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Science
Quarter 3, Wk 8-9, Module 6
Constellations

Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines

 What I Know (Pretest)
Multiple Choice: Read the statements carefully. Choose the BEST answer. Write
the letter of your answers on the space provided before each number.
1. How do stars appear to move in the night sky?
A. From East to West C. From West to East
B. From North to South D. From South to North

2. Stars appear to move in the sky because

A. The Earth is rotating on its axis
B. The universe is expanding
C. The night sky is rotating
D. New galaxies are formed

3. Most astronomers agree that the stars are born within huge clouds of dust and gases
called
A. Sun B. pulsars C. auroras d. nebulae

4. Which of the following statements is true?

A. The higher the magnitude number, the brighter the star
B. The lower the magnitude number, the dimmer the star
C. The lower the magnitude number, the brighter the star
D. All statements are true

5. What element is the fuel for main sequence stars?

A. Carbon B. Helium C. Oxygen D. Hydrogen

6. What are group of stars in the sky that form an imaginary picture
A. Galaxy B. Constellation C. Moon D. Solar system

7. A constellation is a group of visible that form a pattern when viewed from the
Earth.
A. Planets B. Stars C. Creatures D. Clouds

8. Which constellation is best known because it contains the Big Dipper which looks like
a ladle?
A. Ursa Major B. Orion C. Ursa Minor D. Polaris

9. What local constellation signifies the start of the rainy season of the Philippines?
A. Balara C. Lepu
B. Buwaya D. Balatik

10.Which constellation helps the Matigsalog Manobo tribe to start the clearing of forest?
A. Aquila C. Gemini
B. Taurus D. Pleiades
 Different Stars Pattern Through
Lesson the Years
1
What I Need to Know
At the end of the lesson, you will be able to show which constellations
may be observed at different times of the year using models

Specifically, after going through this module, you will be able to:
1. Define what is a star
2. Identify the types of stars
3. Describe the characteristics of stars

What’s In

Twinkle twinkle, little star,

How I wonder what you are!
Up above the world so high,
Like a diamond in the sky.

Tis your bright and tiny spark,

Lights the trav’ller in the dark:
Tho’ I know not what you are
Twinkle, twinkle, little star.

When was the last time you’ve recited this poem? Though little is known about
these glittering objects in the sky that has not stopped poets and writers from writing
beautiful poems and stories about these deep-sky objects.

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 What’s New?

Words from the star text have been scrambled in the circles below. Your job is to
unscramble the letters and write the correct word on the line under each circle.

1 2 3

4 5 6

7 8 9

10
2
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 Possibly you are thinking about how a star is shaped. Beside billions of stars, all cosmic
systems contain tremendous billows of gas and residue called nebulae. As indicated by
researchers, it is in a cloud where a star is conceived.
A superstar is a large glowing ball of hot gas. There are billions of stars contained in
the galaxies of the universe. The Milky Way is the galaxy the place our photo voltaic system
belongs. All the person stars you see in the night sky are members of our galaxy.
Are the stars identical in size? Are the stars identical in color? Are the stars equally
bright? When we look at the night sky, we see lots of stars. In reality, there are approximately
four hundred billion stars in our galaxy, and there are about one hundred seventy billion
galaxies. A star can see solely about 3,000 stars on the average.
These stars fluctuate in many ways. We see stars of extraordinary sizes, brightness,
and color.

What Is It

Figure 1. The Night Sky

Using Figure 1, which star is bigger – Sirius or Rigel? Can you really tell the size of the
star just by looking at it?

Photo Credit: Quantrek, Inc.

http://www.quantrek.org/size_comparison/size_comparison.htm
Figure 2. The size of the Sun compared to other stars.

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 Figure 2 shows the size of the Sun, the nearest star to Earth, when contrasted with some
different stars that we see around evening time. As should be obvious, the Sun is so little contrasted
with other close by stars. Likewise, Sirius, which seem greater than Rigel, is in reality little contrasted
with Rigel. It seems bigger simply because it is nearer to us.
What does the color of a star mean? Why do stars differ in brightness?

