A PROJECT REPORT

ON
SOLENOID ENGINE

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIRMENT FOR THE

AWARD OF
DIPLOMA
IN
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

UNDER THE GUIDENCE OF

Er.P. RAM REDDY B.E, M.E.

SUBMITTED TO

STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION AND TRAINING

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC
MASAB TANK, HYDERABAD, TELANGANA 500028.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It will be a pleasure for us expressing our deep sense of gratitude and sincere
thanks to

Sri. N. RAJESHWARI DEVI (Ph.D.)

Principal, Government Polytechnic, Masab Tank, Hyderabad.

We wish our deep sense of gratitude and sincere thanks to

Er. E. RAJA REDDY B.E, M.Tech.

Head of section, Department of Mechanical Engineering,

Government Polytechnic, Masab Tank, Hyderabad.

We wish our deep sense of gratitude and sincere thanks to our guide

Er.P.RAM REDDY B.E, M.E.

Senior Lecturer, Department of Mechanical Engineering

Government Polytechnic, Masab Tank, Hyderabad.

For his excellent guidance and enthusiastic encouragement in motivating us to

take up this challenging task especially the extensive comments and the many
discussions and interactions with his had a direct impact on the final form and
quality of this thesis.

Last but not the least we would extend our thanks to our friends, family
Members, other faculty and lab assistants who contributed directly or indirectly
in the success of the project.

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 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project titled

SOLENOID ENGINE
Is a bonafied work done by the following students under the guidance of

Er. P. RAM REDDY B.E, M.E.

During the academic year 2019-2022, in partial fulfillment of the
requirement for the award of Diploma in Mechanical Engineering and
submitted to Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Government Polytechnic College, Masab tank, Hyderabad.

K. SWARAT SRI SAI 19001-M-054

PROJECT GUIDE HEAD OF SECTION

Er. P. RAM REDDY B.E, M.E. Er. E. RAJA REDDY B.E, M.Tech.

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 DECLARATION

We hereby declaration that this written submission represents our ideas in our
own words have been included.

We have adequately cited and referenced the original sources we have not
submitted the same to any other university or organization for the award of any
other degree.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS Page No.

CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 General 7
1.2 Definition of electromagnetic engine 7
1.3 principle 8
1.4 Working 9

CHAPTER-2 LITERATURE REVIEW 10

CHAPTER-3 TYPES OF SOLENOIDS

3.1 AC Laminated Solenoid 11

3.2 DC C-Frame Solenoid 12
3.3 DC D-Frame Solenoid 12
3.4 Linear Solenoid 13
3.5 Rotary Solenoid 13
3.6 Types of solenoid engine 14

CHAPTER-4 COMPONENTS

4.1 Electromagnetic Solenoid 15

4.2 Connecting rod 16
4.3 Proximity Sensor 16
4.4 Relay 17
4.5 Crank Shaft 17
4.6 Fly Wheel 18

CHAPTER-5 WORKING PROCESS 19

CHAPTER-6 MERITS OF SOLENOID ENGINE 20

CHAPTER-7 APPLICATIONS 21

CHAPTER-8 SCOPE FOR FUTURE DEVELOPMENT 22

CHAPTER-9 CONCLUSION 23

REFERENCES 24

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 ABSTRACT

Combustion takes place & produces heat which converts into

mechanical energy. We know IC-Engines are used in
Automobiles, Aero plane etc. But the incomplete combustion
produces some harmful gasses, which is one main cause of air
pollution. Modern Science & Technology has been taken
many positive steps for emission control. Like, using CNGs &
LPGs instead of petrol & diesel. Now technology brings
Electrical bikes, scooters & cars. The battery of electrical
vehicle can charge easily like mobile. They have less running
cost & 100% emission free. But they have very less load
carrying capacity & not suitable for long run. So basically, we
have to prefer Engines for more power & more running
capacity. Here I have introduced a mechanism which has
more load caring & running capacity then electrical vehicles
but make zero emission or pollution.

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CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL

Fig 1.1 SIMPLE SOLENOID ENGINE

This project is about to design electricity operated engine

construction. In this engine there is no use of fuels like diesel and
petrol. So, this engine is operating on pure electricity coming from a
battery source. An electromagnet is positioned on the top of the
cylinder, while construction of engine is traditional. And piston is just
a permanent magnet (Neodymium magnet). There is no combustion
within the cylinder so design of piston and cylinder arrangement is
simpler as compared to IC Engine. So, the accuracy of dimensions is
not a serious matter here. Although this engine can’t produce any flue
gases which are harmful to the environment, because there is no
combustion of fossil fuels in this engine.
1.2 DEFINATION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINE
A solenoid engine can be defined as an engine that works by passing
electricity through the coils which are making the pistons move back
and forth due to electromagnetism.

