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Bernoullis Theorem

1. Bernoulli's principle states that for an ideal fluid flow, the sum of pressure, kinetic energy, and potential energy remains constant along a streamline. 2. Bernoulli's equation can be derived by applying the principle of conservation of energy and continuity equation to a section of fluid flow through a pipe of varying cross-section. 3. The derived Bernoulli's equation states that pressure + 1/2 density * velocity^2 + density * gravity * height is constant along a streamline. This relationship allows calculating pressure, velocity, or height at different points in a fluid flow.

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M Thiru Chitrambalam
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125 views

Bernoullis Theorem

1. Bernoulli's principle states that for an ideal fluid flow, the sum of pressure, kinetic energy, and potential energy remains constant along a streamline. 2. Bernoulli's equation can be derived by applying the principle of conservation of energy and continuity equation to a section of fluid flow through a pipe of varying cross-section. 3. The derived Bernoulli's equation states that pressure + 1/2 density * velocity^2 + density * gravity * height is constant along a streamline. This relationship allows calculating pressure, velocity, or height at different points in a fluid flow.

Uploaded by

M Thiru Chitrambalam
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Bernoulli’s Principle

o For a streamline fluid flow, the sum of the pressure (P), the kinetic
energy per unit volume (ρv2/2) and the potential energy per unit
volume (ρgh) remain constant.
o Mathematically:- P+ ρv2/2 + ρgh = constant
o where P= pressure ,
o E./ Volume=1/2mv2/V = 1/2v2(m/V) = 1/2ρv2
o E./Volume = mgh/V = (m/V)gh = ρgh

https://www.examfear.com/notes/Class-11/Physics/Mechanical-Properties-of-Fluids/1849/Bernoullis-
Principle.htm
Derive: Bernoulli’s equation
Assumptions:
1. Fluid flow through a pipe of varying width.
2. Pipe is located at changing heights.
3. Fluid is incompressible.
4. Flow is laminar.
5. No energy is lost due to friction: applicable only to non-viscous fluids.
o Mathematically: -
o Consider the fluid initially lying between B and D. In an infinitesimal
time interval Δt, this fluid would have moved.
o Suppose v1= speed at B and v2= speed at D, initial
distance moved by fluid from B to C=v1Δt.
o In the same interval Δt fluid distance moved by D to E =
v2Δt.
o P1= Pressureat A1, P2=Pressure at A2.
o Work done on the fluid at left end (BC) W1 = P1A1(v1Δt).
o Work done by the fluid at the other end (DE)W2 =
P2A2(v2Δt)
o Net work done on the fluid is W1 – W2 = (P1A1v1Δt− P2A2v2Δt)
o By the Equation of continuity Av=constant.
o P1A1 v1Δt - P2A2v2Δt where A1v1Δt =P1ΔV and A2v2Δt = P2ΔV.
o Therefore Work done = (P1− P2) ΔVequation (a)
o Part of this work goes in changing Kinetic energy, ΔK =
(½)m (v22 – v12) and part in gravitational potential energy,
ΔU =mg (h2 − h1).
o The total change in energy ΔE= ΔK +ΔU = (½) m (v22 – v12) + mg
(h2 − h1). (i)
o Density of the fluid ρ =m/V or m=ρV
o Therefore in small interval of time Δt, small change in mass Δm
o Δm=ρΔV (ii)
o Putting the value from equation (ii) to (i)
o ΔE = 1/2 ρΔV (v22 – v12) + ρgΔV (h2 − h1)  equation(b)
o By using work-energy theorem: W = ΔE
o From (a) and (b)
o (P1-P2) ΔV =(1/2) ρΔV (v22 – v12) + ρgΔV (h2 − h1)
o P1-P2 = 1/2ρv22 - 1/2ρv12+ρgh2 -ρgh1(By cancelling ΔV from
both the sides).
o After rearranging we get, P1 + (1/2) ρ v12 + ρg h1 =
(1/2) ρ v22 + ρg h2
o P+(1/2) ρv2+ρg h = constant.
o This is the Bernoulli’s equation.

The flow of an ideal fluid in a pipe of varying cross section. The fluid in
asection of length v1Δt moves to the sectionof length v2Δt in time Δt.

Bernoulli’s equation: Special Cases


1. When a fluid is at rest. This means v1=v2=0.
o From Bernoulli’s equation P1 + (1/2) ρ v12 + ρg h1 = (1/2) ρ v22 + ρg
h2
o By puttingv1=v2=0 in the above equation changes to
o P1-P2= ρg(h2-h1). This equation is same as when the fluids
are at rest.
2. When the pipe is horizontal.h1=h2.This means there is no Potential
energy by the virtue of height.
o Therefore from Bernoulli’s equation(P1 + (1/2) ρ v12 + ρg h1 = (1/2) ρ
v22 + ρg h2)
o By simplifying,P+(1/2) ρ v2 = constant.
Problem:-
Water flows through a horizontal pipeline of varying cross-section.If the
pressure of waterequals 6cm of mercury at a point where the velocity of
flow is 30cm/s, what is the pressure at the another point where the velocity
of flow is 50m/s?

Answer:-
At R1:- v1 = 30cm/s =0.3m/s
P1=ρg h=6x10-2x13600x9.8=7997N/m2
At R2:- v2=50cm/s=0.5m/s
From Bernoulli’s equation: - P+ (1/2) ρ v2+ρg h=constant
P1+ (1/2) ρ v12 = P2(1/2) ρ v22
7997+1/2x 1000x (0.3)2 = P2+1/2x 1000x (0.5)2
P2=7917N/m2
=ρg h2 = h2x13600x9.8
h2 = 5.9cmHg.

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