TYPES OF STARS
There are many star classification frameworks being used today, notwithstanding, the Morgan-
Keenan framework is the least demanding to comprehend. Stars are classified in this framework utilizing
letters O, B, A, F, G, K, and M. They are arranged dependent on their temperature the hottest is O and
the coolest is M. The temperature of each unearthly class is then partitioned by the expansion of a
number, 0 represents the most smoking while 9 for the coolest.

A. Main Sequence Stars – powered by the fusion of hydrogen into helium in their cores.

Type Spectral Temperature Luminosity Mass Life Span

Blue Stars O/G 30,000 K 100 – 1 million 2.5 – 90 40 million years
Yellow Dwarf G 5,200 – 7500 K 0.6 – 5.0 0.8 – 1.4 4 – 17 billion years
Orange Dwarf K 3,700 – 5,200 K 0.08 – 0.6 0.45 – 0.8 15 – 30 billion years
Red Dwarfs K 4,000 K 0.0001 – 0.8 0.08 – 0.45 Several trillion years

B. Giants and Super Giants - runs out of hydrogen, begins to burn its helium, its core
collapses and it gets hotter resulting in the outer layer to expand outwards.

Type Spectral Temperature Luminosity Mass Life Span

Blue Giants O, B, A 10,000 – 33,000 10,000 2 - 150 10 – 100 million

K years

Blue O/B 10,000 – 50,000 10,000 – 1 M 20 – 1,000 10 million years

Supergiants K

Red Giants M/K 3,300 – 5,300 K 100 – 1, 000 0.3 – 10 0.1 – 2 billion years

Red K/M 3,500 – 4,500 K 1,000 – 8, 000 10 – 40 3 – 100 million

Supergiants years

C. Dead Stars – no longer have fusion processes taking place in their cores.
Type Spectral Temperature Luminosity Mass Life Span
White Dwarfs D 8,000 – 40, 000 0.0001 - 100 0.1 – 1.4 100,000 – 10
K billion
years
Neutron D 600,000 K 1000 1.4 – 3.2 100,000 – 10
Stars billion
years
Black Dwarfs

Black Holes

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 D. Failed Stars - celestial objects that do not have sufficient mass to ignite and fuse
hydrogen gas. Therefore, they do not shine.
Type Spectral Temperature Luminosity Mass Life Span
Brown Dwarfs M, L, T, 300 – 2800 K Very low 0.01 – 0.08 trillions of years
Y

CHARACTERISTICS OF STARS
1. Brightness
a. Luminosity – amount of light that a star radiates
b. Apparent Magnitude – perceived brightness, factoring in size and distance
c. Absolute Magnitude – true brightness irrespective of its distance from Earth
2. Color - It depends on its surface temperature. Cooler stars tend to be redder in color,
while hotter stars have a bluer appearance. Stars in the mid ranges are white or yellow,
such as our sun. Stars can also blend colors, such as red-orange stars or blue-white
stars.
3. Surface Temperature – Astronomers measure a star's temperature on the Kelvin scale.
Zero degrees on the Kelvin scale is theoretically absolute and is equal to -273.15
degrees Celsius. The coolest, reddest stars are approximately 2,500 K, while the
hottest stars can reach 50,000 K. Our sun is about 5,500 K.
4. Size - Astronomers measure the size of a given star in terms of our own sun's radius.
Thus, a star that measure 1 solar radii would be the same size as our sun. The star
Rigel, which is much larger than our sun, measures 78 solar radii. A star's size, along
with its surface temperature, will determine its luminosity.
5. Mass – is also measured in terms of our own sun, with 1 equal to the size of our sun.
For instance, Rigel, which is much larger than our sun, has a mass of 3.5 solar masses.
Two stars of a similar size may not necessarily have the same mass, as stars can vary
greatly in density.