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1.3 PRINICPLE

Fig 1.2 WORKING PRINCIPLE OF SOLENOID

The solenoid simply works on the principle of “electromagnetism”.

When the current flow through the coil magnetic field is generated in
it, if you place a metal core inside the coil the magnetic lines of flux
is concentrated on the core which increases the induction of the coil
as compared to the air core.
Most of the flux is concentrated only on the core, while some of the
flux appears at the ends of the coil and a small amount of flux appears
outside the coil. The magnetic strength of the solenoid can be
increased by increasing the density of the turns or by increasing the
current flow in the coil.
Like all other magnets the activated solenoid has both Positive and
Negative poles, through which an object can be attracted or repelled.

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1.4 WORKING

Fig 1.3 SOLENOID ENGINE

The cylinder, piston and connecting rod appear similar to the

conventional Internal combustion engine or it may vary in certain
areas. The arrangement completely depends upon the configuration of
electromagnetic engine.
It has a permanent magnet, electromagnet, piston, cylinder and
connecting rod. Usually, Neodymium is used as the permanent
magnet and is mounted on top of the piston. Neodymium is either
welded or stuck using super glue to keep it from coming out of the
piston, while working.
The electromagnet is placed in the position of spark plug. The
electromagnet is capable of changing the polarity when the
direction of the current is changed. The permanent magnet responds
to the pull or push of the electromagnet, thereby causing the piston
to reciprocate along the length of the cylinder. This power is taken
as output from the connecting rod and the crankshaft.

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CHAPTER-2
LITERATURE REVIEW

[1]

AUTHOR: Atulkumar Singh, Prabhat Ranjan Tripathi,

TITLE: Micro controlled Electromagnetic Engine, 2011

CONCLUSION: The paper proposes an idea of electromagnetic

engine which uses the property of an electromagnet by virtue of
which it changes the polarity of its poles whenever the direction of
current entering the windings is changed.
[2]

AUTHOR: J.Rithula, J.Jeyashruthi and Y Anandhi,

TITLE: Electric Vehicle with Zero-fuel Electromagnetic

Automobile Engine,2013

CONCLUSION: In this paper, we have depicted a revolutionary

engine which need not be separately manufactured, but existing
engines can be easily modified to work this way. The proposed
engine is a simple and excellent technique to run the electric vehicle
in a highly efficient manner.

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CHAPTER-3
TYPES OF SOLENOIDS

There are various Types of Solenoids are available in the market. They
differ in terms of their material, design and function. But all kinds of
solenoids depend on the same electrical principles.
• AC Laminated Solenoid
• DC C–Frame Solenoid
• DC D–Frame Solenoid
• Linear Solenoid
• Rotary Solenoid

3.1 AC Laminated Solenoid

An AC laminated solenoid is famous for the amount of force that can
be performed in their first stroke. They can also use a longer stroke than
a DC solenoid. They are obtainable in several different configurations
and ranges. These types of solenoids will produce a clean buzz when
they are being used.

Fig 3.1 AC Laminated Solenoid

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3.2 DC C–Frame Solenoid

A DC C–Frame solenoid uses only a frame, formed like the letter C,

which is covered around the coil. This kind of solenoid has an extensive
range of different applications. Even though they are famous in a DC
configuration, they can also be designed to be used with AC power.

Fig 3.2 DC C–Frame Solenoid

3.3 DC D–Frame Solenoid

A DC D–Frame solenoid gears have a two-piece frame that is covered

around the coils. These are used in several different applications like
industrial applications. Like the C–Frame, these solenoids can also be
designed in AC alternatives, for applications when the properties of an
AC solenoid are more attractive than a DC solenoid.

Fig 3.3 DC D–Frame Solenoid

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3.4 Linear Solenoid
This kind of solenoids is more familiar with the most people. These are
capable of using a pulling or pushing force on a mechanical device and
can be utilized for a variety of metering tasks. These solenoids are used
in a different application. For instance, a solenoid on the starter device
of a vehicle which includes a motor. Whenever electrical current flows
through the solenoid, then it will move in a linear fashion to get two
contacts together.

Fig 3.4 Linear Solenoid

3.5 Rotary Solenoid

Rotatory solenoid is a good example of mechanical force which can be
used in different methods to make easy of an automatic control process
and quite easy to make life easier. In this solenoid, there is the similar
coil and core design, though it is somewhat changed. In a rotary
solenoid, a disc is used instead of the solenoid being a simple device
with a core and coil. The body of the solenoid is lined up with the
grooves and ball bearings are used to make easier motion.

