9 XII December 2021

https://doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.39296
 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.429
Volume 9 Issue XII Dec 2021- Available at www.ijraset.com

Stock Price Prediction Using Time Series

Sai Manoj Cheruvu1, Sesank Domakonda2, K. Sriram Sandilya3, Uppalapati Samhitha4
1, 2, 3, 4
Electronics and Computer Engineering (ECM), Sreenidhi Institute of Science and Technology

Abstract: Predicting Stock price of a company has been a challenge for analysts due to the fluctuations and its changing nature
with respect to time. This paper attempts to predict the stock prices using Time series technique that proposes to observe various
changes in a given variable with respect to time and is appropriate for making predictions in financial sector [1] as the stock
prices are time variant.
Keywords: Stock prices, Analysis, Fluctuations, Prediction, Time series, Time variant

I. INTRODUCTION
Any Investor, individual or firm expects a good or reasonable number of returns on their investments. Investing in Stocks is one of
the better options to get a good ROI (Return on investment). This requires investors to have a good understanding of various stocks
and their current prices. To maximize the profits and minimize the losses requires a good prediction of the price when to buy a stock
and when to sell the same. Some of the Forecasting principles are discussed in Efficient Market Hypothesis and Eliot Wave Theory
[6]. In general, the stock prices are mainly determined by the actions of the institutional investors, we call them big buyers and big
sellers. The Price Auction will be high for that day if the buyers are more and less when sellers are more. Finally, the price will be at
the point of control that is mean price or most of the price at which most of the time of the price holds. Most of the time the price is
normally distributed. So based on the price of the auction the entry point and exit point should be identified to get maximum profit
and the stop loss point to be predicted properly to have efficient risk analysis. For achieving the same popular statistical techniques
like Auto Regression and Moving Averages are being used extensively.
Modern computing technics like machine learning facilitates prediction with more accuracy with Hybrid models like Auto-
Regressive Integrative Moving, Exponential Smoothing, ARIMA (Auto Regressive Integrated Moving Average') [7], Naïve
Forecasting, Seasonal Naïve Forecasting or Neural Networks. Our current proposed model will use all the modern techniques and
predict the stock price at a given point and ranks each of the models to facilitate the user to make a decision when to buy or sell a
particular stock, doing a short-term trade or long term to maximize their profits. This model uses all the modern techniques and is
different from the traditional approaches having a high probability of accurate prediction.

II. METHEDOLOGY
The proposed steps for achieving the objective are as follows, Initially, the data needs to be fed to the system that is extracted from
Yahoo! Finance on monthly basis and the data imported is cleaned by making sure that outliers are removed and a filter is applied to
reject the null values in the data. Then data is converted into time series objects and the ADF test is applied to make sure the data is
stationary. Then the time series object is decomposed as the results depend on many factors to achieve accurate results the time
series object must be decomposed to observe various seasonality factors and trends. Then the time series objects are fed to various
algorithms like ARIMA, Exponential Smoothing, Naïve Forecasting, Seasonal Naïve Forecasting, Neural Networks etc. figure 2.1
demonstrates the workflow.

Fig 2.1 Methodology

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 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.429
Volume 9 Issue XII Dec 2021- Available at www.ijraset.com

III. ALGORITHMS USED

A. ARIMA
Arima model, which is introduced by George Box and Gwilym Jenkins, is also referred as Box-Jenkins model [2]. The Combination
of the models Auto regression and moving average results in a Hybrid model called Auto Regressive Integrated Moving Average
which has the following equation.
y′(t)=c+ϕ1y′(t−1)+⋯+ϕpy′(t)−p+θ1ε(t−1)+⋯+θqε(t)−q+ε(t) (1)
Where y′t is dependent variable and differenced (Can be differentiated more than once), on the other side we have predictors
carrying lagged values of y(t) and lagged errors.
This model is known as ARIMA (p, d, and q) model.
Where p and q are the orders of Auto regression and Moving Average parts and d is the degree of differentiation involved [3].

B. Exponential Smoothing
This forecast technique in which the past data is assigned with some weights in such a way that, they are exponentially decaying
with respect to time. The latest weights are at the top and as time factor is increased, they start decaying.

C. Naïve Forecasting
The forecast is set to previous data without applying any predictions and is achieved through following equation.
y′ (T + h) |T= y (T). (1)
Where, (T + h) refers to the forecast related to past data
(T), refers to the forecast related to current data

D. Seasonal Naïve Forecasting

This forecasting technique is similar to naïve forecasting but the forecast is set to past data from same season, we can achieve
seasonal naïve forecasting through following equation.
y′ (T + h)|T = y(T + h) − m(k + 1) (1)
Where, m is the seasonal period
T + h refers to forecast related to past data

E. Neural Networks
This type of forecasting is used in nonlinear and complex forecasting scenarios and denoted as NNAR (p, x) where p is number of
lagged inputs and x is number of hidden layers. The architecture of Neural Networks is shown in the figure 3.1 [5].