What’s More

Direction: Search for the words provided below in the word search puzzle. Encircle it either
diagonally, horizontally, vertically or backward.
U N S T A R S D E N S I T Y A
B G I E Y S E T T R Z O T N C
S R H G G I T E R R L B E T D
L B I T Y Z A R S S O L O L F
U A B G T E T U N P K A I U E
M E H M H H M T U O O C B R S
I I T S T T T A L D T K S E T
N E U R O G N R T H U H M Y N
O N E B U L A E R O L O C H A
S O C I L U S P S D C L L Y I
I A T A N S T M E S D E E R G
T B N H L S M E N S M S L B E
Y Y L B K E T T H T E R B I G
I E A S M A N M S A L I S R H
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 STARS COLOR
LUMINOSITY MAGNITUDE
NEBULA TEMPERATURE
BLACKHOLES GIANTS
BRIGHTNESS SIZE

What I Have Learned

Direction: In the box below, find the words that best suit the correct answer. Write on the space
provided for.

black holes black dwarfs constellation

protostar nebula
dwarfs stars
red giants super giants
neutron star Hydrogen

1. They are violent explosions that leave behind a small core

2. They are called remnants and are large enough
3. They are called as young stars
4. The red giant space is actually a prelude to a star shedding its outer
layers and becoming a small, dense body
5. Stars may occur in many sizes, which are classified in a range from
dwarfs to
6. Primary building blocks of stars
7. White dwarfs cool for billions of years, until they eventually go dark and
produce no energy
8. They are called as large, swelling stars
9. The gas circles through in cosmic dust clouds
10. They are the cosmic energy engines that produce heat, light, ultraviolet
rays, x-rays and other forms of radiation

What I Can Do

Activity 1 Glittering Stars

This craft makes a beautiful picture of a night sky. The stars in our galaxy are
represented by the glitter (or sand).
Materials needed:

 black construction paper

 pencil or white crayon
 glue
 glitter (or sand)
 old newspapers to work on
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 Procedure:
1. Work on some old newspaper. On the black construction paper, using a pencil or
crayon, draw some sketches of your own stars. Some are big and some are small.
Some stars are scattered throughout the construction paper, and some are clustered.
The black background represents the night sky.
2. Put glue along the lines of your stars.
3. Sprinkle glitter (or sand) on each star. You may use different colors of glitters for each
star. Tilt the paper onto some newspaper to shake off the loose glitter (or sand).

Summary

 Scientists believe that all stars came from huge clouds of gas and dust called nebulae.

 The color of the star indicates its surface temperature. Blue is the color of the hottest
star.

 The brightness of a star as observed from the Earth relies upon two variables distance
and the actual brightness (absolute brightness) of the star

 In general, the more massive a star is, the hotter its surface. Stars have temperatures
between about 2,600 degrees Kelvin and 50,000 degrees Kelvin. Our sun has a
surface temperature of 5,780 degrees Kelvin.

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 Lesson Constellations
2
What I Need to Know

1. Define constellation.
2. Describe the different patterns of constellations
3. Explain the beliefs and practices of Matigsalug Manobo of Bukidnon in relation to their
agriculture

What’s In

Have you seen the night sky lately? If you have, you must have seen patterns in the
sky that look like an object or animal. Have you wondered what they are? You are right! Those
are special group of stars known as constellations.

What’s New

What is Constellations?
Observers in ancient times imagined group of stars that form pictures of animals,
objects and people. These imaginary groups of stars are called constellations.

The patterns of stars seen in the sky are usually called constellations. The Big Dipper
or the Great Bear is not really a constellation, but an asterism. An asterism is a more
recognizable part of a larger constellation. The Big Dipper is a part of Ursa major

Many of these constellations have names that can be traced back to early Babylonians
and Greek civilizations, but nearly all cultures have different names for the constellations. For
example, the Greeks called the large constellation Orion, which means hunter and is prominent
in the night sky all over the world during winter. Early Filipinos visualized the same group of
stars as Balatik, a trap used in hunting wild pigs. Christian Filipinos named the three stars
(Orion’s belt) Tatlong Maria or Tres Marias.