Fig 3.5 Rotary Solenoid

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3.6 DIFFERENT TYPES OF SOLENOID ENGINES

Fig 3.6 2 CYLINDER INLINE SOLENOID ENGINE

Fig 3.7 9 CYLINDER RADIAL SOLENOID ENGINE

Fig 3.8 V8 SOLENOID ENGINE

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CHAPTER-4
COMPONENTS

➢ Electromagnetic solenoid
➢ Connecting rod
➢ Proximity sensor
➢ Relay
➢ Crank
➢ Fly Wheel

4.1 Electromagnetic solenoid:

When a current carrying conduct or is wound on a magnetic
material(ferrite), it acts as a magnet till the conductor is live. An air
core electromagnet that acts as a solenoid is used here. Since it has an
air core, the core losses are eliminated.

Fig 4.1 ELECTROMAGNETIC SOLENOID

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4.2 Connecting rod:
A connecting rod is a shaft which connects a piston to a crank or
crankshaft in a reciprocating engine. Together with the crank, it forms
a simple mechanism that converts reciprocating motion into rotating
motion. A connecting rod may also convert rotating motion into
reciprocating motion, its original use. Earlier mechanisms, such as the
chain, could only impart pulling motion. Being rigid, a connecting rod
may transmit either push or pull, allowing the rod to rotate the crank
through both halves of a revolution. In a few two-stroke engines the
connecting rod is only required to push.

Fig 4.2 CONNECTING ROD

4.3 Proximity Sensor:

A proximity sensor is a sensor able to detect the presence of nearby
objects without any physical contact. A proximity sensor often emits
an electromagnetic field or a beam of electromagnetic radiation
(infrared, for instance), and looks for changes in the field or return
signal.
The maximum distance that this sensor can detect is defined "nominal
range". Some sensors have adjustments of the nominal range or means
to report a graduated detection distance. Some know these processes
as "thermo sensation".

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Proximity sensors can have a high reliability and long functional life
because of the absence of mechanical parts and lack of physical
contact between sensor and the sensed object.

4.4 Relay:
A relay is an electrically operated or electromechanical switch
composed of an electromagnet, an armature, a spring and a set of
electrical contacts. The electromagnetic switch is operated by a small
electric current that turns a larger current on or off by either releasing
or retracting the armature contact, thereby cutting or completing the
circuit.
4.5 Crankshaft:
The crankshaft, sometimes casually called the crank, is the part of
an engine which changes the up and down motion of the pistons
into rotation. To convert the motion, the crankshaft has one or more
offset shafts. The pistons are connected to the crankshaft by these
shafts.
When the piston moves up and down, it pushes the offset shaft. This
in turn rotates the crankshaft. The pistons cause a pulsing affect in
the rotation. A crankshaft usually connects to a flywheel. The
flywheel smooths out the rotation. Sometimes there is a torsion or
vibration damper on the other end of the crankshaft. This helps
reduce vibrations of the crankshaft.

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 Fig 4.3 CRANKSHAFT

4.6 Flywheel:

A flywheel is a mechanical device specifically designed to

efficiently store rotational energy. Flywheels resist changes in
rotational speed by their moment of inertia. The amount of energy
stored in a flywheel is proportional to the square of its rotational
speed. The way to change a flywheel's stored energy is by
increasing or decreasing its rotational speed applying a torque
aligned with its axis of symmetry.

Fig 4.4 Fly wheel

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CHAPTER-5
WORKING PROCESS

The working of solenoid engine was based on electromagnetism

principle. When current passes through the conductor the magnetic
flux will be generated around the conductor this phenomenon is
known as electro magnetism. At first when we flick the fly wheel it
rotates the crank shaft and a non-uniform circular disk, mounted on
the crank shaft. During the half the revolution of non-uniform circular
disk the inductive proximity sensor on’s hence the current flows to the
solenoid coil trough the relay, and the solenoid coil act as electro
magnet due to this effect, piston moves in to the cylinder. While the
other half the revolution of the non-uniform circular disk the
inductive proximity sensor off’s hence the current doesn’t in to the
solenoid coil hence the piston comes out of the solenoid coil and the
cycle repeats.

Fig 5.1 Block Diagram

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CHAPTER-6

MERITS OF SOLENOID ENGINE

• The solenoid engine can cause zero atmospheric pollution.

• These engines are very useful as an alternative to fossil fuels.
• The engine has more efficiency whereas the torque produced is
less.
• The reaction time needed for the solenoid engine is very quick.
• The core of the solenoid engine is useful for applying
mechanical force to the valve.
• Electromagnets find the application of indoor locking systems as
a secure closure. For example, computer printers and fuel
injector as well as gears in cars are using solenoids.

