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02 Basic Principles of Genetics

This document provides information about basic genetic principles and Mendelian inheritance. It defines key genetic terms and summarizes Mendel's three laws of inheritance: the law of dominance, the law of segregation, and the law of independent assortment. It also explains Punnett squares and how they can be used to predict the probability of offspring inheriting certain traits from their parents.

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Erika Gonzales
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
56 views

02 Basic Principles of Genetics

This document provides information about basic genetic principles and Mendelian inheritance. It defines key genetic terms and summarizes Mendel's three laws of inheritance: the law of dominance, the law of segregation, and the law of independent assortment. It also explains Punnett squares and how they can be used to predict the probability of offspring inheriting certain traits from their parents.

Uploaded by

Erika Gonzales
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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GENETICS

Basic Principles of Heredity


Intended Learning Outcomes:

At the end of the lesson, the students will be able to:

> Explain the mendelian law of inheritance


> Compare and contrast the different laws of inheritance
> Law of Dominance
> Law of Segregation
> Law of Independent Assortment
> Punnett Square
> Demonstrate knowledge in the application of Punnett square by creating it
and using it to predict the variations and probabilities that can come from cross
breeding.
> Apply the Punnett square in predicting the percentage of possibility of
producing certain traits from parents
Pre-Test

Which of the following factors did not


contribute to Mendel’s success in his study
of heredity?
a. His use of the pea plant
b. His study of plant chromosomes
c. His adoption of an experimental
approach
d. His use of mathematics
Pre-Test

Gregor Mendel was:


a. An English scientist who carried out research
with Charles Darwin
b. A Central European monk
c. An early 20th century Dutch biologist whop
carried out genetics research.
Pre-Test

An allele is:
a. Another word for a gene
b. A homozygous genotype
c. A heterozygous genotype
d. One of several possible forms of a gene
Pre-Test

The idea that different pairs of alleles are


passed to offspring independently is
Mendel’s principle of:
a. Unit inheritance
b. Segregation
c. Independent assortment
Pre-Test

Phenotype refers to the ______ of an


individual.
a. Genetic make up
b. Actual physical appearance
c. Recessive alleles
Principles of Heredity
• There are two factors which determine
physical features and behavior of an
organisms.
– Heredity – Genetic make up
– Environment – conditions during development
• Is it “NATURE” (heredity) or
“NURTURE”(Environment) that
determines the ultimate product?
Hereditary Terms
• Gene – sequence of DNA that codes for a
protein (hundreds to thousands of genes
per chromosome).
• Allele – different forms of a gene (B=
brown eyes or b= blue eyes)
• Phenotype- observable feature (eye color,
hair color, blood type)
• Genotype- arrangement of alleles (Aa, tt,
or BB )
Hereditary Terms
• Dominant- allele that masks the presence
of the other allele (capital)
• Recessive- allele that is masked by the
dominant allele (lower case)
• Homozygous (pure)– when the 2 alleles of
a gene are the same (tt or TT)
• Heterozygous (hybrid or carrier)- when the
2 alleles of a gene are different (Tt)
Hereditary Terms
• P generation (parental) - Pure (is not a
carrier of another allele form)
• F 1 generation (first filial) - offspring of P
generation
• F 2 generation (second filial) - offspring
from F 1 cross
TABLE 3.1 Summary of important genetic terms
Term Definition
Gene An inherited factor (encoded in the DNA) that helps
determine a characteristic

Allele One of two or more alternative forms of a gene

Locus Specific place on a chromosome occupied by an allele

Genotype Set of alleles possessed by an individual organism

Heterozygote An individual organism possessing two different alleles at a


locus

Homozygote An individual organism possessing two of the same alleles


at a locus

Phenotype or trait The appearance or manifestation of a characteristic

Characteristic or An attribute or feature possessed by an organism


character
Mendel knew nothing about chromosomes
Laws of Inheritance
• Mendel proposed three laws:
• Law of Dominance
• The Law of Segregation
• Law of independent assortment
Law of Dominance
• This law states that in a heterozygous
condition, the allele whose characters are
expressed over the other allele is called
the dominant allele and the characters of
this dominant allele are called dominant
characters. The characters that appear in
the F1 generation are called as dominant
characters. The recessive characters
appear in the F2 generation.
Law of Dominance
Law of Segregation
• This law states that when two traits come together
in one hybrid pair, the two characters do not mix
with each other and are independent of each other.
Each gamete receives one of the two alleles during
meiosis of the chromosome.
• Mendel’s law of segregations supports the
phenotypic ratio of 3:1
– for example the homozygous dominant and heterozygous
offspring show dominant traits while the homozygous
recessive shows the recessive trait.
Law of Segregation
Law of Independent Assortment
• This means that at the time of gamete formation, the
two genes segregate independently of each other as
well as of other traits. Law of independent
assortment emphasizes that there are separate
genes for separate traits and characters and they
influence and sort themselves independently of the
other genes.

• This law also says that at the time of gamete and


zygote formation, the genes are independently
passed on from the parents to the offspring.
Law of Independent Assortment
Post-Test

This will be available on your Teams in a


few minutes.

Prepare and Make sure to answer all items


carefully.

Goodluck!
Thank you!!

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