed (non-zero) displacements
4. Temperatures (for thermal stain)
5. Fluences (for nuclear swelling)
A static analysis can be either linear or non-linear. All types of non-linearities are allowed-
large deformations, plasticity, creep, stress, stiffening, contact (gap) elements, hyper elastic
elements, and so on.
Over-view of steps in a static analysis:

The procedure for a modal analysis consists of three main steps:

1. Build the model.

2. Apply loads and obtain the solution.
3. Review the results
 5.5 BASIC STEPS IN ANSYS (Finite Element Software):

PREPROCESSOR

BUILDING MODEL AND MODELLING

SOLUTION

LOADING AND SOLVING

POST PREPROCESSOR

REVIEWING RESULTS

Pre-Processing (Defining the Problem): The major steps in pre-processing are given below

1. Define key points/lines/ areas/volumes.

2. Define element type and material/geometric properties
3. Mesh lines/ areas/volumes as required.
The amount of detail required will depend on the dimensionality of the analysis (i.e., 1D, 2D,
axi-symmetric, 3D).
Solution (Assigning Loads, Constraints, And Solving): Here the loads (point or pressure),
constraints (translational and rotational) are specified and finally solve the resulting set of
equations.

Post Processing: In this stage, further processing and viewing of the results can be done such
as:

1. Lists of nodal displacements

2. Element forces and moments
3. Deflection plots
4. Stress contour diagrams

Advanced Post-Processing:

ANSYS provides a comprehensive set of post-processing tools to display results on the

models as contours or vector plots, provide summaries of the results (like min/max values and
locations). Powerful and intuitive slicing techniques allow to get more detailed results over
given parts of your geometries. All the results can also be exported as text data or to a
spreadsheet for further calculations. Animations are provided for static cases as well as for
nonlinear or transient histories. Any result or boundary condition can be used to create
customized charts.

Exploring design:

A single simulation just provides a validation of a design. ANSYS brings you to the next level
with design explorer a tool designed for fast and efficient design analysis. You will not need
more than a few mouse clicks to get a deeper understanding of your design, whether you want
to examine multiple scenarios or create full response surfaces of your model and get
sensitivities to design parameters, optimize your model or perform a Six Sigma analysis.

Communicating results:
ANSYS lets you explore your design in multiple ways. All the results you get must then be
efficiently documented: ANSYS will provide you instantaneous report generation to gather all
technical data and pictures of the model in a convenient format (html, MS Word, MS
PowerPoint…).

5.6 ANSYS:

For all engineers and students coming to finite element analysis or to ANSYS software for the
first time, this powerful hands-on guide develops a detailed and confident understanding of
using ANSYS's powerful engineering analysis tools. The best way to learn complex systems is
by means of hands-on experience. With an innovative and clear tutorial based approach, this
powerful book provides readers with a comprehensive introduction to all of the fundamental
areas of engineering analysis they are likely to require either as part of their studies or in
getting up to speed fast with the use of ANSYS software in working life. Opening with an
introduction to the principles of the finite element method, the book then presents an overview
of ANSYS technologies before moving on to cover key applications areas in detail. Key topics
covered: Introduction to the finite element method Getting started with ANSYS software
stress analysis dynamics of machines fluid dynamics problems thermo mechanics contact and
surface mechanics exercises, tutorials, worked examples With its detailed step-by-step
explanations, extensive worked examples and sample problems, this book will develop the
reader's understanding of FEA and their ability to use ANSYS's software tools to solve their
own particular analysis problems, not just the ones set in the book. At ANSYS, we bring
clarity and insight to customers' most complex design challenges through fast, accurate and
reliable simulation. Our technology enables organizations to predict with confidence that their
products will thrive in the real world. They trust our software to help ensure product integrity
and drive business success through innovation.

Every product is a promise to live up to and surpass expectations. By simulating early and

often with ANSYS software, our customers become faster, more cost-effective and more

innovative, realizing their own product promises.

ANSYS PROCESS:-
IMPORTING THE COMPONENT FROM CAD (CREO) TOOL TO CAE TOOL (ANSYS):

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS:-

1. Click on Ansys workbench

2. Static structural

Fig 5.1 Steps For Structural Analysis

3. Select engineering data then right click enter material properties values

FOR:

Mild steel:

Young’s modulus: 205*10^9 Pa

Poison ratio : 0.29

Density : 7850 Kg/m^3

Composite materials
Epoxy carbon

Density: 1480 kg/m^3

Young’s modulus in x-direction: 91.820*10^9 pa

Young’s modulus in y-direction: 91.820*10^9 pa

Young’s modulus in z-direction: 9*10^9 pa

Poison ratio xy: 0.05

Poison ratio yz: 0.3

Poison ratio zx: 0.3

Epoxy E-glass

Density: 2000 kg/m^3

Young’s modulus in x-direction: 45*10^9 pa

Young’s modulus in y-direction: 10*10^9 pa

Young’s modulus in z-direction: 10*10^9 pa

Poison ratio xy: 0.3

Poison ratio yz: 0.4

Poison ratio zx: 0.3

Epoxy s-glass

Density: 2000 kg/m^3

Young’s modulus in x-direction: 50*10^9 pa

Young’s modulus in y-direction: 8*10^9 pa

Young’s modulus in z-direction: 8*10^9 pa

Poison ratio xy: 0.3

Poison ratio yz: 0.4

Poison ratio zx: 0.3

4. Geometry right click import geometry import iges format model

 Model imported from pro-e tool in IGES format.

Imported Model View In Ansys.