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CHAPTER-7
APPLICATIONS

APPLICATIONS
• The core of the solenoid is used for applying mechanical force
to the valve.
• Electromagnets find application indoor locking systems as a
secure closure.
• Computer printers and fuel injector gears in cars use solenoids .
• Locking Mechanisms
A solenoid is commonly found in automatic locking
mechanisms. Some of the most obvious applications include
door locks for offices, hotels, and high security areas.
• Medical Applications
A solenoid is also very important in the medical field. Since
medical equipment have to be very precise and accurate,
solenoid manufacturing for medical purposes has to adhere to
strict standards since human lives are at stake.
• Automotive Solenoid Applications
Automation is a very common in today's automobiles thanks to
the solenoids used in the manufacturing process. Usually, the
solenoid is used for interlocking in the gearbox drive selectors,
which is important in the drive selection process. It is also used
in car air conditioning controls, entertainment release
mechanisms, and security systems.
• In fact, the solenoid is also a key component in some joystick
controls designed for games that simulate the driving
experience.

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 • Industrial Use
The solenoid is also a vital component in many industrial
machines. It can be found in devices that require locking,
positioning, pinching, holding, rotating, diverting, valve
operation, and more.
Since solenoid can be used to actuate valves, it is used in a variety of
applications where air and water flow is involved.

CHAPTER-8
Scope For Future Development:
The prototype is an idea which uses the property of an electromagnet
by virtue of which it changes the polarity of its poles whenever the
direction of current is changed. This variation in polarity is utilized to
attract or repel the permanent magnet attached to the piston. By using
an ECU in the engine instead, power can be obtained on each stroke
which will result in an increased output. Also, by inserting more
permanent magnets in series on the piston will enhance the output of
the engine. By slight modification in design and by the use of better
hands the engine can be modified to generate more power, thereby
increasing its efficiency, so that it can be used in commercial vehicles
and other applications.

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CHAPTER-9
CONCLUSION

With repeated use, the windings of the electromagnet got loosened up

which increases the gaps between the windings. This causes a drop in
the potential energy from the power source band prevents the
effective generation of magnetic flux. To Avoid this, we have to make
the solenoid coils tight so that can’t get loose. It is also noticed that
the energy of the permanent magnet is higher than that of
electromagnet. The design of the engine is to be done with materials
having low density. This sector needs accurate manufacturing and
utmost care.
The Solenoid Engine has various advantages over an internal
combustion engine. The most important advantage is that it is
environmentally friendly. It does not use any fossil fuels, does not
deplete natural resources, and does not pollute, no heat generation
within the system.
Though the electromagnet heats up with continuous operation, but the
temperatures are very low as compared to IC engines. It rules out the
need of a cooling system, a fuel injector, valves, etc. Though
providing the engine with a cooling system will be beneficial.
The operating noise levels are low. Proper development of this
engine with materials like aluminium can reduce the weight
significantly and increase the efficiency. The important significance is
that its development can decrease the dependence on depleting
resources, which is a very important requirement today. With further
research and development, it can be proved to be a boon in the
Automobile sector.

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 REFERENCES

(1) Miyuki Blatt & Kendall Houghton. The Effect of Temperature

on Magnet Strength .
(2) National Imports LLC. Permanent magnet design and selection
handbook
(3) Vishal Abasaheb Misal, Umesh Dattatray Hajare & Arshad
Ashak Atar. Electromagnetic Engine. International Journal on
Theoretical and Applied Research in Mechanical Engineering
(IJTARME). ISSN: 2319 – 3182, Volume-2, Issue-4, 2013.
(4) Gattani M.K. “Gate operated repulsive magnetic permanent
induction linear generator” International journal of Earth
Sciences and Engineering, Volume 05 No 01 SPL, Page 702-
706, January 2012.
(5) Gattani M. K “Fuel free engine for power generation”
Proceedings of Annual International Conference on Sustainable
Energy And Environmental Sciences-2012, Global science and
Technology Forum, Singapore, Page 1-5, 13-14th
February,2012.
(6)Gattani M.K. “Magnetic engine: Alternate energy source
beyond oil” Proceedings of National conference on Emerging
Trends in Energy Engineering-2012, Dehradun Institute of
Technology, Dehradun, Page 97-101, 23-24th March,2012.
(7) Young & Freedman. University Physics 11th Ed. Addison
Wesley, 2004.
(8)David Meeker. Finite Element Method Magnetic Manual.
(9) B.P.T. van Guch. Optimizing a solenoid for a Robocup kicker.
Technical report, DCT: 2006-051, 2006.
(10) Official Robocup Website. www.robocub.org.

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