As the season and time changed, our ancestors somehow practiced following the star
movements as a sign of good harvest, fishing, hunting, and other activities in the tribe.

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 Here are some of the stars and constellation used by the Matigsalug Manobo of
Bukidnon:

Baha In the western equivalent, it is known as the constellation of Taurus. It is the

time to clear the forest.

Pandarawa it is known as Pleiades a star cluster made up of seven stars of

constellation Taurus. It is the start of planning what kind of crops to be
planted and how wide the area to be planted.

Balatik is seen as both the sword and belt of Orion. Start of planting and setting of
traps to protect the crops from animals.
.
Malihe planting of rice and veggies

Gibbang In the western equivalent, it is known as the constellation of Gemini. It

signifies the end of planting season and time to clean rich harvest.

Malara it is known as the two hunting dog of Orion. End of planting.

Lepu In the western equivalent, it is known as the constellation of Aquila. It

signifies the time to clean or clear the fields while waiting for the harvest time.

Buwaya signifies that start of the rainy season, which is expected to commence every
June, in the Philippines. If the constellation of Gemini is seen in the
Philippines, especially during April and May, farmers knew that planting
season has ended and the start of harvest follows.

Figure1. Constellation seen on different month of the year

How many constellations can you correctly describe? Can you recognize each one of
them? To do so, let us do the Activity in the next page.

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 What Is It
Activity 1A: Different Patterns of Constelllation

Place the letter of the zodiac names in Column I that corresponds to the given
constellations in Column II.
COLUMN I COLUMN II
A. Leo The Crab
B. Aries The Goat
C. Orion The Bull
D. Libra The Twins
E. Draco The Dragon
F. Taurus The Archer
G. Pisces The Fish
H. Cancer The Lion
I. Gemini The Ram
J. Aquarius The Scales
K. Pegasus The Hunter
L. Sagittarius The Scorpion
M. Scorpius The Great Bear
N. Ursa major The Winged Horse
O. Capricornus The Water Carrier

What’s More

We see different patterns of stars through the year

Figure 2. Constellation seen on different months of the year

An observer from Earth will be able to see the stars that are on the night side. The stars
on the same side as the sun cannot be seen because sunlight overpowers all the star lights.

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 During summer in the Philippines, the constellations of Orion and Taurus are not visible
at night. They will be visible again as the cold season begins. During this time, Scorpius will
not be seen in the night sky.
As the Earth revolves around its orbit, the stars that were concealed by the bright light of
the Sun in the previous months will appear in the night sky.
Based on Figure 2. Can you tell the season/ month of appearance of the stars and
constellation? To do so, let us do Activity 1B.

Activity 1B: Constellation Seen on different Month of the Year

Objective:
Make a tabular presentation on the month of appearance and seasons of constellations
seen on different time of the year.
Materials:
Activity Sheet Paper and Pen Pictures of Constellations
Procedure:
1. Carefully analyze the pictures of stars and constellations.
2. Complete the table below by giving the month of appearance and season of stars/
constellations. Write the month of appearance of stars/ constellations given by
Matigsalug Manobo.
Table 1. Stars/Constellations seen on different month of the year.
PICTURES Stars/Constellation Month of Season
Appearance
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

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 The constellations and their movements, and as the season and time changed, our ancestors
somehow practiced following the star movements as a sign of good harvest, fishing, hunting, and other
activities in the tribe.
Between the boundary of Davao and Bukidnon, the Matigsalug tribe flourished. This tribe is a
distinct sub-group of the indigenous people known as the Manobos. They are the original inhabitants of
the Salug River (now called the Davao River). Thus, their name comes from the words matig, meaning
“from,” and salug, meaning “river.”
Here are some of the stars and constellation used by the Matigsalug Manobo of Bukidnon:
Baha In the western equivalent, it is known as the constellation of
Taurus. It is the time to clear the forest.
Pandarawa it is known as Pleiades a star cluster made up of seven stars of constellation
Taurus. It is the start of planning what kind of crops to be planted and how wide the
area to be planted.
Balatik is seen as both the sword and belt of Orion. Start of planting and setting of
traps to protect the crops from animals.
Malihe planting of rice and veggies
Gibbang In the western equivalent, it is known as the constellation of Gemini. It
signifies the end of planting season and time to clean rich harvest.
Malara it is known as the two hunting dog of Orion. End of planting.
Lepu In the western equivalent, it is known as the constellation of Aquila. It signifies
the time to clean or clear the fields while waiting for the harvest time.
Buwaya signifies that start of the rainy season, which is expected to commence every
June, in the Philippines. If the constellation of Gemini is seen in the
Philippines, especially during April and May. Farmers knew that planting
season has ended and the start of harvest follows.