Fig 3.1 Neural Networks

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 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.429
Volume 9 Issue XII Dec 2021- Available at www.ijraset.com

IV. EXECUTION AND RESULTS

A. Gathering Data and Performing Various Analysis on It
1) Importing and Reading the Data: We use quant mod library to pull the stock data from Yahoo and return the dataset as time-
series objects. We have generalized the logic to pull the data from a given stock symbol for a period (from and to dates). We
will use stock monthly data of Apple (Switching to other company can be done by just changing the stock symbol),
Downloaded from Yahoo Finance
2) Plotting the Apple Stock Prices Time Series: Plotting the time series object for apple stock prices, the data received from yahoo
finance in fig 4.1.2

Fig 4.1.2 Plotting data received from yahoo finance (Apple stock index)

3) Decomposition of Plots: Decomposition of plots is required to know about various trends in the current market [5]. Is shown in
fig 4.1.3

Fig. 4.1.3 Decomposition of plots

4) Analysing the seasonality of Apple Stock Index: To observe the various patterns of apple stock prices in the previous years and
the current year as shown in figure 4.1.4

Fig. 4.1.4 Seasonality of Apple stock Prices

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 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.429
Volume 9 Issue XII Dec 2021- Available at www.ijraset.com

5) Applying Augmented Dickey Fuller Test (ADF): ADF test is applied to check whether the time series is stationary, the results of
ADF can be viewed in figure 4.1.5 The ACF and PACF plots are used to compare current data with past data including their
residuals [4].

Fig. 4.1.5 ADF Test Results

6) Splitting Data into Train and Test Datasets: Generally, before building a model we need to spit the data into train and test sets,
with the help of training set, model needs to be built and with the help of test set the model needs to be tested for its
performance.

B. Results from Various Algorithms

Initializing the algorithm and feeding them with apple stock prices then return the predictions made by respective algorithm.
1) ARIMA
Forecast values, predicted by ARIMA model can be observed in figure 4.2.1.1

Fig. 4.2.1.1 Stock Price Predicted values using Arima

Visualizing Stock Prices predicted by ARIMA Model

Visualizing the apple stock prices predicted by ARIMA Model in figure 4.2.1.2

Fig. 4.2.1.2 Visualizing stock prices predicted using Arima

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 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.429
Volume 9 Issue XII Dec 2021- Available at www.ijraset.com

2) Exponential Smoothing
Forecast Values predicted by ETS can be observed in the figure 4.2.2.1

Fig. 4.2.2.1 Stock prices predicted values using Exponential Smoothing

Visualizing Stock Prices predicted by Exponential Smoothing

Visualize the apple stock prices predicted by Exponential Smoothing in figure 4.2.2.2

Fig. 4.2.2.2 Visualizing stock prices predicted using Exponential Smoothing

3) Naïve Forecasting
Forecast values predicted by Naïve model can be observed in the figure 4.2.3.1

Fig. 4.2.3.1 Stock Price Predicted values using Naïve Forecasting

Visualizing Stock Prices predicted by Naïve Forecasting

Visualize the apple stock prices predicted by Naïve Forecasting in figure 4.2.3.2

Fig. 4.2.3.2 Visualizing stock prices predicted using naïve forecasting

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 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.429
Volume 9 Issue XII Dec 2021- Available at www.ijraset.com

4) Seasonal Naïve Forecasting

Forecast values predicted by Seasonal Naïve can be observed in the figure 4.2.4.1

Fig. 4.2.4.1 Stock Price predicted values Seasonal Naïve Forecasting

Visualizing Stock Prices predicted by Seasonal Naïve

Visualizing the apple stock prices predicted by Seasonal Naïve.

Fig. 4.2.4.3 Visualizing stock prices predicted using seasonal naïve forecasting

5) Neural Networks
Forecast values predicted by Neural Networks can be observed in the figure 4.2.5.1

Fig. 4.2.5.1 Stock Price predicted values by Neural Networks

Visualizing Stock Prices predicted by Neural Networks

Visualizing the apple stock prices predicted by Neural Networks in figure 4.2.5.2

Fig. 4.2.5.2 Visualizing stock prices predicted by Neural Networks

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 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor: 7.429
Volume 9 Issue XII Dec 2021- Available at www.ijraset.com

C. Comparing all the Algorithms

Based on the accuracies of the algorithms, they were given ranks in figure 4.3.1

Fig. 4.3.1 Comparison between algorithms

D. Today’s Apple Stock price

The results of the apple stock price displayed from Google could be noticed below [8] in figure 4.4. As per rankings Exponential
Smoothing proved to be most accurate, It could be noticed that exponential smoothing’s result (Hi 80) equalizes today’s apple stock
price.

Fig 4.4 current day’s apple stock price

V. CONCLUSION
Stock price has been predicted, in this case Exponential smoothing outperformed other models but depending on situation and data
the performance might vary, when we receive data, it’s recommended to feed the data to all the models, compare the results and
consider the accurate result depending upon the ranks.

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