Meshing: - Volume Mesh - Tetmesh.

Tet Volume Mesh.

 Boundary conditions

Select geometry assign material properties

Click on static structural  supportsselect edges

 loadspressureselect inner areas 30*10^6 pa apply

. Solutiondeformationsolve

Results for solid vessel

(Existing material (steel s515-gr70))

Deformation

Strain energy

Stress
 W
hen we applied 30Mpa pressure on the vessel it produces nearly 265Mpa stress to reduces the
stress on the body here we changing material. We have chosen 3 composite materials now we are
going to analyse with these 3 materials with same boundary conditions

Epoxy s-glass

Deformation
Stress

Strain energy

Epoxy e-glass
Deformation

Stress

Strain energy
Epoxy carbon

Deformation

Stress
Strain energy

Tables
 Material Deformation(mm) Stress(Mpa) Strain energy(mJ)

Steel-s515-gr70 1.6143 264.48 9.3644e5

Epoxy s-glass 31.223 295.07 4.0391e7

Epoxy-e-glass 26.249 283.79 3.7792e7

Epoxy-carbon 29.096 405.29 4.1917e7

Deformation

Deformation(mm)
35

30

25

20 Deformation(mm)

15

10

0
Steel-s515-gr70 Epoxy s-glass Epoxy-e-glass Epoxy-carbon

From the above tables and graphs we can say that the deformation values are low for steel-s515-
gr70 and high for epoxy e-glass.

Stress
 Stress(Mpa)
450
400
350
300
250 Stress(Mpa)

200
150
100
50
0
Steel-s515-gr70 Epoxy s-glass Epoxy-e-glass Epoxy-carbon

From the graph the stress has been increasing for all materials and in this steel-s515-gr-70 have
less stress values and epoxy carbon has high stress values.

Strain energy

Strain energy(mJ)
4.50E+07
4.00E+07
3.50E+07
3.00E+07
2.50E+07 Strain energy(mJ)

2.00E+07
1.50E+07
1.00E+07
5.00E+06
0.00E+00
 From the above solid vessel (180mm thickness) results when we change material from ss515-
gr70 to composite materials no other material gave less stress values. By these changes the
stress has been increased so we cannot use complete composite material for a vessel

And here we following another concept i.e. multi layer vessel in this process we are
created the original model with same dimensions but here we created two layers for a vessel
which are those 162mm and 18mm respectively and here we applying the outer layer as same
steel-s515-gr70 but inner material we adding composite materials.

Multi layer pressure vessel

Steel-s515-gr70 and epoxy-s glass

Deformation
Stress

Strain energy
Multi layer pressure vessel

Steel-s515-gr70 and epoxy-e glass

Deformation

Stress
Strain energy

Multi layer pressure vessel

Steel-s515-gr70 and epoxy-carbon

Deformation
Stress

Strain energy
Tables

material Deformation(mm) Stress(Mpa) Strain energy(mJ)

Steel-s515-gr70 & 1.6152 264.49 9.3705e5

epoxy-s-glass

Steel-s515-gr70 & 1.4772 256.6 2.0283e6

epoxy-e-glass

Steel-s515-gr70 & 2.1842 230.25 9.27e5

epoxy-carbon

Graphs

Deformation

Deformation(mm)
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
Deformation(mm)
las
s ss n
- g -gla r bo
xy
-s y-
e -ca
o ox oxy
ep ep ep
& & &
0 0 0
r7 gr
7 r7
5 -g 5- -g
5
51 51 51
le -s le -s el-s
e e e
St St St

In this graphs it shows that values for all multi-layer models and in this steel-s5155 epoxy e-glass
has producing less deformation among all and steel-s515-gr70 epoxy carbon producing high
deformation.
Stress

Stress(Mpa)
270
260
250
240
230
220
210
Stress(Mpa)
s s on
glas glas rb
-s- e- -ca
xy y- xy
o ox o
ep ep ep
& & &
0 0 0
r7 gr
7 r7
5 -g 5- -g
5
51 51 51
el-s el-s el-s
e e e
St St St

For steel-s515-gr70 producing high deformation but in this stress values it has very low stresses
among all other materials.

Strain energy

Strain energy(mJ)
2.50E+06
2.00E+06
1.50E+06
1.00E+06 9.27E+05
5.00E+05
0.00E+00

Axis Title

From all results here steel-s515-gr70 epoxy e-glass having high energy compares to other. But it
also having high stress values which is not safe for model.
 CONCLUSION

In this project we have created one solid vessel (180mm thickness) by using CAD-tool
(creo-2) to analyze this model we imported into CAE tool (Ansys workbench) and analyses
with existing material steel-s515-gr70 and applied 30Mpa pressure on it. We got nearly
265Mpa stress on whole body to reduce these stress values we completely uses composite
materials which are epoxy carbon and epoxy e-glass and epoxy s-glass respectively. But these
changes will not satisfy our condition. These composite materials have very good strength
compare with existing material but it also produces very high stress on the body.

To avoid these stresses on the model we have done one more model which is called
multi layer vessel (162mm thick & 18mm thick) with steel-s515-gr70 and composite material
respectively and analyses with same boundary conditions and calculated results for all
combinations.

From all combination results steel-s515-gr70 with epoxy carbon produces less stress
values 230Mpa only compare to solid vessel by this change we have been reduced 35Mpa
stresses on the body and composite materials are light weight so we reduces component
weight in this case.

Finally we conclude that multi layer vessel with (steel-s515-gr70&epoxy carbon) gave
less stress values compare to solid vessel with steel-s515-gr70 materials.
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