What I Have Learned

Now it’s your turn! Complete the table below by filling in the missing item. The
first step is done for you!

Local Name Month of Related Agricultural Western

Appearance Activity Equivalent
Baha 1.December to Clearing of forest 2.
February
Start of planning what
kind of crops to be
3. January planted and how wide is 4.
the area to be planted
Start of planting and
5. February setting of traps to protect Orions’s Belt
the crops from animals
Malihe 6. 7.

Gibbang April and May End of planting season 8.

signifies rich harvest
Malara May 9. 10.
11. Late May time to clean or clear the Aquila
fields while waiting for
harvest time
Buwaya June 12.

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 What I Can Do

2 – D Model of Constellation
Objective:
Make your own 2–D model of constellation at different times of the year.

Materials:
1/8 size illustration board or long size (used) folder
yarn, beads, mongo seeds, sequence, pin heads, buttons or the like
(any of these to use as stars)
stick glue, glue, or glue gun

Procedure:
1. In a 1/8 size of illustration board, make your own 2-D model of a constellation.
2. Write one paragraph about a constellation used by Matigsalog Manobo.

After doing this activity, I learned that

Summary

 Matigsalug Manobo is the tribe that flourished from the boundary of Davao and
Bukidnon along the Salug river.

 The Matigsalug are known for their skills in hunting, gathering and farming.

 They used constellations as markers for seasons. When certain constellations

appear in the sky, they would know when to begin planting and reaping.

 Constellation used by the Matigsalug Manobo of Bukidnon: Baha, Pandarawa,

Balatik, Malihe, Gibbang, Malara, Lepu and Buwaya.

 Buwaya signifies that start of the rainy season, which is expected to commence every
June, in the Philippines.

 The constellation of Gemini signifies the end of planting season and time to clean.

 Balatik is seen as both the sword and belt of Orion.

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Assessment: (Post-Test)

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Write the letter of the correct answer.

1. What are group of stars in the sky that form an imaginary picture
A. Galaxy B. Constellation C. Moon D. Solar system

2. A constellation is a group of visible that form a pattern when viewed from the
Earth.
A. Planets B. Stars C. Creatures D. Clouds

3. Which constellation is best known because it contains the Big Dipper which looks like
a ladle?
A. Ursa Major B. Orion C. Ursa Minor D. Polaris

4. What local constellation signifies the start of the rainy season of the Philippines?
A. Balara C. Lepu
B. Buwaya D. Balatik

5.Which constellation helps the Matigsalog Manobo tribe to start the clearing of forest?
A. Aquila C. Gemini
B. Taurus D. Pleiades

6. How do stars appear to move in the night sky?

A. From East to West C. From West to East
B. From North to South D. From South to North

7. Stars appear to move in the sky because

A. The Earth is rotating on its axis
B. The universe is expanding
C. The night sky is rotating
D. New galaxies are formed

8. Most astronomers agree that the stars are born within huge clouds of dust and gases
called
A. Sun B. pulsars C. auroras d. nebulae

9. Which of the following statements is true?

A. The higher the magnitude number, the brighter the star
B. The lower the magnitude number, the dimmer the star
C. The lower the magnitude number, the brighter the star
D. All statements are true

10. What element is the fuel for main sequence stars?

A. Carbon B. Helium C. Oxygen D. Hydogen

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